Bateleur - Knowledge

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creamy flanks. At about 2 weeks, the young eaglet becomes somewhat more active and the down develops a patchy appearance. At 3 weeks, the eaglet has a downy white head but the down colour above is dark brown, with the first brown feathers sprouting on back of head, secondaries and scapulars. By 4 weeks, they no longer have any white down and brown feathers grow especially the back and wing ones; while a week later, the feathers continue emerge and the secondaries outgrow the primaries. Thence at 7 weeks, the feathering of the foreparts occurs rapidly, being complete by 35 days, but the wing and tail feathers are still growing, the last remaining down being on underwing coverts. The young eaglet resembles those of snake eagles in appearance and feather growth pattern, particularly the retarded growth of the primary feathers, and in general coloring become greyer as the eaglet ages. The nestling may first stand at about 5 weeks as well as engage in wing-flapping. Pre-independence juveniles may perch or lie in prone position before they can fly well. The stage at which the young first feeds itself is dictated by what prey is brought; if it is large, the parents will feed the young to 40 days, but small fragments will be eaten unaided by the downy young. Around 6 weeks is when the eaglet can typically feed itself for the first time. At 9 weeks, eaglet bateleurs have been recorded doing effective threat displays against humans. Fledgling typically occurs around 90–125 days with reported extremes at as little as 93 to as much as 194 days. The young often returns to the nest after its first flight and continues to do so. The young bateleurs become independent quickly within about a week in some case and in others remain closely by and dependent on their parents for about 2–4 months. The young bateleurs may follow their parents around in flight until they are fed. Coaxing behaviour by parents has been recorded (keeping away food until they fly to it, perhaps gradually encouraging the young eagle to go farther afield). After leaving the nest area, the young bateleurs often wander widely, for example one was recorded to have covered 1,347 km (520 sq mi). When soaring near another bateleur nest, young bateleurs are often fiercely attacked by adult males. There are some reports, even frequent reports it is said, of immature bateleurs staying to help incubate the eggs although generally this presumably rare.

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nest. Bateleur parents are highly sensitive to breeding from human disturbance, oddly they may permit and adapt to regular inspections of the nest but resent an attempts to hide or conceal photographic equipment nearby and regular desert the nest even with a small nestling, thus nest photography should be avoided. The ease with which bateleurs are flushed away from their nest appears to lead to uncommonly high nest predation rates, while many other eagle, including from other parts of the world, either sit tightly on their nest until the danger level becomes too high or attack ferociously at the potential threat. The nestling is careful tended to by female, as she is at the nest 82% of the time up to the time the eaglet is 10 days in one Kenya study, her attendance thence drops to 47% from 10–20 days, then after 30 days, dropped to about 5% and from 60 days about 1%. When the young is at later stages of maturity, the female tends to only engage in very brief prey deliveries. Both sexes bring prey and feed the young though the male takes a bigger share of this than in many eagles. After 30 days, the eaglet is often left by itself on the nest throughout the night. The eaglet is fed nearly every day early on but only every 2–3 days later on, especially after leaving the nest.

2042:). Here all four largish eagles relied primarily upon Kirk's dik dik for food but were mostly slightly staggered in breeding season, with the bateleur nesting on average earlier than the other eagles. The diet was by far most similar with that tawny eagle in Tsavo East, overlapping 66% in prey species and 72% in prey weight. Meanwhile, the diet overlapped 32% in species and 50% in weight with martial eagles and 37% in species and 57% in weight with African hawk-eagles. The one discrepancy, which is noted in other studies as well, is that the bateleur tends to focus on smaller birds than tawny eagles when selecting avian prey. Bateleurs also bear an advantage over tawny eagles in their ability forage in open habitats, with the absence of perches, due to their aerial foraging methods. However, data indicates that the tawny eagles is dominant over bateleurs typically at disputed kills or carrion. One study accrued 26 instances of tawny eagles displacing bateleurs against only 5 where bateleurs displaced tawny eagles, giving illustration to the tawny eagles dominance. Frequently, the bateleur waits until the tawny eagle is done eating before it does so itself if both are at a carcass site. 2372:, 13 pairs of bateleurs were recorded to produce only 0.33 young per pair. There was evidence of a 13% decline in active nesting territories of bateleurs in the Kalahari Gemsbok area during the seven year study, and at least a 40% decline over the previous 10 years. Vacated nesting territories were not reoccupied by the species. There was found to be seemingly no safe buffer zone around the park, due perhaps to persecution in the adjacent farmlands, when potential mortality of foraging bateleur from the protected park enter these areas, as well as nesting site disturbance, could have been part of the reason for this decline. Poisoned and suspected poisoned bateleurs have been found in the Park during the study period. The few that survive their early years may expect a mean estimated lifespan of around 12–14 years and in some cases may manage to live as long as 27 years. The annual adult survival rate is estimated at 95%, while the annual juvenile survival rate is estimated at 75%. 2101:), followed by all other vultures with the tawny eagle and the bateleur in the second most and the most subordinate scavenger positions. Therefore, the bateleur is considered a scavenger with high search efficiency but low competitive ability. However, the bateleur does benefit from the larger scavengers, being less able to access a large carcass, at best feeding on the eyes of said carcass unless it is already otherwise torn asunder such as large carnivore prey or roadkills. With the epidemic-level reduction of vultures in Africa, it was found in Maasai Mara that both bateleurs and tawny eagles have been found to actually increase in sighting frequency in sync with the vanishing numbers of remaining vultures, with the number of bateleur sightings increasing by 52%. To the contrary of the expected hierarchy, cases are known where bateleurs have attacked and dominated much larger scavenging birds including 2046: 617:, in length around the 5th year of maturation. The adult bateleur's wingspan is an extraordinary 2.9 times greater than its total length. The adult male bateleur is mostly black above with a chestnut back and tail and grey forewings, below he is black on the body, contrasting with a chestnut tail, as well as with the white wing linings and black flight feathers except for the greyish based primaries. The adult female bateleur is similar in plumage to the male overall but differs in her black-tipped grey secondaries above and more extensively white underwings with the black on the female confined to the wingtips and trailing edges. The juvenile bateleur on the wing appears broader winged and especially longer tailed with a largely uniform brown coloration, including the greater coverts, with paler feather mainly about the head as well as on the flight feathers. 1151:. Although the species tends to fly fairly low, bateleurs can soar and circle quite high as well. Engaged in its aforementioned dihedral flight it is often cants continuously from side-to-side, likely the origin of which it was given its common name (loosely "tumbler", "balancer" or "tightrope walker") of French derivation. Various flying embellishments may be undertaken nearly aseasonally. Although not typically given to forward somersault nor to loop-the-loop, bateleurs may with some regularity perform a rapid 360 degrees sideways roll. They are often given to flying with more embellishments when in the presence of another bateleur, even with juveniles provoking one another entirely uncoupled seemingly from breeding courtship or territorial displays. Typical home ranges of around 40 km (15 sq mi) were reported per pair in 2209: 2368:

their eaglet. At 4 nests in Zimbabwe, a replacement rate of 0.81 young per pair per annum, with local figures often being higher where they live more free from human disturbance. It was found that Zimbabwe failures were only known to be from infertile or lost eggs. In Kruger National Park, the predation of Verreaux's eagle-owls may considerably lower nesting success. Furthermore in Kruger, it was found that 33% of the population of bateleurs were young birds while the remaining 67% were adults, meaning that younger birds are presumably underpopulated. Elsewhere, even lower numbers, around 25-30%, of the population is young bateleurs. The population, or at least in southern Africa, seems to be roughly even in terms of sex ratio, with an even number of males and females. In the

340:. Adult bateleurs are generally black in colour with a chestnut colour on the mantle as well as also on the rump and tail. Adults also have gray patches about the leading edges of the wings (extending to the secondaries in females) with bright red on their cere and their feet. Adults also show white greater coverts, contrasting with black remiges in males, gray patches on the underwing primaries and black wingtips. The juvenile bateleur is quite different, being largely drab brown with a bit of paler feather scaling. All bateleurs have extremely large heads for their size, rather small bills, large feet, relatively short legs, long, bow-like wings and uniquely short tails, which are much smaller still on adults compared to juvenile birds. 2649: 605: 726:). These do not overlap with bateleurs in nearly all respects of morphology, proportions nor flight actions. Nonetheless, both of these buzzards are sometimes mistaken for bateleurs due to their own combinations of black, white and chestnut, which are completely differently composed than those of the bateleur. Despite how distinctive the buzzards are from the bateleur, some reports of bateleurs from areas where they are currently gone are almost certain to have been misidentified jackal buzzards. Juveniles and immatures of up to 2–3 years old are hardly less distinctive in shape but could be confused, largely due to similar proportions of their large head, brown plumage and whitish legs with certain snake eagles. The 588:. The adult female differs by having grey-brown, not black, on the greater coverts and black-tipped grey, not black, secondaries. Furthermore up to 7% of adults have a "cream morph" where they have chestnut tails but the other chestnut areas are almost fully replaced by cream to pale brown coloring. The cream morph may reportedly be slightly more prevalent in drier areas. The bare parts of adult bateleurs are exceptionally conspicuous, with the adult cere, bare facial skin and feet all being rather bright red, however in some they can also temporarily fade to pink, pale pink or yellowish at times, such as when they are perching in the shade or bathing. The bare parts flush the most red during times of excitement. The 1219: 1023: 2196:. By contrast, bateleur nestlings are vulnerable to predation compared to other raptors. Though adult bateleurs can simply leave the nest or crouch below the nest rim to reduce nest detectability to many predators, they can be very aggressive toward conspecifics as well as other raptors, and occasionally human intruders. However, due to their unique foraging mode which takes them far from the nest for long periods of the day, the physical defense is largely unable. Thus, chicks are presumed to be vulnerable to a huge range of predators although very few are properly identified. Based on other eagles in Africa, these are likely to include various sizes of mammalian carnivores, snakes, monitors and various 383:. Bateleurs are highly aerial birds that spend much time soaring and will frequently fly with exaggerated embellishments, perhaps when excited or angered. They tend to build a relatively small if sturdy stick nest in a large tree and lay only a single egg. Despite being a rather aggressive bird in other contexts, bateleurs are easily flushed from their own nest, making them exceptionally vulnerable to nest predators, including humans, and nest failures. It may take as long as 7 to 8 years to attain full maturity, perhaps the longest stretch to maturity of any raptor. This species has long been known to be declining rather pronouncedly in overall population and it is mostly confined to 1328:, roughly in that order, seem to be considerably preferred over other prey taxa. Based on morphology, their long middle toes have been cited as an indication that they originally diversified to become a bird-eater but a rather small degree of sexual dimorphism between males and females indicates a preference for mammal eating. By the most complete picture of the bateleurs diet was a compilation study that compiled 1879 prey items from differing parts of the range. In it was found that bateleurs derived 54.6% of the diet from mammals, with perhaps two-thirds to about half of the diet being mammalian carrion, along with 23.7% of the diet being from birds, 17.8% from reptiles, 1.9% from 2304:. Nests tend to be lined with green leaves by the bateleur pair. Both sexes of bateleur are known to contribute to the building or repair of a nest, a process that typically takes about 1–2 months, though sometimes nest construction can be reportedly protracted even in years where no breeding occurs. They often subsequently use a new nest in the same general area in consecutive breeding seasons, usually not more than 1 to 3 km (0.62 to 1.86 mi) away, and may reuse a nest they built previously. There is much variation in this regard, from 1 nest being used in 5 consecutive years to no nest reusage in 3 recorded years. Nests built by bateleurs tend to be favored by 654:) can be nearly as large in wingspan as the bateleur but tend to be somewhat less heavy. The total length of the bateleur is 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in). Typical length of a full-grown bird is around 63.5 cm (25.0 in). The wingspan of bateleurs can vary from 168 to 190 cm (5 ft 6 in to 6 ft 3 in). Body mass of bateleurs can vary from 1,800 to 3,000 g (4.0 to 6.6 lb). One sample of 10 unsexed bateleurs weighed an average of 2,200 g (4.9 lb) while a smaller sample of three weighed an average of 2,392 g (5.273 lb). Additionally, a median body mass of 2,385 g (5.258 lb) was cited in one study. 702: 1708:) in Central and southeastern Africa (both where few details are known of bateleurs' diets), it was mentioned bateleurs may be a potential predator of troops based on the anti-predator activity and vocalizations of these species provoked by bateleurs. The bateleur, using its large, powerful feet, does not shy away from very large prey and has been known to regularly kill mammals heavier than itself including scrub hare estimated to weigh 2,600 g (5.7 lb), springhares estimated to weigh 3,000 g (6.6 lb), Cape hyrax estimated to weigh 3,800 g (8.4 lb), Kirk's dik diks estimated to weigh 4,000 g (8.8 lb) and 1988:), although excepting small, young ones, these types of reptilian prey are perhaps in many cases consumed after they are already deceased, such as via roadkills. Nevertheless, bateleurs occasionally hunt small tortoises and monitor lizards, and in one instance, live predation on an adult monitor lizard about 1.4 m in length has been reported. The bateleur is known to carry snakes to the nest in the style of ordinary snake eagles, with the dead snake being half swallowed and subsequently extracted by the capturing bird's mate, usually the female at the nest. Seldom identified prey may include assorted, and almost entirely unidentified, 38: 1509: 601:

years of life, the plumage of subadult bateleurs blackens and the chestnut portions of the plumage increase. The shoulders become fully grey by the 8th year, the likely age of maturity. As for the bare parts in juvenile bateleurs, the cere and facial skin are a distinct pale grey-blue to green-blue. The juvenile's feet are greenish-white to greyish-white, at 4-5 the cere, facial skin and feet turn yellow, then pink before finally reddening. The eyes are similar in hue to those of adult bateleurs but are a slightly lighter, being more honey-brown, while the bill of juveniles are mainly pale grey-blue in colour.

