341:
329:
1125:
994:
352:
1113:
47:
652:
created friction with the
Kwantung Army leadership. However, when Ma Zhanshan agreed to terms with the Japanese on 14 February 1932 in exchange for the post of Governor of Heilongjiang Province, Zhang was set aside. Ma revolted in April 1932 and Zhang took his place as Minister of Defense of the
675:
Prime
Minister” even in his lifetime, Zhang was recorded to have only once spoken out against the Japanese administration—to criticize the forced sale of lands to Japanese colonists. In 1943 he was the official delegate from Manchukuo to the
664:. As Prime Minister of Manchukuo, Zhang preferred to take a passive figurehead role, allowing the Japanese advisors seconded from the Kwantung Army to handle all aspects of day-to-day administration while he spent his days copying
1819:
1144:
982:
616:
in 1931. Zhang called a conference in his office on 27 September 1931 to organize an "Emergency
Committee of the Special District", with the goal of achieving the
1313:
1839:
1525:
960:
1809:
1759:
1779:
1824:
1814:
1050:
1034:
952:
148:
1042:
791:
690:
that Zhang had poisoned his family and killed his
Japanese advisor and other members of the Manchukuo government before committing suicide.
628:, Zhang proclaimed his territory to be self-governing and was inaugurated as governor on 7 January 1932. Uncertain of the intentions of the
975:
1774:
1539:
1804:
1303:
1789:
1769:
968:
1493:
1253:
723:
1764:
1169:
1102:
1844:
531:
990:
1829:
1371:
1223:
1740:
851:
832:
543:
1834:
1784:
1511:
1233:
1189:
1080:
636:
presence to the south, Zhang reached an agreement with the
Japanese and accepted an appointment as governor of
418:
1366:
716:
426:
1656:
1333:
701:
677:
103:
1588:
1548:
1411:
1323:
920:
481:
58:
1650:
1515:
1437:
1018:
937:
570:
136:
660:
as Prime
Minister of Manchukuo at the instigation of the Kwantung Army over the objections of Emperor
1293:
1095:
1463:
1453:
799:
1721:
1193:
505:
377:
153:
1397:
1393:
1273:
633:
206:
1618:
1574:
1243:
637:
593:, deteriorated. Nevertheless, both men participated in a national unity conference called by
578:
311:
1799:
1794:
1088:
454:
8:
1507:
1432:
1283:
1262:
867:
586:
693:
Zhang held the position of Prime
Minister until the collapse of Manchukuo following the
1698:
1693:
1559:
1344:
1213:
1179:
1159:
671:. Reviled by modern Chinese historians for his pro-Japanese stance, and nicknamed “the
566:
520:
519:
at an early age. These forces were recruited as mercenaries by the
Japanese during the
381:
345:
340:
1473:
1442:
1407:
847:
828:
539:
1570:
1483:
1355:
1257:
1110:
1678:
1646:
1598:
1584:
609:
598:
403:
398:
367:
20:
1708:
1703:
1688:
1543:
1535:
1503:
1120:
825:
The
Manchurian Myth: Nationalism, Resistance, and Collaboration in Modern China
590:
462:
444:
1753:
1683:
1663:
686:
613:
473:
19:
This article is about the
Chinese general. For the Taiwanese politician, see
573:
from June 1927 to June 1928. Within a year he was appointed governor of the
1641:
1636:
1631:
1375:
1124:
1066:
913:
872:
708:
694:
657:
629:
562:
547:
527:
516:
394:
334:
277:
91:
565:. He later rejoined Zhang Zuolin and served as his Minister of War in the
1608:
1421:
1203:
1116:
1058:
888:
820:
621:
551:
493:
469:
186:
620:
of Manchuria from China. Following the expulsion of pro-Kuomintang Gen.
554:
in 1916, the Beiyang Army split into several mutually hostile factions.
