488:(LEDs). Although LEDs themselves are not new, the technology has only recently been adapted to produce systems with qualities that allow them to be considered viable alternatives to gas- and filament-based aquarium lighting systems. The newness of the technology does cause them to be relatively expensive, but these systems bring several advantages over traditional lighting. Although their initial cost is much higher, they tend to be economical in the long run because they consume less power and have far longer lifespans than other systems. Also, because LED systems are made of hundreds of very small bulbs, a microcomputer can control their output to simulate daybreak and sunset. Some systems also have the ability to simulate moonlight and the phases of the moon, as well as vary the
547:), are the focus of many advanced reef keepers. These corals require additional attention to water chemistry, especially maintenance of stable and optimal calcium, carbonate, and pH levels. These parameters may be tracked and adjusted with test kits and frequent manual dosing of calcium and pH buffer additives requiring no additional equipment. Alternatively, automated methods employing small dedicated computers with electronic water quality monitoring capabilities are often used to control water chemistry parameters via several components including calcium reactors and kalkwasser reactors. Calcium reactors are canisters filled with crushed coral skeletons. Carbon dioxide is injected into the canister acidifying the water and dissolving the coral skeletons. The acidified and CaCO
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gallons / 37 US gallons) seems to be the generally accepted limit. Nano reefs have become quite popular in recent years among fish keeping hobbyists, primarily because of their smaller size, maintainability, and the possibility of lower costs. The burgeoning interest in this niche of marine aquarium science has fostered several notable contributions ranging from specific consumer products such as specialized aquarium filters, compact high intensity lighting systems and smaller circulation pumps. Such equipment allows the aquarist to maintain an environment wherein many marine organisms are capable of thriving.
718:, which is used to refer to the smallest of nano reef aquariums. Most online forum polls set the range of approximately 10 litres (2.5 gallons) and below as pico reefs. These tiny tanks require even more diligence with regard to water changes and attention to water chemistry because the small water volume provides little room for error. Care must be exercised when stocking these tiny tanks because too many inhabitants can easily overload the tank's ability to process wastes effectively. For the smallest of pico reefs, even the presence of a single fish is discouraged. Pico reefs often consist of
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one may install a heater and/or a chiller for the tank. Heaters are relatively inexpensive and readily available at any local fish store. Aquarists frequently use the sump to hide unsightly equipment such as heaters. Chillers, on the other hand, are expensive and are more difficult to locate. For many aquarists, installing surface fans and running home air conditioning suffice in place of a chiller. Fans cool the tank via evaporative cooling and require more frequent top-off of the aquarium water.
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667:(GFCI) outlets. These can be purchased at any hardware store and are relatively easy to install. Plug in GFCI power strips are also readily available. Home monitoring equipment with water sensors can also be adapted for the home aquarist and used to alert the owner of power outages or water overflows. This equipment can allow for timely intervention in a potential disaster and provides an added sense of security for frequent travelers.
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every week. In particular, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, pH, salinity, alkalinity, calcium and phosphate levels should be monitored closely. When it comes to nano reefs, even minute changes in water conditions such as mild temperature fluctuations can be problematic, whereas the greater water volume of larger aquariums provides a more stable and flexible environment.