1952:, with the latter actually reported to be the most prominent known reptile prey in compilation studies, accounting for 18.9% of reported reptile prey and 3.35% of total prey. They can take sizable snakes, even adult puff adders which can grow much heavier than the eagle themselves. However, the bateleur is not immune to venom nor is as well specialized to dispatching venomous snakes as are snake eagles, and, in one case, a mutual killing recorded between a puff adder and a bateleur was reported. Sizable, and far from defenseless, if not venomous reptiles known in the prey spectrum may include 2255: 1260: 1127: 1900: 1238:, to cool off. These eagles are frequently seen to enter water-bodies for a bath and then open their wings to often sunbathe. Standing upright and holding their wings straight out to the sides and tipped vertically, a classic 'phoenix' pose as they turn to follow the sun. Bateleurs will stand on the ground with their wings spread, exposing the feathers to direct sunlight, warming the oils in the feathers. The bird will then spread the oils with its beak to improve its aerodynamics. In some countries, local nicknames of the species may include as the " 2559: 221: 2663: 2321:

bateleur's egg is quite similar in size and coloration to most snake eagles, which also generally lay a single egg. A bateleur egg may measure from 74.2 to 87 mm (2.92 to 3.43 in) in height, with an average of 77.4 mm (3.05 in) in a sample of 24 and 79.1 mm (3.11 in) in a sample of 50, by 57 to 68.1 mm (2.24 to 2.68 in) in diameter, with an average of 62.3 mm (2.45 in) in 24 and 62.7 mm (2.47 in) in 50. The eggs are comparable in size to those of martial and

1292:, they sometimes aerially pirate foods from other raptors. Alternately, they may try to intercept other raptors' kills while the raptor is feeding on them, whether it be on the ground, in a tree or on a rock, or even immediately after the kill is made. These piratical attacks are sometimes carried out against large carrion eaters like vultures and even against larger eagles, and in them, they may drive their target to the ground, with interlocking talons or trading shallow blows with their feet. Bateleurs also hunt 1284:, descriptions of this eagle as "not a very rapacious species" are erroneous as it has been found to a highly powerful predator for its size and one that is often rather active at pursuing living prey, with seemingly most food consumed during the breeding season being prey that the bateleur has itself killed. Bateleurs kill most prey on the ground with a steep stoop on partially closed wings. On the evidence, they may alter their stoop onto prey with a slow drop with raised wings, rather in a gentle descent like a 556: 2585: 6447: 2034:. These two species overlap in many significant ways, being similar in body mass and predatory prowess as well as in nesting habitat, tendency to attack a wide size range of prey (including large prey) and general disposition. Furthermore, both of these eagles show ability to freely change feeding methods between live predation, scavenging on carrion and piracy. In Tsavo East National Park, bateleurs were studied along with tawny eagles, significantly larger martial eagles and slightly smaller 82: 2329:), eagles of easily up to twice the body size of a bateleur. The female bateleur normally incubates alone, though rarely males are seen to do so as well. The female is fed by the male but takes spells off in which she probably feeds on her own kills and the male may take over incubation, although reports of instances where he may do the majority of incubation are probably inaccurate. While the elastic breeding season suggests an indifference to climatic concerns relative to the 1740: 548: 2270:. At times, bateleurs are adaptable and perhaps even favor towards nesting near manmade openings such as roads or paths. Nests are typically at 10 to 15 m (33 to 49 ft) above the ground but in extreme may be from 7 to 25 m (23 to 82 ft) high. The nest is normally within the canopy in the fork of the main trunk or a large lateral branch so that it is shaded for much of the day. A variety of tree species may be used. In southern Africa, favored trees tend to 2381: 1345: 787: 1210:. In Kruger, immatures are driven out by adults on territory during the breeding season and then often wander widely before returning for the non-breeding season. Recoveries of juveniles in southern Africa show that individuals have been recovered at assorted distances from their nests of origin ranging from as far as 30 to 285 km (19 to 177 mi) away. It was noted that in some cases, heavier rainfall may have caused farther afield dispersals. 57: 2300:) nest taken over and added to deepen it. The nest is a solid structure of medium-sized sticks, measuring about 60 cm (24 in) across, 30 cm (12 in) deep with a leafy cup of about 25 cm (9.8 in) across. Snake eagles and their kin tend to build relatively small if bulky nests relative to their size and the bateleur is no exception, with their nest size being about half that of in diameter of a similarly-sized eagle like the 2599: 1118:. To the contrary, in Mozambique it is said to avoid areas with a dense human population. The species can occur from sea level up to 4,500 m (14,800 ft), but not normally a mountain-dwelling species and mainly occurs below 3,000 m (9,800 ft). This is supported in Zimbabwe, where the bateleur is relatively common but appears to largely avoid the extensive amount of hilly and rugged areas present in that country. 613:

eye before the large head, which is proportionately slightly bigger even than their cousins, the snake eagles. The tail is so short in adult bateleurs that the feet extend below the tail tip, almost giving the impression that the raptor nearly has no tail. This is as opposed to juveniles, where the feet come up about 5 cm (2.0 in) short of the tail tip, with the feet coming to exceed the tail, which is shrinking via

1090:. Although often in fairly dry savanna habitats, in Kenya it is reportedly absent from areas where the rainfall is under 250 mm (9.8 in) annually, probably because it limits the growth of the leafy trees that they require for nesting. In Ethiopia, it tends to be associated with well-wooded areas. Habitat tends to be most closely studied in southern Africa. It is mostly common found in broad-leaved woodland in the 1272:

to 55 to 200 km (21 to 77 sq mi). Bateleurs may spend up to 8–9 hours or up to 80% of daylight on the wing, perhaps largely for hunting and foraging purposes, and have reported having even covered as much as 300 to 500 km (190 to 310 mi) in a single day. When potential prey or food is spotted, they then descend in tight spirals to check it out. The bateleur is a very effective discoverer of

2635: 2571: 2192:), a formidable top predator among owls and possibly the largest avian prey ever reported for a bateleur. The predators of mature bateleurs themselves are not well-documented and in fact, Verreaux's eagle owls may the only species verified to repeatedly prey upon bateleurs, but this is probably due to rare predator identification at bateleur nests. Bateleurs are usually considered 1135:

frequently described in superlatives such as "one of the most beautiful and spectacular things that flies". This species tends to take off with unusually fast, shallow beats for a bird of this relative large size. After take-off, the bateleur sails at a mean speed of about 50 to 60 km/h (31 to 37 mph). They often rock from side-to-side with the wings held in a strong

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hours. Generally, it seem to be more likely than almost any other African eagle to desert their young. During the incubation and nestling period, the male is more demonstrative than the female at the nest, sometimes doing the distraction display and regular dive-bomb attacks if the nest tree is climbed, the female more commonly flies away in the distance. Once a lone male

2117:), with these having been successfully displaced or lost carrion to a bateleur. Even more impressively, cases where bateleurs interacting with much larger, more powerful martial eagles have involved instances where the bateleurs have attacked, pirated and even brought to ground in clashes that appear to end in a drawl. However, the martial eagle occupies a notably higher 2506:

deliberate as many other threats, this is causing the breeding success rates to plummet farther. No large scale actions are underway but they are possibly protected in Yemen as an endangered species. It is proposed to implement education and awareness campaigns across its range to reduce the use of poisoned baits. Regular population monitoring is being carried out.

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small pieces of carrion, makes them highly susceptible to poison-laced carcasses even from a small proportion of farmers who use poisons. Bateleurs and other eagles are not usually the direct target of these poisoning operations, which in some cases may be directed to unfavored mammals like jackals or in other cases directed towards vultures by

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culture and continuously used in heraldic forms including most prominently being featured on the Zimbabwe flag. A South African myth was that when bateleurs "cries in flight, the rain will fall". The admiration and mythologizing of bateleurs is also known in other areas beyond Zimbabwe, including among those in Southern Africa who speak

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reported is not necessarily nuptial and may be performed by birds of the same size and by an adult or an immature and in some cases is linked to the sociality of the species. The bateleur is usually rather monogamous and likely, with the survivorship of each mate, mates for life. However, rare instances of possible

1736:), any of which may weigh around twice the aforementioned large mammal prey for bateleurs, may have been unexpectedly killed by bateleurs. Furthermore, an instance of attempted predation in Tanzania on an adult honey badger was witnessed, ending with both the bateleur and badger dying from the ensuing fight. 1271:

The bateleur is a dietary generalist. This species generally forages from the flight, flying mostly low and straight whilst scanning the ground, periodically banking and retracing sections of the track when possible foods are spotted. Their hunting range can be truly enormous ranging in some cases up

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eagle" due to its feathers resembling a conifer cone when fluffed up and engaging in thermoregulatory behaviour. At times, this is described as a "striking heraldic posture". Bateleurs may also be seen "praying" allowing ants to crawl over the wings and feathers, collecting bits of food, dead feather

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Generally, as in most raptors found as breeding residents in Africa, the bateleur is considered sedentary and territorial but it is a species that requires very large home ranges. However, in general the species neither as staunchly residential nor sedentary as many other Sub-Saharan African raptors.

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The bateleur, particularly in its adult plumage, is often considered one of the most distinctive raptors in the world. When perched or flying adults or older immatures are quite unmistakable. The bateleur can be readily be distinguished even by inexperienced observers from the very differently-shaped

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use. Poisoning of carcasses is a major issue for scavenging animals, especially birds like vultures, in Africa. Zambian bateleurs may suffer from deliberate poisonings as well as those in Eswatini, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The bateleur's wide foraging areas and their ability to locate very

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length, adult males measure 98 to 124 mm (3.9 to 4.9 in) and can be even shorter in adult females at 105 to 113 mm (4.1 to 4.4 in), in some cases the adult's tail may reportedly measure as short as 72 mm (2.8 in). This contrasts with the tail of juvenile bateleurs which

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In flight, the bateleur appears as a rather large raptor with disproportionately elongated, rather narrow and slightly bow-shaped wings, which appear pinched in at the bases, broad across the secondaries and regularly narrow, pointed and upturned at the tips. Upon sighting, the wings often catch the

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alone which was down to around 420 to 470 pairs by the 1990s. More recently it was estimated that there are less than 700 pairs in the entire region of Southern Africa, although that number may be too excessively conservative. In all the bateleur has declined by an estimated 75% in Southern Africa.

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When the nest is approached, at times bateleurs will react forcibly, engaging in aggressive barks, sometimes diving down from flight at the intruder with loud flapping wings. When disturbed in this way, however bateleurs very often depart and they will often not return to the nest for up to several

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Bateleurs are long-lived species, slow-maturing, slow-breeding species, Bateleurs court each other or re-establish existing pair bonds what is considered, a "spectacular" courtship display. During the courtship display, an exaggerated flight is undertaken, in which the male dives down at the female

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known in their diet. The largest of these avian prey species attacked by bateleurs top out around 1,200 to 1,800 g (2.6 to 4.0 lb). The reason for the disinterest in mid-sized to large avian prey of sizes comparable to some mammals and reptiles are known to have been taken by bateleurs is

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and very sharp talons reminiscent in sharpness of highly predaceous larger African raptors. Further like snake eagles, bateleurs have a rather large headed but with a smallish beak coupled with a large gape. These adaptations generally equip the subfamily to better handle and ingest snakes relative

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length of 30.6 mm (1.20 in). While the hind or hallux claw is usually the most enlarged in most species of accipitrid, on the other hand in the Tsavo East bateleurs, unusually the middle claw on the front of the foot was slightly larger at 32 mm (1.3 in). Notably the proportions

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It is estimated that the bateleur produces a mean of 0.47 chicks per nest per year. In East Africa, the bateleur tends not to breed every year and the replacement rate is about 0.5 per annum. In southern Africa, the bateleur typically breeds every year whether or not they are successful in raising

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The bateleur was once reported to be a very common predator of reptiles like their cousins the snake eagles. Although this is somewhat erroneous, bateleurs do not infrequently include reptiles in their diet. As much as 30% of the diet can be reptilian, mainly snakes. Some reptiles taken are small

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Bateleurs are a wide ranging species but have shown rather strong declines. Per estimates from the 1990s, extrapolated from an average of 150 km (58 sq mi) per pair, it was projected that the total population could have been around 180,000 birds including young ones. However, it is

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climbed a nest tree, the female bateleur sat and incubated while the male dive bombed it. When this failed to drive it off, the male settled on a branch between the baboon and the nest and threatened the monkey with raised wings, the baboon was never dislodged but did not harass the eagles at the

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and very feeble at first, perhaps even more so than most other eagles, being unable to lift its own heavy head and possesses a deeply wrinkled cere. The small eaglet is initially covered in creamy down with a chocolate-brown patch behind the eye that matches the rest of the down colour above with

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The juvenile is very distinct from the adults of the species. Juveniles of the bateleur have a longer tail than mature birds. They furthermore have essentially all brown coloring, with dull rufous to creamy edging apparent on some areas. The head of the juvenile bateleur is paler and tawnier than

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possibly the shortest proportionately of all raptors. Its posture while perched is extremely upright, making them look like quite a tall raptor on the ground despite its rather short legs. Even while perched, the body tends to be dominated by their exceptionally large wings, which possess some 25

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The bateleur plays a prominent role in African heraldic and mythological cultures probably due to its spectacular colours and conspicuous and bold behaviour. As a result it is likely that the bateleur is the basis for the "Zimbabwe Bird" which has been prominent since ancient times in Zimbabwean

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noise like a loose sail in the breeze. Very infrequently, a male bateleur may make a 360 degree lateral roll, accompanied by loud whup-whup noises, at times display may involve 2 males with a single female, but during breeding only one male is usually actively courtship. A further chasing flight

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already evidenced by the more extensive dark wing markings of males. In the 5th year, the plumage may show the first signs of chestnut and the grey colour about back and shoulders tend to manifest. Also from 3–5 years old, the cere and feet turn yellow then to dull-pink. By the sixth and seventh

423:, commonly called snake or serpent eagles, via a variety of genetic studies. Given the outward similarities of the bateleur to snake eagles, the relationship has long been inferred by authors. In particular, the bateleur was suggested to have their closest living relations in the similarly large 1155:

and these were considered unusually small by overall species standards. Intruders to whom this behaviour is displayed always submit and submission is shown by retreating to a safe upper boundary (elevation). Males and females both display this behaviour in all stages of the breeding cycle. This

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The bateleur seems to adapt to living in the highly competitive continent of Africa by foraging with a lack of specialization, with a seeming lack of discrimination regarding the prey item/food source nor its origin although its highly aerial and free-ranging foraging mode is quite unique. The

1774:

were found to be the most prominent avian prey in compilation studies, accounting for 17.6% of known avian prey and 4.25% of the total foods in several large bateleur food studies. Much other similar avian prey, commonly those weighing around 80 to 300 g (2.8 to 10.6 oz), including a

571:

head with a proportionately short bill, albeit one covered with a very large cere. The cowl is also present on snake eagles but in those it is less dramatically apparent. The other features in perched adult bateleurs are rather oddly stumpy, such as the short legs and exceptionally short tail,

2505:

drownings and road-killings. Additionally, shrinking habitat has been found to be a prevalent threat to bateleurs due largely to expanding human settlements and intensifying livestock agriculture. A further effect from humans is regular disturbance at bateleur nests, although not typically as

2496:

though it is found in a small sample of 3 eggs from South Africa that they evidenced low subcritical levels of DDT metabolites, probably not enough to effect overall populations. However, it is projected that pesticide use may be harming populations in Zambia as well as in Botswana. Ongoing

2320:

In this species, only one egg is ever laid. Their eggs are quite large for the size of the bird, being broadly oval and usually an unspotted chalky white but sometimes with a few red stains or indistinct reddish markings, which may be cosmetic from feeding and defecating of the parents. The

1134:

This bateleur is unusually conspicuous due to its propensity for gliding flights over favorable habitats in much of Africa. The bird spends a considerable amount of time on the wing, particularly in low-altitude flights. Due to the conspicuous behaviour and colorful plumage, the bateleur is

2337:, the bateleur is usually considered an eagle that lays earlier in the year than overlapping eagles. The incubation stage lasts for 52 to 59 days, averaging about 55 days, and may the longest of any African raptor. Reports of incubation lasting for only 42–43 days are probably erroneous. 596:

elsewhere on its body while the eyes are brown, the cere a rather unique greenish-blue and the feet whitish in colour. At as late as 2–3 years of age, the immature bateleur is still much the same in appearance as the juvenile but by the fourth year becomes more sooty-brown, with

1505:), Gambian pouched rat, and unidentified hares. Unfortunately, detailed dietary studies have only been conducted in southern and eastern Africa and details of the diet are unknown elsewhere, however it is assumed the species is a generalist and opportunist throughout its range. 2030:

bateleur, nonetheless, must face considerable and intense competition from other birds of prey especially. The range of other raptors, especially other eagles and vultures, may appear to be daunting. One of the most similar eagles to regularly encounter the bateleur is the

458:. Even though, when contrasted with snake eagles, bateleurs appear to differ greatly in plumage patterns, the two genera show certain similarities in food, feeding behavior, and breeding biology. However, Lerner and Mindell (2005), based on the molecular sequence from two 742:) are sometimes considered potentially confusable with juvenile bateleurs, but both of these respective species are rather uniform and darker brown ventrally and about the head and much paler dorsally, with a highly different contrasting whitish cream colour below. 2617: 1180:

emergences. In the wild bateleurs are shy of man and sensitive to disturbance at the nest, easily abandoning the structure. In captivity, however, they become unusually tame. Bateleur eagles are among a group of raptors that secrete a clear, salty fluid from their

2614: 1516:

In general, a picture emerges that the primary food sources of bateleurs are live-taken medium-sized mammals, carrion of generally larger mammal species, rather smallish bird prey, and a small diversity of reptiles. When selecting mammals, small prey such as

4211: 1156:

behaviour is mainly shown to members of the same sex and particularly to non-adults, as it is thought that they may have a greater ability to take over another bird's territory (having greater competitive ability for limited food resources).