1713:
1010:
903:
594:
241:
198:
589:
on 4 June 1928, Zhang Jinghui’s relations with his son and successor,
1673:
1668:
999:
993:
641:
617:
582:
477:
357:
229:
163:
113:
697:
665:
558:
535:
509:
501:
497:
297:
273:
712:
649:
625:
602:
569:
from May 1926 to June 1927 and as Minister of Enterprises in the
513:
465:
46:
16:
Chinese Politician, Prime Minister of Manchukuo from 1935 to 1945
1112:
720:
645:
574:
542:
managed to obtain recognition of his forces as part of the new
434:
293:
269:
681:
668:
301:
672:
661:
79:
1820:
Prisoners and detainees of the People's Republic of China
612:
and the successful invasion of Manchuria by the Japanese
546:
military. At that time he was appointed commander of the
868:
IMTFE Judgement, Invasion & Occupation of Manchuria
585:. However, following the death of Zhang Zuolin in the
726:. He died of heart failure nine years later in 1959.
608:
However, the political balance was changed after the
550:’s 27th Infantry Brigade. However, with the death of
644:. His refusal, though, to leave his stronghold in
684:. That same year a false report was published in
1751:
711:he was held in custody by the Soviet Union in
1096:
976:
557:Zhang Jinghui deserted Zhang Zuolin to join
504:Province. The area was a battlefield in the
1840:Heads of government convicted of war crimes
819:
512:irregular cavalry forces of the Manchurian
472:. He is noted for his role in the Japanese
1540:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
1103:
1089:
983:
969:
632:to the north, and unable to withstand the
1810:Chinese people who died in prison custody
1760:Chinese collaborators with Imperial Japan
1780:Republic of China warlords from Liaoning
841:
719:in 1950, where he was imprisoned at the
461:; 21 June 1871 – 1 November 1959) was a
1825:People extradited from the Soviet Union
1815:Prisoners who died in Chinese detention
449:
1752:
1526:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
1084:
964:
792:"CHINA: Noble End of Chang Ching-hui"
571:National Pacification Army Government
71:21 May 1935 – 20 August 1945
846:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
532:Viceroy of Three Northeast Provinces
468:, warlord and politician during the
844:Manchuria Under Japanese Domination
770:Manchuria Under Japanese Domination
176:7 April 1932 – 20 May 1935
13:
1224:Constitutional Protection Movement
827:. University of California Press.
14:
1856:
1775:Government ministers of Manchukuo
895:Minister of Defense of Manchukuo
861:
640:in the new Japanese-run state of
1805:Chinese people imprisoned abroad
1512:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
1372:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
1123:
1111:
992:
656:On 21 May 1935, Zhang succeeded
350:
339:
327:
45:
1443:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
724:War Criminals Management Centre
1790:World War II political leaders
1770:Defence ministers of Manchukuo
944:Foreign Minister of Manchukuo
873:Photo at World War II Database
784:
775:
762:
749:
736:
439:
430:
422:
1:
1741:Republic of China (1912–1949)
1190:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
798:. Jan 4, 1943. Archived from
729:
581:Special District in northern
530:, Zhang Zuolin was appointed
219:May 1926 – June 1927
126:May 1937 – July 1937
36:
1765:Prime ministers of Manchukuo
1274:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
678:Greater East Asia Conference
487:
7:
1845:People convicted of treason
1589:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1324:Washington Naval Conference
921:Prime Minister of Manchukuo
842:Yamamuro, Shinichi (2005).
484:for most of its existence.
59:Prime Minister of Manchukuo
10:
1861:
1830:People extradited to China
1651:National Pacification Army
1516:Northeast Flag Replacement
1422:Zhongshan Warship Incident
1119:and warlordism during the
717:People's Republic of China
526:In the final years of the
492:Zhang Jinghui was born in
392:
302:People's Republic of China
18:
1738:
1614:
1604:
1594:
1580:
1566:
1554:
1531:
1521:
1499:
1489:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1449:
1427:
1417:
1403:
1389:
1367:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
1361:
1351:
1339:
1329:
1319:
1314:1st National CPC Congress
1309:
1304:Spirit Soldier rebellions
1299:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1249:
1239:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1132:
1006:
949:
942:
934:
918:
910:
900:
893:
885:
880:
387:
373:
363:
322:
317:
307:
283:
256:
251:
247:
235:
223:
212:
204:
192:
180:
169:
161:
142:
130:
119:
111:
97:
85:
75:
64:
57:
53:
44:
35:
28:
1494:Muslim conflict in Gansu
1464:Shanghai Commune of 1927
1454:Nanking incident of 1927
1334:First Zhili–Fengtian War
648:to take up residence in
1835:Chinese anti-communists
1785:Politicians from Anshan
1412:Canton–Hong Kong strike
1194:National Protection War
506:First Sino-Japanese War
378:First Sino-Japanese War
205:Minister of War of the
162:Minister of Defense of
1398:May Thirtieth Movement
1254:Paris Peace Conference
998:Foreign Ministers of
715:and extradited to the
480:in which he served as
1294:Guangdong–Guangxi War
1244:Siberian intervention
702:invasion of Manchuria
653:Empire of Manchukuo.
