659:." Yang responded, "In the first and second years, Zheng Tan and Chen Yixing were in power. In the third and fourth years, your subject and Li Jue joined them. Of course, the crime is mine." He then stated, "I do not dare to again enter the Office of the Chancellors!" He withdrew from Emperor Wenzong's presence. Emperor Wenzong subsequently sent a eunuch to comfort him, and Zheng partially apologized, stating, "Your subject is foolish. I did not intend to point at Yang Sifu, but Yang Sifu's reaction shows that he has no tolerance for me." Yang responded, "Zheng Tan stated that the governance is deteriorating year by year. This does not only incriminate your subject, but also speaks ill of your holy virtues." Yang then submitted multiple offers to resign. Soon thereafter, Zheng and Chen were stripped of their chancellor posts, and Zheng was again made
651:. Yang and Li Jue thereafter recommended Du to be the ministry of census. Chen responded, "Such orders should come from the Emperor. In the past, those who lost stately sovereignty did so by losing their authorities to their subjects." Li Jue responded, "Your Imperial Majesty had told me previously that an Emperor should select chancellors, not suspect them." In a subsequent discussion, Chen again emphasized that the Emperor should not yield authority to his subjects. Li Jue, offended, responded, "Chen Yixing is obviously suspecting that there are chancellors who are stealing power from Your Imperial Majesty. I have often requested retirement, and I would be fortunate to be given a post as an imperial prince's teacher." Zheng then stated, "Your Imperial Majesty ruled well in the first and second years of the
536:) returned to the capital, he had remarked that when he got to the capital he would slaughter the officials, causing a general panic in Chang'an. Zheng suggested to Li Shi that they find refuge when Tian was approaching Chang'an, but Li Shi refused, pointing out that if even the chancellors fled, the panic would overtake the capital entirely, and that if there were to be disaster, they would not be able to get away anyway. Zheng agreed. Subsequently, Zheng and Li Shi urged that the relatives of Li Xun and the other executed officials be no longer pursued.
393:) had about the classics, comparing him to Zheng. Li Zongmin responded, "Perhaps Zheng Tan and Yin You have understanding of the classics, but their suggestions are not worth listening to." Li Deyu responded, "The suggestions of Zheng Tan and Yin You are ignored by others, but not by Your Imperial Majesty." Soon thereafter, without further consulting Li Zongmin, Emperor Wenzong made Zheng the chief imperial censor (御史大夫,
305:) to conduct a re-examination, while demoting Qian, Li Zongmin, and Yang Rushi to be prefectural prefects and deposing 10 of the examinees selected by Qian and Yang Rushi. This was said to be the start of some 40 years of struggles between Li Deyu and his associates (known as the Li Faction) and Li Zongmin and his associates (known as the Niu Faction, named after Li Zongmin's ally
624:. Soon, the chancellors were frequently arguing with each other, with Zheng and Chen (both of whom were considered Li Faction leaders) on one side and Yang and Li Jue (both of whom were considered Niu Faction leaders) on the other. For example, when Yang advocated for Li Zongmin, who was then forced to serve in the lowly post of military advisor to the prefect of
636:), to be promoted closer to the capital, Emperor Wenzong agreed, but Zheng opposed vehemently, stating as far that he would resign his chancellorship if Li Zongmin were promoted, leading to a heated argument between Yang and Zheng in Emperor Wenzong's presence. (In the aftermaths of the argument, Li Zongmin was made the prefect of Hang Prefecture (杭州, in modern
644:).) It was said that from that point on, every important decision became colored by factional politics, such that Emperor Wenzong could not rule on them easily. Late in 838, Zheng offered to resign. In response, Emperor Wenzong, while not accepting the resignation, allowed him to report to the Office of the Chancellors only once every three to five days.