2616: 1280:. Juveniles appear to attend large carrion much more than adults and dietary studies appear to support that carrion is rather more significant to the foods of juvenile and immature bateleurs compared to adults. Despite an aptitude for 2454:. Where bateleurs were once common in road surveys in Central-West Africa, none were detected in newer road surveys from the 2000s in the same areas. Claims of an increase in potential numbers of bateleur in Uganda are not verified. 633:

which is more than twice as massive and is far larger in all aspects of measurement than the bateleur, with a drastically differing structure (broad, relatively short wings, very long legs and tail). One traditional snake eagle, the

1755:

In all, a considerable diversity of birds may be taken by bateleurs, perhaps around 80 species being known in their prey spectrum. They often focus on rather small, if normally live caught, birds compared to other eagles of a

1299:

Bateleurs forage almost entirely based on opportunity and have no particular specialization on any particular prey type. As a result, a wide prey spectrum has been reported, with around 160 prey species known, they thus rival

1159:

The bateleur is generally a solitary bird. However, juveniles may accompany one or both parents for about three months and loose congregations of as many as 40-50 or more have been record of mainly immatures. These tend to be

2491:

to hide their illegal wildlife killings. The decline of South African bateleurs is primarily linked with poisonings, primarily from large-scale farming operations. It is possible that bateleurs may suffer from the effects of

2497:

persecution is both serious and unsustainable, beyond poisoning, such killings are known to extent to ongoing shooting and trapping. Some trapping occurs of the species for its feathers which are used in medicine by

4141:

Watson, R. T. (1983). Range reduction of the Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus and the development of agriculture in South Africa. In Proceedings of the Bird and Man symposium. Witwatersrand Bird Club, Johannesburg.

1340:

food. Predominantly, within the compilation study, preys were unidentified to species, with 58.4% of the carrion sources, 26.9% of live mammals, genera, or families, and 22.2% of birds unidentified to species.

466:, indicated a previously unsuspected close relationship of the bateleur with similarly "aberrant" but extremely different, in nearly every respect of appearance and life history, member of the Circaetinae, the 5416:. Pp. 74-76 in G.H. Verdoorn, K.L. Bildstein, and S. Ellis (eds.), Selected African Falconiformes conservation assessment and management plan. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, MN. 2457:

Decline of the species and the reduction in range is suspected to have been moderately rapid over the past three generations. Generally, throughout the range, the bateleur is considered much more common in

661:

in favour of the female as is expected in raptorial birds but this size difference is fairly minimal relative to many other accipitrids, averaging up to about 6%. Among standard measurements, males have a

1417:) (5.43%) and unidentified mammals (5.02%). In Kruger National Park, a much stronger preference for likely or verified carrion was detected in the bateleur's breeding season diet. Here, 731 food items in 1400:

country of Zimbabwe, seemingly live prey was also preferred but a stronger prevalence of birds was detected among the 249 prey items. In this study, the main prey were scrub hares (22.8%), unidentified

730:

is perhaps the most similar to the juvenile bateleur but it has yellow eyes, longer legs, much broader, shorter and differently shaped wings with the tips of wings reaching its banded tail. Even the

642:), rivals the bateleur in most aspects of size including body mass but possesses a rather longer tail and slightly shorter but broader wings. Additionally, the widespread and slightly broader-winged 2057:

are often present at carrion. However, due to their smaller size, the tawny eagle and especially the bateleur can begin foraging for carrion earlier in the morning, while the vultures must wait for

2121:

than the bateleurs and is not considered subservient to bateleurs due its even greater predatory prowess. Similarly, instances of considerable competition have been reported between bateleurs and

688:

of bateleurs are similar to snake eagles with robust feet with rough, thick skin and short talons, the bateleur in particular having very thick, large toes structurally almost like those of a big

2531:, and may often in mythology may fulfill the role intelligent servant to their masters, which were considered vultures. In East and Central Africa, the bateleur has been referred to variously as 854:) and Liberia but is still locally common where good habitat remains elsewhere in this region. Similarly far north, a rare population is believed to persist out of Africa in extreme southwestern 1356:, 175 prey items were found for bateleurs with the diet seemingly dominated by prey appearing to be taken alive and relatively large prey at that. The primary prey in the study were found to be 1425:

of around 20 to 40 kg (44 to 88 lb) in weight, followed by small carrion sources of around 8 to 15 kg (18 to 33 lb) to somewhat larger carrion from 54 kg (119 lb)

4332:. Davies, Greg (Ornithologist), Weiersbye, Ingrid,, John Voelcker Bird Book Fund., Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology (Cape Town, South Africa) (Second ed.). Cape Town. 1625:). Over 30 mammal species have been identified as foods for bateleurs exclusive from carrion, including various larger food species, with carrion of ungulates ranging in size from that of 1185:

whilst eating. According to Schmidt-Nielson's 1964 hypothesis, this is due to the general necessity for birds to use an extrarenal mechanism of salt secretion to aid water reabsorption.

750:

Bateleurs are usually silent for much of the year. The main call, uttered whether perched or in aerial display, or when pirating from other raptors, is a far-carrying, loud raucous

2615: 1106:. In Zambia, it is found in a variety of habitats from woodlands to open plains but avoids the most densely wooded areas. Reportedly in Malawi, it is often associated with 758:. The barking call can be accompanied by half-spread wings and jerking of the body up and down or may too be uttered in flight, the latter in a similar manner to that of a 1665:), at 4.2% and 2.2% of the total foods, respectively . Bateleurs have been reported to opportunistically scavenge on human remains, as was reportedly witnessed during the 2065:

where it was additionally found that scavengers kept to body size in terms of hierarchy. The descending order of scavenger dominance was stated to rank starting with the

770:

has been described as given by perched birds. Other softer calls are uttered when perched near the nest. The young of the bateleur tend to engage harsh squealing call is

2008:, although such feeding has been inferred in the past. Other prey can include a rare amphibian, none of which are known to be identified to species or family. Although 2786:, version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 2129:), which are similarly prone to opportunistic piracy and aggressive interspecific relations. However, the two species are partitioned by habitat and primary prey. 679:

were found to average 513 mm (20.2 in) in wing chord length, 34.5 mm (1.36 in) with a range of 28.6 to 38 mm (1.13 to 1.50 in) in

2217:

who rolls to present him her claws. Additionally, he sometimes flies with legs dangling loosely, during which the wings may be flapped to create a conspicuous

1896:

not clear, as the bateleur does not, in general, appear to shy away from difficult-to-capture birds nor to large and dangerous prey of other animal classes.

1433:). Beyond carrion, the Kruger food study found that 16.4% of the total diet consisted of unidentified live mammals, 3.73% each by assorted dove species and 6541: 6531: 4670:

Musculoskeletal underpinnings to differences in killing behavior between North American accipiters (Falconiformes: Accipitridae) and falcons (Falconidae)

2061:

to undertake flight. Bateleurs in particular are considered most likely to find a carcass first before other scavengers. This was verified in a study in

7020: 6333: 6151: 5113:

Population density and intra-and interspecific competition of the African Fish Eagle Haliæeetus vocifer in Kyambura Game Reserve, southwest Uganda

2501:

for predicting future events Less well known but probably occurring declines may be due to flying into manmade objects including wire collisions,

7874: 6742: 6269: 2648: 675:

can measure from 67 to 75 mm (2.6 to 3.0 in) in males and 72 to 75 mm (2.8 to 3.0 in) in females. Unsexed adult bateleurs in

1712:

estimated to weigh 4,500 g (9.9 lb). Even more impressive mammalian kills have been suspected, with instances where reportedly adults

1074:

habitats. However, while the species can forage extensively in largely treeless habitats such as treeless savanna but is nearly as rare in pure

7029: 6732: 6286: 4361: 3464:. Chromosome research: an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology, 6(6), 437-440. 2390: 2558: 7926: 7418: 7381: 7357: 6814: 6682: 2184:. Certainly the most impressive instance of intraguild predation documented as committed by bateleurs is when one was seen killing an adult 1421:

type habitat and 341 prey items in savanna type habitat were reviewed. It was estimated 31.6% of the diet was carrion was from medium-sized

8029: 6774: 6722: 6662: 6306: 6232: 2462:. However even in several protected areas, numbers of bateleurs seem to decreasing. The declines of the species are almost entirely due to 7347: 6854: 6794: 6702: 6692: 6672: 6600: 6343: 6323: 4808:

The vocal repertoire of an African colobine, Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii: a multi-level society compared to congeners in stable groups

6784: 6753: 6383: 6363: 6052: 4525: 8019: 2662: 2045: 8049: 7848: 4793:

Clutton-Brock, T. H., Gaynor, D., McIlrath, G. M., Maccoll, A. D. C., Kansky, R., Chadwick, P., & Brotherton, P. N. M. (1999).

754:. They may too vocalize in a similar manner during courtship. Alternatively, bateleur calls may consist of resonant barking calls, 1288:, largely when taking slower moving prey such as some reptiles. Additionally, they can also take birds on the wing. As occasional 7887: 2132:

It is uncommon-to-rare but not unprecedented that bateleurs may prey on other raptors. Bateleurs have been documented preying on

5675:

Ritual fauna from Ratho Kroonkop: a second millennium AD rain control site in the Shashe-Limpopo Confluence area of South Africa

4283:

Comparison of time-activity budgets and population structure for 18 large-bird species in the Kruger National Park, South Africa

8054: 5152:

White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus parental care and chick growth rates assessed by camera traps and morphometric measurements

1147:) although the flight is generally more forceful, fast and acrobatic than that species and at times can be evocative of a huge 3228:

Aspects of the breeding status and ecology of the Bateleur and Tawny Eagle in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, South Africa

1247:

and skin material. When covered in ants, the bateleur then ruffles its feathers, startling the ants, which react by secreting

666:

length of 476 to 553 mm (18.7 to 21.8 in) while that of the female is 530 to 559 mm (20.9 to 22.0 in). In

5771: 3626: 2760: 2397:

have shown the most dramatic and drastic known reductions. At one time, the species numbers at 2000-2500 pairs in the former

7892: 1653:). In compilation studies, the most often fed-on ungulates by bateleurs that were identified to species were reported to be 5325:

Raptors in the East African tropics and western Indian Ocean islands: state of ecological knowledge and conservation status

5216:

Brokering a settlement between eagles and industry: sustainable management of large raptors nesting on power infrastructure

3907:

Isenmann, P., Benmergui, M., Browne, P., Ba, A. D., Diagana, C. H., Diawara, Y., & El Abidine ould Sidaty, Z. (2010).

2200:, including even perhaps much smaller species and vultures due to the long periods bateleur eaglets are left unprotected. 563:

The bateleur is of note for its unique morphology and plumage, with some anatomical similarities to both snake eagles and

1525:

are by no means neglected but a preference for relatively large rodents tends to be found. These may consist of assorted

3333: 2208: 7983: 5100:

Major declines in the abundance of vultures and other scavenging raptors in and around the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya

4657:

Flight, foraging and food of the Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus: an aerodynamically specialized, opportunistic forager

8034: 4337: 2968: 364: 2288:

trees may too be popular. Bateleurs usually nest on structures made by themselves but one nest was reported in on a

2246:, the breeding season however fell from July to December while in Ethiopia there was no detectable peak whatsoever. 1046:

within Sub-Saharan Africa. During breeding, it tends to require closed-canopy savannah-woodland habitats, including

8059: 8044: 7931: 5492:

Breeding success and population density of the Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park

3708:

Implications of farmland expansion for species abundance, richness and mean body mass in African raptor communities

903: 61: 5126:

The Serengeti food web: empirical quantification and analysis of topological changes under increasing human impact

7835: 7725: 2463: 584:. The adult male bateleur is predominantly black with grey shoulders, which appear edged with white when freshly 396: 7752: 3004:

Hockey, P.A.R.; Dean, W.R.J. and Ryan, P.G. 2016. Roberts VII Birds of Southern Africa. John Voelcker Book Fund.

6045: 3847: 3535: 2369: 1352:

Differing study areas show differing prey results for bateleurs. In a woodland-based study of nesting birds in

2584: 2242:, with nesting as late as August to October in the southern stretches of the continent considered unusual. In 1296:

by walking on the ground, particularly after grassfires, and will patrol for small carcasses alongside roads.

1022: 604: 7913: 1449:

in Kenya. Of 139 prey items from the nest areas of 2 pairs, mostly live prey predominated again, here led by

6446: 4212:"Türkiye' de İlk Defa 2015 Yılında Görüntülenen Cambaz Kartal Yıllar Sonra Bu Defa Sinop' ta Görüntülendi…" 1744: 1586: 429:

snake eagles. This relationship was well borne-out by a genetic study that found that this species and the

4193: 1218: 7791: 7786: 5931: 5873: 774:, usually as a hunger call at approach of parent with food. Also the species' young may make a melodious 5714:

The Ongota language–and two ways of looking at the marginal and hunting-gathering peoples of East Africa

2434:. Declines are not endemic to Southern Africa for bateleurs, with declines strongly detected as well in 371:

but also tends to hunt a wide range of live prey, including many small to unexpectedly relatively large

81: 5880: 5845: 2726: 2625: 2238:

but chiefly is some time around December–August, which also is the corresponding peak breeding time in

735: 647: 170: 3449:

Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA

1768:

as prey, although only about a half dozen have been identified to species. Doves usually of the genus

1164:

of otherwise unassociated immature bateleurs attracted to rich feeding areas such as newly-discovered

7765: 6038: 6030: 5859: 5764: 1582: 1251:

as self-defence. This in turn kills the ticks and fleas, possibly ridding the host of its parasites.

