1139:
1881:
9438:
6052:: "The high genetic heterogeneity of the Early Medieval period is vividly exemplified by 12 individuals from the Uyghur period cemetery of Olon Dov (OLN; Figure 2) in the vicinity of the Uyghur capital of Ordu-Baliq. Six of these individuals came from a single tomb (grave 19), of whom only two are related (OLN002 and OLN003, second-degree; Table S2D); the absence of closer kinship ties raises questions about the function of such tombs and the social relationships of those buried within them. Most Uyghur-period individuals exhibit a high but variable degree of west Eurasian ancestry—best modeled as a mixture of Alans, a historic nomadic pastoral group likely descended from the Sarmatians and contemporaries of the Huns (Bachrach, 1973), and an Iranian-related (BMAC-related) ancestry—together with Ulaanzuukh_SlabGrave (ANA-related) ancestry (Figure 3E). The admixture dates estimated for the ancient Türkic and Uyghur individuals in this study correspond to ca. 500 CE: 8 ± 2 generations before the Türkic individuals and 12 ± 2 generations before the Uyghur individuals (represented by ZAA001 and Olon Dov individuals)."
1890:
1624:
2244:"At that time when the divine Bogu Khan had thus spoken, we the Elects of all the people living within the land rejoiced. It is impossible to describe this ourjoy. The people told the story to one another and rejoiced. At that time, groups of thousands and tens of thousands assembled and with pastimes of all sorts they entertained themselves even unto dawn. And at the break of the day they made a short fast. The divine ruler Bogu Khan and all the elects of his retinue mounted on horses, and all the princes and the princesses led by those of high repute, the big and the small, the whole people, amidst great rejoicing proceeded to the gate of the city. And when the divine ruler had entered the city, he put the crown on his head... and sat upon the golden throne."
2309:
2321:
2686:
1541:
1723:
2278:
9029:
6849:
77:
2297:
6533:
2900:
2255:"alliance with the Sogdians through adopting their religion was an important way of securing this objective." Both the Sogdians and the Uyghurs benefited enormously from this alliance. The Sogdians enabled the Uyghurs to trade in the Western Regions and exchange silk from China for other goods. For the Sogdians it provided their Chinese trading communities with Uyghur protection. The 5th and 6th centuries saw a large emigration of Sogdians to China. The Sogdians were main traders along the Silk Roads, and China was always their biggest market. Among the paper clothing found in the
2819:
1971:
4408:
2843:
1711:
83:
56:
2867:
2855:
3889:
8846:
2038:
2368:. The city was a fully fortified commercial center, typical along the Silk Road, with concentric walls and lookout towers, stables, military and commercial stores, and administrative buildings. Certain areas of the town were allotted for trade and handcrafts, while in the center of the town were palaces and temples, including a monastery. The palace had fortified walls and two main gates, as well as moats filled with water and watchtowers.
2831:
8858:
2342:
2212:
1604:
horse and
Uyghurs were given "guest" status while staying in Tang China. The Tang and Uyghurs conducted an exchange marriage. Bayanchur Khan married Princess Ninguo while a Uyghur princess was married to a Tang prince. The Uyghur Khaganate exchanged princesses in marriage with Tang dynasty China in 756 to seal the alliance against An Lushan. The Uyghur Khagan
2376:
it." By building a fixed city, the
Uyghurs created a protected storage space for trade goods from China. They could hold a stable, fixed court, receive traders, and effectively cement their central role in Silk Road exchange. However, the vulnerability that came with having a fixed city was to be the downfall of the Uyghurs.
2074:
Scholars who write of a Kyrgyz "empire" from about 840 to about 924 are describing a fantasy. All available evidence suggests that despite some brief extensions of their power onto the
Mongolian Plateau, the Kyrgyz did not maintain a significant political or military presence there after their victories in the 840s.
1603:
in 757. After the battle at
Luoyang the Uyghurs looted the city for three days and only stopped after large quantities of silk were extracted. For their aid, the Tang sent 20,000 rolls of silk and bestowed them with honorary titles. In addition the horse trade was fixed at 40 rolls of silk for every
1663:
and others, totaling eight people, come at the same time to pay a visit ; when they walk to the side entrance of the palace, argue who should be the first . The interpreters and palace secretaries arrange them as left team and right team, and enter through the
Eastern Gate and the Western Gate all
2375:
had been limited in their acquisition of
Chinese goods to what they could carry. As stated by Thomas Barfield, "the more goods a nomadic society acquired the less mobility it had, hence, at some point, one was more vulnerable trying to protect a rich treasure house by moving it than by fortifying
1697:
In 762 Tengri Bögü planned to invade the Tang with 4,000 soldiers but after negotiations switched sides and assisted them in defeating the rebels at
Luoyang. After the battle the Uyghurs looted the city. When the people fled to Buddhist temples for protection, the Uyghurs burnt them down, killing
2073:
The Khitan ruler Abaoji did extend his influence onto the
Mongolian Plateau in 924, but there is no indication whatsoever of any conflict with the Kyrgyz. The only information we have from Khitan (Liao) sources regarding the Kyrgyz indicates that the two powers maintained diplomatic relations.
2267:
kingdom in the 620s. The text is incomplete, but out of the 35 commercial operations it lists, 29 involve a
Sogdian trader. Ultimately both rulers of nomadic origin and sedentary states recognized the importance of merchants like the Sogdians and made alliances to further their own agendas in
2254:
As conversion was based on political and economic concerns regarding trade with the
Sogdians, it was driven by the rulers and often encountered resistance in lower societal strata. Furthermore, as the khaghan's political power depended on his ability to provide economically for his subjects,
1996:
attacked the Uyghurs led by Öge and slaughtered 10,000 Uyghurs on February 13, 843, at "Kill the Barbarians" Mountain (Shahu). Öge was wounded. After the defeat of Öge, Wuzong ordered Ormïzt's troops to be broken up and dispersed among different units. Ormïzt refused to obey. His troops were
1858:
and plundered the region. In 822, the Uyghurs sent troops to help the Tang in quelling rebels. The Tang refused the offer but had to pay them 70,000 pieces of silk to go home. In 823, the Tibetan Empire waged war on the Uyghurs. In 824, Chongde died and was succeeded by a brother,
1564:. The new khagan then embarked on a series of campaigns to bring all the steppe peoples under his banner. During this time the Empire expanded rapidly and brought the Sekiz Oghuz, Kyrgyz, Karluks, Turgesh, Toquz Tatars, Chiks and the remnants of the Basmyls under Uyghur rule.
5295:
After the disastrous defeat of the T'ang armies to the rising power of the Arabs at the Battle of the Talas River in 751, T'ang pulled out of Central Asia and the area around Turfan came under the control of the Uighurs, who emerged as the dominant power of Eastern Central
2065:(860–873), there were three recorded contacts between the Tang and Kyrgyz, but the nature of their relationship remains unclear. Tang policy makers argued that there was no point in building any relations with the Kyrgyz since the Uyghurs no longer threatened them. The
1997:
massacred by general Liu Mian. With the defeat of the two major Uyghur groups, Wuzong saw his chance to get rid of the Manichaeans. He ordered Manichaean temples in several cities to be destroyed, the confiscation of their estates, and the execution of the clergy.
1060:. Later that year, a Uyghur-Karluk alliance formed against the Basmyls and defeated them. Their khagan was killed, and the Basmyls ceased to exist as a people. Hostilities between the Uyghurs and Karluks then forced the Karluks to migrate west into
1180:. According to Japanese scholars Hashimoto, Katayama, and Senga, each name in the lists in the Books of Tang recorded each subtribal surname of each chief, while the other list in Tang Huiyao recorded the names of the Toquz Oghuz tribes proper.
1594:
turned to Bayanchur Khan for assistance in 756. The khagan of the Uyghur Khaganate agreed and ordered his eldest son to provide military service to the Tang emperor. Approximately 4,000 Uyghur horsemen assisted Tang armies in retaking
1889:
2239:
states that Manichaens tried to divert people from their ancient shamanistic beliefs. A rather partisan account from a Uyghur-Manichean text of that period demonstrates the unbridled enthusiasm of the khaghan for Manichaeism:
2355:
The Uyghurs created an empire with clear Persian influences, particularly in areas of government. Soon after the empire was founded, they emulated sedentary states by establishing a permanent, settled capital, Karabalghasun
1749:"Victorious, glorious, wise", and enforced a new set of laws, which he designed to secure the unity of the khaganate. During his reign, Manichaeism was suppressed, but his successors restored it as the official religion.
1138:
2677:(r. 848–?), (personal name, Mang/Pang Te-qin 厖特勤), sovereign title: Ay Tengride Qut Bolmiş Alp Kutlugh Bilge Qaghan 溫祿登里邏汩沒密施合俱錄毗伽, Chinese title: Huaijian Qaghan 懷建可汗. He moved his political centre to the west.
1880:
6124:
Lee, Juhyeon; Sato, Takehiro; Tajima, Atsushi; Amgalantugs, Tsend; Tsogtbaatar, Batmunkh; Nakagome, Shigeki; Miyake, Toshihiko; Shiraishi, Noriyuki; Jeong, Choongwon; Gakuhari, Takashi (1 March 2024).
1939:), and promptly beheaded him. They went on to destroy other cities throughout the Uyghur empire, burning them to the ground. The Uyghurs fled in two groups. A 30,000-strong group led by the aristocrat
3864:
7912:
1756:
with tribute. Tun demanded 1,800,000 strings of cash in compensation and the Tang agreed to pay this amount in gold and silk. In 789, Tun Bagha Tarkhan died and his son succeeded him as
2108:
in the 1030s. Even so, Kashgari praised contemporary Uyghurs as bilingual Turkophones whose Turkic dialect remained "pure" and "most correct" (just like dialects spoken by monolingual
1556:"State settled, wise". After building a number of trading outposts with the Tang, Bayanchur Khan used the profits to construct the capital, Ordu-Baliq, and another city further up the
1745:, opposed this plan and killed him and "nearly two thousand people from among the kaghan's family, his clique and the Sogdians." Tun Bagha Tarkhan ascended the throne, with the title
1698:
over 10,000. For their aid, the Tang was forced to pay 100,000 pieces of silk to get them to leave. During the campaign the khagan encountered Manichaean priests who converted him to
11746:
1955:
and food. Wuzong found the demands unacceptable and refused. He granted Ormïzt asylum in return for the use of his troops against Öge. Two years later, Wuzong extended the order to
8188:
1982:
The Yenisei Kyrgyz and Tang dynasty launched a successful war between 840 and 848 against the Uyghur Khaganate using their claimed familial ties as justification for an alliance.
1026:, after which the Uyghurs defected to the Tang. Prior to this the Uyghurs had already shown an inclination towards alliances with the Tang when they fought with them against the
1951:, son of Baoyi and the new khagan of the defeated Uyghur Khaganate, also fled to Tang territory. However Öge demanded a Tang city for residence as well as the protection of
6171:
History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting
3857:
7855:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
5163:
Rong, Xinjian (24 October 2022). "Gaochang in the Second Half of the 5th Century and Its Relations with the Rouran Qaghanate and the Kingdoms of the Western Regions".
4645:
2001:
In the fourth moon of 843 an Imperial edict was issued the Manichaean priests of the empire to be killed. The Manichaean priests are highly respected by the Uighurs.
698:
684:
670:
656:
631:
5280:
Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols)
11731:
3850:
2277:
1924:. In the same year, there was a famine and an epidemic, with a particularly severe winter that killed much of the livestock the Uyghur economy was based on.
2049:
who replaced the Uyghur Khaganate were unsophisticated and had little interest in running the empire which they had destroyed. They held the territory from
9976:
9964:
2308:
6224:
The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century – Vol. 4, Part II : The Achievements (History of Civilizations of Central Asia)
2296:
9197:
2320:
861:
6197:
The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages
4764:
5556:
2674:
1760:. The Karluks took this opportunity to encroach on Uyghur territory and annexed Futu Valley. In 790, the Uyghurs and Tang forces were defeated by
9988:
4793:
1854:, and on the battlefield he repulsed a force of invading Tibetans in 821. After defeating the Tibetan and Karluk force, the Uyghurs entered the
1623:
1913:
10575:
2899:
8288:
7439:
4369:
2013:
In 846, the penultimate Uyghur khagan, Öge, was killed after having spent his 6-year reign fighting the Kyrgyz, the supporters of his rival
11716:
10087:
9378:
7824:
76:
4655:
1561:
8799:
8423:
6806:
4727:
2235:
may have been motivated by a desire to show independence from Tang influence. Not all Uyghurs supported conversion - an inscription at
10115:
9028:
7889:
2326:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
9098:
9084:
4174:
4129:
1741:
In 779, Tengri Bögü planned to invade the Tang dynasty based on the advice of his Sogdian courtiers. However, Tengri Bögü's uncle,
1150:
2818:
10173:
10103:
10035:
9108:
9088:
8002:
7857:
6521:
2719:
8602:
966:
empire that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries. It was a tribal confederation under the Orkhon
11528:
10910:
10097:
10092:
9064:
7954:
6395:
5977:
5700:
5288:
5182:
4858:
854:
4874:
1097:. According to Chinese sources, the territory of the Uyghur Empire then reached "on its eastern extremity, the territory of
8896:
8804:
8041:
11434:
1850:"Greatly born in sun heaven, victorious, strong and wise". His achievements included improved trade up with the region of
1775:
In 791, the Tibetans attacked Lingzhou but were driven off by the Uyghurs, who presented captured prisoners and cattle to
55:
9570:
9470:
9290:
9059:
7949:
5495:
4786:
4712:
4625:
1639:. Bayanchur Khan destroyed several of their trading outposts before slaughtering a Kyrgyz army and executing their Khan.
11721:
11580:
10580:
10028:
9774:
9588:
8794:
7547:
6430:
5758:
5729:
2756:
1686:
In 759 the Uyghurs attempted to assist the Tang in stamping out the rebels but failed. Bayanchur Khan died and his son
6499:
10224:
9969:
8154:
6359:
6341:
4759:
4737:
4722:
4717:
4362:
2741:
1931:
and invited them to invade from the north. With a force of around 80,000 horsemen, they sacked the Uyghur capital at
2854:
9759:
9647:
9627:
9371:
8301:
4822:
4665:
4606:
2866:
2801:; c. 17% ±2–3%). The authors note that this is "providing a new piece of information on this understudied period".