231:. Protein skimmers use the foam fractionation process wherein air is introduced into a water stream creating microbubbles. Organic waste adheres to the surface of these microbubbles and is removed as it overflows at the reactor surface into a removable cup. This group of elements used in conjunction is characteristic of the
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Recently there have been several "natural" methods of processing waste in the aquarium and specifically small environments as nano-reefs. The research on the encouragement of the development of different types of sponges and micro-organisms to process the pollutants in the aquarium, a matter that has
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to remove excess waste from the aquarium, before it has a chance to be broken down to nitrate. Removing the excess wastes mechanically can reduce the frequency of water changes needed to keep nitrate levels low. Delaying the action of the mechanical filters, such as by means of a day-night timer, can
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Nano reefs also require extra care in the selection of occupants. There are two major factors to be considered: biological load, i.e., the ability of the tank to process the wastes produced by the occupants, and species compatibility. These issues, though present in larger tanks, are magnified in the
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or narrow, unidirectional water stream. If the presence of the powerhead in the tank does not fit with the aesthetics of the display, small holes may be drilled in an overflow of a tank and the bulk of the powerhead can be hidden, leaving only the small funnel spout visible in the tank. The pumps may
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Reef tanks are usually kept at a temperature between 25 and 28 °C (77 and 82 °F). Radical temperature shifts should be avoided as these can be particularly harmful to reef invertebrates and fish. Depending on the location of the tank and the conditions therein (i.e. heat/air conditioning),
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and in turn produce simple sugars that the corals utilize for food. The challenge for the hobbyist is to provide enough light to allow photosynthesis to maintain a thriving population of zooxanthellae in a coral tissue. Though this may seem simple enough but in reality can prove to be a very complex
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Another recent method is the gyre tank. A gyre tank encourages a maximum amount of water momentum through a divider in the center of the aquarium. The divider leaves an open, unobstructed space which provides a region with little friction against water movement. Building water momentum using a gyre
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Large volumes of electrically conductive salt water, complex plumbing, and numerous electrical appliances housed in close proximity certainly pose a significant risk of damage to both person and property and require close attention to safety. All equipment should be used according to manufacturer
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Due to the small water volume, fluctuations of water quality occur more easily, and so nano reef aquariums require extra attention to water quality compared to aquariums of larger water volumes. Many experienced reef aquarists recommend testing the water twice weekly, with water changes at least
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that is typically less than 140 litres (30 Imperial gallons / 37 US gallons). The exact limit that distinguishes a nano reef from a regular reef is somewhat ill-defined. Some claim that anything less than 180 litres (40 Imperial gallons / 48 US gallons) would qualify. But 140 litres (30 Imperial
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require high, turbulent, conditions, which imitates breaking waves in shallow water near the tip of the reef. The directions which water pumps are pointed within an aquarium will have a large effect on flow speeds. Many corals will gradually move themselves to a different area of the tank if the
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Water movement is important in the reef aquarium with different types of coral requiring different flow rates. At present, many hobbyists advocate a water turnover rate of 10x: 10 x aquarium capacity in gallons = required flow in gallons per hour—this is mathematically equivalent to a complete
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The tanks are usually constructed from either glass or acrylic. Acrylic has the advantage of optical clarity, lightness, and ease of drilling. Drawbacks include a tendency to scratch easily, bowing, and often limited access from above due to top bracing. Glass aquariums are heavier but harder to
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Water flow is important to bring food to corals, since no coral fully relies on photosynthesis for food. Gas exchange occurs as water flows over a coral, bringing oxygen and removing gases and shedding material. Water flow assists in reducing the risk of thermal shock and damage by reducing the
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lamp to a blinding 1000 W metal halide lamp. Lighting systems also vary in the light output produced by each bulb type—listed in order of weakest to strongest they would be: T8/12 or normal output lamps, compact fluorescent and T5 high output, VHO, and metal halide lamps. To further complicate
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and produce nitrates which may stunt or even kill many delicate corals. Chemical filtration in the form of activated carbon is used when needed to remove discoloration of the water, or to remove dissolved matter (organic or otherwise) to help purify the water in the reef system.
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environment. A reef aquarium requires appropriately intense lighting, turbulent water movement, and more stable water chemistry than fish-only marine aquaria, and careful consideration is given to which reef animals are appropriate and compatible with each other.
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or both (because these two strains are known not to spore but grow by rooting to propagate). Macroalgae is used for two reasons: to remove excess nutrients from the water such as nitrate, phosphate, and iron, and to support beneficial microflora and fauna
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pumps are gaining popularity and are able to generate large volumes of turbulent water flow without the intensely directed laminar force of a power head. Propeller pumps are more energy-efficient than powerheads, but require a higher initial investment.
706:, protein skimmer, UV steriliser, 3 or more stage filtration, a heater and a water pump or powerhead. However, many nano reefkeepers decide to upgrade their aquariums with better quality equipment such as a more powerful protein skimmer or lighting.
270:) are provided a space free of predation to grow and, when returned to the display tank, serve as food for corals and fish. Conventional combined mechanical/biological filtration used in fish only systems is avoided because those filters trap
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Reef ready tanks obtain at least a portion of the required water motion from the pump that returns water from the sump. This flow usually is augmented by other strategies. A popular strategy is placement within the display tank of multiple
730:, the chemical and physical means by which corals compete for space. Before the advent of these concentrated environments, it was thought to be impossible for corals of even a few mixed genera to occupy such a small shared water volume.