1107: 731: 576:, perhaps more than any other raptor. The adult bateleur usually has a chestnut coloration along the 20: 5981: 5952: 2292:

nest and was difficult to observe. Furthermore, old nest of other birds may be used, in one case a

1666: 1562: 1508: 1494: 1446: 883: 851: 794:

The bateleur occupies a very large range through mainly sub-Saharan Africa. The species resides in

701: 676: 478:

banding studies have also found a relatively recent genetic relationship of the bateleurs with the

5074:

Alternative strategies in avian scavengers: how subordinate species foil the despotic distribution

532: 210: 5168: 2185: 922:, the bateleur is found quite widely, being found almost throughout, where habitat is favorable, 2094: 37: 7879: 7773: 7687: 5945: 5938: 5852: 1161: 643: 430: 7905: 7739: 2053:

Bateleurs may encounter a huge range of other scavengers when coming to carrion. Most clearly

522: 5959: 5924: 1478: 1434: 577: 494: 445: 193: 7957: 4767:

Kingdon, J., Happold, D., Butynski, T., Hoffmann, M., Happold, M., & Kalina, J. (2013).

3948:

The status of passerines in southern Yemen and the records of the OSME survey in spring 1993

625:

The bateleur is a mid-sized eagle and large raptor. It is likely the second heaviest of the

8024: 7978: 7778: 7734: 5757: 5597:

Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, S. A. (1989).

5506:

The decline of raptors in West Africa: long-term assessment and the role of protected areas

3360:

Raptor population trends in northern Botswana: A re-survey of road transects after 20 years

2284: 2181: 2141: 2102: 2086: 1606: 1381: 1152: 1103: 1087: 967: 663: 5601:. South African Journal of Wildlife Research-24-month delayed open access, 19(3), 102-106. 3347:

Raptor declines in West Africa: comparisons between protected, buffer and cultivated areas

535:, as the concept of disparate genera between birds of prey was devised later on (nor were 8: 5902: 5688:

Myths, gender, birds, beads: A reading of Iron Age hill sites in interior Southern Africa

4883:

Behaviour associated with breeding of crowned, blackwinged and lesser blackwinged plovers

4458: 4155:

Nest distribution and conservation status of eagles, selected hawks and owls in Swaziland

2703: 2669: 2467: 2293: 2223: 2074: 1981: 1899: 1713: 1626: 1550: 1486: 1389: 1373: 1231: 1079: 1038:

The bateleur is a common to fairly common resident or nomadic bird of the partially open

400: 46: 4969:

The influence of nestling predation on nest site selection and behaviour of the bateleur

3474: 2796: 2226:

have been reported. The bateleur breeding season tends to fall from September to May in

2180:). Additionally, they were considered a likely potential predator upon nestlings of the 7996: 5029: 5000: 4355: 4183:. Sandgrouse 29:122-128. van den Berg, A.B. 2007. WP reports. Dutch Birding 29:168-183. 3946:

Martins, R. P., Bradshaw, C. G., Brown, A., Kirwan, G. M., & Porter, R. F. (1996).

2398: 2122: 2035: 1410: 1071: 759: 459: 392: 344: 76: 4821:

Vocalizations of the black and white colobus monkey (Colobus polykomos Zimmerman 1780)

3462:

Chromosome banding studies in the Bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus, Aves, Accipitridae)

2254: 1259: 1126: 220: 7952: 7809: 7114: 5866: 5599:

Strychnine poison and the conservation of avian scavengers in the Karoo, South Africa

5525: 5521: 5034: 4343: 4333: 3843: 3706:

Shaw, P., Kibuule, M., Nalwanga, D., Kaphu, G., Opige, M., & Pomeroy, D. (2019).

3622: 3531: 3329: 2964: 2756: 2267: 2165: 2133: 2054: 1871:) was recorded as bateleur prey. The largest typical avian prey tends to be assorted 1864: 1800: 1534: 1450: 1111: 727: 658: 635: 597: 564: 479: 4022:

Field Guide to the Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi

7814: 7398: 6916: 6610: 6118: 6103: 6003: 5780: 5517: 5024: 5016: 2721: 2634: 2173: 2078: 1965: 1808: 1709: 1498: 1289: 1227: 847: 630: 467: 246: 7801: 2598: 2012:

are not typically taken, as much as 1.1% of the diet locally can consist of large

1847:., Unlike many other eagles of similar or larger size, there are few instances of 8039: 7939: 7840: 7472: 6479: 6464: 6422: 6165: 6062: 4922:

First observations of termite insectivory in the bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus)

4795:

Predation, group size and mortality in a cooperative mongoose, Suricata suricatta

4782:

Effects of grassland burning on the savanna hare-predator relationships in Uganda

2540: 2516: 2394: 2262:

Nests are located in fairly large trees, sometimes near a watercourse, either in

2239: 2110: 1993: 1920:

snakes. However, like their cousins, the bateleur does not seem to shy away from

1748: 1634: 1618: 1598: 1554: 1406: 1099: 1055: 919: 490: 384: 133: 7970: 7918: 4444:

Oatley, T. B., Oschadleus, H. D., Navarro, R. A. & Underhill, L. G. (1998).

555: 6978: 6508: 6130: 6066: 5743: 5573:

Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide

2459: 2289: 2058: 1953: 1941: 1921: 1701: 1614: 1570: 1397: 1316:) as the most diversified feeder known among African eagles. Among their prey, 1199: 1140: 1136: 1091: 959: 946:

in all but southernmost portion also being found still in northern and eastern

719: 581: 573: 502: 5701:

Birds as subjects in Setswana folklore: Depiction of their relationship to man

5164: 4330:

Roberts bird guide : illustrating nearly 1,000 species in Southern Africa

3358:

Garbett, R., Herremans, M., Maude, G., Reading, R. P., & Amar, A. (2018).

974:

in southern Africa. The bateleur is regarded as a vagrant in the countries of

8013: 7900: 7710: 7657: 7608: 7538: 7520: 7290: 7242: 7006: 6950: 6943: 6923: 6652: 6558: 6551: 6519: 6373: 5892: 5529: 4347: 2748: 2712: 2322: 2305: 2197: 2193: 2149: 2118: 2066: 1913: 1685: 1613:), both about the same body mass as a bateleur, and at least four species of 1542: 1497:

in Angola, the prey species reported at nests included brown greater galago,

1301: 1095: 1011: 955: 811: 711: 363:. It is in life history, a rather peculiar bird of prey with a free-wheeling 333: 66: 5364:

Potential factors influencing nest defense in diurnal North American raptors

3693:

J. M. Mendelsohn, A. C. Kemp, H. C. Biggs, R. Biggs & C. J. Brown(1989)

3641:

Sinclair, I., Hockey, P., Tarboton, W., Ryan, P., & Perrins, N. (2020).

2021:

and it is likely that stranded fish are not neglected when opportuned upon.

1348:

The markedly rough, large and short-clawed foot of a captive adult bateleur.

954:, where its range has contracted considerably from as far south once as the 762:. Distraction display are sometimes accompanied by subdued barking chatter, 592:

itself is black with a yellow centre and red base. The eyes are dark brown.

539:

then known to be unrelated to many other variety of diurnal birds of prey).

7650: 7636: 7581: 7558: 7486: 7436: 7425: 7408: 7256: 7156: 7149: 7135: 7066: 6900: 6804: 6712: 6569: 6390: 6188: 5993: 5038: 5020: 3995:

Ash, J., & Miskell, J. (2020). Birds of Somalia. Bloomsbury Publishing.

3210:

Aggressive display and territoriality of the bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus

2570: 2415: 2393:

estimates broadly from 10,000 to 100,000 total individuals. The numbers in

2341: 2234:

in September. Reportedly, the nesting season can be virtually any month in

1957: 1770: 1739: 1721: 1693: 1473: 1333: 1115: 963: 951: 855: 831: 819: 547: 449: 352: 314: 143: 3840:

A Photographic Guide to Birds of Prey of Southern, Central and East Africa

3584:

Age classes and population dynamics of the Bateleur and African Fish Eagle

3495:. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 212-221. 2442:. Addition countries that have reported strongly declining numbers are in 2380: 1139:

with very limiting flapping, vaguely recalling the flight of the American

7944: 7861: 7719: 7622: 7452: 7310: 7270: 7249: 7226: 7128: 7121: 7107: 6889: 6868: 6642: 6631: 6499: 6242: 6220: 6202: 5971: 5813: 5785: 5749: 4951:

Interspecific piracy between Tawny Eagles and Bateleurs: how common is it

3682:

A Field Guide to the raptors of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa

3192:

Birds of prey of southern Africa: Their identification and life histories

2475: 2435: 2301: 2235: 2227: 2062: 2031: 1872: 1757: 1309: 1248: 1203: 879: 823: 795: 672: 626: 420: 408: 322: 318: 153: 4999:

Ogada, D.L.; Monadjem, A.; McNally, L.; Kane, A.; Jackson, A.L. (2014).

4446:

Review of ring recoveries of birds of prey in southern Africa: 1948–1998

4011:. London: British Ornithologists' Union and British Ornithological Club. 3814:

The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropaedia: Knowledge in Depth: Vol 15

3695:

Wing Areas, Wing loading and Wing Spans of 66 Species of African Raptors

2049:

A juvenile bateleur with a tawny eagle, a similar eagle in life history.

1593:. The latter may include live prey species including several species of 7991: 7853: 7629: 7574: 7547: 7513: 7479: 7463: 7445: 7371: 7335: 7177: 7170: 7086: 7040: 6992: 6964: 6957: 6844: 6825: 6590: 6488: 6353: 6209: 6181: 6097: 5390:

The Eskom Red Data Book of birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland

5214:

Jenkins, A. R., De Goede, K. H., Sebele, L., & Diamond, M. (2013).

5003:

Vultures acquire information on carcass location from scavenging eagles

2427: 2334: 2330: 2231: 1925: 1876: 1816: 1804: 1409:(6.72%), other small birds of around 100 g (3.5 oz) (6.69%), 1365: 1357: 1207: 998:

in southern Spain. In 2015 and 2022, juveniles spotted as far north as

939: 807: 799: 786: 475: 6060: 1692:) are thought to be largely scavenged as carrion. However, studies of 567:. The species has a thick neck and a very large, rather conspicuously 7615: 7497: 7324: 7263: 7235: 7204: 7163: 7077: 6999: 6971: 6934: 6909: 6875: 6620: 6407: 6313: 6259: 6195: 6174: 5914: 5835: 5190:

Observations on Verreaux's Eagle Owl Bubo lacteus (Temminck) in Kenya

2502: 2483: 2272: 1933: 1924:

nor other large or formidable reptiles. They have been known to take

1884: 1848: 1840: 1832: 1796: 1784: 1590: 1463: 1344: 1337: 1285: 1281: 1130:

A juvenile bateleur flying while carrying a bird's foot in its mouth.

1059: 999: 995: 629:

subfamily of accipitrids. By far the largest of the subfamily is the

525:, a French naturalist and explorer. The original scientific name was 438: 425: 404: 93: 7866: 7827: 7681: 5098:

Virani, M. Z., Kendall, C., Njoroge, P., & Thomsett, S. (2011).

4753:

Ecological factors affecting the foraging behaviour of Xerus rutilus

4631:. Ph.D. dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. 4168:

An observation of Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus in northern Tunisia

4062:

Dowsett, R. J., Aspinwall, D. R., & Dowsett-Lemaire, F. (2008).

4007:

Carswell, M., Pomeroy, D. E., Reynolds, J. & Tushabe H. (2005).

3961:

Distribution atlas of Sudan's Birds with notes on Habitat and Status

2389:

likely that the species numbers far lower than that. Currently, the

2000:. It was recently verified that bateleurs will semi-regularly visit 1198:. At times, the bateleur is even regarded as an "irruptive or local 862:. In central and east Africa, the bateleur may be found in northern 7704: 7643: 7592: 7567: 7527: 7364: 7301: 7281: 7184: 7093: 7056: 6985: 6834: 6296: 6276: 6252: 6085: 2520: 2488: 2479: 2431: 2411: 2403: 2157: 1977: 1973: 1917: 1880: 1860: 1844: 1835:, usually those with a conspicuous presence on the savanna such as 1828: 1824: 1780: 1776: 1729: 1658: 1594: 1546: 1468: 1422: 1353: 1277: 1195: 1194:

Both immature and sometimes adult bateleurs are considered clearly

1173: 1169: 1043: 1031: 1007: 971: 943: 931: 915: 895: 891: 863: 614: 585: 419:

The bateleur has been found to be a proper member of the subfamily

360: 337: 113: 5662:

The role of birds in the culture of the Ndebele people of Zimbabwe

1276:

at all times and often is the first to come to large carcasses or

1094:

in Botswana. In Namibia it is often found over tall woodland near

7760: 7601: 7391: 7195: 7142: 6764: 5803: 5624: 5351:

The occurrence of cooperative breeding behaviour in African birds

5312:

Breeding biology of the Short-toed Snake Eagle Circaetus gallicus

4738:

Heyman, P., Brown, L., Urban, E. K., & Newman, K. B. (2020).

3752:

Comparative-ecological studies of some East African birds of prey

2451: 2407: 2243: 2018: 2014: 2001: 1888: 1788: 1677: 1577:) is derived from carrion. Additionally, most African species of 1325: 1273: 1239: 1235: 1177: 1165: 1083: 1039: 1027: 975: 947: 899: 887: 843: 803: 376: 368: 356: 5464:

Gustafsson, R., Hjort, C., Ottosson, U., & Hall, P. (2003).

4433:

Migrating Raptors of the World: their Ecology & Conservation

3802:

Some observations on the bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus (Daudin)

7747: 7506: 7317: 7211: 6882: 6397: 6079: 5612:

Raptor conservation in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa

4407:

Population dynamics of the Bateleur in the Kruger National Park

3409: 2544: 2471: 2423: 2419: 2355: 2278: 1997: 1989: 1904: 1836: 1820: 1792: 1761: 1681: 1673: 1654: 1642: 1538: 1530: 1518: 1426: 1317: 1293: 1148: 1075: 1067: 1051: 1047: 1003: 987: 979: 935: 927: 923: 907: 815: 536: 527: 463: 372: 348: 103: 19:

This article is about the species of bird. For other uses, see

5379:. Ostrich, 61:1-2, p13-23. DOI: 10.1080/00306525.1990.9633933. 5192:. Journal of East African Natural History, 1965(111), 101-107. 4294:

Mallon, J. M., Bildstein, K. L., & Katzner, T. E. (2016).

3963:. Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig. 3547:

Zimmerman, D. A., Pearson, D. J., & Turner, D. A. (2020).

2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 288: 7965: 7822: 7100: 6091: 6018: 5795: 5703:. South African Journal of African Languages, 35(1), 105-111. 5575:. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249(1), 57-71. 5544:

The power of poison: pesticide poisoning of Africa’s wildlife

5451:

Jensen, F.P., Christensen, K.D. & Petersen, B.S. (2008).