387:) but had him stripped of his assistant imperial scholar status. However, Emperor Wenzong, who was interested in studying the Confucian classics, missed Zheng, and he again made Zheng assistant imperial scholar in 832. In 833, after Li Deyu became chancellor to replace Niu, there was a time when Emperor Wenzong complimented the knowledge that Yin You (
565:
examinations be abolished—a suggestion that
Emperor Wenzong did not accept. Still, when Emperor Wenzong and Zheng had a discussion about poetry, Zheng pointed out that the poetry of the time often had inflated language and often were completely not descriptive. Meanwhile, with the imperial university
525:
At the time that Zheng Tan and Li Shi served as chancellors, the eunuchs, led by Qiu
Shiliang, often tried to humiliate the imperial officials by citing the examples of Li Xun and Zheng Zhu. It was said that Li Shi and Zheng Tan responded by pointing out that Li Xun and Zheng Zhu had initially been
493:
to the palace to examine a confession by Wang—extracted under torture—that he and the other officials were set to overthrow
Emperor Wenzong and replace him with Zheng Zhu. Linghu and Zheng Tan confirmed that the handwriting was Wang's. Subsequently, Emperor Wenzong kept Zheng Tan and Linghu at the
299:). This thus brought a popular uproar, and Duan submitted a report accusing Yang Rushi and Qian of being unfair. When Emperor Muzong requested opinions from the imperial scholars, Li Deyu, Yuan, and Li Shen all agreed with Duan's opinion. Emperor Muzong thus ordered Li Zongmin's colleague Wang Qi (
173:), and three other advisory officials took the opportunity to advise him that he was spending too much time in feast and games, and was overly exhausting the imperial treasury with his rewards to his favorites. Emperor Muzong was much surprised and initially displeased by the advice, and asked the
378:
and was upright in his behavior, and therefore
Emperor Wenzong respected him. At Zheng's suggestion, Emperor Wenzong started a project where the text of the Confucian classics were edited, commentaries were written, and the resulting text carved onto stone tablets and displayed publicly at the
382:
As of 831, Li
Zongmin and Niu Sengru were chancellors, and Li Zongmin, because Zheng was friendly with Li Deyu, viewed Zheng pejoratively. He was, in particular, disliking the fact that Zheng, as assistant imperial scholar, would have access to the emperor. He thus recommended Zheng to be the
206:
as the new military governor, but Wang
Chengyuan wished to turn control of the circuit over to the imperial government. Nevertheless, the soldiers were not allowing him to depart and head for his new post as the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern
221:), to declare the imperial orders and to give a large cash award to the Chengde soldiers. It was said that when Zheng arrived at Chengde, he explained to the soldiers the importance of loyalty to the imperial government, and the soldiers thus allowed Wang Chengyuan to leave.
551:), submitted harshly worded petitions protesting the innocence of Wang Ya and Jia Su and accusing Qiu of crimes, did Qiu and the other eunuchs began to cut back on their behavior and allow Emperor Wenzong, as well as Li Shi and Zheng, to exercise their authority.
498:
by drafting an edict that, while condemning Wang and the other chancellors of treason, was in such empty language to imply the lack of believability of the treason allegations, and was not made chancellor. Zheng Tan was subsequently made chancellor
272:
both made secret pleas to Qian for certain examinees. However, when the results were announced, the examinees that Duan and Li Shen recommended were not given passing results, while among those passing the examinations were Zheng Tan's brother
530:. Thereafter, it was said that the eunuchs' arrogance subsided somewhat, and the imperial officials depended on Li Shi and Zheng Tan to protect them. Soon thereafter, there was an incident in which, when the eunuch Tian Quancao (
180:
who these officials were. Xiao informed him that these were advisory officials. Emperor Muzong thus understood that they were giving him advice, and he dismissed them with kind words, but did not actually carry out their advice.
609:, whom Wang Shoucheng and Zheng Zhu had previously accused of treason, leading to Song's exile. Zheng and Li Guyan joined Li Shi in his petition, and Emperor Wenzong agreed, restoring Song's offices posthumously.