847:
11711:
11206:
10074:
8627:
7148:
5746:
4945:
4303:
3541:
10368:
1189:
11736:
10122:
9454:
8821:
8816:
8547:
8324:
8200:
8171:
8125:
7600:
6251:
4779:
4732:
4387:
4316:
2136:, etc.), for incorporating foreign loanwords and "slurring" in their speech. In 1134, Qocho became a vassal of
1076:
5717:
5496:"The Tibetans in the Ordos and North China: Considerations on the Role of the Tibetan Empire in World History"
2809:
Below is a set of images of Buddhist and Manichean Uyghurs, found from the Bezeklik caves and Mogao grottoes.
11644:
8607:
8517:
8166:
8093:
7882:
7819:
7434:
6848:
3898:
3610:
3603:
2371:
The khaghan maintained his court there and decided the policies of the empire. With no fixed settlement, the
299:
2789:
An Uyghur remain (GD1-3) analysed in a 2024 study was found to have carried primarily ancestry derived from
1540:
11639:
11523:
9835:
9595:
8826:
8592:
8577:
8278:
8135:
7482:
4812:
4355:
4326:
4299:
4269:
1526:
9784:
8208:
4407:
11726:
11649:
10686:
9364:
8617:
8612:
8542:
8306:
8147:
6514:
2223:, the Uyghurs established a trading relationship with the Sogdian merchants who controlled some oases of
2181:(940–1212). Some historians associate the Karakhanids with the Uyghurs as the Yaghmas were linked to the
1956:
1846:, succeeded him. Chongde was considered the last great khagan of the Uyghur Khaganate and bore the title
1735:
5952:
1811:"Greatly born in moon heaven, victorious, glorious, great and wise qaghan", founding a new dynasty, the
10144:
9632:
9466:
9417:
9222:
9189:
9151:
9076:
8831:
8459:
7368:
6352:
The Uighur Empire: According to the T'ang Dynastic Histories, A Study in Sino-Uighur Relations, 744–840
4336:
2706:
A 2020 study analyzed the genetic ancestry of 12 Uyghur Khaganate individuals c. 9th Century C.E. from
2069:
seized the Orkhon Valley from the Kyrgyz in 890 and no further opposition from the Kyrgyz is recorded.
2730:. The admixture between West and East Eurasian sources was estimated to have occurred around the year
11706:
11607:
10755:
10319:
9907:
9667:
9637:
9555:
9412:
9254:
9207:
9164:
9046:
8862:
8622:
8507:
8238:
6111:
4479:
4417:
1855:
1722:
116:
89:
9804:
11565:
11540:
11390:
11049:
11044:
9737:
9269:
9259:
9212:
9202:
9169:
9093:
8979:
8952:
8947:
8889:
8587:
8418:
8120:
7988:
7984:
7875:
7196:
4807:
4279:
4244:
4102:
3805:
3451:
3430:
2842:
2186:
1019:
742:
734:
691:
6489:
2685:
1838:
from the Tibetans. In 816, a Tibetan raid reached within two days' journey of the Uyghur capital,
1608:
had his daughter Uyghur Princess Pijia (毗伽公主) married to Tang dynasty Chinese Prince Li Chengcai (
11751:
11632:
11513:
11054:
11007:
10950:
10649:
10593:
10341:
9753:
9583:
8957:
8582:
8497:
8402:
7992:
7224:
7168:
6915:
6911:
6751:
6569:
6564:
5753:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. BRILL. p. 99.
5724:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. BRILL. p. 92.
4707:
4106:
3459:
2790:
1046:
758:
636:
11654:
11555:
11550:
11238:
11186:
11106:
11039:
10943:
10928:
10821:
10588:
10542:
10383:
10270:
9873:
9865:
9692:
9662:
8942:
8658:
8007:
7980:
7461:
6819:
6796:
6611:
6507:
6485:
6481:
5877:
5570:
5117:
4899:
4675:
4498:
4289:
4098:
3979:
3756:
3621:
3422:
2794:
2085:
2062:
1944:
1776:
1617:
1591:
726:
498:
410:
Territory of the Uyghur Khaganate (745–850), and main contemporary polities in continental Asia
5542:
Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets.The headgear in Iranian history volume I: Pre-Islamic Period
5278:
4848:
11585:
11545:
11358:
11233:
10297:
10287:
10246:
10217:
9565:
9525:
9264:
9230:
9174:
8811:
8774:
8567:
8098:
7691:
7645:
7253:
5967:
5690:
4702:
4396:
3928:
3908:
3903:
3335:
1783:. The captured Tibetan general Zan Rgyal sum was sent to Dezong. In 792, the Uyghurs, led by
17:
11473:
1799:. They were besieged by Baoyi there and destroyed. In 795, Qutluq Bilge Qaghan died and the
11678:
11508:
11478:
11353:
11284:
11255:
11174:
10508:
10346:
10336:
10180:
10166:
9732:
9642:
9550:
9446:
9407:
9296:
9159:
9103:
8562:
8439:
8014:
7844:
6907:
6626:
6581:
5261:
3949:
3938:
3923:
3109:
2830:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2410:
2404:
1181:
1085:
663:
535:
11458:
2384:
The following list is based on Yihong Pan's "Sui-Tang Foreign Policy: Four case studies".
8:
11370:
11250:
11216:
11118:
10938:
10933:
10745:
10464:
10400:
10275:
10260:
9850:
9622:
9614:
9520:
9054:
8989:
8882:
8748:
8713:
8693:
8597:
8572:
8532:
8296:
8130:
8036:
7921:
7585:
7204:
6829:
6651:
6126:"Medieval genomes from eastern Mongolia share a stable genetic profile over a millennium"
4817:
4538:
4224:
4009:
3918:
3880:
3589:
3199:
2508:
2502:
2199:
2178:
2157:
1769:
1583:
909:
891:
798:
649:
461:
127:
11086:
11076:
6494:
6114:, S2C_SexHaplogroups, Supplementary Materials GUID: E914F9CE-9ED4-4E0F-9172-5A54A08E9F6B
5630:"Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840"
2104:, were "the strongest of the infidels", while the Ganzhou Uyghurs were conquered by the
11483:
11463:
11446:
11397:
11262:
11071:
11022:
10955:
10873:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10760:
10730:
10622:
10520:
10388:
10363:
9993:
9981:
9855:
9747:
9722:
9545:
9482:
9478:
8527:
8522:
8469:
8344:
7580:
7429:
7402:
6636:
6529:
6312:
6304:
6096:
6063:
5649:
5550:
5219:
4962:
4019:
3999:
3969:
3959:
3933:
3913:
3706:
3577:
2727:
2696:
2145:
2101:
2084:
After the fall of the Uyghur Khaganate, the Uyghurs migrated south and established the
2041:
Uyghur king from Turfan region attended by servants. Mogao cave 409, 11th–13th century.
1609:
6464:
5403:
5049:
1970:
11741:
11592:
11488:
11424:
11419:
11348:
11245:
10960:
10888:
10883:
10725:
10654:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10427:
10378:
10139:
10109:
10081:
9727:
9437:
9329:
8850:
8784:
8557:
8552:
8537:
8489:
8444:
8329:
8253:
8248:
8232:
7961:
7721:
7640:
7393:
7140:
6814:
6726:
6701:
6691:
6686:
6656:
6596:
6426:
6391:
6355:
6337:
6316:
6247:
6147:
6101:
6083:
5973:
5754:
5725:
5696:
5540:
5284:
5249:
5178:
4911:
4854:
4615:
4528:
3565:
3331:
3262:
2752:
2489:
2483:
1757:
1057:
790:
385:
354:
2057:
in the west and left Kulug Bagha, the Uyghur who defected to them, in charge of the
11441:
11228:
11223:
11179:
11166:
11096:
11064:
10923:
10918:
10900:
10861:
10794:
10777:
10718:
10708:
10703:
10644:
10600:
10570:
10530:
10513:
10496:
10459:
10210:
9769:
9764:
9530:
9462:
9235:
9004:
8932:
8268:
8103:
8063:
7966:
7686:
7666:
7444:
7220:
7208:
7200:
7188:
7164:
7156:
7144:
7125:
7078:
6980:
6943:
6834:
6771:
6766:
6731:
6681:
6606:
6586:
6546:
6477:
6461:
6296:
6137:
6091:
6075:
6013:
5883:
5641:
5579:
5412:
5170:
5126:
4954:
4488:
4084:
4029:
3683:
3376:
3279:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3145:
3100:
3091:
3074:
2467:
2461:
2448:
2442:
2162:
2093:
1816:
1742:
1687:
1176:
1170:
1142:
943:
923:
806:
677:
374:
224:
7676:
6576:
1710:
11659:
11627:
11500:
11468:
11451:
11407:
11402:
11380:
11375:
11333:
11326:
11301:
11161:
11156:
10997:
10878:
10772:
10767:
10735:
10560:
10550:
10444:
10437:
10432:
10417:
10373:
10255:
10241:
9912:
9794:
9684:
9325:
9318:
9308:
9018:
8743:
8698:
8512:
8273:
8263:
8088:
8083:
7840:
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
7522:
7499:
7472:
7212:
7184:
7180:
7152:
7121:
7058:
7015:
6998:
6824:
6786:
6721:
6706:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6646:
6641:
6631:
6621:
6601:
6591:
6559:
6241:
4234:
4039:
3770:
3742:
3440:
3253:
3244:
3226:
3163:
3136:
3127:
2603:
2597:
1927:
In 840, one of nine Uyghur ministers, Kulug Bagha, rival of Kurebir, fled to the
1864:
1702:. From then on the official religion of the Uyghur Khaganate became Manichaeism.
1647:
day of the fifth month of the first year of the Qianyuan reign , The envoys from
1568:
1102:
11081:
949:
929:
11602:
11597:
11560:
11535:
11518:
11429:
11414:
11385:
11343:
11191:
11151:
11146:
11101:
11027:
10987:
10977:
10967:
10782:
10661:
10555:
10422:
10304:
10005:
9657:
9458:
9401:
9037:
9013:
8964:
8914:
8789:
8723:
8688:
8653:
8502:
8354:
8142:
8078:
8021:
7834:
7731:
7711:
7605:
7590:
7555:
7456:
7228:
7216:
7192:
7172:
7133:
7082:
7043:
6948:
6938:
6857:
6791:
6776:
6756:
6741:
6736:
6711:
6696:
6616:
6554:
6537:
6079:
5860:
4940:
4936:
4635:
4588:
3989:
3763:
3362:
3352:
3235:
3217:
3208:
3154:
3118:
2912:
2888:
2744:
2566:
2561:
2429:
2423:
2046:
1960:
1928:
1843:
1835:
1761:
1715:
1636:
1605:
1549:
1093:), claiming to be the supreme ruler of all the tribes. He built his capital at
1031:
1027:
963:
466:
423:
396:
288:
6495:
Die chinesische Inschrift auf dem uigurischen Denkmal in Kara Balgassun (1896)
6300:
5174:
82:
11700:
11683:
11570:
11365:
11338:
11311:
11289:
11267:
11034:
11017:
11002:
10846:
10799:
10787:
10713:
10605:
10479:
10474:
10449:
10331:
10014:
9814:
9515:
9345:
9179:
9131:
8999:
8994:
8937:
8733:
8703:
8678:
8464:
8243:
8218:
8176:
8159:
8110:
8053:
7976:
7767:
7757:
7560:
7449:
7348:
7303:
7176:
7098:
7094:
7064:
7008:
6993:
6958:
6865:
6781:
6761:
6746:
6151:
6087:
4915:
4578:
4558:
4518:
4214:
4194:
4184:
4094:
4074:
3830:
3819:
3669:
3412:
3011:
2738:
2691:
2584:
2579:
2361:
2153:
2105:
2066:
2058:
1906:. Turkic, 8th century or 9th century CE. Museum für Asiatische Kunst, Berlin.
1860:
1800:
1731:
1567:
In 751, the Tang Empire suffered a strategic defeat against the Arabs at the
1557:
1185:
1098:
830:
782:
332:
235:
202:
193:
62:
11111:
11091:
9789:
8874:
6332:
Mackerras, Colin (1990), "Chapter 12 - The Uighurs", in Sinor, Denis (ed.),
6142:
6125:
5210:
Senga, T. (1990). "The Toquz Oghuz Problem and the Origins of the Khazars".
5164:
4958:
2137:
11575:
11316:
11306:
11272:
11201:
11196:
11123:
10913:
10895:
10856:
10851:
10831:
10826:
10698:
10691:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10565:
10503:
10484:
10469:
10405:
10042:
9717:
9601:
9335:
9301:
9136:
9118:
8753:
8738:
8683:
8668:
8663:
8449:
8316:
8115:
8058:
7997:
7746:
7532:
7160:
7102:
7086:
7048:
6900:
6870:
6105:
5266:
ChinaKnowledge.de – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
4568:
4204:
4149:
3793:
3505:
3472:
3401:
2966:
2748:
2711:
2662:
2654:
2638:
2627:
2616:
2548:
2543:
2224:
2149:
2054:
2026:
2018:
1948:
1935:, razing it to the ground. The Kyrgyz captured the Uyghur Khagan, Kürebir (
1921:
1831:
1784:
1727:
1678:
1587:
1572:
1023:
1012:
919:
915:
548:
182:
5936:
Prof. R. Roemer, ed. (1984). "The Uighur Empire of Mongolia (chapter 5)".
4941:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
1947:
ordered the borders to be closed. The other group, 100,000 strong, led by
1867:. In the same year, the Tibetan Empire failed to make war on the Uyghurs.
1812:
1779:. The Tibetans and Karluks suffered another defeat against the Uyghurs at
11294:
11279:
11128:
10841:
10750:
10740:
10666:
10314:
10309:
9779:
9540:
9496:
9387:
9126:
8728:
8718:
8474:
8397:
8228:
8068:
8048:
7944:
7908:
7736:
7388:
7333:
7038:
6968:
5223:
4548:
3888:
3444:
2930:
2284:
2228:
2182:
2141:
2050:
1952:
1753:
1699:
1596:
1514:
1157:
1106:
990:
482:
437:
171:
138:
11321:
11138:
11012:
10972:
10905:
9938:
9933:
9742:
9474:
9340:
9242:
9141:
8905:
8673:
8479:
8367:
7929:
7716:
7681:
7537:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7378:
6716:
6243:
Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History
6017:
4966:
3781:
3730:
3657:
3517:
2798:
2700:
2357:
2345:
2236:
2037:
2014:
1940:
1932:
1899:
1839:
1146:
1094:
822:
442:
7343:
6308:
5653:
5629:
3529:
2722:
ancestry. The sample also carried substantial (~40%) ancestry from an
1863:. In 832, Qasar was murdered. He was succeeded by the son of Chongde,
1065:
766:
11211:
10982:
10866:
10836:
10617:
10491:
10282:
10160:
9959:
9928:
9702:
9575:
9535:
8779:
8708:
8258:
8222:
8213:
7762:
7741:
7706:
7701:
7650:
7610:
7595:
7565:
7468:
7419:
7328:
7090:
7003:
6963:
6884:
6880:
6032:
5859:
Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by
4119:
3645:
3493:
3317:
3293:
3065:
2975:
2723:
2530:
2521:
2365:
2220:
1993:
1804:
1765:
1655:
and others, totaling eighty people, and an emir from the Black-robed
1613:
1579:
419:
279:
268:
7751:
5814:
4898:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).
