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In 1889 a
European hunter, Willi Posselt, travelled to Great Zimbabwe after hearing about it from another European explorer, Karl Mauch. He climbed to the highest point of the ruins despite being told that it was a sacred site where he should not trespass, and found the birds positioned in the centre
198:
The colonists erroneously attributed Great
Zimbabwe to ancient Mediterranean builders, believing native Africans to be incapable of constructing such a complex structure; thus in Rhodes' mind, as a 1932 guidebook put it, it was "a favourite symbol of the link between the order civilisation derived
153:
Each one, including its plinth, had been hewn out of a solid block of stone and measured 4 feet 6 inches in height; and each was set firmly into the ground. There was also a stone shaped like a millstone and about 18 inches in diameter, with a number of figures carved in the
102:
bird sculptures, about 40 centimetres (16 inches) tall and standing on columns more than 90 cm (3 ft) tall, which were originally installed on walls and monoliths within the city. They are unique to Great
Zimbabwe; nothing like them has been discovered elsewhere.
106:
Various explanations have been advanced to explain the symbolic meaning of the birds. One suggestion is that each bird was erected in turn to represent a new king, but this would have required improbably long reigns. More probably, the
Zimbabwe birds represent sacred or
167:
Posselt compensated
Andizibi with a payment of blankets and "some other articles". As the bird on its pedestal was too heavy for him to carry, he hacked it off and hid the pedestal with the intention of returning later to retrieve it. He subsequently sold his bird to
226:
The
Zimbabwe bird has been a symbol of Zimbabwe and its predecessor states since 1924. The crest of Southern Rhodesia's coat of arms incorporated the Zimbabwe bird, and over time the bird became a widespread symbol of the colony. The paper money and coins of the
98:, starting in the 11th century and inhabited for over 300 years. The ruins, after which modern Zimbabwe was named, cover some 730 hectares (1,800 acres) and are the largest ancient stone construction in sub-Saharan Africa. Among its notable elements are the
195:'s invasion of Mashonaland. Bent recorded that there were eight birds, six large and two small, and that there had probably originally been more as there were several additional stone pedestals of which the tops had been broken off.
367:
157:
I selected the best specimen of the bird stones, the beaks of the remainder being damaged, and decided to dig it out. But while doing so, Andizibi and his followers became very excited and rushed around with their guns and
210:(bees, wasps and ants) housed in Harare; the fifth remains at Groote Schuur. In 2003, the German museum returned its portion of the bird's pedestal to Zimbabwe. The birds were displayed for a while in the
206:
In 1981, a year after the attainment of independence in
Zimbabwe, the South African government returned four of the sculptures to the country in exchange for a world-renowned collection of
180:, and decorated the house's stairway with wooden replicas. Rhodes also had stone replicas made, three times the size of the original, to decorate the gates of his house in England near
1080:
232:
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from the North or the East and the savage barbarism of
Southern and Central Africa before the advent of the European." Bent attributed the birds, wholly erroneously, to the
162:. I fully expected them to attack us. However, I went on with my work but told Klass, who had loaded two rifles, to shoot the first man he saw aiming at either of us.
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with
Matenga (2001) listing over 100 state, corporate and sporting organisations which incorporate the Bird in their emblems and logos.
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239:. The flag and state symbols of modern Zimbabwe continue to feature the Zimbabwe Bird. It is now the definitive icon of independent
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Rhodes' acquisition of
Posselt's bird prompted him to commission an investigation of the Great Zimbabwe ruins by
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Great Zimbabwe (11th–15th century) | Thematic Essay | Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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Paul Sinclair (2001). "Review: The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe Symbols of a Nation by Edward Matenga".
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and the Museum of Human Sciences in Harare, but are now housed in a small museum on the Great Zimbabwe site.
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African Museums in the Making: Reflections on the Politics of Material and Public Culture in Zimbabwe
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Rhodesian Grand Commander of the Legion of Merit (GCLM) medal (Civil and Military)
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Colonial Situations: Essays on the Contextualization of Ethnographic Knowledge
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The Silence of Great Zimbabwe: Contested Landscapes and the Power of Heritage
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Reverse side of a Zimbabwe fifty dollar note (2nd series) illustrating the
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Thomas N. Huffman (1985). "The Soapstone Birds from Great Zimbabwe".
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768:"Contested Monuments: The Politics of Archeology in Southern Africa"
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131:) which it has been suggested was the original totem of the Shona.
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Edward Matenga (2001). "The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe".
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of an enclosure around an apparent altar. He later wrote:
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The Cult of Rhodes: Remembering an Imperialist in Africa
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Emblem used by the Rhodesia Corps of Signals (1970–1980)
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Ruins and Zimbabwe Bird in the bottom right hand corner
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The Lost City of Solomon and Sheba: An African Mystery
90:
The original carved birds are from the ruined city of
71:
sculptures found in the ruins of the medieval city of
143:
Three of the Zimbabwe Birds, photographed around 1891
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67:). The bird's design is derived from a number of
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774:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 135.
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78:It is now the definitive icon of independent
900:Munyaradzi, Mawere; Henry, Chiwaura (2015).
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419:Zimbabwe Passport Cover (1st version) (1980)
361:Reverse side of a Zimbabwean one dollar coin
127:(God) and the ancestors, or the fish eagle (
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824:Vanished Civilizations of the Ancient World
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135:Colonial acquisition and return to Zimbabwe
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575:The South African Archaeological Bulletin
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191:, which took place in 1891 following the
123:), which was held to be a messenger from
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652:. Oxford University Press, USA. p.