5087:

A review of African birds feeding in association with mammals

4938:

The status and conservation of birds of prey in the Transvaal

4499:

Avian Spread-winged Sunbathing in Thermoregulation and Drying

2447: 2439: 2005: 1949: 1892: 1856: 1852: 1783:

due to their predilection for resting on roads by night) and

1526: 1522: 1458: 1442: 1182: 1063: 983: 911: 875: 867: 859: 839: 827: 608:

Adult female bateleurs show more grey to the wing than males.

514: 441: 326: 310: 5677:. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 48(1), 111-132. 5546:. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1322(1), 1-20. 5268:

Birds of East Africa: their habitat, status and distribution

4823:. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 49(2), 227-239. 4526:"Praying Bateleur? Do you know why Bateleur Eagles do this?" 3475:"bateleur translation English - French dictionary - Reverso" 2418:

and still considered not uncommon but probably declining in

291: 270: 6861: 5673:

Brunton, S., Badenhorst, S., & Schoeman, M. H. (2013).

5651:. Honeyguide: Journal of Birdlife Zimbabwe, 55(2), 109-116. 5229:

Observations of predatory behavior by white-headed vultures

3226:

Herholdt, J. J., Kemp, A. C., & Du Plessis, D. (1996).

2684: 2498: 2443: 2263: 2009: 1765: 1646: 1578: 1445:. Further variation was found in the diet farther north in 1418: 1402: 1329: 1321: 1264: 1243: 991: 871: 835: 684: 680: 667: 589: 568: 455: 388: 380: 261: 123: 5165:"Bateleur kills a Giant Eagle Owl in Kruger National Park" 5124:

de Visser, S. N., Freymann, B. P., & Olff, H. (2011).

4272:. Endangered Wildlife Trust and the Avian Demography Unit. 3404:

Global Raptor Information Network. 2021. Species account:

1226:

Bateleurs seem to devote an exceptional amount of time to

705:

The practically unmistakable form of a bateleur in flight.

5362:

Morrison, J. L., Terry, M., & Kennedy, P. L. (2006).

4751:

Fanson, B. G., Fanson, K. V., & Brown, J. S. (2010).

4374:

Moreau, R. E. "On the Bateleur, especially at the Nest."

4170:. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 113:62-64. 2493: 689: 282: 255: 5427:

Birds to Watch in Namibia: Red, rare and endemic species

4998: 4724:

Breeding and Food of the Bateleur in Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)

4629:

Biology, ecology and population dynamics of the Bateleur

3451:. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 37(2), 327-346. 3436:

Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors

2564:

A Bateleur blinking showing off the nictitating membrane

2024: 1863:, etc.) falling prey to bateleurs although at least one 1206:

and may occur transequatorially in East Africa to avoid

5571:

Ogada, D. L., Keesing, F., & Virani, M. Z. (2012).

5299:

A Guide to the Nests and Eggs of Southern African Birds

5009:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3981:

Birds of Ethiopia and Eritrea: an Atlas of Distribution

3827:

The Empire of the Eagle: An Illustrated Natural History

3573:. Downloaded fromhttp://www.birdlife.org on 29/07/2019. 5586:

Scavenging raptors on farmlands: what is their future?

5076:. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 67(3), 383-393. 4870:

Notes on the breeding biology of the Freckled Nightjar

4194:"Terathopius ecaudatus (Águila Volatinera – Bateleur)" 3467: 2782:

Kemp, A. C., G. M. Kirwan, and D. A. Christie (2020).

2701: 1202:". Some regular north-to-south movements may occur in 671:

measures 142 to 172 mm (5.6 to 6.8 in). The

521:(Latin) "tail". The bird was given its common name by 321:

and, like them, it is classified within the subfamily

5429:. National Biodiversity Programme, Windhoek, Namibia. 4924:. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 126(3), 611-613. 2956: 2212:

A probable breeding pair with the female on the left.

958:

to almost entirely to being found exclusively within

850:

in Mauritania, range restricted in Guinea (mainly to

249: 7414: 7404: 7387: 7377: 7353: 7343: 7062: 7052: 7017: 6850: 6840: 6810: 6800: 6790: 6780: 6770: 6760: 6748: 6738: 6728: 6718: 6708: 6698: 6688: 6678: 6668: 6658: 6648: 6638: 6626: 6616: 6606: 6596: 6586: 6547: 6537: 6527: 6476: 6403: 6379: 6369: 6359: 6349: 6339: 6329: 6319: 6302: 6292: 6282: 6265: 6248: 6238: 6228: 6162: 6147: 5139:

Breeding biology of the Peregrine Falcon in Zimbabwe

4982:

The comparative biology of southern African vultures

3911:. Société d’Études Ornithologiques de France, Paris. 3460:

Bed'Hom, B. T., Darré, R., & Fillon, V. (1998).

1996:

social insects seem to attract bateleurs, including

1082:. Bateleurs are seldom to be found around extensive 285: 279: 267: 258: 252: 5744:

Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

5338:

The breeding seasons of African birds—1. Land birds

5255:

The Birds of Ghana: an Annotated Check-list (No. 9)

4806:Poirier-Poulin, S., & Teichroeb, J. A. (2020). 3893:

The Birds of Togo: an Annotated Check-list (No. 14)

