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64:
641:
42:
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Zooanthids and
Palythoa are propagated in captivity by cutting the polyps apart using a scalpal or scissors then attaching to a surface with cyanoacrylate glue. Care must be taken when cutting zooanthids because if the palytoxin gets in the bloodstream a person will become very ill. Drying the polyps
732:
Reports are varied and conflicting on the potential dangers of handling the animal in the aquarist hobby. General opinion and practical experience holds that in order for this toxin to be dangerous to humans, the average aquarist would need to ingest the zoanthid in sufficient quantities, or brush a
651:
Zoanthidae include many species popular in the fishkeeping world, among hobbyists and professionals. They are relatively easy to keep alive and healthy, and will often spread to cover rocks in their bright circles of color. They are known by some as carpet coral, button polyps, and "zoas" or "zoos."
861:
Reimer J.D., Hirano S., Fujiwara Y., Sinniger F., Maruyama T. (2007) Morphological and molecular characterization of
Abyssoanthus nankaiensis, a new family, new genus and new species of deep-sea zoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) from a northwest Pacific methane cold seep. Inv. Syst. 21:
746:
Palytoxin has also been known to damage the eyes of aquarists who attempt to propagate the coral by cutting it and being squirted in the eye. Temporary blindness and permanent blindness have been reported. It is always recommended to wear proper eye protection when cutting corals.
871:
Reimer JD, Nonaka M, Sinniger F., Iwase F. (2008) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with
Japanese red coral (Paracorallium japonicum) in southern Japan. Coral Reefs 27
198:. However, major taxonomic papers published since 1899 by specialists (O. Carlgren and F. Pax have described more species than all other authors combined) use Zoantharia, and most recent specialists on the order continue to use the term Zoantharia.
736:
Other sources state that palytoxin can be absorbed through intact skin, and the danger of acute poisoning from venomous zoanthids is quite real. According to a report an aquarist was poisoned through skin injuries on fingers by a species of
851:
Reimer J.D., Ono S., Iwama A., Tsukahara J., Takishita K., Maruyama T. (2006) Morphological and molecular revision of
Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan with description of two new species. Zoological Science 23 (3):
206:
Zoanthids can be distinguished from other colonial anthozoans and soft coral by their characteristic of incorporating sand and other small pieces of material into their tissue to help make their structure (except for the family
1216:
Katrin
Hoffmann, Maren Hermanns-Clausen, Claus Buhl, Markus W. Büchler, Peter Schemmer, Dietrich Mebs and Silke Kauferstein (2008). "A case of palytoxin poisoning due to contact with zoanthid corals through a skin injury".
881:
Sinniger F., Häussermann V. (2009) Zoanthids (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) from shallow waters of the southern
Chilean fjord region with the description of a new genus and two new species. Org. Div. Evol.
232:), many other species and genera exist, some still relatively unknown to science. Many zoanthids (in particular the genera Epizoanthus and Parazoanthus) are often found growing on other marine invertebrates.
769:
and particulate matter. Although photosynthesis aids in their nutrition, even species that do not actively capture plankton cannot live through photosynthesis alone. Zoanthids can eat meaty foods, such as
798:
Sinniger F., Montoya-Burgos J.I., Chevaldonne P., Pawlowski J. (2005) Phylogeny of the order
Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes. Mar. Biol. 147 (5): 1121-1128.
1207:
Sean
Patrick Nordt, Jerry Wu, Stephen Zahller, Richard F. Clark, and F. Lee Cantrell (2009) Palytoxin Poisoning After Dermal Contact with Zoanthid Coral. Journal of Emergency Medicine (in press).
211:). A main characteristic of the order is that their tentacles are all marginal. Most species propagate asexually and the offspring of the original polyp remain connected to each other, by a
1298:
194:
is controversial. Non-specialists often use the term
Zoanthidea whereas most taxonomists use Zoantharia. The term Zoantharia in turn is used temporarily instead of
1244:
1303:
753:
Generally it is considered proper practice to always wear appropriate protective gloves when reaching into salt water tanks and handling sea invertebrates.
750:
Research shows that in sublethal quantities, Palytoxin is a tumor promoter, and is being studied in relation to signaling pathways in skin cancer genesis.
418:
408:
717:. Even in small quantities, Palytoxin can be fatal should it be ingested or enter the blood stream. If delivered immediately, it has been suggested that
428:
628:
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recent cut over it, and average handling, propagation and aquarium maintenance is unlikely to pose any danger beyond a localized skin reaction.
478:
468:
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with paper towel then gluing them to a small base with gelled cyanoacrylate glue ensures they do not drift in the aquarium when reintroduced
320:
522:
1230:
Elizabeth V. Wattenberg (2007). "Palytoxin: exploiting a novel skin tumor promoter to explore signal transduction and carcinogenesis".
632:
for which there are currently only few data available, those zoanthids having never been found again since their original description.