1616:. while the Tang dynasty Chinese princess Ningguo 寧國公主, daughter of
10612:
10395:
10353:
10292:
9840:
9799:
9712:
9697:
9674:
9560:
9422:
8643:
8454:
8387:
8073:
7971:
7898:
7793:
7726:
7671:
7620:
7575:
7424:
7398:
7373:
7323:
7298:
7115:
6928:
6892:
6876:
5645:
4827:
3718:
3387:
3289:
3002:
2939:
2707:
2349:
2264:
2232:
1975:
1964:
1903:
1827:
1791:. Not long after the Tibetans attacked Yushu, a fortified town 560
1788:
1628:
511:
493:
488:
310:
213:
7867:
6064:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
6037:
Turkic Stelae of Central and Inner Asia: 6th - 13th Centuries C.E.
3307:
1145:, third Khagan of the Uyghurs, in a suit of armour, converting to
1116:
In 745, the Uyghurs killed the last khagan of the Göktürks, Báiméi
10525:
10454:
10410:
10265:
10195:: † mainly a Tengrist text but recorded in a Manichaean monastery
10021:
9943:
9489:
9313:
8984:
8927:
8922:
8769:
8648:
8382:
8362:
8334:
7939:
7803:
7783:
7696:
7313:
7308:
7288:
7241:
7110:
7028:
6973:
6953:
6933:
6923:
6888:
4508:
4426:
4064:
3694:
3481:
3056:
3020:
2984:
2957:
2948:
2921:
2372:
2194:
2170:
2117:
2022:
1986:
1780:
1752:
In 780, a group of Uyghurs and Sogdians was killed while leaving
1600:
1548:
In 747, Qutlugh Bilge Köl Kaghan died, leaving his youngest son,
1110:
1038:
967:
814:
750:
363:
160:
10326:
6289:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
2100:. The Uyghurs in Qocho converted to Buddhism, and, according to
10358:
10233:
9845:
9819:
9707:
9652:
8392:
8377:
8372:
7934:
7829:
7788:
7570:
7527:
7477:
7338:
7293:
7283:
7267:
7261:
7246:
7236:
7072:
7033:
7023:
6988:
4453:
3047:
3038:
3029:
2731:
2260:
2256:
2152:, and the Uyghurs became important civil servants in the later
2144:
empire. In 1209, the Qocho ruler Idiqut (" Lord of happiness")
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2097:
1917:
1851:
1726:
Uyghur Khaganate "Durvuljin" tombs, near the Uyghur capital of
1117:
1061:
1053:
1042:
985:
955:
935:
343:
259:
248:
149:
98:
9356:
6414:
Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War
6206:
China's last Nomads: the history and culture of China's Kazaks
5890:俄而渠長句錄莫賀與黠戛斯合騎十萬攻回鶻城，殺可汗，誅掘羅勿，焚其牙，諸部潰其相馺職與厖特勒十五部奔葛邏祿，殘眾入吐蕃、安西。
5545:. Siedlce-Tehran: K. Maksymiuk & G. Karamian. p. 253.
2793:(c. 83% ±2–3%) with the remainder ancestry being derived from
2231:
was one aspect of this relationship—choosing Manichaeism over
10992:
9247:
8339:
8183:
8031:
7798:
7383:
7318:
7053:
5953:"Sogdians in China: a short history and some new discoveries"
4444:
3633:
3321:
3303:
2993:
2715:
2341:
2288:
2211:
2190:
2174:
2113:
2109:
2089:
2006:
1912:
In 839, Hu was forced to commit suicide and a minister named
1796:
977:
321:
5815:"The Yenisei Kyrgyz from Early Times to the Mongol Conquest"
5611:
5609:
2116:); meanwhile, Kashgari derided other bilingual Turkophones (
1768:). Külüg Qaghan died, and his son, A-ch'o, succeeded him as
9427:
8969:
7839:
7615:
6189:
The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors
5969:
Iran and China: A New Approach to Their Bilateral Relations
5440:
5330:
5088:
5086:
5084:
4462:
4435:
1635:
In 758, the Uyghurs turned their attention to the northern
1575:, allowing the Uyghur to emerge as the new dominant power.
1011:
In the mid-5th century, Uyghurs constituted a tribe of the
10202:
5386:
5384:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5230:
5166:
The Silk Road and Cultural Exchanges between East and West
5146:
5144:
2804:
1627:
Uyghur princes wearing Chinese-styled robes and headgear.
5938:
Guo ji zhongguo bian jiang xue shu hui yi lun wen chu gao
5606:
5539:
SKUPNIEWICZ, Patryk (Siedlce University, Poland) (2017).
5347:
5345:
5191:
5071:
5069:
5054:
2364:
imperial capital, northwest of the later Mongol capital,
2302:
Uyghur Manichaean Electae (female Chosen ones) from Qocho
1121:
11747:
States and territories disestablished in the 9th century
6123:
5897:
5772:
5770:
5672:
5670:
5081:
4997:
Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources
1517:
manuscript has 骨崙屋骨恐; Ulrich Theobald (2012) amended 恐 (
902:
5991:
5989:
5782:
5505:
5452:
5381:
5369:
5301:
5141:
2737:
Of the 5 Uyghur males analyzed, 4 (or 80%) carried the
2531:
Ay Tengride Ulugh Bolmish Alp Qutluq Külüg Bilge Qaghan
2166:, a third group went to seek refuge among the Karluks.
1809:
Ay Tängridä ülüg bulmïsh alp qutlugh ulugh bilgä qaghan
7825:
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
5841:
5522:
5520:
5342:
5066:
5030:
5018:
2449:
Tengrida Qut Bolmish El Tutmish Alp Külüg Bilge Qaghan
1985:
In 841, Öge led the Uyghurs in an invasion of today's
1834:, succeeded him. In the same year, the Uyghurs seized
1160:, vol. 98, listed nine Toquz Oghuz surname tribes (姓部
5931:
5929:
5794:
5767:
5667:
5357:
7276:
6263:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
5986:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5829:
5594:
5464:
5098:
2169:
The Karluks, together with other tribes such as the
1192:
Scroll" with those recorded by Han Chinese authors.
1109:, so it covered the entire territory of the ancient
6425:, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
6325:
The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1–2
6287:Henning, W.B. (1938), "Argi and the "Tokharians"",
6280:
Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492
5517:
5476:
5926:
4850:History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4
2193:, converted to Islam in 932 and seized control of
1807:, declared himself the new qaghan under the title
6406:The First Chinese Travel Record on the Arab World
6043:
5909:
5318:
2903:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
2206:
2197:in 940, giving rise to the new dynasty, known as
2029:, was decisively defeated by Tang forces in 847.
1052:In 744, the Basmyls captured the Turk capital of
11698:
6336:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 317–342,
6180:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China
5042:
4897:
2710:. The sample exhibited high (~60%) but variable
2263:is a list of taxes paid on caravan trade in the
1898:Painted silk fragments of men in armour, from a
5935:
2714:ancestry, modeled as a mixture of Indo-Iranian
2348:, capital of the Uyghur Khaganate (745–840) in
11732:States and territories established in the 740s
5009:
2604:Ay Tengride Qut Bolmish Alp Külüg Bilge Qaghan
2567:Kün Tengride Ulugh Bolmish Küçlüg Bilge Qaghan
10218:
9372:
8904:
8890:
7883:
6515:
6471:
6455:
5888:
5585:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5132:
4900:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
4787:
4363:
3858:
2227:. As described above, the Uyghur adoption of
2215:Manichean scribes from Qocho, 8th–9th century
1125:
1015:, which was also under the Turkic Khaganate.
971:
947:
927:
855:
604:3,100,000 km (1,200,000 sq mi)
11675:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
10088:Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village
7858:State with limited international recognition
5865:Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature
5555:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2759:detected, 58% were of East Eurasian origin (
1787:, defeated the Tibetans and Karluks, taking
6488:(in Chinese). Translation in English here
6257:. Volume 13 of Brill's Inner Asian Library.
5950:
5682:
5538:
4982:Four studies on the history of Central Asia
4929:
2775:) while 41% were of West Eurasian origin (
1848:Kün tengride ülüg bulmïsh alp küchlüg bilge
1068:, whom they defeated and conquered in 766.
10225:
10211:
9379:
9365:
8897:
8883:
8800:East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
8424:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
7890:
7876:
6522:
6508:
6370:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
6322:
6012:(Thesis). University of British Columbia.
6010:Sui-Tang foreign policy: four case studies
5060:
4979:
4794:
4780:
4370:
4356:
3865:
3851:
1916:seized the throne with the help of 20,000
1842:. In 821, Baoyi Qaghan died, and his son,
1544:Uyghur princesses from the Bezeklik murals
862:
848:
6491:(most of part 1 and beginning of part 2).
6388:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
6349:
6334:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
6331:
6141:
6095:
6030:
5751:Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800)
5722:Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800)
5262:"Huihe 回紇, Huihu 回鶻, Weiwur 維吾爾, Uyghurs"
5156:
4935:
4891:
2379:
2160:as its official script. According to the
1184:(1938) linked nine names recorded in the
10069:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259
10064:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368
10059:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979
10054:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974
10049:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959
6805:
6367:
6354:, Australian National University Press,
6221:
6194:
6177:
5995:
5972:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 34.
5847:
5788:
5747:"THE UIGHUR-CHINESE CONFLICT OF 840–848"
5718:"THE UIGHUR-CHINESE CONFLICT OF 840–848"
5634:Journal of the American Oriental Society
5511:
5458:
5446:
5390:
5375:
5351:
5336:
5312:
5150:
4846:
2684:
2585:Ay Tengride Qut Bolmish Alp Bilge Qaghan
2549:Ay Tengride Qut Bolmish Alp Bilge Qaghan
2434:Yingwu Weiyuan Pijia Qaghan (英武威遠毗伽闕可汗)
2340:
2210:
2036:
1969:
1721:
1709:
1622:
1539:
1137:
11499:
10174:Story of the Twin Dragons of Great Tang
8003:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
6423:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
6286:
6277:
5688:
5236:
5075:
2805:Buddhist and Manichean Uyghur artifacts
2720:Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex
2430:Tengrida Bolmish El Etmish Bilge Qaghan
2287:Elect depicted on a temple banner from
1612:), Prince of Dunhuang (敦煌王李承采), son of
14:
11699:
10116:Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation
6268:
6260:
6239:
6230:
6212:
6203:
6186:
6168:
6130:Human Population Genetics and Genomics
5863:in collaboration with James Kelly. In
5835:
5812:
5800:
5776:
5744:
5715:
5689:Dardess, John W. (10 September 2010).
5676:
5627:
5615:
5600:
5470:
5363:
5197:
5036:
5024:
2860:Uyghur prince from the Bezeklik murals
2314:Uyghur Manichaean clergymen from Qocho
1830:. In 808, Qutluq II died and his son,
1571:. After that, the Tang retreated from
1525:) & proposed that 屋骨思 transcribed
1071:The Uyghur khagan's personal name was
277:
266:
257:
158:
147:
136:
125:
114:
87:
10206:
10098:Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918
10093:Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286
9360:
8878:
7955:Chief Official of the Western Regions
7871:
6503:
6420:
6385:
6062:Jeong, Choongwon (12 November 2020).
6061:
6049:
6031:Swendseid, Katrina (1 January 2018).
5920:
5903:
5277:Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019).
5209:
5104:
5092:
2872:Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals
2824:Uyghur woman from the Bezeklik murals
1133:
394:
341:
330:
319:
286:
246:
233:
222:
211:
200:
191:
180:
169:
105:
96:
10036:Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work
8857:
8042:Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin
6411:
6376:
5965:
5695:. Hackett Publishing. pp. 32–.
5526:
5482:
5429:) was referred to as Shen-tu Valley
5276:
5162:
4994:
2219:In order to control trade along the
1943:sought refuge in Tang territory but
895:
383:
361:
352:
297:
11717:Former countries in Chinese history
9760:Huichang Persecution of Manichaeism
9571:Incomplete scripture of Manichaeism
9291:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
9060:Protectorate of the Western Regions
7950:Protectorate of the Western Regions
7897:
6438:
6403:
6215:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia
6007:
5324:
4626:Governor-Generalship of the Steppes
4304:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
2360:), built on the site of the former
1620:, married Uyghur Khagan Bayanchur.
372:
308:
24:
9589:Sogdian-language Manichaean letter
8795:East Turkistan Government in Exile
8603:2014 China–Vietnam border shootout
6448:
6323:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964),
6222:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2000),
5420:葛祿乘勝取回紇之浮圖川，回紇震恐，悉遷西北部落羊馬於牙帳之南以避之。
2898:
2474:Changshou Tianqin Qaghan (長壽天親可汗)
1130:), and sent his head to the Tang.
27:744–848 Turkic empire in East Asia
25:
11763:
6235:, Istanbul: Istanbul publications
5966:Azad, Shirzad (9 February 2017).
4904:Journal of World-Systems Research
4847:Bosworth, C.E. (1 January 1998).