2509: 276: 264: 5555:Margalida, A., Ogada, D., & Botha, A. (2019). 5490:Herholdt, J. J., & De Villiers, D. J. (1991). 5218:. Bird Conservation International, 23(2), 232-246. 5203:Post-mortem findings in East African birds of prey 5085:Dean, W. R. J., & MacDonald, I. A. W. (1981). 4683:Sexual size dimorphism: a life history perspective 4298:. The Auk: Ornithological Advances, 133(1), 79-85. 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 2727:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695289A174413323.en 2523:with various with the bateleur variously known as 1641:) and the carrion of carnivorans from the size of 1102:in north-eastern Namibia and within the more arid 5466:Birds at Lake Chad and in the Sahel of NE Nigeria 5060:. In Proc. IV Pan.-Afr. orn. congr (pp. 307-312). 4896:Breeding biology of the same species of hornbills 4084:Dowsett-Lemaire, F. & Dowsett, R. J. (2006). 3877:The birds of Ivory Coast: Status and Distribution 3569:BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: 8011: 5649:The Zimbabwe birds: Interpretation and symbolism 4909:Gaukler Terathopius ecaudatus frisst Schildkröte 4780:Ogen-Odoi, A. A., & Dilworth, T. G. (1984). 4327: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2362: 2315: 1680:foods most monkeys observed in the diet such as 994:. In April 2012 a juvenile bateleur was seen in 5310:Mori, D., Vyas, R., & Upadhyay, K. (2017). 4524:Africa, HPH Publishing South (5 October 2017). 4069: 3423:Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2230:, however juveniles have also been recorded in 580:, back, rump and tail, including the undertail 5242:Variation in mate fidelity in monogamous birds 5205:. Journal of wildlife diseases, 9(4), 368-375. 4512:Sun-bathing as a thermoregulatory aid in birds 1569:) although certainly any consumption of adult 1336:and an extremely small amount (about 0.2%) of 1230:frequently spending much of its day variously 351:. It is characteristically a bird of somewhat 6046: 5765: 5440:Raptor migration and conservation in Zimbabwe 5412:Watson, R. A. & Maritz, A. W. A. (2000). 5150:Maphalala, M. I., & Monadjem, A. (2017). 4940:. Transvaal Museum Monograph No. 3. Pretoria. 4784:. African Journal of Ecology, 22(2), 101-106. 4153:Monadjem, A., & Rasmussen, M. W. (2008). 3864:Birds of West Africa: an Identification Guide 710:and usually rather smaller-bodied and winged 5567: 5565: 5369: 5366:. Journal of Raptor Research, 40(2), 98-110. 5128:. Journal of animal ecology, 80(2), 484-494. 5058:Interrelations of African scavenging animals 4920:Hagemeyer, N. D., & Bond, M. L. (2014). 4911:. Ornithol. Jber. Mus. Heineanum, 31: 91-92. 4797:. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68(4), 672-683. 4270:The Atlas of the Birds of central Mozambique 3447:Lerner, H. R., & Mindell, D. P. (2005). 2807: 646:and proportionately long and slender-winged 5729:. The Geographical Journal, 66(5), 411-422. 5477:Rondeau, G., & Thiollay, J. M. (2004). 5425:Simmons, R. E., & Brown, C. J. (2006). 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5102:. Biological Conservation, 144(2), 746-752. 5068: 5066: 5052: 5050: 5048: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4932: 4930: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4296:In-flight turbulence benefits soaring birds 4231:Simmons, R. E., and C. J. Brown. "Bateleur 4149: 4147: 4038:The Birds of Angola: an Annotated Checklist 4003: 4001: 3903: 3901: 3866:. Helm Identification Guide Series, London. 3530:. Halfway House: Southern Book Publishers. 3421:Sibley, C. G., & Monroe, B. L. (1990). 1779:(perhaps since they are prone to end up as 1066:areas. It tends to rarely occur in heavily 781: 317:. It is often considered a relative of the 6053: 6039: 5779: 5772: 5758: 5280: 5278: 5276: 4859:, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Library. 4763: 4761: 4696:Prey remains from nests of Bateleur Eagles 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4448:. Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg. 4360:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4086:The Birds of Malawi. An Atlas and Handbook 4064:The Birds of Zambia: an Atlas and Handbook 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4020:Stevenson, T., & Fanshawe, J. (2002). 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3000: 2543:was considered an essential possession of 1760:. Bateleurs may show a special liking for 1188: 970:. The species is possibly extirpated from 219: 55: 36: 5625:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" 5562: 5286:Some factors affecting breeding in eagles 5028: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4936:Tarboton, W.R. & Allan, D.G. (1984). 4898:. Transvaal Museum Memoirs, 20(1), 19-29. 4831: 4829: 4734: 4732: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4672:. Journal of Morphology, 269(3), 283-301. 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4389:Nasal Salt Secretion in Falconiform Birds 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4135: 3909:Birds of Mauritania/Oiseaux de Mauritanie 3891:Cheke, R. A., & Walsh, J. F. (1996). 3858: 3856: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3667:Hancock, P., & Weiersbye, I. (2015). 3541: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3204: 3202: 3200: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2725: 414: 343:This species is native to broad areas of 5503: 5395: 5327:. Journal of Raptor Research, 32, 28-39. 5323:Virani, M., & Watson, R. T. (1998). 5260: 5063: 5045: 4956: 4949:Watson, R. T., & Watson, C. (1987). 4927: 4394: 4315:(pp. 159-166). Cornell University Press. 4144: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 3998: 3979:Ash, C. P., & Atkins, J. D. (2009). 3898: 3887: 3885: 3710:. Biological conservation, 235, 164-177. 3635: 3594: 3592: 3582:Brown, L. H., & Cade, T. J. (1972). 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3434:Wink, M., & Sauer-Gürth, H. (2000). 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3339: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 2957:Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). 2519:as well as elsewhere dating back to the 2402:The species is considered threatened in 2379: 2253: 2207: 2044: 1898: 1738: 1507: 1343: 1258: 1217: 1125: 1026:An adult and juvenile in characteristic 1021: 785: 700: 603: 554: 546: 5382: 5273: 5247: 4837:On the Bateleur, especially at the nest 4758: 4634: 4387:Cade, T.J. & Greenwald, L. (1964). 4043: 4032: 4030: 3991: 3989: 3935:The Virds of Saudi Arabia: a Check-list 3614: 3520: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3352: 3215: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2466:. These include but are not limited to 1912:and innocuous such as a few species of 1078:lacking arborescent growth as it is in 493:for "street performer". Meanwhile, the 8012: 5392:. Johannesburg: BirdLife South Africa. 4987: 4974: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4826: 4729: 4701: 4688: 4542: 4523: 4438: 4281:Kemp, A. C. & Begg, K. S. (2001). 4255: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3879:. West African Ornithological Society. 3853: 3757: 3713: 3674: 3610: 3608: 3576: 3441: 3415: 3362:. Biological Conservation, 224, 87-99. 3326:Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World 3197: 2977: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2547:whether the birds were dead or alive. 1441:), 3% by glossy starlings and 1.6% by 379:along with generally relatively small 7686: 7685: 6462: 6116: 6034: 5753: 4391:. The Condor, Vol.68, No.4, p.338-350 4323: 4321: 4248:Lewis, A., & Pomeroy, D. (2017). 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4166:Willis, E.O. & Oniki, Y. (1993). 4111: 4091: 3882: 3842:. Cape Town: New Holland Publishers. 3832: 3825:Unwin, M., & Tipling, D. (2018). 3819: 3589: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3498: 3233: 2747: 2624:A female perched on a gloved hand in 2348: 2025:Interspecific predatory relationships 1110:but is sometimes regularly seen over 359:with some trees present and open dry 6117: 5557:Protect African vultures from poison 4984:. Johannesburg. Vulture Study Group. 4179:Balmer, D. & Betton, K. (2007). 4108:. University of Kwazulu Natal Press. 4027: 3986: 3862:Borrow, N., & Demey, R. (2001). 3700: 3645:. Penguin Random House South Africa. 3549:Birds of Kenya and northern Tanzania 3513:Clark, B., & Davies, R. (2018). 3428: 3365: 3007: 1903:A bateleur depicted killing a young 1364:) (at 26.3% of the prey by number), 1172:, recently burnt areas or temporary 8030:Birds of prey of Sub-Saharan Africa 6463: 5629:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5504:Thiollay, Jean-Marc (2006-04-13). " 4842: 4488:. Biodiversity Observations, 33-36. 4237:The Atlas of Southern African Birds 3966: 3605: 3324:Brown, L. & Amadon, D. (1986). 3194:. Croom Helm, Beckenham (UK). 1983. 2769: 2713:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1308:) and perhaps just slightly behind 1213: 13: 5712:Savà, G., & Tosco, M. (2015). 4971:. African Zoology, 23(3), 143-149. 4755:. African Zoology, 45(2), 265-272. 4486:Bateleur sunbathing at Punda Maria 4318: 4218: 3615:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). 3554: 3212:. African Zoology, 24(2), 146-150. 1512:Juvenile bateleur with avian prey. 1254: 1222:Bateleur sunbathing by a waterhole 14: 8071: 5736: 3816:. Encyclopædia Britannica (1997). 3697:. Ostrich, Vol. 60, No.1, p.35-60 3618:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 3598:Kemp, A., & Kemp, M. (2006). 3528:Newman's Birds of Southern Africa 1114:and even may be seen flying over 902:, northern, eastern and southern 696: 8020:IUCN Red List endangered species 6445: 5719: 5706: 5693: 5680: 5667: 5654: 5641: 5617: 5604: 5591: 5578: 5559:. Science, 365(6458), 1089-1090. 5549: 5536: 5522:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00531.x 5497: 5484: 5471: 5458: 5445: 5432: 5419: 5377:Breeding Biology of the Bateleur 5356: 5343: 5330: 5317: 5304: 5291: 5257:. British Ornithologists' Union. 5234: 5221: 5208: 5195: 5182: 5157: 5144: 5131: 5118: 5105: 5092: 5079: 4943: 4857:Bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus) 4420:Birds of Prey of Southern Africa 3895:. British Ornithologists' Union. 3658:. St. Martin's Publishing Group. 3600:Sasol Birds of Prey: New Edition 2784:Bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus) 2753:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2661: 2647: 2633: 2611: 2597: 2583: 2569: 2557: 2510:Heraldic and mythological status 1493:) at 2.87%. Without statistics, 1086:but may regularly be found near 904:Democratic Republic of the Congo 745: 245: 232: approximate breeding range 80: 8050:Near threatened biota of Africa 5453:The avifauna of southeast Niger 5314:. Indian Birds, 12(6), 149-156. 5244:. Current ornithology, 329-356. 5171:from the original on 2021-12-19 4914: 4901: 4888: 4875: 4862: 4813: 4800: 4787: 4774: 4745: 4675: 4662: 4517: 4504: 4491: 4478: 4451: 4425: 4412: 4381: 4368: 4301: 4288: 4275: 4242: 4204: 4186: 4173: 4160: 4014: 3953: 3940: 3927: 3914: 3869: 3807: 3687: 3684:. Oxford University Press, USA. 3661: 3648: 3485: 3454: 2702:BirdLife International (2020). 2375: 1887:, smaller available species of 942:. Additionally, they may range 325:. It is the only member of the 5588:African Wildlife, 42: 103-105. 5414:Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur 3643:Sasol birds of Southern Africa 3406:Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus 2789: 2741: 2668:Skeleton of a bateleur eagle ( 2384:A bateleur in "heraldic" pose. 2370:Kalahari Gemsbok National Park 1581:as well as, more secondarily, 1549:to very large rodents such as 1461:at 18.7%, cape hares at 4.3%, 1396:) (4.57%). In the more hilly, 766:.... A not dissimilar call of 683:length and a relatively small 542: 391:classifies the bateleur as an 332:and may be the origin of the " 1: 8055:Near threatened biota of Asia 5231:. Journal of Raptor Research. 4810:. Behaviour, 157(7), 597-628. 4740:The Birds of Africa: Volume I 4698:. Honeyguide, 103/104: 22-25. 4514:. The Condor, 75(1), 106-108. 3754:. Ardea 62 (1-2) : 1-97. 3671:. Princeton University Press. 2963:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2677: 2363:Breeding success and failures 2316:Eggs and development of young 5479:West African vulture decline 4285:. Ostrich: 72, 3-4: 179-184. 3669:Birds of Botswana (Vol. 103) 3410:http://www.globalraptors.org 3230:. Ostrich, 67(3-4), 126-137. 2591:A female sunwarming in a zoo 1121: 1058:. They may too acclimate to 790:A savannah bateleur in Bénin 657:The bateleur evidences some 7: 5932:Great Nicobar serpent eagle 5874:Southern banded snake eagle 5727:Uha in Tanganyika territory 5388:Barnes, K. N., ed. (2000). 5288:. Ostrich, 40(S1), 157-167. 4872:. Ostrich, 42(S1), 179-188. 4530:HPH Publishing South Africa 4435:. Cornell University Press. 3621:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. 2203: 1062:and overall various fairly 818:, the northern portions of 559:A captive immature bateleur 10: 8076: 5881:Western banded snake eagle 5664:. Ostrich, 71(1-2), 22-24. 5614:. Ostrich, 71(1-2), 25-32. 5481:. Vulture news, 51: 13-33. 5154:. Ostrich, 88(2), 123-129. 5141:. Ostrich, 54(3), 161-171. 5089:. Ostrich, 52(3), 135-155. 4885:. Ostrich, 60(4), 141-150. 4378:87, no. 2 (1945): 224-249. 3804:. Ostrich, 36(4), 203-213. 3656:Birds of Prey of the World 3438:. Raptors at risk, 135147. 1589:and a variety of smallish 1457:) at 19.42%, unidentified 1017: 648:black-breasted snake eagle 336:", the national emblem of 18: 7694: 7591: 7557: 7537: 7496: 7462: 7435: 7334: 7300: 7280: 7225: 7194: 7076: 7048: 7039: 7016: 6933: 6899: 6824: 6577: 6568: 6518: 6498: 6475: 6471: 6458: 6443: 6421: 6219: 6161: 6138: 6129: 6125: 6112: 6074: 6013: 5991: 5969: 5912: 5890: 5860:Black-chested snake eagle 5833: 5811: 5793: 5690:. Africa, 84(3), 398-423. 4659:. Raptors at Risk, 65-75. 4431:Bildstein, K. L. (2006). 4409:. Ostrich, 61(1-2), 5-12. 4328:Chittenden, Hugh (2016). 2755:(3rd ed.). Longman. 2720:: e.T22695289A174413323. 2655:Two juveniles in Botswana 1563:South African springhares 842:and northern and central 768:kau-kau-kau-koaagh-koaggh 227: 218: 199: 192: 77:Scientific classification 75: 53: 44: 35: 30: 21:Bateleur (disambiguation) 8035:Birds of the Middle East 6069:and their extinct allies 5982:Madagascar serpent eagle 5953:Philippine serpent eagle 5725:Grant, C. H. B. (1925). 5610:Anderson, M. D. (2000). 4742:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4685:. Oikos, 54(2), 253-255. 4128:Irwin, M. P. S. (1981). 3950:. Sandgrouse, 17, 54-72. 3933:Jennings, M. C. (1981). 3875:Thiollay, J. M. (1985). 3829:. Yale University Press. 3551:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3517:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3425:. Yale University Press. 3345:Thiollay, J. M. (2007). 2550: 2340:The hatchling is highly 2249: 1775:surprising diversity of 1667:South African Border War 1575:Hystrix africaeaustralis 1495:Cangandala National Park 1447:Tsavo East National Park 1263:A bateleur feeding on a 884:Central African Republic 782:Distribution and habitat 677:Tsavo East National Park 367:diet that includes much 230: 8060:Birds described in 1800 8045:Near threatened animals 5846:Beaudouin's snake eagle 5699:Matjila, D. S. (2015). 5686:Wilmsen, E. N. (2014). 5353:. Ostrich, 47(1), 1-15. 5340:. Ibis, 92(2), 223-267. 5072:Kendall, C. J. (2013). 5056:Houston, D. C. (1980). 4040:. BOU Checklist No. 18. 4036:Dean, W. R. J. (2000). 3920:Gore, M. E. J. (1990). 3654:Chittenden, R. (2014). 3586:. Ostrich, 43(1), 1-16. 3349:. Oryx, 41(3), 322-329. 3328:. The Wellfleet Press. 2801:victoriafalls-guide.net 2626:Disney's Animal Kingdom 2258:A bateleur on its nest. 1807:(up to the size of the 1690:Chlorocebus pygerythrus 1503:Thryonomys swinderianus 1386:Otolemur crassicaudatus 1189:Nomadism and dispersals 966:excepting a portion of 736:Beaudouin's snake eagle 620: 5946:Sulawesi serpent eagle 5939:Mountain serpent eagle 5853:Short-toed snake eagle 5442:. Torgos, 28: 135-150. 5375:Watson, R. T. (1990). 5349:Grimes, L. G. (1976). 5336:Moreau, R. E. (1950). 5266:Britton, P.L. (1980). 5253:Grimes, L. G. (1987). 5201:Cooper, J. E. (1973). 5115:. Ibis, 139(1), 19-24. 5021:10.1098/rspb.2014.1072 4967:Watson, R. T. (1988). 4726:. Ostrich, 51:168-178. 4681:Kozłowski, J. (1989). 4655:Watson, R. T. (2000). 4405:Watson, R. T. (1990). 4307:Watson, R. T. (2011). 4106:Bird Atlas of Botswana 3924:. BOU Check-list, (3). 3208:Watson, R. T. (1989). 2385: 2327:Stephanoaetus cornatus 2259: 2213: 2083:Canis lupus familiaris 2050: 1970:Varanus exanthematicus 1908: 1851:or large waders (i.e. 1752: 1559:Thryonomys gregorianus 1513: 1435:lilac-breasted rollers 1349: 1268: 1223: 1131: 1108:Forest–savanna mosaics 1035: 791: 734:and the rather slight 706: 693:to other accipitrids. 644:short-toed snake eagle 609: 560: 552: 431:short-toed snake eagle 415:Taxonomy and etymology 7997:Terathopius-ecaudatus 7753:terathopius-ecaudatus 7740:Terathopius_ecaudatus 7726:Terathopius ecaudatus 7696:Terathopius ecaudatus 5960:Andaman serpent eagle 5925:Crested serpent eagle 5660:Msimanga, A. (2000). 5542:Ogada, D. L. (2014). 5455:. Malimbus 30: 30-54. 5297:Tarboton, W. (2001). 5284:Brown, L. H. (1969). 5188:Brown, L. H. (1965). 4835:Moreau, R.E. (1945). 4819:Walek, M. L. (1978). 4694:Vernon, C.J. (1980). 4668:Sustaita, D. (2008). 4627:Watson, R.T. (1986). 4497:Grier, J. W. (1975). 4461:Terathopius ecaudatus 4418:Urban, E. K. (1984). 