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in the tank. Drawbacks to the use of these powerheads include their capacity to clutter the display tank, propensity for excess heat production, and the laminar quality of water flow often produced. Another method is the
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These drains are usually housed in an internal overflow apparatus made of plastic or glass which encloses a drain standpipe and a water return line. The surface water pours over the overflow, down the standpipe, through
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instructions. Electrical equipment should be placed above water level whenever possible, and drip loops should always be used. Circuit limits should never be exceeded and all appliances should be plugged into
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Many nano reef aquarists prefer their displays to be as natural-looking as possible, and therefore choose to use as few mechanical filtration methods as possible. A primary filtration method in nano reefs is
99:: An accessory tank dedicated to the cultivation of beneficial macroalgae and microflora/fauna. The refugium and sump are often housed in a single tank with a system of dividers to separate the compartments.
227:. Deep sand bed opponents may prefer a "bare bottom" or "suspended reef" which allows for easier removal of nitrate-generating accumulated detritus. This biological filtration is usually supplemented by
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and are populated with beneficial bacteria and other organisms that aid in breaking down organic wastes produced by larger organisms in the nano reef. Other nano reef aquarists use devices such as
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coral's surface temperature. The surface temperature of a coral living near the water's surface can be significantly higher than the surrounding water due to infrared radiation.
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of the light produced. Moreover, some manufacturers produce LED lighting systems in single bright and double bright intensities for sustaining coral life in marine aquariums.
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in which water is pulled from the main tank into a pump which returns the water back into the aquarium via one or more returns to create water turbulence. Newer submersible
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high output lighting systems. Although they were once widely used, many reef tank aquarists have abandoned T12 and T8 fluorescent lamps due to their poor intensity, and
341:"Since flow speed is the critical measure for determining the rate of gas exchange, turnover does little to convey how fast a coral will respire and photosynthesize."
575:. These components must be controlled by a computer to prevent dangerous changes in pH due to the acidic calcium reactor effluent or alkaline kalkwasser effluent.
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A "reef ready" or simply "drilled" tank is often used. This style of tank has holes drilled into the rear pane allowing water to drain into the sump or refugium.
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and able to coexist in larger tanks may not do well in a nano tank because of their close physical proximity. For this reason, smaller species of fish, such as
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Toonen, Robert, Ph.D. and Wee, Christopher. "An
Experimental Comparison of Sandbed and Plenum-Based Systems. Part 1: Controlled lab dosing experiments."
242:. A refugium provides many benefits, which include nitrate reduction, as well as providing a natural food source. It typically houses two main species of
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piping, into the sump. After transiting the sump, water is pushed by a return water pump through the second hole and into the aquarium.
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With the advent of newer and better technologies, increasing intensities and a growing spectrum, there are many options to consider.
117:: A variety of filtration and water movement strategies are employed in reef aquaria. Bulky equipment is often relegated to the sump.
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87:: A stand allows for placement of the display tank at eye level and provides space for storage of the accessory components.
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Trace elements can become depleted by marine livestock and filtration, but can be replenished during a water change.
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Nano reefs are very commonly sold as complete kits which contain the tank, stand, power compact T5, T8, PL lamps or
434:, cup coral, torch coral, and trumpet coral require moderate amounts of light, and small polyp stony corals such as
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Alternatively, standard non-drilled aquariums employ an external "hang-on" overflow that feeds water via continuous
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Recent advances in lighting technology have also made available a completely new technology for aquarium lighting:
312:, cup coral, torch coral, and trumpet coral require moderate amounts of flow, and small polyp stony corals such as
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be alternately switched on and off using a wave timer and aimed at one another or at the aquarium glass to create
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allow invertebrates to filter-feed naturally. A refugium may also be used to export nutrients, when packed with
93:: An accessory tank in which mechanical equipment is kept. A remote sump allows for a clutter-free display tank.
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A 14-litre (3-gallon) nano reef containing small and large polyped stony corals, as well as various soft corals
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Adams, Jake. "Water Flow is More
Important for Corals Than Light, Part V." Advanced Aquarist V.6.1 (2007).
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The choices for aquarium lighting are made complicated by variables such as color temperature, (measured in
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aquarium water turnover every 6 minutes. This is a general rule with many exceptions. Some corals, such as
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105:: Several lighting options are available for the reef-keeper and are tailored to the types of coral kept.