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1413:
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247:
of the same or similar species. Such zooxanthellate genera derive a large portion of their energy requirements from symbiotic
836:
1457:
169:, sand and rock. The term "zoanthid" refers to all animals within this order Zoantharia, and should not be confused with "
1288:
222:
While the most well-known zoanthids are the zooxanthellate genera found in tropical and sub-tropical waters (primarily
157:
come in a variety of different colonizing formations and in numerous different colors. They can be found as individual
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Reimer J.D., Takishita K., Maruyama T. (2006) Molecular identification of symbiotic dinoflagellates (
893:
743:, but recovered after three days. His zoanthid was found to contain 2-3 milligrams of PTX per gram.
1177:
Palytoxin Found in
Palythoa sp. Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) Sold in the Home Aquarium Trade.
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50:
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
257:(zooxanthellae), similar to many corals, anemones, and some other marine invertebrates.
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58:
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The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon
1491:
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832:
729:. A 2010 study found toxic zoanthids in three Washington, D.C. area aquarium stores.
722:
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The families and genera within the order Zoantharia (also known as Zoanthidea) are:
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Reimer & Fujiwara in Reimer, Sinniger, Fujiwara, Hirano & Maruyama, 2007
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Some (but not all) members of this order contain the highly toxic substance
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153:, the deep sea and many other marine environments around the world. These
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spp. (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) in Japan. Coral Reefs 25 (4): 521-527.
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182:, easily propagating and very durable in many water conditions.
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765:, aided by the zooxanthellae they contain, and by capturing
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World's 2nd deadliest poison, in an aquarium store near you
1262:
Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, and Natural History
1197:
Handling Zoanthids - Some Zoanthids Produce a Deadly Toxin
644:
This dragon-eye zoanthid is a popular source of color in
145:
also called Zoanthidea or Zoanthiniaria) are an order of
1264:. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. p. 464.
1007:
178:
These are among the most commonly collected corals in
664:Eagle Eye zooanthid coral, propagated in captivity
433:Reimer in Reimer Nonaka Sinniger & Iwase, 2008
165:or a mat that can be created from small pieces of
1550:
824:
1175:Deeds JR, Handy SM, White KD, Reimer JD (2011)
831:. University of California Press. p. 177.
27:Order of hexacorallians with marginal tentacles
620:Note: there are some zoanthid genera such as
185:
1294:Discussion About The Toxicity of Zoanthids
1195:Blue Zoo Aquatics informational resource:
1094:
1065:
1036:
978:
949:
920:
40:
1125:"Zoanthid and Palythoa Coral Propagation"
175:", which is one genus within Zoantharia.
1289:Maintaining Zoanthids Tips, Care, Photos
1259:
1253:
659:
639:
517:Montenegro, Sinniger & Reimer, 2015
235:Often in zooxanthellate genera such as
14:
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403:Sinniger, Reimer & Pawlowski, 2010
342:Sinniger, Reimer & Pawlowski, 2010
260:
243:there are a large number of different
1313:
1312:
1245:"Aquarium Science: Palytoxin and You"
891:
1523:B9F290E8-1B7E-2926-078B-D6D631718FA5
676:
24:
413:Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860
201:
25:
1580:
1282:
1008:Sinniger, F.; Reimer, J. (2013).
1135:from the original on 2021-12-22.
1105:World Register of Marine Species
1076:World Register of Marine Species
1047:World Register of Marine Species
1018:World Register of Marine Species
989:World Register of Marine Species
960:World Register of Marine Species
931:World Register of Marine Species
902:World Register of Marine Species
681:
527:Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
483:Sinniger & Haussermann, 2009
473:Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
463:Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
443:Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
423:Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
62:
1249:Tropical Fish Hobbyist Magazine
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13:
1:
1232:Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.
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493:Haddon & Shackleton, 1891
219:. Some species are solitary.
1299:Gallery of Zoanthid Pictures
1185:10.1371/journal.pone.0018235
7:
10:
1585:
1260:Borneman, Eric H. (2001).
725:of the heart to act as an
672:
635:
1321:
825:Light. Sol Felty (2007).
721:can be injected into the
690:This section needs to be
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59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
39:
34:
386:Fujii & Reimer, 2013
369:Fujii & Reimer, 2011
352:Reimer & Fujii, 2010
186:Nomenclature controversy
1179:PLoS ONE 6(4): e18235.
761:Zoanthids feed both by
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161:, attached by a fleshy
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503:Nardo, 1814 (synonym:
51:Parazoanthus axinellae
1505:Paleobiology Database
1221:51, no. 8: 1535–1537.
663:
643:
1243:.Nicholas Violand.
1095:Reimer, J. (2011).
1066:Reimer, J. (2011).
1037:Reimer, J. (2011).
979:Reimer, J. (2011).
950:Reimer, J. (2011).
921:Reimer, J. (2011).
656:Captive Propagation
261:Families and genera
782:, and bloodworms.