494:
Office of the
Chancellors to oversee the aftermaths. (Li Xun, Wang, Jia, and Shu were subsequently executed, while Zheng Zhu was killed in an ambush.) Linghu, however, subsequently offended the leading eunuch
675:. Soon thereafter, Li Deyu became chancellor and wanted to recommend Zheng Tan to serve as chancellor again, but Zheng declined, claiming a foot illness. In 842, he retired with the title of acting
539:
However, the eunuchs continued to be in control of the government, and it was said that the imperial officials worried about being slaughtered on a daily basis. It was not until spring 836, when
167:. Emperor Muzong was considered pleasure-loving, and in winter 820, there was an occasion when Emperor Muzong met with the imperial officials in the palace. Zheng Tan, his colleague Cui Yan (
215:). Wang Chengyuan requested Emperor Muzong to send a senior official to encourage the soldiers to obey the imperial order, so Emperor Muzong sent Zheng to Chengde, assisted by Wang Fan (
647:
In 839, there was another major argument between the chancellors that led to Zheng's and Chen's removal. Emperor
Wenzong had praised the talents of the acting director of finances,
309:). (Despite the way the incident occurred, Zheng himself was usually viewed as a leader of the Li faction as well.) Late in 821, Zheng Tan was made an imperial attendant (給事中,
412:). Later in the year, Li Deyu was stripped of his chancellor post, and Li Zongmin, who again became chancellor, worked in conjunction with Emperor Wenzong's close associates
625:
473:) ended in failure—with the eunuchs arresting or slaughtering Li Xun, Zheng Zhu, and many other imperial officials, including Li Xun's fellow chancellors
1364:
202:)—whose circuit had long been resistant to imperial rule—died. In light of Wang Chengzong's death, the Chengde soldiers wanted to support his brother
977:
397:). Soon thereafter, Li Zongmin was sent out of the capital to serve as the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern
605:, a former chancellor, serving again as chancellor with Zheng and Li Shi, Li Shi advocated the posthumous rehabilitation of the former chancellor
970:
949:
945:
941:
937:
891:
870:
854:
827:
790:
708:
1374:
963:
1379:
588:) were put in charge of the project. When the project was completed, Zheng was given the additional offices of
224:
In 821, Zheng was involved in an incident that was considered one of the precipitating incidents of the coming
174:
52:
28:
925:
913:
767:
726:
63:. As a result of his father's status, Zheng Tan was able to start his official career as a copyeditor (校書郎,
1369:
1354:
225:
36:
379:
imperial university. (This project would not be completed until 837, when Zheng would be chancellor.)
1293:
322:
143:), a fairly high-level advisory official. On an occasion when Emperor Xianzong wanted to make five
130:
60:
374:). In 830, he was made deputy minister of public works. It was said that Zheng was learned in the
1318:
1288:
1278:
1258:
1238:
466:
351:
144:
32:
1173:
672:
333:). In 825, he was made the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the region of the capital
164:
56:
621:
592:(門下侍郎, the deputy head of the examination bureau) and imperial scholar at Hongwen Institute (
514:
350:
After
Emperor Jingzong was assassinated around new year 827 and was succeeded by his brother
465:
Soon thereafter, a plot by
Emperor Wenzong, Li Xun, and Zheng Zhu to slaughter the powerful
558:
261:
440:) offended Emperor Wenzong and were exiled, Zheng was made the minister of justice (刑部尚書,
8:
1359:
1143:
1103:
1183:
1168:
680:
554:
It was said that Zheng, while well-learned, was not a good writer, and he despised the
375:
47:
It is not known when Zheng Tan was born. He came from a prominent line, as his father
566:
carrying out the classics-carving project, at Zheng's recommendation, the officials
329:). Late in the year, he was also made acting deputy minister of public works (工部侍郎,
1113:
920:
908:
721:
703:
612:
By 838, Li Shi and Li Guyan were no longer chancellor, and serving with Zheng were
244:. Meanwhile, Li Zongmin's junior colleague at the legislative bureau, Yang Rushi (
420:
to eject Li Deyu's allies out of important posts. Zheng Tan was thereafter made
932:
785:
527:
470:
431:
203:
185:
155:), Zheng submitted a petition against the action, and the order was cancelled.