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219:(DSB). These are often employed to augment the biological filtration by aiding in the reduction of
111:: The canopy houses the light fixtures and provides access to the tank for feeding and maintenance.
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An early reference to these small reef aquariums was made in 1989 by Albert J. Thiel in his book
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is an efficient method to increase flow, thus benefiting coral respiration and photosynthesis.
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Reef aquariums consist of a number of components, in addition to the livestock, including:
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scratch. Other materials such as epoxy-coated plywood have been used by industrious
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The primary biological filtration for reef aquariums usually comes from the use of
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and marine snails. The keeping of pico reef aquariums has tested the extent of
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which come from various tropical zones around existing reefs, or more recently
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Temperature: 24–27 °C (297-300 K, 76–80 °F, 536-540 °R)
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available: electric ballast, magnetic ballast, and pulse start ballast.
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then diffuses out of the water and into the air leaving behind the CaCO
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http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2007/1/aafeature/view?searchterm=flow
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511:. Power output available to the hobbyist can range from a meager 9 W
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Marine aquarium that displays live corals and other marine animals
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559:. Kalkwasser is an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)
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Of the various types, most popular aquarium lighting comes from
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In recent years, the Berlin Method is often supplemented with a
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422:, require very little light to thrive. Conversely, large-polyp
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81:: The primary tank in which the livestock are kept and shown.
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as well as fish that play a role in maintaining the tropical
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rock from
Florida. Some reefkeepers also use what is called
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406:. It is these zooxanthellae that require light to perform
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rich solution is then pumped into the sump. The excess CO
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water movement in its current area is not satisfactory.
150:"Hang-on" overflow (left) and internal apparatus (right)
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contain within their tissue the symbiotic algae called
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1077:"Feature Article: Temperature and the Reef Aquarium"
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An example of a closed loop water circulation system
235:, named for the city in which it was first devised.
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794:been gaining popularity in the aquarium community.
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722:, hardy corals, and small invertebrates such as
734:Challenges associated with small reef aquariums
1006:"Feature Article: Building a Plywood Aquarium"
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350:. Powerheads are simply small submersible
1218:, a Reef Keeping wiki maintained by the
1200:) is being considered for deletion. See
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1220:Marine Aquarium Societies of Australia
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877:List of marine aquarium invertebrates
1103:"What do YOU consider a "nano reef""
809:List of marine aquarium fish species
516:matters, there are several types of
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714:Another term gaining popularity is
505:photosynthetically active radiation
477:due to its production of a limited
223:, a waste product in an incomplete
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1204:to help reach a consensus. ›
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1127:The history of pico reef biology.
1075:Riddle, Dana (14 February 2006).
589:or 30–34 parts per thousand (ppt)
458:require high intensity lighting.
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1766:Aquarium fish by scientific name
1164:"Are Nitrates Bad In Reef Tank?"
1004:Riddle, Dana (7 December 2011).
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665:ground fault circuit interrupter
1083:. Pomacanthus Publications, LLC
1012:. Pomacanthus Publications, LLC
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53:that prominently displays live
1207:Pets: Fish and Aquaria: Marine
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115:Filtration and water movement
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1679:Aquarium Fish International
1421:Fish terms / types
465:, very high output or VHO,
398:Many, if not most aquarium
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1549:Disease in ornamental fish
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697:Small Reef Aquarium Basics
567:combines with dissolved CO
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1653:Charles Haskins Townsend
1202:templates for discussion
759:Filtration in nano reefs
262:). Small invertebrates (
1715:Drs. Foster & Smith
1658:Jeanne Villepreux-Power
1144:Nano-Reef.com Community
1107:Nano-Reef.com Community
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1805:Brackish aquarium fish
1694:Tropical Fish Hobbyist
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163:continuous siphon feed
142:Refugium (fishkeeping)
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1689:Practical Fishkeeping
968:Entacmaea quadricolor
885:Euphyllia Glabrescens
704:metal halide lighting
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501:color rendering index
486:light emitting diodes
414:Some corals, such as
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1792:Marine aquarium fish
1745:Zoo Med Laboratories
1633:William Alford Lloyd
1168:reefkeepingworld.com
965:Bubble-tip Anemone (
59:marine invertebrates
1534:Artificial seawater
524:Heating and cooling
467:compact fluorescent
1623:Philip Henry Gosse
1598:Herbert R. Axelrod
947:Briareum violaceum
894:Caulastrea furcata
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463:metal halide lamps
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1628:Sven O. Kullander
1608:Pierre Carbonnier
1577:Water conditioner
1081:Advanced Aquarist
1047:Advanced Aquarist
1010:Advanced Aquarist
900:Frogspawn coral (
891:Candycane coral (
644:(Ca): 400–450 ppm
530:Heater (aquarium)
490:color temperature
391:Aquarium lighting
203:Filter (aquarium)
154:water return line
34:Reef aquarium in
16:(Redirected from
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1603:Leonhard Baldner
1572:Spawning trigger
1524:Aquarium fishery
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1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1331:
1329:Algae scrubber
1326:
1320:
1318:
1314:Aquarium décor
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1294:Brackish-water
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1267:Aquarium types
1264:
1263:
1252:
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1244:
1237:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1216:RTAW Reefpedia
1213:
1185:
1184:External links
1182:
1180:
1179:
1155:
1131:
1118:
1094:
1067:
1052:
1037:
1023:
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
982:
977:
975:Cleaner shrimp
972:
963:
959:Tubastraea sp.