666:
649:
593:Saville-Kent, 1893
419:Bullagummizoanthus
149:commonly found in
1546:
1545:
1492:Open Tree of Life
1315:Taxon identifiers
981:"Hydrozoanthidae"
838:978-0-520-23939-5
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399:Antipathozoanthus
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16:(Redirected from
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1569:Anthozoan orders
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1471:NHMSYS0021053685
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1157:on 17 March 2009
1153:. Archived from
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1010:"Parazoanthidae"
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923:"Abyssoanthidae"
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190:The name of the
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1039:"Neozoanthidae"
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952:"Epizoanthidae"
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566:Lamouroux, 1816
429:Corallizoanthus
359:Microzoanthidae
332:Hydrozoanthidae
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249:dinoflagellates
204:
202:Characteristics
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90:
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74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1564:Hexacorallia
1322:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1191:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1155:the original
1150:
1141:
1128:
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1100:
1097:"Zoanthidae"
1090:
1079:. Retrieved
1071:
1061:
1050:. Retrieved
1042:
1032:
1021:. Retrieved
1013:
1003:
992:. Retrieved
984:
974:
963:. Retrieved
955:
945:
934:. Retrieved
926:
916:
905:. Retrieved
897:
894:"Zoanthidea"
887:
877:
872:(4):935–949.
867:
857:
847:
827:
820:
812:
809:Symbiodinium
808:
803:
794:
776:brine shrimp
760:
752:
749:
745:
740:Parazoanthus
738:
735:
731:
719:vasodilators
712:
699:
691:
667:
650:
627:
621:
619:
613:Cuvier, 1800
607:
597:
589:Acrozoanthus
587:
570:
560:
546:
533:
521:
513:Umimayanthus
511:
504:
497:
489:Parazoanthus
487:
479:Mesozoanthus
477:
469:Kulamanamana
467:
457:
447:
437:
427:
417:
407:
397:
382:Nanozoanthus
380:
363:
346:
336:
319:
309:
299:
289:Macrocnemina
286:
276:Abyssoanthus
274:
264:
254:Symbiodinium
252:
240:
236:
234:
227:
223:
221:
205:
196:Hexacorallia
189:
180:reef aquaria
177:
170:
142:
135:
134:
115:
106:Hexacorallia
49:
29:
1427:iNaturalist
1347:Wikispecies
1147:"Palytoxin"
811:spp.) from
702:August 2024
623:Neozoanthus
556:Sphenopidae
548:Neozoanthus
449:Isozoanthus
321:Thoracactis
301:Epizoanthus
215:network or
151:coral reefs
1559:Zoantharia
1553:Categories
1367:Zoantharia
1353:Zoantharia
1323:Zoantharia
1161:12 January
1110:2016-09-24
1081:2016-09-24
1052:2011-12-16
1023:2016-09-24
994:2011-12-16
965:2016-09-24
936:2011-12-16
907:2018-08-24
786:References
646:reef tanks
603:Gray, 1828
583:Zoanthidae
305:Gray, 1867
209:Zoanthidae
147:cnidarians
143:Zoantharia
129:See text.
116:Zoantharia
35:Zoanthids
18:Zoanthidea
772:lancefish
723:ventricle
715:palytoxin
572:Sphenopus
534:Suborder
523:Zibrowius
287:Suborder
217:coenosarc
136:Zoanthids
123:Diversity
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
1338:Q1362080
1332:Wikidata
1133:Archived
862:255-262.
852:261-275.
813:Palythoa
767:plankton
727:antidote
609:Zoanthus
562:Palythoa
505:Gerardia
241:Palythoa
237:Zoanthus
229:Palythoa
224:Zoanthus
213:stolonal
172:Zoanthus
167:sediment
96:Cnidaria
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
1219:Toxicon
882:9:23–36
692:updated
673:Dangers
636:Aquaria
599:Isaurus
499:Savalia
155:animals
112:Order:
102:Class:
1536:607338
1497:708619
1380:709228
1268:
835:
409:Bergia
245:morphs
163:stolon
159:polyps
1531:WoRMS
1518:Plazi
1510:70593
1484:44927
1458:52431
1445:10686
1440:IRMNG
1432:51198
1101:WoRMS
1072:WoRMS
1043:WoRMS
1014:WoRMS
985:WoRMS
956:WoRMS
927:WoRMS
898:WoRMS
780:krill
192:order
140:order
1479:NCBI
1453:ITIS
1419:1433
1414:GBIF
1406:1821
1375:BOLD
1266:ISBN
1163:2022
833:ISBN
757:Diet
239:and
226:and
1466:NBN
1401:EoL
1393:4C3
1388:CoL
1362:ADW
1181:doi
626:or
1555::
1533::
1520::
1507::
1494::
1481::
1468::
1455::
1442::
1429::
1416::
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1349::
1334::
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1149:.
1131:.
1127:.
1103:.
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1045:.
1041:.
1016:.
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987:.
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958:.
954:.
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778:,
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841:.
704:)
700:(
694:.
507:)
138:(
20:)
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