4760:Outline of Kazak military history
1105:, on the south it controlled the
9648:Two Principles and Three Moments
9436:
9027:
8856:
8845:
8844:
8302:Xinjiang Agricultural University
6847:
6531:
6195:Beckwith, Christopher I (1987),
6110:Haplogroup information found in
5813:Drompp, Michael (January 2002),
4823:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
4406:
3887:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2336:
2327:Fresco of Palm Sunday from Qocho
2319:
2307:
2295:
2276:
1888:
1879:
1149:in 762. 8th century manuscript (
696:
682:
668:
654:
629:
81:
75:
54:
9386:
8628:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
7830:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
6240:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005),
6162:
6117:
6055:
6024:
6001:
5959:
5944:
5870:
5853:
5825:, Ankara: Yeni Türkiye: 480–488
5806:
5738:
5709:
5621:
5563:
5532:
5488:
5423:(In Xin Tangshu, Fu-tu valley (
5396:
5270:
5254:
5242:
5203:
5110:
4946:International Studies Quarterly
2747:, while 1 (or 20%) carried the
2726:source, closely related to the
2472:Wuyi Chenggong Qaghan (武義成功可汗)
1508:
976:) nobility, referred to by the
10123:Veneration of the Tree of Life
9455:Seven treatises of Manichaeism
8548:September 2009 Xinjiang unrest
8172:Second East Turkestan Republic
8126:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
6472:
6456:
6390:, Cambridge University Press,
5889:
5586:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5133:
5003:
4988:
4973:
4867:
4840:
2207:Relationship with the Sogdians
2189:, believed to be a Yagma from
1164:); another list of tribes (部落
1080:
972:
13:
1:
8440:Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb
8167:First East Turkestan Republic
8094:Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
7820:Organization of Turkic States
6379:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang
6271:Central Asia in World History
6233:The history of East Turkestan
5749:. In Cosmo, Nicola Di (ed.).
5720:. In Cosmo, Nicola Di (ed.).
4833:
4765:Bibliography of Kazak history
2889:History of the Turkic peoples
2032:
1826:In 803, the Uyghurs captured
1535:
1091:Glorious, wise, mighty khagan
10104:Painting of the Buddha Jesus
10075:Mani's Community Established
9596:Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts
8593:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
8578:Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554
8136:Holy War of the Seven Khojas
6416:, University of Hawaii Press
6199:, Princeton University Press
5012:Four Studies on Central Asia
4813:History of the Uyghur people
2268:controlling the Silk Roads.
2017:, a brother of Kürebir, and
1803:came to an end. A general,
1631:, Cave 9, 9–12th century CE.
914:'Nine clan people',
903:
7:
10232:
8618:Assassination of Juma Tayir
8307:Xinjiang Medical University
6372:, Columbia University Press
6368:Millward, James A. (2007),
5745:Drompp, Michael R. (2018).
5716:Drompp, Michael R. (2018).
5628:Drompp, Michael R. (1999).
5169:. Brill. pp. 577–578.
3695:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
3542:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
2880:
2680:
2148:declared his allegiance to
1992:In 843, a Tang army led by
1736:National Museum of Mongolia
815:Cuman–Kipchak confederation
10:
11768:
10145:Manichaean (Unicode block)
9633:Zarathustra in Manichaeism
9434:
9160:against Northwest khanates
8822:China–Kyrgyzstan relations
8817:China–Kazakhstan relations
8184:People's Republic of China
6187:Baumer, Christoph (2012),
6080:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
5951:de la Vaissière, Étienne.
5867:. (1982). Part I. p. 82-84
3302:Chief gods and goddesses:
2021:troops in Ordos and today
1705:
1001:
11722:Former monarchies of Asia
11668:
11620:
11137:
10541:
10240:
10190:
10153:
10132:
10004:
9952:
9921:
9900:
9864:
9828:
9683:
9638:The Buddha in Manichaeism
9613:
9556:Dunhuang Manichaean texts
9506:
9445:
9394:
9282:
9221:
9188:
9150:
9117:
9075:
9045:
9036:
9025:
8913:
8840:
8762:
8636:
8623:Xinjiang internment camps
8488:
8432:
8411:
8353:
8315:
8287:
8199:
7920:
7906:
7853:
7812:
7776:
7659:
7633:
7546:
7498:
7491:
7412:
7361:
6856:
6845:
6545:
6350:Mackerras, Colin (1972),
6301:10.1017/S0041977X0007837X
6273:, Oxford University Press
6269:Golden, Peter B. (2011),
6261:Golden, Peter B. (1992),
6178:Barfield, Thomas (1989),
6033:"Turkic Stelae - Figures"
5692:Governing China: 150–1850
5175:10.1163/9789004512597_006
3723:11th century–13th century
1856:Principality of Ushrusana
1820:
1204:Tribal name in Old Turkic
1126:
948:
928:
608:
600:
595:
591:
581:
571:
567:
559:
555:
542:
529:
525:
517:
507:
475:
454:
430:
415:
70:
51:
46:
32:
8953:Western Turkic Khaganate
8948:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
8827:China–Pakistan relations
8608:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
8588:June 2013 Shanshan riots
8518:1997 Ürümqi bus bombings
8279:Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway
7435:Timeline of the Göktürks
5878:
5574:
5407:
5212:Journal of Asian History
5121:
5048:Chapter 195, Huihe. See
4808:History of Turkic people
4107:Second Turkic Khaganates
3806:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
3452:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
3431:Western Turkic Khaganate
3377:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
2791:Ancient Northeast Asians
2513:Fengcheng Qaghan (奉誠可汗)
2494:Zhongzhen Qaghan (忠貞可汗)
2468:Alp Qutlugh Bilge Qaghan
2411:Qutlugh Bilge Köl Qaghan
2187:Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan
1690:succeeded him as Khagan
1614:Li Shouli, Prince of Bin
1056:and killed the reigning
1020:Western Turkic Khaganate
918:-era names, with modern
896:𐱃𐰆𐰴𐰕:𐰆𐰍𐰕:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣
807:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
743:Western Turkic Khaganate
735:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
692:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
37:𐱃𐰆𐰴𐰕:𐰆𐰍𐰕:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣
10029:Diagram of the Universe
9754:Three Persian religions
9584:Turpan Manichaean texts
8958:Second Turkic Khaganate
8583:April 2013 Bachu unrest
8403:Chinese Islamic cuisine
6439:Xue, Zongzheng (1992),
6412:Wang, Zhenping (2013),
6377:Rong, Xinjiang (2013),
6143:10.47248/hpgg2404010004
5010:V. V. Barthold (1956).
4995:Levi, Scott C. (2009).
4959:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
4853:. UNESCO. p. 428.
3460:Second Turkic Khaganate
2608:Zhangxin Qaghan (彰信可汗)
1870:
1672:envoy pay their visit .
1086:Kutlug Bilge Kol Khagan
1047:Second Turkic Khaganate
1006:
759:Second Turkic Khaganate
720:Early Turkic Khaganates
637:Second Turkic Khaganate
11712:Turkic peoples of Asia
9663:Xroshtag and Padvaxtag
8943:First Turkic Khaganate
8832:China–Turkey relations
8613:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
8543:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
8148:Reconquest of Xinjiang
8008:Four Garrisons of Anxi
7149:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6421:Xiong, Victor (2008),
6278:Haywood, John (1998),
6204:Benson, Linda (1998),
4676:Republic of Kazakhstan
3980:Munkhkhairkhan culture
3622:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
3423:First Turkic Khaganate
2904:
2795:Western Steppe Herders
2703:
2619:(Usurper) Jueluowu or
2535:Huaixin Qaghan (懷信可汗)
2522:Qutluq II Bilge Qaghan
2415:Huairen Khagan (懷仁可汗)
2380:List of Uyghur Khagans
2352:
2252:
2249:Uyghur-Manichean text.
2216:
2086:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
2082:
2063:Emperor Yizong of Tang
2061:. During the reign of
2042:
2011:
1979:
1945:Emperor Wuzong of Tang
1777:Emperor Dezong of Tang
1738:
1730:, 7th–9th century CE.
1719:
1692:Qutlugh Tarkhan sengün
1684:
1632:
1592:Emperor Suzong of Tang
1545:
1198:Tribal name in Chinese
1168:) was recorded in the
1154:
1064:and conflict with the
727:First Turkic Khaganate
583:• Disestablished
499:Nestorian Christianity
11737:847 disestablishments
11645:Medieval great powers
9566:Manichaean Compendium
9526:Manichaean Psalm Book
9471:The Book of Mysteries
9085:against Western Turks
8812:World Uyghur Congress
8805:Independence movement
8775:Migration to Xinjiang
8568:Pishan hostage crisis
7646:Proto-Turkic language
7277:Extinct Turkic groups
6386:Sinor, Denis (1990),
6231:Bughra, Imin (1983),
6213:Bregel, Yuri (2003),
6169:Asimov, M.S. (1998),
5134:東極室韋，西金山，南控大漠，盡得古匈奴地。
4880:. www.tekedergisi.com
4327:Democratic Revolution
3731:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
3363:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
2902:
2688:
2589:Zhaoli Qaghan (昭禮可汗)
2571:Chonde Qaghan (崇德可汗)
2453:Yingyi Qaghan (英義可汗)
2344:
2242:
2214:
2071:
2040:
1999:
1973:
1725:
1713:
1641:
1626:
1543:
1207:Surname in Old Turkic
1141:
1083:). He took the title
1045:rebelled against the
1037:In 742, the Uyghurs,
455:Common languages
11655:European colonialism
11640:Ancient great powers
10181:The Secret of Heaven
10167:The Gardens of Light
9785:Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri
9643:Jesus in Manichaeism
9551:Medinet Madi library
9297:Greater Central Asia
8563:2011 Kashgar attacks
8508:1992 Ürümqi bombings
8460:Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi
8239:Gurbantünggüt Desert
8015:Beiting Protectorate
7845:World Turks Qurultai
6282:, Barnes & Noble
6008:Pan, Yihong (1990).
5571:"chapter 217 part 2"
5118:"Chapter 217 part 1"
2757:maternal haplogroups
2646:Wujie Qaghan (烏介可汗)
2553:Baoyi Qaghan (保義可汗)
2524:Adie Guduolu, later
2177:, later founded the
2156:, which adapted the
1668:and the Black-robed
1182:Walter Bruno Henning
1022:was defeated by the
664:Gansu Uyghur Kingdom
11650:Modern great powers
9851:Chinese Manichaeism
9623:Father of Greatness
9521:Fundamental Epistle
8749:Ghulam Osman Yaghma
8598:2014 Kunming attack
8573:2012 Yecheng attack
8533:2008 Kashgar attack
8433:Visitor attractions
8297:Xinjiang University
8259:Karakoram Mountains
8131:Afaqi Khoja revolts
8037:Kara-Khanid Khanate
7586:Karachay-Cherkessia
6226:, UNESCO Publishing
6173:, UNESCO Publishing
4980:E.J. Brill (1962).
4818:An Lushan Rebellion
4607:Post-nomadic period
4300:People's Revolution
4270:National Revolution
4225:Oirat Confederation
4010:Deer stones culture
3881:History of Mongolia
3611:Eastern Kara-Khanid
3604:Western Kara-Khanid
3590:Kara-Khanid Khanate
2742:paternal haplogroup
2509:Qutluq Bilge Qaghan
2503:Qutluq Bilge Qaghan
2426:Yaoluoge Moyanchuo
2405:Kutlug Bilge Qaghan
2179:Kara-Khanid Khanate
2158:Old Uyghur alphabet
2053:in the east to the
1770:Qutluq Bilge Qaghan
1552:to reign as Khagan
1213:Surname in Chinese
1201:Tribal name in Saka
888:Toquz-Oghuz country
799:Kara-Khanid Khanate
783:Karluk Yabghu State
650:Kara-Khanid Khanate
573:• Established
11727:744 establishments
9977:Flying Road Pagoda
9965:Puxi Fushou Palace
9658:Messenger of Light
9628:Prince of Darkness
9546:Cologne Mani-Codex
9483:Psalms and Prayers
9479:The Book of Giants
8528:2008 Uyghur unrest
8523:2007 Xinjiang raid
8498:1989 Ürümqi unrest
8345:Tocharian clothing
7777:Traditional sports
7581:Kabardino-Balkaria
7201:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
6074:(4): 890–904.e29.
6018:10.14288/1.0098752
5906:, p. 355–357.
5618:, p. 310-311.
5449:, p. 155-156.
5339:, p. 152–153.
5239:, p. 554–558.
5200:, p. 156–157.
5095:, p. 317–342.
4939:(September 1997).