152:
1348:
1283:
1248:
1203:
1043:
265:
73:). He subsequently went through the ranks of low-level advisory officials as
1038:
364:), a senior advisory official at the examination bureau of government (門下省,
321:
In 824, the same year that Emperor Muzong died and was succeeded by his son
1298:
1158:
1123:
1018:
986:
540:
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195:
24:
955:
1333:
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1033:
1023:
1013:
613:
606:
413:
334:
48:
1328:
1303:
1268:
1208:
1163:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1063:
1028:
1003:
490:
485:—at the eunuchs' prompting, Emperor Wenzong summoned Zheng Tan and his
482:
306:
274:
241:
368:). In 829, he was also given the title of assistant imperial scholar (
103:), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部,
1243:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1193:
1188:
1148:
1088:
617:
543:
the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern
417:
229:
177:
1323:
1308:
1273:
1263:
1233:
1098:
1073:
641:
637:
629:
602:
567:
544:
398:
190:
147:
directors of troop food supplies for the northwestern border (with
1118:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1048:
998:
806:
648:
474:
402:
269:
237:
561:
for their overly-grand writing. He therefore suggested that the
1213:
1198:
1153:
1058:
1053:
1008:
548:
478:
284:
208:
671:
In 840, Emperor Wenzong died and was succeeded by his brother
1108:
633:
458:) as well as the principal of the imperial university (國子祭酒,
212:
199:
148:
434:. In summer 835, after Li Zongmin and his ally Yang Yuqing (
232:, an official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省,
163:
In 820, Emperor Xianzong died and was succeeded by his son
598:), and was put in charge of editing the imperial history.
117:), a supervisory official at the ministry of justice (刑部,
325:, Zheng Tan was made deputy chief imperial censor (御史中丞,
23:(滎陽公), was a Chinese historian and politician during the
287:(a former chancellor); Li Zongmin's son-in-law Su Chao (
240:
were involved in power struggles with another official,
655:
era , while less so in the third and fourth years of
408:
In 834, Zheng was made the minister of census (戶部尚書,
129:In 819, during the reign of Emperor Shunzong's son
454:), one of the heads of the executive bureau (尚書省,
316:
194:) of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern
124:
340:
1346:
666:
158:
517:. Zheng was also created the Duke of Yingyang.
268:(a former chancellor) and the imperial scholar
35:. He was viewed as a Li Faction leader in the
971:
593:
583:
577:
571:
531:
526:recommended to Emperor Wenzong by the eunuch
508:
449:
435:
425:
388:
369:
359:
300:
294:
288:
278:
255:
245:
216:
168:
138:
112:
98:
88:
78:
68:
985:
978:
964:
250:) and the deputy minister of rites (禮部侍郎,
1365:Chancellors under Emperor Wenzong of Tang
883:
881:
879:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
819:
817:
780:
778:
776:
293:); and Yang Rushi's brother Yang Yinshi (
759:
757:
755:
698:
696:
345:
801:
799:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
1347:
876:
860:
833:
814:
773:
959:
714:
693:
796:
732:
283:) the son of the military governor
260:) were in charge of overseeing the
13:
93:); he then served successively as
14:
1391:
520:
505:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
383:minister of public works (工部尚書,
317:During Emperor Jingzong's reign
125:During Emperor Xianzong's reign
578:
509:
444:). In winter 835, he was made
436:
370:
341:During Emperor Wenzong's reign
295:
246:
19:(鄭覃) (died 842), formally the
1:
901:
809:Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian
667:During Emperor Wuzong's reign
159:During Emperor Muzong's reign
42:
7:
10:
1396:
226:Niu-Li Factional Struggles
37:Niu-Li Factional Struggles
994:
594:
584:
572:
532:
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360:
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289:
279:
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217:
169:
139:
113:
99:
89:
79:
69:
59:and Emperor Dezong's son
686:
264:. The military governor
67:) at Hongwen Institute (
1375:Tang dynasty historians
236:) and imperial scholar
188:the military governor (
1380:Zheng clan of Xingyang
683:). He died that year.