488:Chief of Staff Car and Aircraft car flag
138:
18:
793:
791:
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644:Hall, Martin; Stefoff, Rebecca (2006).
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325:Logo used by the Parliament of Rhodesia
172:, who mounted it in the library of his
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1372:Chemical weapons and biological agents
1093:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
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221:
940:
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682:Murray, Paul; Briggs, Philip (2016).
458:Emblem of the Zimbabwe Prison Service
842:
788:
688:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 203.
301:Coat of Arms of Rhodesia (1924–1981)
235:also displayed the bird, as did the
229:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
431:Flag of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces
13:
1268:Responsible Government Association
849:. Longmans & Company. p.
14:
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1298:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party
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870:. New Africa Books. p. 85.
846:The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland
770:. In Stocking, George W. (ed.).
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233:Bank of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
51:). It probably represents the
1:
1316:United National Federal Party
1081:Malayan Emergency involvement
906:. Langaa RPCIG. p. 128.
843:Bent, James Theodore (1895).
745:. History Press. p. 20.
613:Studies in Global Archaeology
1756:National symbols of Zimbabwe
1751:National symbols of Rhodesia
1216:Ministry of External Affairs
968:Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia
799:"Zimbabwe bird 'flies' home"
259:containing the Zimbabwe Bird
193:British South Africa Company
7:
111:animals of the Shona – the
16:National emblem of Zimbabwe
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739:Brown-Lowe, Robin (2003).
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31:is the national emblem of
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1001:under UDI; 1980–present:
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766:Kuklick, Henrika (1991).
715:. Routledge. p. 99.
272:Flag of Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1357:Leader of the Opposition
405:Coat of Arms of Zimbabwe
43:and coins (first on the
828:. McGraw-Hill. p.
709:Fontein, Joost (2016).
1274:Rhodesian Action Party
1108:1976 Geneva Conference
801:. BBC News. 4 May 2003
526:References and sources
445:Zimbabwe National Army
212:Natural History Museum
165:
144:
24:
1347:Deputy Prime Minister
1322:United Rhodesia Party
1286:Rhodesia Labour Party
1150:Chimanimani Mountains
864:Maylam, Paul (2005).
820:Lhote, Henri (1963).
518:National Heroes' Acre
504:, capital of Zimbabwe
486:Air Force of Zimbabwe
472:Air Force of Zimbabwe
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57:Terathopius ecaudatus
22:
1400:(currency from 1970)
1310:United Federal Party
1248:Central Africa Party
1201:Legislative Assembly
581:(173/174): 105–106.
546:(3): 68–73, 99–100.
1766:Culture of Zimbabwe
1113:Internal Settlement
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222:Cultural depictions
189:James Theodore Bent
1460:List of Rhodesians
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61:African fish eagle
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877:978-0-86486-684-4
781:978-0-299-13123-4
752:978-0-7524-9490-6
722:978-1-315-41720-2
695:978-1-78477-016-7
663:978-0-19-515773-4
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1479:Demographics
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1029:Company rule
1019:Pre-colonial
979:Company rule
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1771:African art
1530:Rusape Jews
989:; 1965–79:
985:; 1953–63:
981:; 1923–80:
977:1890–1923:
392:of Zimbabwe
289:(1968–1979)
274:(1979–1980)
208:Hymenoptera
201:Phoenicians
1740:Categories
1563:Afrikaners
1470:Rhodesiana
1206:Parliament
1086:Federation
987:Federation
516:Relief at
1633:Afrikaans
1625:Languages
1601:Coloureds
1362:Provinces
1337:President
1211:Elections
1196:Districts
1139:Geography
255:National
182:Cambridge
174:Cape Town
100:soapstone
69:soapstone
59:) or the
41:banknotes
1725:Category
1703:Insignia
1696:national
1638:English
1540:Tokaleya
1492:diaspora
1332:Governor
1179:Politics
1130:Zimbabwe
1098:Bush War
1003:Zimbabwe
997:; 1979:
991:Rhodesia
685:Zimbabwe
619:: 1–261.
520:, Harare
500:Flag of
241:Zimbabwe
216:Bulawayo
160:assegais
121:chapungu
113:bateleur
80:Zimbabwe
37:Rhodesia
33:Zimbabwe
1664:Symbols
1651:Ndebele
1611:Indians
1605:Goffals
1584:Rhodies
1568:British
1525:Ndebele
1520:Manyika
1448:Society
1429:Tourism
1398:Dollar
1387:Economy
1352:Cabinet
1294:(SRANC)
1011:History
595:3889033
560:3336358
407:(1981–)
176:house,
154:border.
115:eagle (
109:totemic
86:Origins
1708:Flower
1686:Emblem
1676:Anthem
1671:Animal
1594:Others
1573:Greeks
1406:Pound
1318:(UNFP)
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993:under
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502:Harare
129:hungwe
1691:Flags
1646:Shona
1555:White
1545:Tonga
1535:Shona
1515:Lemba
1510:Kunda
1502:Black
1327:Queen
1312:(UFP)
1288:(RLP)
1276:(RAP)
1270:(RGA)
805:6 May
591:JSTOR
556:JSTOR
125:Mwari
117:Shona
96:Shona
1578:Jews
1282:(RF)
908:ISBN
872:ISBN
807:2013
776:ISBN
747:ISBN
717:ISBN
690:ISBN
658:ISBN
995:UDI
851:180
583:doi
548:doi
214:in
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