951:
942:
930:
925:
916:
909:Hammer coral (
907:
898:
889:
875:Main article:
872:
869:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
807:Main article:
804:
801:
799:
796:
760:
757:
735:
732:
711:
708:
672:
669:
659:
656:
652:
651:
645:
639:
633:
629:
623:
619:
613:
609:
603:
599:
593:
590:
585:: 1.022–1.025
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
528:Main article:
525:
522:
479:light spectrum
432:elegance coral
408:photosynthesis
389:Main article:
386:
383:
361:turbulent flow
310:elegance coral
280:
279:Water movement
277:
225:nitrogen cycle
217:deep sand beds
201:Main article:
198:
195:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
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126:Main article:
123:
120:
119:
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106:
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94:
88:
82:
71:
68:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1851:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1810:
1809:invertebrates
1806:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:invertebrates
1793:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:invertebrates
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
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1746:
1743:
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1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Julian Sprung
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:George Farmer
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Takashi Amano
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
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1544:Clean-up crew
1542:
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1527:
1525:
1522:
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1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:Feeder shrimp
1489:
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1482:
1479:
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1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:Bottom feeder
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:Deep sand bed
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Berlin Method
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1316:and equipment
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1300:
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1212:
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1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1145:
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1135:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1108:
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1007:
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978:
976:
973:
971:
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964:
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960:
955:
952:
949:
948:
944:Star polyp (
943:
940:
939:
934:
931:
929:
926:
923:
922:
918:Pulse coral (
917:
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908:
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899:
896:
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882:Torch Coral (
881:
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871:Invertebrates
866:
863:
861:
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687:is a type of
686:
677:
668:
666:
655:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
632:): 0–0.06 ppm
627:
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614:
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604:
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
581:
580:
579:
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536:
531:
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519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
475:mercury vapor
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
456:
451:
450:
445:
444:
439:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
409:
405:
404:zooxanthellae
401:
396:
392:
382:
378:
374:
371:
367:
362:
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353:
349:
342:
338:
335:
334:
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328:
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317:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
285:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
255:chaetomorphae
252:
250:
245:
241:
236:
234:
233:Berlin Method
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
204:
194:
192:
186:
185:to the sump.
184:
179:
177:
171:
162:
160:return outlet
159:
156:
153:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
129:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
75:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:reef aquarium
37:
32:
19:
1811: /
1807: /
1798: /
1794: /
1785: /
1781: /
1777: /
1773: /
1560:
1505:
1476:Brine shrimp
1385: /
1341: /
1288:
1195:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:
1158:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1080:
1070:
1046:
1040:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1009:
999:
966:
956:
945:
938:Zoanthus sp.