503:with the designation
354:, Zheng Tan was made
346:Before chancellorship
262:imperial examinations
228:. At that time, both
133:, Zheng Tan was made
55:during the reigns of
469:(later known as the
31:during the reign of
430:), the head of the
95:Kaogong Yuanwailang
1355:8th-century births
681:Three Excellencies
559:imperial examinees
376:Confucian classics
356:Zuo Sanqi Changshi
184:Around that time,
1342:
1341:
576:), Zhang Cizong (
1387:
980:
973:
966:
957:
956:
921:New Book of Tang
909:Old Book of Tang
895:
885:
874:
864:
858:
848:
831:
821:
812:
803:
794:
782:
771:
764:Old Book of Tang
761:
730:
722:New Book of Tang
718:
712:
704:Old Book of Tang
700:
679:(司徒, one of the
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596:
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323:Emperor Jingzong
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21:Duke of Yingyang
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797:
783:
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762:
733:
719:
715:
709:vol. 18, part 1
701:
694:
689:
669:
582:), and Wen Ye (
523:
442:Xingbu Shangshu
385:Gongbu Shangshu
352:Emperor Wenzong
348:
343:
319:
161:
127:
45:
33:Emperor Wenzong
27:, serving as a
12:
11:
5:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1340:
1339:
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1326:
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933:Zizhi Tongjian
929:
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888:Zizhi Tongjian
875:
867:Zizhi Tongjian
859:
851:Zizhi Tongjian
832:
824:Zizhi Tongjian
813:
795:
786:Zizhi Tongjian
772:
731:
713:
691:
690:
688:
685:
673:Emperor Wuzong
668:
665:
590:Menxia Shilang
528:Wang Shoucheng
522:
521:Chancellorship
519:
513:), along with
471:Ganlu Incident
456:Shangshu Sheng
432:Palace Library
347:
344:
342:
339:
331:Gongbu Shilang
318:
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234:Zhongshu Sheng
204:Wang Chengyuan
186:Wang Chengzong
165:Emperor Muzong
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57:Emperor Dezong
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601:In 836, with
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546:
542:
537:
529:
518:
516:
506:
502:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
447:
443:
433:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:Hubu Shangshu
406:
404:
400:
396:
386:
380:
377:
367:
357:
353:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
314:
312:
308:
286:
277:; Pei Zhuan (
276:
271:
267:
266:Duan Wenchang
263:
253:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
214:
210:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:
187:
182:
179:
176:
166:
156:
154:
150:
146:
136:
132:
122:
120:
110:
106:
96:
86:
76:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
1313:
1299:Zhao Yanzhao
1159:Lu Xiangxian
1124:Linghu Defen
1019:Chu Suiliang
987:Tang dynasty
931:
919:
907:
887:
866:
862:
850:
823:
805:
784:
763:
720:
716:
702:
676:
670:
660:
656:
652:
646:
611:
600:
589:
562:
555:
553:
541:Liu Congjian
538:
524:
504:
500:
496:Qiu Shiliang
486:
464:
459:
455:
445:
441:
421:
409:
407:
394:
384:
381:
366:Menxia Sheng
365:
355:
349:
330:
326:
320:
310:
254:) Qian Hui (
252:Libu Shilang
251:
233:
223:
196:Shijiazhuang
189:
183:
162:
135:Jianyi Daifu
134:
128:
118:
108:
107:), and then
104:
94:
84:
74:
65:Xiaoshu Lang
64:
46:
25:Tang dynasty
20:
16:
15:
1334:Zhu Qinming
1254:Xu Jingzong
1179:Pei Yanling
1094:Li Chunfeng
1034:Cui Shenyou
1024:Cui Guicong
1014:Chen Yixing
811:, vol. 59 .