4290:Chinese occupation
4020:Slab-grave culture
4000:Ulaanzuukh culture
3970:Chemurchek culture
3960:Afanasievo culture
3707:Khwarazmian Empire
3578:Karluk Yabgu State
3316:Epics and heroes:
2905:
2728:Slab Grave culture
2704:
2490:Külüg Bilge Qaghan
2486:Yaoluoge Duoluosi
2484:Kulug Bilge Qaghan
2445:Yaoluoge Yidijian
2407:Yaoluoge Yibiaobi
2353:
2217:
2102:Mahmud al-Kashgari
2043:
1980:
1739:
1720:
1633:
1546:
1155:
1134:Tribal composition
1101:, on the west the
984:("Nine Clans"), a
886:, self defined as
11694:
11693:
11616:
11615:
11581:Polish–Lithuanian
10756:Gurjara-Pratihara
10200:
10199:
10140:Manichaean script
10110:Sealstone of Mani
9354:
9353:
9330:Chinese Turkestan
9278:
9277:
9099:Mongolian Plateau
8872:
8871:
8785:Chinese Turkestan
8558:2011 Hotan attack
8553:2010 Aksu bombing
8538:Shaoguan incident
8490:Xinjiang conflict
8445:Flaming Mountains
8335:Meshrep gathering
8254:Turpan Depression
8249:Taklamakan Desert
8233:Southern Xinjiang
8189:PRC incorporation
8155:Republic of China
8099:Dzungar–Qing Wars
7962:Kingdom of Khotan
7865:
7864:
7641:Old Turkic script
7629:
7628:
7440:Timeline 500–1300
7357:
7356:
6843:
6842:
6702:Kipchak languages
6657:Karamanli Turkish
6404:Wan, Lei (2017),
6397:978-0-521-24304-9
6182:, Basil Blackwell
5979:978-1-4985-4458-0
5702:978-1-60384-447-5
5290:978-90-04-39186-4
5184:978-90-04-51259-7
4860:978-92-3-103467-1
4804:
4803:
4728:Eastern Orthodoxy
4687:
4686:
4616:Russian Turkestan
4597:
4596:
4499:Turkic (Göktürks)
4470:
4469:
4380:
4379:
4345:
4344:
4317:People's Republic
4253:
4252:
4158:
4157:
4130:Tang protectorate
4048:
4047:
3875:
3874:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3811:
3799:
3787:
3782:Qarlughid Kingdom
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3646:Pecheneg Khanates
3639:
3627:
3595:
3583:
3571:
3566:Oghuz Yabgu State
3559:
3547:
3535:
3530:Türgesh Khaganate
3523:
3511:
3499:
3487:
3464:
3456:
3435:
3427:
3393:
3368:
3343:
3342:
3270:
3269:
3082:
3081:
2893:
2836:Uyghur princesses
2672:
2671:
2526:Yaoluoge Guduolu
2464:Yaoluoge Dunmohe
2146:Barchuk Art Tegin
1963:, and especially
1801:Yaghlakar dynasty
1747:Alp Qutlugh Bilge
1718:, 7–9th centuries
1714:Campaigns of the
1499:
1498:
913:
901:
872:
871:
791:Oghuz Yabgu State
767:Türgesh Khaganate
712:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
642:
641:
536:Qutlugh Bilge Köl
356:ABBASID CALIPHATE
16:(Redirected from
11759:
11707:Uyghur Khaganate
11497:
11496:
11162:Austro-Hungarian
10862:Chagatai Khanate
10227:
10220:
10213:
10204:
10203:
10022:Book of Pictures
9997:
9985:
9973:
9810:Uyghur Khaganate
9775:East-West Schism
9770:Sergius-Tychicus
9531:Psalms of Thomas
9490:Book of Pictures
9463:Treasure of Life
9440:
9381:
9374:
9367:
9358:
9357:
9043:
9042:
9031:
8899:
8892:
8885:
8876:
8875:
8860:
8859:
8848:
8847:
8269:Kunlun Mountains
8104:Dzungar genocide
8064:Chagatai Khanate
8027:Uyghur Khaganate
7967:Sixteen Kingdoms
7892:
7885:
7878:
7869:
7868:
7687:Tibetan Buddhism
7667:Turkic mythology
7548:Autonomous areas
7500:Sovereign states
7496:
7495:
7274:
7273:
7256:
7231:
7128:
7105:
7067:
7018:
6983:
6944:Crimean Karaites
6918:
6895:
6851:
6803:
6802:
6682:Khorasani Turkic
6536:
6535:
6534:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6501:
6500:
6480:, chapter 217,
6478:New Book of Tang
6475:
6474:
6462:Old Book of Tang
6459:
6458:
6444:
6435:
6417:
6408:
6400:
6382:
6373:
6364:
6346:
6328:
6319:
6283:
6274:
6265:
6256:
6236:
6227:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6191:
6183:
6174:
6156:
6155:
6145:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6099:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5984:
5983:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5933:
5924:
5918:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5884:New Book of Tang
5874:
5868:
5857:
5851:
5845:
5839:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5686:
5680:
5674:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5625:
5619:
5613:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5587:方歲饑，遂疫，又大雪，羊、馬多死
5580:New Book of Tang
5567:
5561:
5560:
5554:
5546:
5536:
5530:
5524:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5421:
5413:Old Book of Tang
5400:
5394:
5388:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5299:
5298:
5274:
5268:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5127:New Book of Tang
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5079:
5073:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5039:, p. 50–51.
5034:
5028:
5027:, p. 16–19.
5022:
5016:
5015:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4879:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4844:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4683:
4612:
4611:
4485:
4484:
4423:
4422:
4410:
4400:
4382:
4381:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4266:
4265:
4179:9th–12th century
4171:
4170:
4140:Uyghur Khaganate
4085:Rouran Khaganate
4061:
4060:
4030:Chandman culture
3956:
3955:
3891:
3877:
3876:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3834:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3684:Sultanate of Rum
3673:
3661:
3658:Ghaznavid Empire
3649:
3637:
3625:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3557:
3554:Uyghur Khaganate
3545:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3497:
3485:
3482:Khazar Khaganate
3462:
3454:
3433:
3425:
3391:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3353:Pre-14th century
3330:Major concepts:
3285:
3284:
3280:Turkic Mythology
3097:
3096:
3092:Turkic Languages
3075:Crimean Karaites
3012:Cherniye Klobuki
2918:
2917:
2892:pre–14th century
2891:
2885:
2884:
2869:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2657:Yaoluoge E'nian
2462:Tun Baga Tarkhan
2424:Bayanchur Qaghan
2387:
2386:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2280:
2250:
2163:New Book of Tang
2094:Kingdom of Qocho
2080:
2009:
1978:, 8th century CE
1892:
1883:
1822:
1743:Tun Baga Tarkhan
1682:
1529:
1512:
1195:
1194:
1177:New Book of Tang
1171:Old Book of Tang
1129:
1128:
1082:
975:
974:
953:
952:
933:
932:
908:
906:
904:Toquz Oγuz budun
900:romanized:
899:
897:
884:Uighur Khaganate
876:Uyghur Khaganate
864:
857:
850:
835:
827:
823:Ghaznavid Empire
819:
811:
803:
795:
787:
779:
775:Uyghur Khaganate
771:
763:
755:
751:Khazar Khaganate
747:
739:
731:
714:
713:
700:
699:
686:
685:
678:Kingdom of Qocho
672:
671:
658:
657:
646:
645:
633:
632:
626:
625:
610:
609:
447:
403:
401:
392:
390:
381:
379:
370:
368:
359:
357:
350:
348:
339:
337:
328:
326:
317:
315:
306:
304:
295:
293:
284:
282:
275:
273:
264:
262:
255:
253:
244:
242:
231:
229:
220:
218:
209:
207:
198:
196:
189:
187:
178:
176:
167:
165:
156:
154:
145:
143:
134:
132:
123:
121:
112:
110:
109:UYGHUR KHAGANATE
103:
101:
94:
92:
85:
79:
58:
40:Toquz Oγuz budun
34:Uyghur Khaganate
30:
29:
21:
11767:
11766:
11762:
11761:
11760:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11697:
11696:
11695:
11690:
11679:American Empire
11664:
11660:African empires
11612:
11495:
11187:Central African
11133:
10951:Romano-Germanic
10537:
10271:Middle Assyrian
10244:
10236:
10231:
10201:
10196:
10186:
10149:
10128:
10000:
9991:
9979:
9967:
9948:
9917:
9896:
9860:
9824:
9795:Synod of Gangra
9679:
9609:
9508:
9502:
9441:
9432:
9390:
9385:
9355:
9350:
9326:Western Regions
9319:Chinese Tartary
9309:Eurasian nomads
9274:
9231:against Dzungar
9217:
9198:against Mongols
9184:
9146:
9113:
9071:
9055:against Xiongnu
9038:Chinese empires
9032:
9023:
8915:Nomadic empires
8909:
8903:
8873:
8868:
8836:
8758:
8744:Shirzat Bawudun
8699:Saifuddin Azizi
8632:
8513:Ghulja incident
8484:
8428:
8419:Cotton industry
8407:
8349:
8311:
8283:
8274:Pamir Mountains
8264:Altai Mountains
8195:
8089:Dzungar Khanate
8084:Yarkent Khanate
7916:
7902:
7896:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7849:
7808:
7772:
7655:
7625:
7542:
7523:Northern Cyprus
7487:
7473:Altai Mountains
7408:
7353:
7272:
7252:
7197:North Macedonia
7139:
7120:
7077:
7063:
7059:Siberian Tatars
7014:
6999:Khorasani Turks
6979:
6906:
6875:
6852:
6839:
6801:
6722:Ottoman Turkish
6642:Karachay-Balkar
6541:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6451:
6449:Further reading
6433:
6398:
6362:
6344:
6254:
6165:
6160:
6159:
6122:
6118:
6060:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6029:
6025:
6006:
6002:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5964:
5960:
5949:
5945:
5934:
5927:
5919:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5858:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5834:
5830:
5811:
5807:
5799:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5687:
5683:
5675:
5668:
5658:
5656:
5626:
5622:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5576:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5548:
5547:
5537:
5533:
5525:
5518:
5510:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5469:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5409:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5382:
5374:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5311:
5302:
5291:
5275:
5271:
5259:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5208:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5142:
5123:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5091:
5082:
5074:
5067:
5061:Latourette 1964
5059:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5008:
5004:
4993:
4989:
4978:
4974:
4937:Taagepera, Rein
4934:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4896:
4892:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4800:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4754:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4697:
4689:
4688:
4681:
4609:
4599:
4598:
4482:
4472:
4471:
4420:
4398:
4391:
4376:
4347:
4346:
4337:Modern Mongolia
4310:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4235:Dzungar Khanate
4175:Mongol khanates
4168:
4167:Medieval period
4160:
4159:
4113:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4040:Pazyryk culture
3953:
3871:
3842:
3841:
3771:Tughlaq dynasty
3743:Delhi Sultanate
3441:Tokhara Yabghus
3402:Tiele (Gaoche)
3367:202 BCE–13th CE
3355:
3345:
3344:
3288:Belief system:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3227:Karachay-Balkar
3094:
3084:
3083:
2915:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2861:
2858:
2849:
2846:
2837:
2834:
2825:
2822:
2807:
2683:
2598:Zhangxin Qaghan
2505:Yaoluoge Achuo
2382:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2315:
2312:
2303:
2300:
2291:
2281:
2251:
2248:
2209:
2081:
2078:
2035:
2025:. His brother,
2010:
2005:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1873:
1708:
1683:
1676:
1653:Duo-yi-hai-a-bo
1569:Battle of Talas
1554:El etmish bilge
1538:
1533:
1532:
1513:
1509:
1210:Surname in Saka
1136:
1103:Altai Mountains
1009:
1004:
868:
839:
838:
833:
825:
817:
809:
801:
793:
785:
777:
769:
761:
753:
745:
737:
729:
722:
721:
697:
683:
669:
655:
630:
584:
574:
545:
544:• 841–847
532:
531:• 744–747
503:
471:
450:
445:
411:
408:
407:
406:
405:
404:
399:
397:
395:
393:
388:
386:
384:
382:
377:
375:
373:
371:
366:
364:
362:
360:
355:
353:
351:
344:
342:
340:
333:
331:
329:
322:
320:
318:
311:
309:
307:
302:Paleo-Siberians
300:
298:
296:
289:
287:
285:
280:
278:
276:
271:
269:
267:
265:
260:
258:
256:
249:
247:
245:
239:
236:
234:
232:
225:
223:
221:
214:
212:
210:
203:
201:
199:
194:
192:
190:
185:
183:
181:
179:
174:
172:
170:
168:
163:
161:
159:
157:
152:
150:
148:
146:
141:
139:
137:
135:
130:
128:
126:
124:
119:
117:
115:
113:
108:
106:
104:
99:
97:
95:
90:
88:
86:
66:
65:
59:
42:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11765:
11755:
11754:
11752:Former empires
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11692:
11691:
11689:
11688:
11687:
11686:
11681:
11672:
11670:
11666:
11665:
11663:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11636:
11635:
11624:
11622:
11618:
11617:
11614:
11613:
11611:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11589:
11588:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11532:
11531:
11526:
11516:
11511:
11505:
11503:
11494:
11493:
11492:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11461:
11456:
11455:
11454:
11444:
11439:
11438:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11417:
11412:
11411:
11410:
11405:
11395:
11394:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11363:
11362:
11361:
11356:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11330:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11299:
11298:
11297:
11292:
11282:
11277:
11276:
11275:
11270:
11260:
11259:
11258:
11253:
11243:
11242:
11241:
11236:
11226:
11221:
11220:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11189:
11184:
11183:
11182:
11177:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11143:
11141:
11135:
11134:
11132:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11115:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11074:
11069:
11068:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11032:
11031:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10964:
10963:
10958:
10948:
10947:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10892:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10871:
10870:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10818:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10792:
10791:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10765:
10764:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10722:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10701:
10696:
10695:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10659:
10658:
10657:
10652:
10642:
10641:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10615:
10610:
10609:
10608:
10598:
10597:
10596:
10591:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10547:
10545:
10543:Post-classical
10539:
10538:
10536:
10535:
10534:
10533:
10523:
10518:
10517:
10516:
10511:
10501:
10500:
10499:
10489:
10488:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10441:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10415:
10414:
10413:
10408:
10398:
10393:
10392:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10350:
10349:
10344:
10342:Middle Kingdom
10339:
10329:
10324:
10323:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10302:
10301:
10300:
10298:Neo-Babylonian
10295:
10290:
10288:Old Babylonian
10280:
10279:
10278:
10273:
10263:
10258:
10252:
10250:
10238:
10237:
10230:
10229:
10222:
10215:
10207:
10198:
10197:
10191:
10188:
10187:
10185:
10184:
10177:
10170:
10163:
10157:
10155:
10151:
10150:
10148:
10147:
10142:
10136:
10134:
10133:Writing system
10130:
10129:
10127:
10126:
10119:
10112:
10107:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10082:Mani's Parents
10078:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10039:
10032:
10025:
10018:
10010:
10008:
10002:
10001:
9999:
9998:
9986:
9974:
9962:
9956:
9954:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9925:
9923:
9919:
9918:
9916:
9915:
9910:
9904:
9902:
9898:
9897:
9895:
9894:
9891:
9888:
9885:
9882:
9879:
9876:
9870:
9868:
9862:
9861:
9859:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9836:See of Babylon
9832:
9830:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9689:
9687:
9681:
9680:
9678:
9677:
9672:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9619:
9617:
9611:
9610:
9608:
9607:
9606:
9605:
9593:
9592:
9591:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9512:
9510:
9507:Extracanonical
9504:
9503:
9501:
9500:
9493:
9486:
9459:Gospel of Mani
9451:
9449:
9443:
9442:
9435:
9433:
9431:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9398:
9396:
9392:
9391:
9384:
9383:
9376:
9369:
9361:
9352:
9351:
9349:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9323:
9322:
9321:
9311:
9306:
9305:
9304:
9294:
9286:
9284:
9283:Related topics
9280:
9279:
9276:
9275:
9273:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9251:
9250:
9240:
9239:
9238:
9227:
9225:
9219:
9218:
9216:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9203:against Turpan
9200:
9194:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9156:
9154:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9123:
9121:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9081:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9069:
9068:
9067:
9065:Chief Official
9057:
9051:
9049:
9040:
9034:
9033:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9010:
9009:
9008:
9007:
8997:
8992:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8961:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8919:
8917:
8911:
8910:
8908:history series
8902:
8901:
8894:
8887:
8879:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8866:
8854:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8797:
8792:
8790:East Turkestan
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8766:
8764:
8760:
8759:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8724:Zhang Chunxian
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8689:Ehmetjan Qasim
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8654:Jahangir Khoja
8651:
8646:
8640:
8638:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8503:Barin uprising
8500:
8494:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8436:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8415:
8413:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8359:
8357:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8325:Doppa Festival
8321:
8319:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8293:
8291:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8226:
8216:
8211:
8205:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8191:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8169:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8145:
8143:General of Ili
8140:
8139:
8138:
8128:
8123:
8113:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8086:
8081:
8079:Turpan Khanate
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8022:Tibetan Empire
8019:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8011:
8010:
7995:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7952:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7926:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7895:
7894:
7887:
7880:
7872:
7863:
7862:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7835:Turkic Academy
7832:
7827:
7822:
7816:
7814:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7780:
7778:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7732:Khalwati order
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7712:Bektashi Order
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7637:
7635:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7591:Karakalpakstan
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7556:Altai Republic
7552:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7504:
7502:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7457:Nomadic empire
7454:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7280:
7278:
7271:
7270:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7225:Western Thrace
7131:
7130:
7129:
7113:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6949:Crimean Tatars
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6868:
6862:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6811:
6809:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6752:Siberian Tatar
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6527:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6468:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6441:Turkic peoples
6436:
6432:978-0810860537
6431:
6418:
6409:
6401:
6396:
6383:
6374:
6365:
6360:
6347:
6342:
6329:
6320:
6295:(3): 545–571,
6284:
6275:
6266:
6258:
6252:
6237:
6228:
6219:
6210:
6201:
6192:
6184:
6175:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6116:
6054:
6042:
6023:
6000:
5985:
5978:
5958:
5943:
5925:
5908:
5896:
5869:
5861:Robert Dankoff
5852:
5840:
5828:
5805:
5803:, p. 181.