937:
933:Button polyp
920:
910:
901:
892:
884:
840:Damselfishes
830:Cardinalfish
788:Chaetomorpha
786:
762:
741:
737:
724:hermit crabs
715:
713:
701:
696:
694:
684:
682:
661:
653:
577:
542:
533:
494:
483:
460:
454:
447:
441:
435:
424:stony corals
420:polyp corals
413:
397:
394:
379:
375:
344:
340:
332:
325:
319:
313:
302:stony corals
298:polyp corals
290:
254:
247:
246:, including
237:
213:aquacultured
206:
187:
180:
172:
169:
122:Display tank
114:
108:
102:
96:
90:
84:
79:Display tank
78:
73:
46:
42:
40:
18:Reef aquaria
1834:Fishkeeping
1648:Anna Thynne
1529:Aquascaping
1486:Feeder fish
1428:Algae eater
1368:Fish feeder
1260:fishkeeping
1190:‹ The
1032:"Live Rock"
980:Turbo snail
928:Brain coral
728:allelopathy
622:): 0–10 ppm
513:fluorescent
455:Pocillopora
428:brain coral
366:closed loop
352:water pumps
333:Pocillopora
306:brain coral
260:zooplankton
134:Aquascaping
1828:Categories
1775:amphibians
1638:Paul Matte
1554:Macquarium
1501:Shrimp mix
1274:Freshwater
1173:2022-01-22
1149:2019-03-19
1112:2019-03-19
1087:5 December
1049:4.2 (2005)
1016:5 December
992:References
860:Rabbitfish
783:macroalgae
774:coral reef
710:Pico reefs
671:Nano reefs
650:: 7–12 dKH
648:Alkalinity
507:(PAR) and
348:powerheads
244:macroalgae
197:Filtration
132:See also:
70:Components
63:coral reef
57:and other
1703:Companies
1672:Magazines
1567:Reef safe
1496:Infusoria
1468:Fish food
1438:Coldwater
1407:Substrate
1392:Powerhead
1387:Live sand
1383:Live rock
1343:Driftwood
1299:Community
1256:Aquariums
987:sea stars
954:Sun coral
835:Clownfish
815:Angelfish
798:Livestock
770:live sand
766:live rock
753:clownfish
745:reef safe
720:live rock
716:pico reef
685:nano reef
638:: 8.2–8.6
626:Phosphate
443:Montipora
370:propeller
321:Montipora
268:amphipods
251:prolifera
209:live rock
157:standpipe
47:reef tank
1710:Dennerle
1559:Project
1458:Tropical
1402:Refugium
1378:Lighting
1339:Bog-wood
1324:Airstone
1192:template
820:Blennies
785:such as
612:): 0 ppm
583:Salinity
518:ballasts
437:Acropora
426:such as
385:Lighting
315:Acropora
304:such as
272:detritus
264:copepods
249:Caulerpa
240:refugium
128:Aquarium
103:Lighting
97:Refugium
1740:Wardley
1481:Daphnia
1453:Painted
1363:Fishcam
1304:Biotope
1194:below (
985:Linckia
855:Grammas
642:Calcium
616:Nitrate
606:Nitrite
596:Ammonia
503:(CRI),
497:kelvins
449:Porites
356:laminar
327:Porites
221:nitrate
1813:plants
1800:plants
1783:plants
1720:Hikari
1586:People
1443:Dither
1373:Heater
1358:Filter
1284:Public
1279:Marine
1211:Curlie
1197:Curlie
850:Gobies
749:gobies
658:Safety
509:lumens
452:, and
411:task.
400:corals
330:, and
191:DIYers
183:siphon
140:, and
109:Canopy
55:corals
36:Monaco
1787:algae
1754:Lists
1735:Tetra
1725:Hagen
1561:Piaba
1448:Hardy
865:Tangs
85:Stand
49:is a
1730:Sera
1412:Sump
1289:Reef
1258:and
1089:2014
1018:2014
845:Eels
803:Fish
768:and
751:and
469:and
418:and
296:and
266:and
91:Sump
1684:Koi
1209:at
628:(PO
618:(NO
608:(NO
598:(NH
499:),
253:or
176:PVC
45:or
1830::
1166:.
1142:.
1105:.
1079:.
1055:^
1008:.
699:.
683:A
636:pH
587:sg
481:.
471:T5
446:,
440:,
324:,
318:,
136:,
41:A
1248:e
1241:t
1234:v
1176:.
1152:.
1115:.
1091:.
1034:.
1020:.
970:)
961:)
957:(
950:)
941:)
935:(
924:)
915:)
906:)
897:)
888:)
630:4
620:3
610:2
600:3
573:3
569:2
565:2
561:2
557:3
553:2
549:3
545:3
258:(
20:)
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