4250:A bird atlas of Kenya 4233:Terathopius ecaudatus 4130:The Birds of Zimbabwe 4024:. T. & AD Poyser. 3959:Nikolaus, G. (1987). 3680:Clark, W. S. (1999). 3571:Terathopius ecaudatus 2706:Terathopius ecaudatus 2383: 2257: 2211: 2142:lesser spotted eagles 2103:white-backed vultures 2048: 1916:and a few species of 1902: 1742: 1663:Raphicerus campestris 1511: 1479:common dwarf mongoose 1347: 1306:Polemaetus bellicosus 1262: 1221: 1129: 1025: 789: 772:kyup-kyup keeaw keeaw 740:Circaetus beaudouinii 704: 607: 558: 550: 533:François Marie Daudin 472:Pithecophaga jefferyi 387:today. Currently the 347:and scarcely up into 305:), also known as the 302:Terathopius ecaudatus 203:Terathopius ecaudatus 5647:Hubbard, P. (2009). 5584:Brown, C.J. (1988). 5438:Hartley, R. (1998). 5240:Ford, N. L. (1983). 5137:Hustler, K. (1983). 4980:Mundy, P.J. (1982). 4907:Nicolai, B. (2013). 4894:Kemp, A. C. (1976). 4839:. Ibis, 87: 224-249. 4510:Cade, T. J. (1973). 4466:www.krugerpark.co.za 4009:Bird Atlas of Uganda 2960:Raptors of the World 2464:anthropogenic causes 2298:Hieraaetus wahlbergi 2285:Senegalia nigrescens 2186:Verreaux's eagle owl 2182:white-backed vulture 2087:lappet-faced vulture 2075:black-backed jackals 2004:mounds to hunt down 1982:African rock pythons 1714:black-backed jackals 1611:Paracynictis selousi 1551:Gambian pouched rats 1382:brown greater galago 1378:Cricetomys gambianus 1176:and occasionally by 1153:Kruger National Park 1104:Etosha National Park 1080:tropical rainforests 968:Kruger National Park 652:Circaetus pectoralis 509:(Greek) for "face"; 485:The common name of " 446:nucleotide sequences 309:, is a medium-sized 5903:Congo serpent eagle 5301:. Struik, Cape Town 5111:Krüger, O. (1997). 4268:Parker, V. (2005). 3922:Birds of the Gambia 3750:Smeenk, C. (1974). 3491:Cassin, J. (1867). 2670:Museum of Osteology 2499:traditional healers 2468:habitat destruction 2123:African fish eagles 2091:Torgos tracheliotos 2036:African hawk-eagles 1948:) and unidentified 1875:, with most common 1591:carnivorous mammals 1491:Lophotis ruficrista 1487:red-crested korhaan 1411:crested guineafowls 1390:helmeted guineafowl 1374:Gambian pouched rat 1050:savanna as well as 523:François Levaillant 505:) for "marvelous"; 460:mitochondrial genes 401:habitat destruction 47:Conservation status 5015:(1793): 20141072. 4868:Steyn, P. (1971). 4722:Steyn, P. (1980). 4459:"Bataleur Eagle | 4313:The Eagle Watchers 4239:1 (1997): 202-203. 4157:. Gabar, 19, 1-22. 4104:Penry, H. (1994). 3838:Allan, D. (1996). 3800:Steyn, P. (1965). 3526:Newman, K (1998). 3493:Fasti Ornithologiæ 3408:. Downloaded from 3190:Steyn, P. (1983). 2399:Transvaal Province 2386: 2349:Parental behaviour 2260: 2214: 2166:spotted eagle-owls 2134:black-winged kites 2127:Haliaeetus vocifer 2051: 2040:Aquila spilogaster 1909: 1753: 1734:Protelas cristatus 1726:Mellivora capensis 1706:Colobus angolensis 1631:Raphicerus sharpei 1514: 1471:carrion at 3.59%, 1431:Aepyceros melampus 1350: 1269: 1234:, to warm up, and 1224: 1132: 1036: 906:and a majority of 792: 707: 640:Circaetus cinereus 610: 574:secondary feathers 561: 553: 480:Old World vultures 435:Circaetus gallicus 393:Endangered species 345:Sub-Saharan Africa 8007: 8006: 7953:Open Tree of Life 7688:Taxon identifiers 7679: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7221: 7220: 7115:Cryptoleucopteryx 6542:Amphiserpentarius 6454: 6453: 6441: 6440: 6417: 6416: 6028: 6027: 5867:Brown snake eagle 5270:. EANHS, Nairobi. 5227:Murn, C. (2014). 4953:. Gabar, 2, 9-11. 4881:Ward, D. (1989). 4769:Mammals of Africa 4484:Reid, D. (2014). 4181:Around the region 3628:978-1-4200-6444-5 2762:978-1-4058-8118-0 2618: 2174:peregrine falcons 2115:Gypaetus barbatus 2095:Rüppell's vulture 2073:) at the top and 1966:savannah monitors 1962:Varanus niloticus 1938:Dispholidus typus 1865:African spoonbill 1813:Megaceryle maxima 1710:greater cane rats 1698:Colobus polykomos 1607:Selous's mongoose 1467:shrews at 3.59%, 1439:Coracias caudatus 1415:Guttera pucherani 1370:Procavia capensis 1006:in the cities of 950:and northwestern 846:. It is possibly 728:brown snake eagle 659:sexual dimorphism 636:brown snake eagle 598:sexual dimorphism 517:) for "without"; 395:due primarily to 237: 236: 185:T. ecaudatus 174: 70: 8067: 8000: 7999: 7987: 7986: 7974: 7973: 7961: 7960: 7948: 7947: 7935: 7934: 7922: 7921: 7919:NHMSYS0001689696 7909: 7908: 7896: 7895: 7883: 7882: 7870: 7869: 7857: 7856: 7844: 7843: 7831: 7830: 7818: 7817: 7805: 7804: 7795: 7794: 7782: 7781: 7769: 7768: 7766:6CBD872456996F41 7756: 7755: 7743: 7742: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7683: 7682: 7416: 7406: 7389: 7379: 7355: 7345: 7064: 7054: 7046: 7045: 7021:Archaehieraxinae 7019: 6917:Erythrotriorchis 6852: 6842: 6812: 6802: 6792: 6782: 6772: 6762: 6750: 6740: 6730: 6720: 6710: 6700: 6690: 6680: 6670: 6660: 6650: 6640: 6628: 6618: 6611:Apatosagittarius 6608: 6598: 6588: 6575: 6574: 6549: 6539: 6529: 6478: 6473: 6472: 6460: 6459: 6449: 6405: 6381: 6371: 6361: 6351: 6341: 6331: 6321: 6304: 6294: 6284: 6267: 6250: 6240: 6230: 6164: 6152:Parasarcoramphus 6149: 6136: 6135: 6127: 6126: 6119:Accipitrimorphae 6114: 6113: 6104:Accipitrimorphae 6055: 6048: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6021: 6006: 6004:Philippine eagle 5984: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5905: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5826: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5730: 5723: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5697: 5691: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5621: 5615: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5589: 5582: 5576: 5569: 5560: 5553: 5547: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5501: 5495: 5494:. Gabar, 6: 3-6. 5488: 5482: 5475: 5469: 5462: 5456: 5449: 5443: 5436: 5430: 5423: 5417: 5410: 5393: 5386: 5380: 5373: 5367: 5360: 5354: 5347: 5341: 5334: 5328: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5302: 5295: 5289: 5282: 5271: 5264: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5238: 5232: 5225: 5219: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5161: 5155: 5148: 5142: 5135: 5129: 5122: 5116: 5109: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5083: 5077: 5070: 5061: 5054: 5043: 5042: 5032: 4996: 4985: 4978: 4972: 4965: 4954: 4947: 4941: 4934: 4925: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4899: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4853: 4840: 4833: 4824: 4817: 4811: 4804: 4798: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4772: 4771:. A&C Black. 4765: 4756: 4749: 4743: 4736: 4727: 4720: 4699: 4692: 4686: 4679: 4673: 4666: 4660: 4653: 4632: 4625: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4521: 4515: 4508: 4502: 4495: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4455: 4449: 4442: 4436: 4429: 4423: 4416: 4410: 4403: 4392: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4359: 4351: 4325: 4316: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4279: 4273: 4266: 4253: 4246: 4240: 4229: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4190: 4184: 4177: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4151: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4126: 4109: 4102: 4089: 4088:. Tauraco Press. 4082: 4067: 4066:. Tauraco Press. 4060: 4041: 4034: 4025: 4018: 4012: 4005: 3996: 3993: 3984: 3983:. A&C Black. 3977: 3964: 3957: 3951: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3925: 3918: 3912: 3905: 3896: 3889: 3880: 3873: 3867: 3860: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3798: 3755: 3748: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3665: 3659: 3652: 3646: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3612: 3603: 3596: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3552: 3545: 3539: 3524: 3518: 3511: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3413: 3402: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3322: 3231: 3224: 3213: 3206: 3195: 3188: 3005: 3002: 2975: 2974: 2954: 2805: 2804: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2767: 2766: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2729: 2699: 2665: 2651: 2637: 2620: 2619: 2601: 2587: 2573: 2561: 2294:Wahlberg's eagle 2178:Falco peregrinus 2154:Micronisus gabar 2138:Elanus caeruleus 1809:giant kingfisher 1627:Sharpe's grysbok 1623:Ictonyx striatus 1619:striped polecats 1597:, from dwarf to 1567:Pedetes capensis 1539:ground squirrels 1499:greater cane rat 1483:Helogale parvula 1477:doves at 3.59%, 1407:glossy starlings 1394:Numida meleagris 1228:thermoregulation 1214:Thermoregulation 1112:cultivated areas 1100:ephemeral rivers 1056:miombo woodlands 830:through western 724:Buteo rufofuscus 631:Philippine eagle 551:Close-up of head 468:Philippine eagle 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 273: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 233: 231: 223: 205: 169: 85: 84: 64: 59: 58: 40: 28: 27: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8010: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7995: 7990: 7982: 7977: 7969: 7964: 7956: 7951: 7943: 7940:Observation.org 7938: 7930: 7925: 7917: 7912: 7904: 7899: 7891: 7886: 7878: 7873: 7865: 7860: 7852: 7847: 7839: 7834: 7826: 7821: 7813: 7808: 7800: 7798: 7790: 7785: 7777: 7772: 7764: 7759: 7751: 7746: 7738: 7733: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7690: 7680: 7663: 7587: 7553: 7533: 7492: 7458: 7431: 7330: 7296: 7276: 7217: 7190: 7072: 7035: 7012: 6929: 6895: 6820: 6564: 6514: 6494: 6480:Horusornithidae 6467: 6465:Accipitriformes 6450: 6437: 6423:Accipitriformes 6413: 6215: 6166:Teratornithidae 6157: 6121: 6108: 6070: 6059: 6029: 6024: 6017: 6009: 6002: 5987: 5980: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5908: 5901: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5829: 5822: 5807: 5789: 5778: 5739: 5734: 5733: 5724: 5720: 5711: 5707: 5698: 5694: 5685: 5681: 5672: 5668: 5659: 5655: 5646: 5642: 5633: 5631: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5609: 5605: 5596: 5592: 5583: 5579: 5570: 5563: 5554: 5550: 5541: 5537: 5502: 5498: 5489: 5485: 5476: 5472: 5463: 5459: 5450: 5446: 5437: 5433: 5424: 5420: 5411: 5396: 5387: 5383: 5374: 5370: 5361: 5357: 5348: 5344: 5335: 5331: 5322: 5318: 5309: 5305: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5274: 5265: 5261: 5252: 5248: 5239: 5235: 5226: 5222: 5213: 5209: 5200: 5196: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5132: 5123: 5119: 5110: 5106: 5097: 5093: 5084: 5080: 5071: 5064: 5055: 5046: 4997: 4988: 4979: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4928: 4919: 4915: 4906: 4902: 4893: 4889: 4880: 4876: 4867: 4863: 4854: 4843: 4834: 4827: 4818: 4814: 4805: 4801: 4792: 4788: 4779: 4775: 4766: 4759: 4750: 4746: 4737: 4730: 4721: 4702: 4693: 4689: 4680: 4676: 4667: 4663: 4654: 4635: 4626: 4543: 4534: 4532: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4492: 4483: 4479: 4470: 4468: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4439: 4430: 4426: 4417: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4382: 4373: 4369: 4353: 4352: 4340: 4326: 4319: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4256: 4247: 4243: 4230: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4127: 4112: 4103: 4092: 4083: 4070: 4061: 4044: 4035: 4028: 4019: 4015: 4006: 3999: 3994: 3987: 3978: 3967: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3928: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3899: 3890: 3883: 3874: 3870: 3861: 3854: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3799: 3758: 3749: 3714: 3705: 3701: 3692: 3688: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3662: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3613: 3606: 3597: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3555: 3546: 3542: 3525: 3521: 3515:African Raptors 3512: 3499: 3490: 3486: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3433: 3429: 3420: 3416: 3412:on 7 Oct. 2021. 3403: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3344: 3340: 3323: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3008: 3003: 2978: 2971: 2955: 2808: 2797:"Zimbabwe Bird" 2795: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2770: 2763: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2700: 2685: 2680: 2673: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2643: 2642: 2641:Female in Texas 2638: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2562: 2553: 2541:Lake Tanganyika 2517:Tswana language 2512: 2460:protected areas 2395:Southern Africa 2378: 2365: 2351: 2318: 2310:Falco biarmicus 2276:and especially 2252: 2240:Southern Africa 2206: 2146:Clanga pomarina 2111:bearded vulures 2099:Gyps rueppellii 2071:Crocuta croctua 2027: 1954:monitor lizards 1942:Egyptian cobras 1922:venomous snakes 1803:in addition to 1749:coqui francolin 1718:Canis mesomelas 1639:Syncerus caffer 1635:African buffalo 1599:banded mongoose 1587:elephant shrews 1555:lesser cane rat 1485:) at 2.87% and 1451:Kirk's dik-diks 1388:) (6.28%) and 1362:Lepus saxatilis 1290:kleptoparasites 1257: 1255:Dietary biology 1216: 1191: 1124: 1042:country and of 1020: 960:protected areas 920:Southern Africa 784: 748: 720:jackal buzzards 699: 623: 545: 528:Falco ecaudatus 495:scientific name 417: 399:causes such as 385:protected areas 275: 248: 244: 229: 228: 214: 207: 201: 188: 168: 134:Accipitriformes 79: 71: 60: 56: 49: 24: 17: 16:Species of bird 12: 11: 5: 8073: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7988: 7975: 7962: 7949: 7936: 7923: 7910: 7897: 7884: 7871: 7858: 7845: 7832: 7819: 7806: 7796: 7783: 7770: 7757: 7744: 7731: 7716: 7700: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7597: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7543: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7502: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7468: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7449: 7441: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7422: 7412: 7402: 7395: 7385: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7351: 7340: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7306: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7286: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7231: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7208: 7200: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7082: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7060: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7025: 7023: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6979:Lophotriorchis 6975: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6939: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6905: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6848: 6838: 6830: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6808: 6798: 6788: 6778: 6768: 6758: 6746: 6736: 6726: 6716: 6706: 6696: 6686: 6676: 6666: 6656: 6646: 6636: 6624: 6614: 6604: 6594: 6583: 6581: 6579:incertae sedis 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6555: 6545: 6535: 6524: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6504: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6484: 6482: 6469: 6468: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6427: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6377: 6367: 6357: 6347: 6337: 6327: 6317: 6310: 6300: 6290: 6280: 6273: 6263: 6256: 6246: 6236: 6225: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6144: 6142: 6140:incertae sedis 6133: 6131:Cathartiformes 6123: 6122: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6058: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6035: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 5999: 5997: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5977: 5975: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5920: 5918: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5839: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5819: 5817: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5799: 5791: 5790: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5738: 5737:External links 5735: 5732: 5731: 5718: 5705: 5692: 5679: 5666: 5653: 5640: 5616: 5603: 5590: 5577: 5561: 5548: 5535: 5516:(2): 240–254. 5496: 5483: 5470: 5457: 5444: 5431: 5418: 5394: 5381: 5368: 5355: 5342: 5329: 5316: 5303: 5290: 5272: 5259: 5246: 5233: 5220: 5207: 5194: 5181: 5156: 5143: 5130: 5117: 5104: 5091: 5078: 5062: 5044: 4986: 4973: 4955: 4942: 4926: 4913: 4900: 4887: 4874: 4861: 4841: 4825: 4812: 4799: 4786: 4773: 4757: 4744: 4728: 4700: 4687: 4674: 4661: 4633: 4541: 4516: 4503: 4490: 4477: 4450: 4437: 4424: 4411: 4393: 4380: 4367: 4338: 4317: 4300: 4287: 4274: 4254: 4241: 4217: 4203: 4185: 4172: 4159: 4143: 4134: 4110: 4090: 4068: 4042: 4026: 4013: 3997: 3985: 3965: 3952: 3939: 3937:. MC Jennings. 3926: 3913: 3897: 3881: 3868: 3852: 3831: 3818: 3806: 3756: 3712: 3699: 3686: 3673: 3660: 3647: 3634: 3627: 3604: 3588: 3575: 3553: 3540: 3519: 3497: 3484: 3466: 3453: 3440: 3427: 3414: 3364: 3351: 3338: 3334:978-1555214722 3232: 3214: 3196: 3006: 2976: 2969: 2806: 2788: 2768: 2761: 2749:Wells, John C. 2740: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2623: 2622: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2511: 2508: 2474:of carcasses, 2377: 2374: 2364: 2361: 2350: 2347: 2323:crowned eagles 2317: 2314: 2306:lanner falcons 2290:buffalo weaver 2251: 2248: 2219:whup-whup-whup 2205: 2202: 2194:apex predators 2170:Bubo africanus 2150:gabar goshawks 2107:Gyps africanus 2067:spotted hyenas 2026: 2023: 1930:Bitis arietans 1914:plated lizards 1702:Angola colobus 1686:vervet monkeys 1571:Cape porcupine 1553:, greater and 1543:bush squirrels 1455:Madoqua kirkii 1372:) (at 10.3%), 1302:martial eagles 1256: 1253: 1215: 1212: 1190: 1187: 1141:turkey vulture 1123: 1120: 1096:drainage lines 1092:Okavango Delta 1088:watering holes 1019: 1016: 1014:respectively. 