5793:
5791:, p. 165.
5781:
5779:, p. 310.
5766:
5760:978-9004391789
5759:
5737:
5731:978-9004391789
5730:
5708:
5701:
5681:
5679:, p. 114.
5666:
5646:10.2307/605932
5640:(3): 390–403.
5620:
5605:
5593:
5562:
5531:
5529:, p. 187.
5516:
5514:, p. 165.
5504:
5487:
5485:, p. 184.
5475:
5463:
5461:, p. 156.
5451:
5439:
5395:
5393:, p. 154.
5380:
5378:, p. 153.
5368:
5366:, p. 194.
5356:
5341:
5329:
5317:
5315:, p. 152.
5300:
5289:
5269:
5253:
5241:
5229:
5202:
5190:
5183:
5155:
5153:, p. 151.
5140:
5109:
5107:, p. 349.
5097:
5080:
5078:, p. 3.2.
5065:
5063:, p. 144.
5053:
5041:
5029:
5017:
5002:
4987:
4972:
4953:(3): 475–504.
4928:
4890:
4866:
4859:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4636:Alash Autonomy
4632:
4631:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4589:Kazakh Khanate
4585:
4584:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:Kangju Kingdom
4450:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4403:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4280:Bogd Khaganate
4276:
4275:
4272:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4059:
4057:Ancient period
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:Sagsai culture
3986:
3985:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3812:
3801:
3800:
3789:
3788:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3764:Khalji dynasty
3760:
3757:Mamluk dynasty
3750:
3749:
3738:
3737:
3726:
3725:
3719:Kerait Khanate
3714:
3713:
3702:
3701:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3677:
3676:
3665:
3664:
3653:
3652:
3641:
3640:
3629:
3628:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3585:
3584:
3573:
3572:
3561:
3560:
3549:
3548:
3537:
3536:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3512:
3501:
3500:
3489:
3488:
3477:
3476:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3457:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2916:
2913:Turkic peoples
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2895:
2894:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2745:Haplogroup R1b
2682:
2679:
2675:Menglig Qaghan
2670:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:Yaoluoge Wuxi
2635:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2621:Yaoluoge Hesa
2613:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2562:Chongde Qaghan
2558:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:Chinese title
2394:
2391:
2390:Personal Name
2381:
2378:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2259:cemetery near
2246:
2208:
2205:
2079:Michael Drompp
2076:
2047:Yenisei Kyrgyz
2034:
2031:
2003:
1974:Soldiers from
1961:Zoroastrianism
1929:Yenisei Kyrgyz
1920:horsemen from
1897:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1836:Liang Province
1762:Tibetan Empire
1716:Tibetan Empire
1707:
1704:
1674:
1637:Yenisei Kyrgyz
1618:Emperor Suzong
1606:Bayanchur Khan
1550:Bayanchur Khan
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1190:Staël-Holstein
1135:
1132:
1028:Tibetan Empire
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
870:
869:
867:
866:
859:
852:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
828:
820:
812:
804:
796:
788:
780:
772:
764:
756:
748:
740:
732:
723:
719:
718:
717:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
694:
688:
687:
680:
674:
673:
666:
660:
659:
652:
643:
640:
639:
634:
622:
621:
616:
606:
605:
602:
598:
597:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
557:
556:
553:
552:
546:
543:
540:
539:
533:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
515:
514:
509:
505:
504:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
479:
477:
473:
472:
470:
469:
467:Middle Chinese
464:
458:
456:
452:
451:
449:
448:
440:
434:
432:
428:
427:
424:Nomadic empire
417:
413:
412:
409:
80:
74:
73:
72:
71:
68:
67:
60:
53:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11764:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11704:
11702:
11685:
11684:Soviet empire
11682:
11680:
11677:
11676:
11674:
11673:
11671:
11669:Miscellaneous
11667:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11634:
11631:
11630:
11629:
11626:
11625:
11623:
11619:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11587:
11584:
11583:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11521:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11502:
11498:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11466:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11453:
11450:
11449:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11400:
11399:
11396:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11368:
11367:
11364:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11304:
11303:
11300:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11287:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11268:German Empire
11266:
11265:
11264:
11261:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11248:
11247:
11244:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11231:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11194:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11172:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11144:
11142:
11140:
11136:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11079:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11037:
11036:
11033:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11010:
11009:
11008:Turco-Persian
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10953:
10952:
10949:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10916:
10915:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10876:
10875:
10872:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10849:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10797:
10796:
10793:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10770:
10769:
10766:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10748:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10660:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10647:
10646:
10643:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10607:
10604:
10603:
10602:
10599:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10586:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10548:
10546:
10544:
10540:
10532:
10529:
10528:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10502:
10498:
10495:
10494:
10493:
10490:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10457:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10420:
10419:
10416:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10403:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10366:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10307:
10306:
10303:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10285:
10284:
10281:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10268:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10243:
10239:
10235:
10228:
10223:
10221:
10216:
10214:
10209:
10208:
10205:
10194:
10189:
10183:
10182:
10178:
10176:
10175:
10171:
10169:
10168:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10158:
10156:
10152:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10131:
10125:
10124:
10120:
10118:
10117:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10105:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10083:
10079:
10077:
10076:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10044:
10040:
10038:
10037:
10033:
10031:
10030:
10026:
10024:
10023:
10019:
10017:
10016:
10015:Birth of Mani
10012:
10011:
10009:
10007:
10003:
9995:
9990:
9989:Leshan Temple
9987:
9983:
9978:
9975:
9971:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9951:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9926:
9924:
9920:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9899:
9892:
9889:
9886:
9883:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9863:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9833:
9831:
9827:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9815:Cangnan Stele
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9755:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9682:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9670:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9620:
9618:
9616:
9612:
9604:
9603:
9599:
9598:
9597:
9594:
9590:
9587:
9586:
9585:
9582:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9516:New Testament
9514:
9513:
9511:
9505:
9499:
9498:
9494:
9492:
9491:
9487:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9448:
9444:
9439:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9403:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9382:
9377:
9375:
9370:
9368:
9363:
9362:
9359:
9347:
9346:Greater China
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9331:
9327:
9324:
9320:
9317:
9316:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9292:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9281:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9249:
9246:
9245:
9244:
9241:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9232:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9224:
9220:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9181:
9180:Northern Yuan
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9153:
9149:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9132:Northern Liao
9130:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9116:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9094:against Tibet
9092:
9090:
9089:Eastern Turks
9086:
9083:
9082:
9080:
9078:
9074:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9035:
9030:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9006:
9003:
9002:
9001:
9000:Mongol Empire
8998:
8996:
8995:Khamag Mongol
8993:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8916:
8912:
8907:
8900:
8895:
8893:
8888:
8886:
8881:
8880:
8877:
8865:
8864:
8855:
8853:
8852:
8843:
8842:
8839:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8770:Uyghur people
8768:
8767:
8765:
8761:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8734:Salih Hudayar
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8704:Rebiya Kadeer
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8679:Sabit Damolla
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8635:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8465:Id Kah Mosque
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8410:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8356:
8352:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8314:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8244:Kumtag Desert
8242:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8220:
8219:Junggar Basin
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8190:
8187:
8186:
8185:
8182:
8178:
8177:Ili Rebellion
8175:
8174:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8161:
8160:Xinjiang Wars
8158:
8157:
8156:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8137:
8134:
8133:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8111:Kumul Khanate
8109:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8054:Mongol Empire
8052:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7914:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7893:
7888:
7886:
7881:
7879:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7859:
7852:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7813:Organizations
7811:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7775:
7769:
7768:Vattisen Yaly
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7658:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7561:Bashkortostan
7559:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7549:
7545:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7494:
7490:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7451:
7450:Turkification
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7360:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7066:
7065:Baraba Tatars
7062:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6850:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6820:Common Turkic
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6798:
6797:Western Yugur
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6612:Crimean Tatar
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6539:
6525:
6520:
6518:
6513:
6511:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6470:Xin Tangshu (
6469:
6466:
6463:
6454:Jiu Tangshu (
6453:
6452:
6442:
6437:
6434:
6428:
6424:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6407:
6402:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6363:
6361:0-7081-0457-6
6357:
6353:
6348:
6345:
6343:0-521-24304-1
6339:
6335:
6330:
6326:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6276:
6272:
6267:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6249:
6245:
6244:
6238:
6234:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6208:, M.E. Sharpe
6207:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6166:
6153:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6107:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6027:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5996:Barfield 1989
5992:
5990:
5981:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5962:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5932:
5930:
5922:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5905:
5900:
5893:
5885:
5881:
5873:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5850:, p. 50.
5849:
5848:Millward 2007
5844:
5838:, p. 47.
5837:
5832:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5797:
5790:
5789:Barfield 1989
5785:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5762:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5733:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5685:
5678:
5673:
5671:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5612:
5610:
5603:, p. 37.
5602:
5597:
5590:
5582:
5581:
5572:
5566:
5558:
5552:
5544:
5543:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5513:
5512:Beckwith 1987
5508:
5497:
5491:
5484:
5479:
5473:, p. 20.
5472:
5467:
5460:
5459:Beckwith 1987
5455:
5448:
5447:Beckwith 1987
5443:
5436:
5415:
5414:
5405:
5404:"Chapter 195"
5399:
5392:
5391:Barfield 1989
5387:
5385:
5377:
5376:Barfield 1989
5372:
5365:
5360:
5354:, p. 70.
5353:
5352:Bosworth 2000
5348:
5346:
5338:
5337:Barfield 1989
5333:
5327:, p. 42.
5326:
5321:
5314:
5313:Barfield 1989
5309:
5307:
5305:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5273:
5267:
5263:
5260:Theobald, U.
5257:
5251:
5248:Tang Huiyao,
5245:
5238:
5233:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5186:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5159:
5152:
5151:Barfield 1989
5147:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5128:
5119:
5113:
5106:
5101:
5094:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5077:
5072:
5070:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5038:
5033:
5026:
5021:
5014:. p. 88.
5013:
5006:
4999:. p. 29.
4998:
4991:
4984:. p. 88.
4983:
4976:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4876:
4870:
4862:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4750:
4749:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4692:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4579:Uzbek Khanate
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4559:Mongol Empire
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4262:Modern period
4259:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4215:Northern Yuan
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:Mongol Empire
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4185:Khamag Mongol
4183:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4075:Xianbei state
4073:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3833:
3832:
3831:Ottoman State
3828:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3820:Bahri dynasty
3817:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3670:Seljuk Empire
3667:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:Sabiri People
3470:
3469:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2848:Uyghur donors
2844:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:East Eurasian
2746:
2743:
2740:
2739:West Eurasian
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:West Eurasian
2709:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Zhaoli Qaghan
2578:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:Turkic title
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2337:Karabalghasun
2328:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2154:Mongol Empire
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:Tangut people
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:Orkhon Valley
2056:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1882:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:at Tingzhou (
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1732:Orkhon Valley
1729:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:instigated a
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:Selenga River
1555:
1551:
1542:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:Gulunwugu(si)
1470:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1186:Saka language
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
999:
997:
996:Toquz Tughluq
993:
992:
987:
983:
979:
969:
965:
961:
957:
951:
945:
941:
937:
931:
925:
921:
917:
911:
905:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:Uyghur Empire
877:
865:
860:
858:
853:
851:
846:
845:
843:
842:
832:
831:Seljuk Empire
829:
824:
821:
816:
813:
808:
805:
800:
797:
792:
789:
784:
781:
776:
773:
768:
765:
760:
757:
752:
749:
744:
741:
736:
733:
728:
725:
724:
716:
715:
695:
693:
690:
689:
681:
679:
676:
675:
667:
665:
662:
661:
653:
651:
648:
647:
644:
638:
635:
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
590:
586:
580:
576:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:
541:
537:
534:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:
510:
506:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
484:
481:
480:
478:
474:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
457:
453:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
402:
391:
380:
369:
358:
349:
347:
338:
336:
327:
325:
316:
314:
305:
303:
294:
292:
283:
274:
263:
254:
252:
243:
241:
230:
228:
219:
217:
208:
206:
197:
188:
177:
166:
155:
144:
133:
122:
111:
102:
93:
84:
78:
69:
64:
63:Yaglakar clan
61:Tamga of the
57:
50:
45:
41:
31:
19:
11435:Contemporary
11285:Indo-Persian
11273:Nazi Germany
11217:Contemporary
11119:Vijayanagara
11059:
11018:Great Seljuk
10929:Thessalonica
10857:Golden Horde
10497:Carthaginian
10276:Neo-Assyrian
10261:Neo-Sumerian
10192:
10179:
10172:
10165:
10121:
10114:
10102:
10080:
10073:
10043:Icon of Mani
10041:
10034:
10027:
10020:
10013:
9901:Commandments
9866:Organisation
9809:
9752:
9718:Shad Ohrmazd
9668:
9602:Moni Guangfo
9600:
9495:
9488:
9467:The Epistles
9336:China proper
9302:Central Asia
9289:
9137:Eastern Liao
9127:Western Liao
8974:
8861:
8849:
8754:Rahile Dawut
8739:Sattar Sawut
8684:Sheng Shicai
8669:Yang Zengxin
8664:Zuo Zongtang
8470:Karakul Lake
8450:Jiaohe ruins
8116:Qing dynasty
8059:Yuan dynasty
8026:
7998:Tang dynasty
7747:Qalandariyya
7722:Christianity
7533:Turkmenistan
7471: /
7462:Turco-Mongol
6901:Azerbaijanis
6467:(in Chinese)
6440:
6422:
6413:
6405:
6387:
6378:
6369:
6351:
6333:
6324:
6292:
6288:
6279:
6270:
6262:
6242:
6232:
6223:
6214:
6205:
6196:
6188:
6179:
6170:
6163:Bibliography
6133:
6129:
6119:
6071:
6067:
6057:
6045:
6039:: Figure 34.