614:Chen Yixing
607:Song Shenxi
570:, Cui Qiu (
460:Guozi Jijiu
395:Yushi Daifu
83:) and then
49:Zheng Xunyu
1360:842 deaths
1349:Categories
1329:Zhu Jingze
1304:Zheng Lang
1269:Yao Silian
1209:Wei Chuhou
1164:Niu Sengru
1139:Liu Congyi
1134:Liu Youqiu
1129:Linghu Tao
1064:Jiang Shen
1039:Fan Lübing
1029:Cui Renshi
1004:Cen Wenben
989:historians
902:References
491:Linghu Chu
489:colleague
483:Shu Yuanyu
422:Mishu Jian
311:Jishizhong
307:Niu Sengru
275:Zheng Lang
242:Li Zongmin
175:chancellor
53:chancellor
43:Background
29:chancellor
1319:Zheng Yin
1314:Zheng Tan
1294:Zhang Yue
1244:Xiao Song
1229:Wei Zhiyi
1224:Wei Zhigu
1219:Wei Zheng
1194:Sima Zhen
1189:Quan Deyu
1149:Liu Zhiji
1089:Li Baiyao
661:You Pushe
618:Yang Sifu
446:You Pushe
418:Zheng Zhu
230:Yuan Zhen
178:Xiao Mian
17:Zheng Tan
1324:Zhou Chi
1309:Zheng Su
1289:Zhang Yi
1279:Zhang Xi
1274:Yuan Zai
1264:Yang Wan
1259:Yang Yan
1239:Xiao Hua
1234:Wu Sansi
1099:Li Dashi
1074:Li Linfu
936:, vols.
926:vol. 165
914:vol. 173
892:vol. 246
871:vol. 244
855:vol. 245
828:vol. 243
791:vol. 241
768:vol. 173
727:vol. 165
657:Kaicheng
653:Kaicheng
642:Zhejiang
638:Hangzhou
630:Hengyang
628:(modern
626:Hengzhou
603:Li Guyan
568:Zhou Chi
545:Changzhi
510:同中書門下平章事
501:de facto
399:Hanzhong
335:Chang'an
191:Jiedushi
1184:Qi Kang
1174:Pei Xiu
1144:Liu Zhi
1119:Li Yifu
1114:Li Xian
1084:Li Anqi
1079:Li Shen
1069:Li Jifu
1049:Guan Bo
999:Cao Que
807:Bo Yang
649:Du Cong
475:Wang Ya
467:eunuchs
403:Shaanxi
270:Li Shen
238:Li Deyu
145:eunuchs
1214:Wei Mo
1199:Su Gui
1169:Pei Ji
1154:Lu Sui
1104:Li Kui
1059:Jia Su
1054:Han Yu
1009:Cen Xi
622:Li Jue
620:, and
563:Jinshi
556:Jinshi
549:Shanxi
515:Li Shi
481:, and
479:Jia Su
414:Li Xun
371:翰林侍講學士
285:Pei Du
209:Anyang
119:Xingbu
51:was a
1109:Li Bi
687:Notes
634:Hunan
487:Pushe
361:左散騎常侍
213:Henan
200:Hebei
153:Tufan
149:Huigu
100:考功員外郎
85:Bujue
75:Shiyi
677:Situ
416:and
151:and
140:諫議大夫
114:刑部郎中
105:Libu
950:246
946:245
942:244
938:241
632:in
595:弘文館
579:張次宗
533:田全操
462:).
451:右僕射
437:楊虞卿
427:秘書監
405:).
337:).
313:).
296:楊殷士
247:楊汝士
121:).
70:弘文館
1351::
948:,
944:,
940:,
924:,
912:,
890:,
878:^
869:,
853:,
835:^
826:,
816:^
798:^
789:,
775:^
766:,
734:^
725:,
707:,
695:^
663:.
640:,
616:,
585:溫業
573:崔球
547:,
477:,
401:,
390:殷侑
302:王起
290:蘇巢
280:裴譔
257:錢徽
218:王璠
211:,
198:,
170:崔郾
90:補闕
80:拾遺
39:.
979:e
972:t
965:v
952:.
928:.
916:.
894:.
873:.
857:.
830:.
793:.
770:.
729:.
711:.
507:(
448:(
424:(
358:(
137:(
111:(
97:(
87:(
77:(
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