798:from southern 783: 780: 747: 744: 712:augur buzzards 698: 697:Identification 695: 622: 619: 544: 541: 464:nuclear intron 416: 413: 313:in the family 307:bateleur eagle 235: 234: 225: 224: 216: 215: 208: 197: 196: 190: 189: 182: 180: 176: 175: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 73: 72: 54: 51: 50: 45: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8072: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8015: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7736: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7717: 7712: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7684: 7660: 7659: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7609:Chondrohierax 7606: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7539:Lophospizinae 7536: 7530: 7529: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7521:Macheiramphus 7518: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7360: 7359: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7243:Dryotriorchis 7240: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7007:Stephanoaetus 7004: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6924:Megatriorchis 6921: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6743:Palaeoplancus 6737: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6653:Gigantohierax 6647: 6645: 6644: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6552:Pelargopappus 6546: 6544: 6543: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6520:Sagittariidae 6517: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6448: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6409: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6374:Pleistovultur 6368: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6270:Cathartidarum 6264: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6051: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5893:Dryotriorchis 5889: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5768: 5763: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5728: 5722: 5715: 5709: 5702: 5696: 5689: 5683: 5676: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5650: 5644: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5613: 5607: 5600: 5594: 5587: 5581: 5574: 5568: 5566: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5487: 5480: 5474: 5467: 5461: 5454: 5448: 5441: 5435: 5428: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5391: 5385: 5378: 5372: 5365: 5359: 5352: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5326: 5320: 5313: 5307: 5300: 5294: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5269: 5263: 5256: 5250: 5243: 5237: 5230: 5224: 5217: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5191: 5185: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5095: 5088: 5082: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5004: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4983: 4977: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4946: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4923: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4858: 4855:Fact sheets: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4822: 4816: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4697: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4671: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4507: 4500: 4494: 4487: 4481: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4447: 4441: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4390: 4384: 4377: 4371: 4363: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4339:9781920602017 4335: 4331: 4324: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4251: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4213: 4207: 4199: 4198:BirdCadiz.com 4195: 4189: 4182: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4138: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4107: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4023: 4017: 4010: 4004: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3982: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3936: 3930: 3923: 3917: 3910: 3904: 3902: 3894: 3888: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3828: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3690: 3683: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3644: 3638: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3611: 3609: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 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2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2482:and possibly 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2360: 2357: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2264:hilly terrain 2256: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2210: 2201: 2199: 2198:birds of prey 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2140:), wintering 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2119:trophic level 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869:Platalea alba 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722:honey badgers 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1334:invertebrates 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1266: 1261: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1220: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145:Cathares aura 1142: 1138: 1128: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 962:north of the 961: 957: 956:Cape Province 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 812:Guinea-Bissau 809: 805: 801: 797: 788: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 746:Vocalizations 743: 741: 737: 733: 732:black-chested 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 703: 694: 691: 686: 682: 678: 674: 669: 665: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 628: 618: 616: 606: 602: 599: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 566: 557: 549: 540: 538: 534: 530: 529: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 497:is from name 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 454: 453: 447: 443: 440: 436: 432: 428: 427: 422: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397:anthropogenic 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353:open habitats 350: 346: 341: 339: 335: 334:Zimbabwe Bird 331: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 303: 296: 242: 226: 222: 217: 212: 206: 204: 198: 195: 194:Binomial name 191: 187: 186: 181: 178: 177: 172: 167: 166: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 105: 102: 99: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 83: 78: 74: 68: 63: 52: 48: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 7695: 7656: 7651:Lophoictinia 7649: 7642: 7637:Henicopernis 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7582:Urotriorchis 7580: 7573: 7566: 7559:Melieraxinae 7546: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7487:Microspizias 7485: 7478: 7471: 7451: 7444: 7437:Haliaeetinae 7426:Polyboroides 7424: 7417: 7409:Neophrontops 7407: 7397: 7390: 7380: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7346: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7289: 7269: 7262: 7257:Pithecophaga 7255: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7210: 7203: 7183: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7157:Morphnarchus 7155: 7150:Leucopternis 7148: 7141: 7136:Helicolestes 7134: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7067:Garganoaetus 7065: 7055: 7030:Archaehierax 7028: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6901:Accipitrinae 6888: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6843: 6833: 6813: 6805:Titanohierax 6803: 6793: 6783: 6773: 6763: 6752: 6741: 6733:Palaeocircus 6731: 6721: 6713:Palaeohierax 6711: 6701: 6691: 6681: 6671: 6661: 6651: 6641: 6630: 6619: 6609: 6599: 6589: 6578: 6570:Accipitridae 6557: 6550: 6540: 6530: 6507: 6487: 6406: 6396: 6391:Sarcoramphus 6389: 6382: 6372: 6362: 6352: 6342: 6332: 6322: 6312: 6305: 6295: 6287:Diatropornis 6285: 6275: 6268: 6258: 6251: 6241: 6231: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6189:Cathartornis 6187: 6180: 6173: 6150: 6139: 5994:Pithecophaga 5992: 5970: 5913: 5891: 5834: 5823: 5812: 5802: 5794: 5784: 5726: 5721: 5713: 5708: 5700: 5695: 5687: 5682: 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Routledge. 4249: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4180: 4175: 4167: 4162: 4154: 4137: 4132:. Quest Pub. 4129: 4105: 4085: 4063: 4037: 4021: 4016: 4008: 3980: 3960: 3955: 3947: 3942: 3934: 3929: 3921: 3916: 3908: 3892: 3876: 3871: 3863: 3839: 3834: 3826: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3751: 3707: 3702: 3694: 3689: 3681: 3676: 3668: 3663: 3655: 3650: 3642: 3637: 3619: 3616: 3599: 3583: 3578: 3570: 3548: 3543: 3527: 3522: 3514: 3492: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3461: 3456: 3448: 3443: 3435: 3430: 3422: 3417: 3405: 3359: 3354: 3346: 3341: 3325: 3227: 3209: 3191: 2961: 2958: 2800: 2791: 2783: 2752: 2743: 2731:. Retrieved 2717: 2711: 2705: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2513: 2456: 2416:South Africa 2387: 2376:Conservation 2366: 2352: 2339: 2326: 2319: 2309: 2297: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2268:flat country 2261: 2218: 2215: 2190:Bubo lacteus 2189: 2177: 2169: 2161: 2153: 2145: 2137: 2131: 2126: 2114: 2106: 2098: 2090: 2085:), then the 2082: 2070: 2052: 2039: 2028: 2013: 1986:Python sebae 1985: 1969: 1961: 1945: 1937: 1929: 1910: 1868: 1812: 1771:Streptopelia 1769: 1758:similar size 1754: 1733: 1725: 1717: 1705: 1697: 1694:king colobus 1689: 1671: 1662: 1651:Panthera leo 1650: 1638: 1630: 1622: 1610: 1603:Mungos mungo 1602: 1574: 1566: 1558: 1515: 1502: 1490: 1482: 1474:Streptopelia 1472: 1462: 1454: 1438: 1430: 1414: 1393: 1385: 1377: 1369: 1361: 1351: 1332:, 1.8% from 1314:Aquila rapax 1313: 1310:tawny eagles 1305: 1298: 1270: 1225: 1192: 1162:aggregations 1158: 1144: 1133: 1116:large cities 1037: 964:Orange River 952:South Africa 858:and western 856:Saudi Arabia 832:Burkina Faso 826:and much of 820:Sierra Leone 793: 775: 771: 767: 763: 755: 751: 749: 739: 723: 715: 708: 656: 651: 639: 624: 611: 594: 562: 526: 518: 510: 506: 498: 486: 484: 471: 451: 439:monophyletic 434: 424: 418: 342: 329: 319:snake eagles 315:Accipitridae 306: 301: 300: 240: 238: 202: 200: 184: 183: 164: 163: 144:Accipitridae 25: 8025:Circaetinae 7862:iNaturalist 7720:Wikispecies 7623:Eutriorchis 7453:Icthyophaga 7419:Palaeoborus 7382:Mioneophron 7358:Arikarornis 7311:Chelictinia 7271:Terathopius 7250:Eutriorchis 7227:Circaetinae 7129:Geranospiza 7122:Geranoaetus 7108:Buteogallus 6890:Trigonoceps 6869:Necrosyrtes 6815:Vinchinavis 6683:Mioaegypius 6643:Dynatoaetus 6632:Cruschedula 6559:Sagittarius 6500:Pandionidae 6432:See below ↓ 6243:Brasilogyps 6221:Cathartidae 6203:Taubatornis 5972:Eutriorchis 5814:Terathopius 5786:Circaetinae 5742:Bateleur - 5167:. YouTube. 3479:reverso.net 2733:19 November 2539:and in the 2476:persecution 2436:Ivory Coast 2302:tawny eagle 2236:East Africa 2228:West Africa 2063:Maasai Mara 2032:tawny eagle 1805:kingfishers 1745:Maasai Mara 1672:Outside of 1645:to that of 1617:as well as 1380:) (6.85%), 1249:formic acid 1242:eagle" or " 1208:heavy rains 1204:West Africa 1098:, and over 1072:mountainous 1030:habitat in 982:and rarely 882:, northern 880:South Sudan 874:, southern 870:, southern 866:, southern 824:Ivory Coast 796:West Africa 764:ka-ka-ka-ka 716:Buteo augur 627:Circaetinae 543:Description 531:, given by 450:cytochrome 444:, based on 421:Circaetinae 409:persecution 330:Terathopius 323:Circaetinae 165:Terathopius 154:Circaetinae 150:Subfamily: 8014:Categories 7992:Xeno-canto 7630:Hamirostra 7575:Micronisus 7548:Lophospiza 7514:Harpyopsis 7480:Kaupifalco 7464:Harpaginae 7446:Haliaeetus 7372:Gypohierax 7336:Gypaetinae 7178:Rostrhamus 7171:Pseudastur 7087:Busarellus 7041:Buteoninae 6993:Polemaetus 6965:Ictinaetus 6958:Hieraaetus 6845:Cryptogyps 6826:Aegypiinae 6775:Proictinia 6723:Palaeastur 6663:Gobihierax 6591:Amplibuteo 6532:Amanuensis 6489:Horusornis 6354:Phasmagyps 6307:Geronogyps 6233:Aizenogyps 6210:Teratornis 6182:Argentavis 6098:Telluraves 6061:Genera of 5634:2019-07-29 5175:2021-10-17 4535:2019-07-29 4471:2019-07-29 4422:. 639-641. 3848:1853689033 3536:1868127680 2678:References 2428:Mozambique 2335:dry season 2331:wet season 2232:Mauritania 2079:feral dogs 1956:including 1934:boomslangs 1926:puff adder 1877:guineafowl 1861:flamingoes 1833:passerines 1797:sandpipers 1785:shorebirds 1366:Cape hyrax 1358:scrub hare 1282:scavenging 1170:bush fires 940:Mozambique 898:, western 852:Kiang West 834:, much of 808:The Gambia 800:Mauritania 760:fish eagle 752:schaaaa-aw 664:wing chord 476:Chromosome 407:usage and 365:generalist 62:Endangered 7616:Elanoides 7498:Harpiinae 7348:Anchigyps 7325:Gampsonyx 7264:Spilornis 7236:Circaetus 7205:Haliastur 7164:Parabuteo 7078:Buteonini 7000:Spizaetus 6972:Lophaetus 6935:Aquilinae 6910:Accipiter 6876:Sarcogyps 6855:Gansugyps 6795:Qiluornis 6703:Necrastur 6693:Miohierax 6673:Milvoides 6621:Aviraptor 6601:Aquilavus 6408:Wingegyps 6344:Pampagyps 6324:Hadrogyps 6314:Gymnogyps 6260:Cathartes 6196:Oscaravis 6175:Aiolornis 6078:Kingdom: 5915:Spilornis 5836:Circaetus 5781:Subfamily 5530:0019-1019 4356:cite book 4348:958354485 3602:. Struik. 2533:gawarakko 2503:reservoir 2484:pesticide 2472:poisoning 2342:altricial 2273:Adansonia 2162:Tyto alba 2158:barn owls 1992:. Mostly 1978:tortoises 1974:terrapins 1946:Naja haje 1891:and some 1885:francolin 1873:gamebirds 1849:waterfowl 1845:starlings 1831:and some 1829:parakeets 1825:hornbills 1777:nightjars 1583:hedgehogs 1547:vlei rats 1464:Crocidura 1423:antelopes 1419:thornveld 1338:amphibian 1286:parachute 1278:roadkills 1122:Behaviour 1060:thornveld 1002:coast of 1000:Black Sea 996:Algeciras 685:hind claw 437:) form a 426:Circaetus 405:pesticide 179:Species: 100:Kingdom: 94:Eukaryota 31:Bateleur 7966:Species+ 7906:22695289 7880:10771528 7779:22695289 7774:BirdLife 7705:Wikidata 7644:Leptodon 7593:Perninae 7568:Melierax 7528:Morphnus 7473:Harpagus 7399:Neophron 7365:Gypaetus 7302:Elaninae 7282:Circinae 7185:Rupornis 7094:Butastur 7057:Bermuteo 6986:Nisaetus 6835:Aegypius 6785:Promilio 6754:Palaetus 6384:Pliogyps 6364:Perugyps 6297:Dryornis 6277:Coragyps 6253:Breagyps 6086:Chordata 6084:Phylum: 6080:Animalia 5824:Bateleur 5169:Archived 5039:25209935 4501:. Grier. 2751:(2008). 2605:Immature 2525:kgwadira 2521:Iron Age 2489:poachers 2480:shooting 2478:through 2432:Botswana 2412:Eswatini 2404:Zimbabwe 2266:or open 2224:polygyny 2204:Breeding 2059:updrafts 2055:vultures 1994:swarming 1972:), some 1918:colubrid 1881:spurfowl 1823:, small 1791:, other 1789:lapwings 1781:roadkill 1743:Male at 1730:aardwolf 1676:, among 1659:steenbok 1595:mongoose 1469:ungulate 1354:Zimbabwe 1326:reptiles 1137:dihedral 1084:wetlands 1068:forested 1044:woodland 1032:Botswana 1008:Istanbul 972:Eswatini 944:Botswana 932:Zimbabwe 916:Tanzania 896:Djibouti 892:Ethiopia 864:Cameroon 565:vultures 519:caudatus 487:Bateleur 462:and one 377:reptiles 361:woodland 355:such as 338:Zimbabwe 241:bateleur 140:Family: 114:Chordata 110:Phylum: 104:Animalia 90:Domain: 67:IUCN 3.1 7854:2480377 7828:batele1 7802:batele1 7761:Avibase 7711:Q726387 7602:Aviceda 7392:Neogyps 7196:Milvini 7143:Ictinia 6765:Pengana 6509:Pandion 6102:Clade: 6096:Clade: 6090:Class: 6067:condors 5804:Species 5030:4173674 2545:sultans 2529:petleke 2452:Nigeria 2408:Namibia 2282:trees. 2244:Somalia 2093:), the 2019:catfish 2015:Clarias 2002:termite 1998:locusts 1990:insects 1889:bustard 1841:weavers 1837:shrikes 1821:hoopoes 1817:rollers 1793:plovers 1762:pigeons 1747:with a 1728:), and 1682:baboons 1678:primate 1674:galagos 1643:jackals 1535:dormice 1531:gerbils 1519:rodents 1405:(10%), 1318:mammals 1294:insects 1274:carrion 1240:Conifer 1236:bathing 1232:sunning 1200:migrant 1196:nomadic 1178:termite 1166:carrion 1064:shrubby 1040:savanna 1028:savanna 1018:Habitat 976:Tunisia 948:Namibia 900:Somalia 888:Eritrea 848:extinct 844:Nigeria 804:Senegal 586:moulted 582:coverts 537:falcons 448:in the 373:mammals 369:carrion 357:savanna 213:, 1800) 160:Genus: 130:Order: 120:Class: 65: ( 8040:Eagles 7958:327096 7932:321104 7893:175504 7836:EURING 7792:113105 7748:ARKive 7658:Pernis 7507:Harpia 7318:Elanus 7291:Circus 7212:Milvus 6951:Clanga 6944:Aquila 6883:Torgos 6398:Vultur 6334:Kuntur 6063:eagles 5528: 5037: 5027: 4346: 4336: 4311:. In: 3846: 3625: 3534: 3332: 2967: 2759: 2470:, the 2424:Zambia 2420:Malawi 2356:baboon 2279:Acacia 2172:) and 2109:) and 2006:alates 1964:) and 1950:mambas 1905:jackal 1857:storks 1700:) and 1655:impala 1615:genets 1605:) and 1561:) and 1523:shrews 1459:snakes 1443:skinks 1427:impala 1174:floods 1149:falcon 1076:desert 1052:mopane 1048:Acacia 1004:Turkey 988:Israel 980:Cyprus 936:Malawi 928:Zambia 924:Angola 908:Uganda 816:Guinea 778:call. 756:kow-aw 718:) and 681:culmen 673:tarsus 615:moults 578:mantle 569:cowled 491:French 349:Arabia 211:Daudin 173:, 1830 171:Lesson 7984:17557 7945:73171 7875:IRMNG 7823:eBird 7815:7BQF6 7799:BOW: 7101:Buteo 6019:Eagle 5796:Genus 2577:Adult 2551:Media 2537:nkona 2448:Niger 2440:Sudan 2250:Nests 1893:quail 1853:heron 1801:terns 1787:like 1766:doves 1751:kill. 1647:lions 1633:) to 1403:doves 1398:rocky 1322:birds 1183:nares 1012:Sinop 984:Egypt 918:. 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