6036:
6026:
6009:
6003:
5968:
5961:
5946:
5937:
5899:
5887:
5872:
5864:
5855:
5843:
5831:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5796:
5784:
5750:
5740:
5721:
5711:
5691:
5684:
5657:. Retrieved
5637:
5633:
5623:
5596:
5584:
5578:
5565:
5541:
5534:
5507:
5490:
5478:
5466:
5454:
5442:
5417:
5411:
5398:
5371:
5359:
5332:
5320:
5294:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5256:
5244:
5237:Henning 1938
5232:
5218:(1): 57–69.
5215:
5211:
5205:
5193:
5165:
5158:
5131:
5125:
5112:
5100:
5076:Haywood 1998
5056:
5044:
5032:
5020:
5011:
5005:
4996:
4990:
4981:
4975:
4950:
4944:
4931:
4921:16 September
4919:. Retrieved
4907:
4903:
4893:
4882:. Retrieved
4869:
4849:
4842:
4646:Kirghiz ASSR
4569:Golden Horde
4341:1990–present
4245:Qing dynasty
4205:Yuan dynasty
4150:Liao dynasty
4139:
4069:209 BC–93 AD
4004:1450–1150 BC
3994:1500–1000 BC
3984:1800–1600 BC
3974:2750–1900 BC
3964:3300–2500 BC
3829:
3818:
3804:
3794:Golden Horde
3792:
3780:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3682:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3609:
3602:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3553:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3506:Kangar Union
3504:
3492:
3480:
3471:
3438:
3411:
3400:
3386:
3375:
3361:
2808:
2788:
2755:. Of the 12
2736:
2705:
2690:
2673:
2663:Enian Qaghan
2655:Enian Qaghan
2628:Qasar Qaghan
2620:
2617:Qasar Qaghan
2600:Yaoluoge Hu
2544:Baoyi Qaghan
2525:
2473:
2383:
2370:
2354:
2253:
2243:
2225:Central Asia
2218:
2198:
2168:
2161:
2150:Genghis Khan
2096:near modern
2083:
2072:
2055:Irtysh River
2044:
2027:Enian Qaghan
2019:Tang dynasty
2012:
2000:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1957:Christianity
1936:
1926:
1911:
1902:Temple near
1847:
1825:
1808:
1792:
1785:Baoyi Qaghan
1774:
1758:Külüg Qaghan
1751:
1746:
1740:
1728:Khara Balgas
1696:
1691:
1685:
1679:Cefu Yuangui
1677:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1588:Tang dynasty
1586:against the
1577:
1573:Central Asia
1566:
1553:
1547:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1442:
1435:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1151:MIK III 4979
1115:
1090:
1084:
1073:Qullığ Boyla
1072:
1070:
1058:Özmiş Khagan
1051:
1036:
1024:Tang dynasty
1018:In 657, the
1017:
1010:
995:
989:
988:of the name
981:
959:
954:;
939:
934:;
920:Hanyu Pinyin
887:
883:
879:
875:
873:
774:
619:Succeeded by
618:
613:
549:Enian Qaghan
345:
334:
323:
312:
301:
290:
250:
237:
226:
215:
204:
107:
39:
11023:Khwarezmian
10956:Carolingian
10761:Rashtrakuta
10465:Shaishunaga
10364:Hellenistic
10347:New Kingdom
10337:Old Kingdom
9992: [
9980: [
9968: [
9908:Three Seals
9805:Persecution
9780:Amr ibn Adi
9765:Bögü Qaghan
9541:Xuastvanift
9497:Shabuhragan
9418:Zarathustra
9388:Manichaeism
9109:Tarim Basin
8729:Ilham Tohti
8719:Wang Lequan
8475:Kizil Caves
8229:Tarim Basin
8069:Moghulistan
8049:Qara Khitai
7945:Han dynasty
7737:Malamatiyya
7389:Pan-Turkism
7369:Grey Wolves
7334:Oghuz Turks
7254:Afghanistan
7039:Qarai Turks
6969:Karakalpaks
6737:Sakha/Yakut
6627:Fuyü Gïrgïs
6582:Azerbaijani
6465:Chapter 195
6443:, 中国社会科学出版社
6327:, Macmillan
5836:Golden 2011
5801:Golden 1992
5777:Baumer 2012
5677:Drompp 2005
5659:4 September
5616:Baumer 2012
5601:Drompp 2005
5471:Bregel 2003
5364:Asimov 1998
5198:Golden 1992
5037:Bughra 1983
5025:Benson 1998
4656:Kazakh ASSR
4549:Qara Khitai
4539:Kara-Khanid
4397:History of
4024:1100–300 BC
4014:1400–700 BC
3950:Prehistoric
3445:Turk Shahis
3392:71 BC–?? AD
3110:Azerbaijani
2931:Oghuz Turks
2751:haplogroup
2443:Bogu Qaghan
2229:Manichaeism
2200:Karakhanids
2183:Toquz Oghuz
2142:Qara Khitai
2140:'s nascent
2051:Lake Baikal
1953:Manichaeans
1700:Manichaeism
1688:Tengri Bögü
1666:Wen-she-shi
1515:Tang Huiyao
1459:Yabūttikari
1232:𐰖𐰍𐰞𐰴𐰺
1158:Tang Huiyao
1143:Bögü Qaghan
1107:Gobi Desert
991:Toquz Oghuz
614:Preceded by
483:Manichaeism
11701:Categories
11593:Portuguese
11474:Revival Le
11464:Vietnamese
11107:Later Tran
11077:Vietnamese
10973:Singhasari
10961:Holy Roman
10585:Bulgarian
10521:Satavahana
10492:Phoenician
10428:Achaemenid
10389:Indo-Greek
10369:Macedonian
10283:Babylonian
10154:In fiction
10006:Visual art
9939:Repentance
9934:Evangelism
9913:Pañcavidyā
9856:Miqlāsiyya
9790:Lü Shinang
9743:Hegemonius
9738:Aphthonius
9509:literature
9475:Pragmateia
9341:Sinosphere
9243:Lifan Yuan
9142:Later Liao
8906:Inner Asia
8674:Jin Shuren
8480:Niya ruins
8398:Tunurkawab
7930:Tocharians
7717:Burkhanism
7682:Aiyy Faith
7601:Nakhchivan
7538:Uzbekistan
7518:Kyrgyzstan
7513:Kazakhstan
7508:Azerbaijan
7379:Burkhanism
7205:Montenegro
7169:Dodecanese
6830:Old Uyghur
6815:Old Turkic
6717:Old Turkic
6652:Karakalpak
6253:9004141294
6050:Jeong 2020
5921:Sinor 1990
5904:Sinor 1990
5105:Sinor 1990
5093:Sinor 1990
5050:wikisource
4910:(2): 222.
4884:2020-01-19
4834:References
4713:Healthcare
4666:Kazakh SSR
4573:1240s–1446
4399:Kazakhstan
4044:600–300 BC
4034:700–300 BC
3518:Turk Shahi
3200:Karakalpak
2799:Sarmatians
2724:East Asian
2701:Kyrgyzstan
2639:Uge Qaghan
2358:Ordu-Baliq
2346:Ordu-Baliq
2285:Manichaean
2237:Ordu-Baliq
2138:Yelü Dashi
2088:in modern
2033:Successors
1937:Hesa/Qasar
1933:Ordu-Baliq
1900:Manichaean
1840:Ordu-Baliq
1664:at once.
1536:Golden Age
1270:(H)Uturqar
1239:Yahīdakari
1147:Manicheism
1095:Ordu-Baliq
892:Old Turkic
818:c.950–1241
508:Government
485:(official)
462:Old Uyghur
443:Ordu-Baliq
120:PRATIHARAS
11586:Couronian
11224:Ethiopian
11212:Manchukuo
11167:Brazilian
11013:Ghaznavid
10983:Srivijaya
10934:Trebizond
10919:Byzantine
10901:North Sea
10896:Norwegian
10884:Almoravid
10867:Ilkhanate
10837:Majapahit
10810:Muromachi
10719:Solomonic
10704:Ethiopian
10618:Caliphate
10551:Aragonese
10379:Ptolemaic
10161:Ming Cult
9953:Buildings
9929:Eucharist
9887:Presbyter
9878:Patriarch
9703:Mar Sisin
9576:Irk Bitig
9536:Kephalaia
9447:Scripture
9413:Sakyamuni
9404:(Founder)
9255:Manchuria
9208:Manchuria
9165:Manchuria
8780:Altishahr
8709:Nur Bekri
8694:Wang Zhen
8659:Yaqub Beg
8289:Education
8223:Dzungaria
8214:Tian Shan
8201:Geography
8121:Qing rule
7763:Zahediyeh
7758:Safaviyya
7707:Bayramiye
7702:Batiniyya
7677:Shamanism
7660:Religions
7651:Turkology
7611:Tatarstan
7596:Khakassia
7566:Chuvashia
7492:Locations
7469:Tian Shan
7445:Migration
7420:Turkestan
7403:Hungarian
7394:Turkesism
7091:Kryashens
7079:Astrakhan
7004:Krymchaks
6964:Karachays
6885:Telengits
6881:Kumandins
6807:Alphabets
6637:Ili Turki
6547:Languages
6317:161147644
6246:, Brill,
6152:2770-5005
6088:0092-8674
5940:. Taipei.
5819:The Turks
5551:cite book
5527:Wang 2013
5483:Wang 2013
5283:. BRILL.
5224:419253799
4916:1076-156X
4708:Geography
4670:1936–1991
4660:1925–1936
4650:1920–1925
4640:1918–1920
4630:1882–1918
4620:1867–1918
4593:1465–1847
4583:1428-1465
4563:1206–1368
4553:1124–1218
4321:1924–1992
4311:1921–1924
4294:1919–1921
4284:1911–1919
4249:1691–1911
4239:1634–1757
4229:1399–1634
4219:1368–1635
4209:1271–1368
4199:1206–1368
4189:1130–1206
4120:Xueyantuo
3929:Geography
3835:1299–1922
3810:1250–1517
3798:1242–1502
3786:1224–1266
3747:1206–1526
3735:1136–1225
3711:1077–1231
3699:1067–1239
3674:1037–1194
3494:Xueyantuo
3336:Grey wolf
3318:Ergenekon
3294:Shamanism
3066:Krymchaks
2976:Kutrigurs
2366:Karakorum
2221:Silk Road
1994:Shi Xiong
1805:Qutluq II
1766:Beshbalik
1584:rebellion
1580:An Lushan
1562:Bai Baliq
1483:(Q)Ayabir
1340:Bāsikātti
1324:Bayarkāta
834:1037–1194
476:Religion
420:Khaganate
376:BYZANTINE
367:KHAGANATE
281:SRIVIJAYA
11742:Khanates
11566:Japanese
11529:Scottish
11509:American
11501:Colonial
11430:Imperial
11398:Moroccan
11334:Japanese
11312:Afsharid
11171:Burmese
11157:Austrian
11112:Later Le
11087:Early Le
11072:Venetian
10998:Tiwanaku
10911:Hellenic
10874:Moroccan
10805:Kamakura
10795:Japanese
10778:Saffarid
10731:Georgian
10645:Chalukya
10623:Rashidun
10613:Calakmul
10581:Bruneian
10460:Haryanka
10438:Sasanian
10433:Parthian
10384:Bactrian
10374:Seleucid
10354:Goguryeo
10332:Egyptian
10266:Assyrian
10256:Akkadian
10247:Colonies
9874:Archegos
9841:Denawars
9800:Lin Deng
9713:Mar Adda
9708:Mar Zaku
9698:Mar Ammo
9693:Apostles
9675:Asrestar
9615:Theology
9561:Xiabuzan
9423:Narayana
9395:Prophets
9270:Xinjiang
9260:Mongolia
9236:genocide
9170:Mongolia
9005:Chagatai
8938:Göktürks
8851:Category
8644:Amursana
8455:Gaochang
8388:Pamirdin
8074:Kara Del
7977:Göktürks
7972:Gaochang
7899:Xinjiang
7727:Hurufism
7672:Tengrism
7621:Xinjiang
7576:Gagauzia
7425:Mongolia
7399:Turanism
7374:Kemalism
7362:Politics
7324:Kipchaks
7304:Göktürks
7299:Dughlats
7153:Bulgaria
7141:Abkhazia
7116:Turkmens
7099:Nağaybäk
6929:Bashkirs
6893:Tubalars
6877:Chelkans
6871:Altaians
6825:Cyrillic
6727:Pecheneg
6692:Krymchak
6597:Chagatai
6570:Southern
6565:Northern
6112:Table S2
6106:33157037
5325:Wan 2017
4828:Guo Ziyi
4723:Buddhism
4718:Religion
4543:840–1212
4533:750–1055
4523:743–1220
4480:Khanates
4388:a series
4386:Part of
4154:907–1125
4095:Göktürks
3939:Religion
3934:Language
3924:Politics
3914:Nobility
3899:Timeline
3662:963–1186
3650:860–1091
3638:856–1335
3626:848–1036
3594:840–1212
3570:750–1055
3546:743–1035
3486:618–1048
3413:Göktürks
3388:Dingling
3290:Tengrism
3263:Krymchak
3003:Kipchaks
2940:Saragurs
2881:See also
2708:Mongolia
2681:Genetics
2668:846–848
2649:841–846
2633:839–840
2611:833–839
2592:824–833
2574:821–824
2556:808–821
2538:795–808
2516:790–795
2497:789–790
2478:780–789
2456:759–780
2437:747–759
2418:744–747
2350:Mongolia
2265:Gaochang
2247:—
2233:Buddhism
2092:and the
2077:—
2004:—
1976:Karasahr
1965:Buddhism
1795:east of
1789:Gaochang
1754:Chang'an
1675:—
1645:ren-shen
1629:Bezeklik
1597:Chang'an
1521:) to 思 (
1454:Yabutqar
1424:Kāribari
1359:Ttaugara
1346:Mogexiqi
1335:Boqsıqıt
1305:Kurabīri
1245:Yaoluoge
1234:Yağlaqar
1229:𐰺𐰍𐰖𐰆
1174:and the
1127:白眉可汗 鶻隴匐
1034:in 627.
982:Jiu Xing
962:) was a
826:977–1186
810:840–1207
802:840–1212
794:766–1055
512:Monarchy
494:Buddhism
489:Tengrism
313:Samoyeds
216:Jurchens
129:RASHTRA-
118:GURJARA-
11633:largest
11628:Empires
11608:Swedish
11603:Spanish
11598:Russian
11561:Italian
11536:Chinese
11524:English
11519:British
11514:Belgian
11489:Vietnam
11479:Tay son
11425:Tsarist
11420:Russian
11415:Ottoman
11381:Dzungar
11376:Khoshut
11349:Mexican
11344:Maratha
11327:Pahlavi
11307:Safavid
11302:Iranian
11229:Haitian
11192:Chinese
11152:Ashanti
11124:Wagadou
11050:Eastern
11045:Western
11028:Timurid
10988:Tibetan
10978:Songhai
10968:Serbian
10889:Almohad
10879:Idrisid
10783:Samanid
10773:Tahirid
10768:Iranian
10746:Kannauj
10726:Genoese
10662:Chinese
10655:Eastern
10650:Western
10638:Fatimid
10633:Abbasid
10628:Umayyad
10601:Burmese
10561:Ayyubid
10556:Angevin
10526:Xianbei
10514:Eastern
10509:Western
10455:Magadha
10418:Iranian
10411:Xiongnu
10396:Hittite
10305:Chinese
10293:Kassite
10242:Ancient
10234:Empires
9944:Fasting
9922:Rituals
9893:Hearers
9881:Apostle
9733:Agapius
9728:Faustus
9685:History
9314:Tartary
9104:Beiting
9019:Dzungar
9014:Timurid
8965:Tibetan
8928:Xianbei
8923:Xiongnu
8863:Commons
8763:Related
8649:Mingrui
8412:Economy
8383:Youtazi
8363:Dapanji
8355:Cuisine
8317:Culture
7989:Eastern
7985:Western
7940:Xiongnu
7922:History
7913:capital
7804:Chovgan
7784:Kyz kuu
7697:Alevism
7634:Studies
7430:History
7413:Origins
7344:Türgesh
7314:Khazars
7309:Karluks
7289:Bulgars
7264:(Sakha)
7242:Uyghurs
7221:Tunisia
7209:Romania
7189:Lebanon
7157:Croatia
7145:Algeria
7134:Turkish
7126:Iranian
7111:Tofalar
7083:Chinese
7044:Qashqai
7029:Naimans
6974:Kazakhs
6954:Dolgans
6939:Chuvash
6934:Chulyms
6924:Balkars
6916:Georgia
6912:Armenia
6889:Teleuts
6866:Afshars
6858:Peoples
6835:Persian
6772:Turkmen
6767:Turkish
6732:Qashqai
6687:Kipchak
6607:Chuvash
6587:Bashkir
6381:, Brill
6217:, Brill
6097:7664836
5886:].
5583:].
5416:].
5250:Vol. 98
5130:].
4967:2600793
4738:Judaism
4703:Culture
4682:present
4513:665–744
4503:552–745
4493:330–555
4427:Scythia
4418:Ancient
4144:744–840
4134:647–682
4124:628–646
4114:682–744
4112:555–630
4103:Eastern
4089:330–555
4065:Xiongnu
3919:Culture
3582:756–940
3558:744–840
3534:699–766
3522:665-850
3510:659–750
3498:628–646
3463:682–744
3455:581–650
3434:581–657
3426:552–581
3191:Qasgqai
3182:Chuvash
3173:Bashkir
3146:Turkmen
3101:Turkish
3057:Dolgans
3021:Uyghurs
2985:Karluks
2958:Bulgars
2949:Utigurs
2922:Onogurs
2695:stele.
2689:Uyghur
2665:(遏捻可汗)
2630:(㕎馺特勒)
2373:Xiongnu
2362:Göktürk
2283:Uyghur
2195:Kashgar
2171:Chigils
2134:Yabakus
2130:Chömüls
2126:Basmyls
2067:Khitans
2023:Shaanxi
1987:Shaanxi
1914:Kürebir
1844:Chongde
1817:Chinese
1781:Beiting
1706:Decline
1661:Nao-wen
1643:On the
1601:Luoyang
1578:In 755
1488:Ayabīri
1474:骨倫屋骨(思)
1465:Yaowuge
1353:Tongluo
1329:Bayırku
1311:Guluowu
1300:Kürebir
1278:Huduoge
1111:Xiongnu
1077:Chinese
1066:Türgesh
1062:Zhetysu
1043:Basmyls
1039:Karluks
1002:History
980:as the
978:Chinese
944:Chinese
924:Chinese
912:
786:756–840
778:744–840
770:699–766
762:682–744
754:650–969
746:581–742
738:581–645
730:552–603
560:History
538:(first)
446:(later)
431:Capital
398:TIBETAN
346:Shatuos
335:Tanguts
291:Kyrgyzs
205:Khitans
186:DYNASTY
47:744–840
11571:Mongol
11556:German
11551:French
11541:Danish
11484:Dainam
11459:Tongan
11447:Somali
11442:Sokoto
11408:'Alawi
11386:Kalmyk
11366:Mongol
11359:Second
11339:Korean
11290:Mughal
11280:Indian
11263:German
11256:Second
11246:French
11239:Second
11175:Second
11147:Afghan
11139:Modern
11065:Kyrgyz
11060:Uighur
11055:Second
11035:Turkic
11003:Toltec
10939:Epirus
10924:Nicaea
10847:Mongol
10800:Yamato
10736:Huetar
10594:Second
10531:Rouran
10480:Shunga
10475:Maurya
10450:Kushan
10423:Median
10401:Hunnic
10359:Harsha
9960:Cao'an
9884:Bishop
9846:Astati
9820:Qianku
9748:Marcus
9669:Archon
9653:Gnosis
8985:Mongol
8980:Kyrgyz
8975:Uyghur
8933:Rouran
8714:Li Zhi
8637:People
8373:Sangza
8209:Cities
7993:Second
7935:Yuezhi
7909:Ürümqi
7901:topics
7794:Kokpar
7789:Jereed
7752:Rifaʽi
7742:Qadiri
7571:Crimea
7528:Turkey
7478:Otuken
7339:Shatuo
7329:K'o-sa
7294:Cumans
7284:Bulaqs
7268:Yugurs
7262:Yakuts
7247:Uzbeks
7237:Tuvans
7213:Serbia
7185:Kosovo
7181:Israel
7165:Cyprus
7122:Afghan
7095:Mishar
7073:Tatars
7034:Nogais
7024:Kumyks
7009:Kyrgyz
6994:Khalaj
6989:Khakas
6959:Gagauz
6787:Uyghur
6707:Kyrgyz
6677:Khazar
6672:Khalaj
6667:Khakas
6662:Kazakh
6647:Karaim
6632:Gagauz
6622:Dolgan
6602:Chulym
6592:Bulgar
6555:Afshar
6540:topics
6538:Turkic
6486:part 2
6482:part 1
6429:
6394:
6358:
6340:
6315:
6309:608222
6307:
6250:
6150:
6104:
6094:
6086:
5976:
5757:
5728:
5699:
5654:605932
5652:
5287:
5222:
5181:
4965:
4914:
4875:"Data"
4857:
4696:Topics
4509:Karluk
4489:Rouran
4390:on the
4105:, and
4079:93–234
3952:period
3909:Rulers
3904:States
3254:Karaim
3245:Gagauz
3164:Kyrgyz
3137:Uyghur
3128:Kazakh
3048:Yakuts
3039:Kumyks
3030:Tatars
2732:500 CE
2697:Burana
2692:Balbal
2399:Reign
2261:Turfan
2257:Astana
2175:Yagmas
2122:Tatars
2114:Tuhsis
2112:, and
2110:Yagmas
2098:Turpan
2015:Ormïzt
1941:Ormïzt
1918:Shatuo
1852:Sogdia
1819::
1649:Hui-he
1494:Xiyawu
1443:A-Busi
1436:Huwasu
1391:Sīkari
1378:A-Wudi
1370:Avučağ
1364:Tongra
1318:Bayegu
1162:xìngbù
1120:Gǔlǒng
1099:Shiwei
1079::
1054:Ötüken
1041:, and
986:calque
968:Uyghur
964:Turkic
956:pinyin
936:pinyin
878:(also
563:
551:(last)
521:
518:Khagan
438:Ötüken
416:Status
400:EMPIRE
389:YABGUS
387:OGHUZ-
378:EMPIRE
365:KHAZAR
324:Kimeks
270:DVARA-
261:CHENLA
251:Tatars
240:YABGHU
238:KARLUK
227:Tungus
175:SHAHIS
142:EMPIRE
11621:Lists
11576:Omani
11546:Dutch
11452:Isaaq
11403:Saadi
11371:Oirat
11354:First
11322:Qajar
11251:First
11234:First
11207:China
11180:Third
11040:First
10993:Tikal
10944:Morea
10914:Roman
10832:Latin
10827:Khmer
10822:Kanem
10788:Buyid
10714:Zagwe
10709:Aksum
10699:Chola
10606:First
10589:First
10576:Bornu
10571:Benin
10566:Aztec
10504:Roman
10485:Gupta
10470:Nanda
10406:White
10193:Notes
9996:]
9984:]
9972:]
9890:Elect
9829:Sects
9408:Jesus
9265:Tibet
9248:Amban
9213:Tibet
9175:Tibet
8990:Tatar
8393:Xurpa
8378:Samsa
8340:Muqam
8330:Music
8032:Qocho
7981:First
7799:Jigit
7692:Islam
7606:Sakha
7384:Jadid
7319:Kimek
7229:Yemen
7217:Syria
7193:Libya
7173:Egypt
7161:Crete
7103:Volga
7087:Lipka
7054:Shors
7049:Salar
7016:China
6981:China
6792:Uzbek
6777:Tuvan
6757:Tatar
6742:Salar
6712:Nogai
6697:Kumyk
6617:Cuman
6560:Altai
6313:S2CID
6305:JSTOR
6136:(1).
5882:[
5650:JSTOR
5577:[
5499:(PDF)
5410:[
5296:Asia.
5220:JSTOR
5124:[
4963:JSTOR
4878:(PDF)
4753:Other
4733:Islam
4680:1991–
4529:Oghuz
4519:Kimek
4445:Wusun
4099:First
3634:Qocho
3332:Sheka
3322:Asena
3308:Ülgen
3304:Kayra
3236:Tuvan
3218:Kumyk
3209:Sakha
3155:Tatar
3119:Uzbek
2994:Kimek
2967:Sabir
2716:Alans
2289:Qocho
2191:Artux
2090:Gansu
2007:Ennin
1922:Ordos
1904:Qocho
1861:Qasar
1832:Baoyi
1828:Qocho
1797:Kucha
1670:Dashi
1657:Dashi
1502:Notes
1403:Qasar
1397:Sıqar
1385:Sijie
1344:貊歌息訖
1227:Uyğur
1219:Huihe
1166:bùluò
1118:kèhán
1032:Turks
1013:Tiele
960:Huíhé
940:Huíhú
195:SILLA
151:CHAM-
131:KUTAS
18:Huigu
11391:Bogd
11317:Zand
11295:Sikh
11202:Qing
11197:Ming
11129:Wari
11097:Tran
11082:Dinh
10852:Yuan
10842:Mali
10751:Pala
10741:Inca
10692:Yuan
10682:Song
10677:Liao
10672:Tang
10445:Kush
10327:Dʿmt
9723:Mihr
9428:Seth
9402:Mani
9223:Qing
9190:Ming
9152:Yuan
9119:Liao
9077:Tang
8970:Zubu
7991:and
7616:Tuva
7483:Oğuz
7349:Uzes
7177:Iraq
6908:Iran
6782:Urum
6762:Tofa
6747:Shor
6577:Äynu
6484:and
6427:ISBN
6392:ISBN
6356:ISBN
6338:ISBN
6248:ISBN
6148:ISSN
6102:PMID
6084:ISSN
6068:Cell
5974:ISBN
5755:ISBN
5726:ISBN
5697:ISBN
5661:2021
5557:link
5285:ISBN
5179:ISBN
4923:2016
4912:ISSN
4855:ISBN
4463:Huns
4436:Saka
4331:1990
4309:1921
4274:1911
3334:and
3320:and
3306:and
3292:and
2718:and
2173:and
2045:The
1871:Fall
1813:Ädiz
1599:and
1590:and
1527:Oğuz
1519:kong
1492:奚耶勿
1463:藥勿葛
1434:斛嗢素
1418:Qibi
1411:Gesa
1376:阿勿嘀
1309:咄羅勿
1276:胡咄葛
1264:Buqu
1258:Bākū
1252:Pugu
1243:藥羅葛
1081:骨力裴羅
1030:and
1007:Rise
916:Tang
910:lit.
874:The
596:Area
272:VATI
184:TANG
173:TURK
164:ZHAO
162:NAN-
140:PALA
91:SIND
11469:Mac
10906:Oyo
10815:Edo
10687:Jīn
10667:Sui
10320:Jin
10315:Han
10310:Qin
9047:Han
8368:Nan
7251:in
7138:in
7013:in
6978:in
6905:in
6473:新唐書
6457:舊唐書
6297:doi
6138:doi
6092:PMC
6076:doi
6072:183
6014:doi
5879:新唐書
5642:doi
5638:119
5575:新唐書
5573:.
5432:深圖川
5426:浮圖川
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5120:.
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2753:Q1a
2118:Qay
1949:Öge
1823:).
1821:阿跌氏
1610:李承采
1445:阿布思
1409:葛薩
1320:拔曳固
1294:Qun
1285:Hun
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994:or
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882:or
601:800
587:840
577:744
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970:(
863:e
856:t
849:v
426:)
422:(
20:)
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