638:Heilongjiang Province
579:China Eastern Railway
312:Concordia Association
1549:Sino-Soviet conflict
1204:Death of Yuan Shikai
112:Foreign Minister of
1508:Huanggutun incident
1438:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
1433:Northern Expedition
1263:May Fourth Movement
881:Government offices
802:on January 27, 2008
757:The Manchurian Myth
744:The Manchurian Myth
601:in January 1929 in
587:Huanggutun Incident
419:traditional Chinese
1560:Central Plains War
1394:Yunnan–Guangxi War
1345:First United Front
1214:Manchu Restoration
1180:Twenty-One Demands
1160:Bai Lang Rebellion
781:Japanese wikipedia
567:Beiyang Government
521:Russo-Japanese War
508:and he joined the
427:simplified Chinese
382:Russo-Japanese War
1747:
1746:
1733:
1732:
1624:
1623:
1575:Qinghai–Tibet War
1474:Shanghai massacre
1408:Anti-Fengtian War
1381:
1380:
1170:Second Revolution
1078:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
959:
958:
950:Succeeded by
929:Office abolished
901:Succeeded by
634:Japanese military
544:Republic of China
540:Xinhai Revolution
534:with his base at
391:
390:
346:Republic of China
207:Republic of China
1852:
1725:
1722:Communist Party
1717:
1571:Sino-Tibetan War
1484:July 15 Incident
1387:
1386:
1356:Lincheng Outrage
1258:Shandong Problem
1234:Golok rebellions
1153:
1152:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1115:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
997:
996:
985:
978:
971:
962:
961:
935:Preceded by
911:Preceded by
886:Preceded by
878:
877:
857:
838:
812:
811:
809:
807:
788:
782:
779:
773:
766:
760:
753:
747:
740:
704:in August 1945.
451:
441:
432:
424:
356:
354:
353:
344:
343:
333:
331:
330:
318:Military service
290:
266:
264:
252:Personal details
238:
226:
217:
195:
183:
174:
157:
145:
133:
124:
105:Office abolished
100:
88:
69:
49:
39:
26:
25:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1625:
1585:Kumul Rebellion
1547:
1538:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1440:
1436:
1410:
1396:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1284:Zhili–Anhui War
1260:
1256:
1192:
1128:
1109:
1079:
1074:
1002:
991:
989:
955:
946:
940:
924:
916:
906:
897:
891:
864:
854:
835:
816:
815:
805:
803:
790:
789:
785:
780:
776:
767:
763:
754:
750:
741:
737:
732:
610:Mukden Incident
599:Chiang Kai-shek
538:, and with the
496:, southwest of
490:
450:Chang Ching-hui
415:Chang Ching-hui
408:
380:
368:General officer
351:
349:
348:
338:
337:
328:
326:
308:Political party
292:
288:
287:11 January 1959
268:
262:
260:
236:
224:
218:
213:
193:
181:
175:
170:
151:
143:
131:
125:
120:
98:
86:
70:
65:
40:
37:
31:
24:
21:Chang Ching-hui
17:
12:
11:
5:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:War in Ningxia
1616:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1544:Beijing Revolt
1536:Chiang-Gui War
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1504:Jinan incident
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1121:Nanjing decade
1108:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1051:Wei Huangzhang
1048:
1040:
1035:Chuichi Ohashi
1032:
1024:
1016:
1007:
1004:
1003:
988:
987:
980:
973:
965:
957:
956:
953:Chuichi Ohashi
951:
948:
941:
936:
932:
931:
926:
917:
912:
908:
907:
902:
899:
892:
887:
883:
882:
876:
875:
870:
863:
862:External links
860:
859:
858:
852:
839:
833:
814:
813:
783:
774:
761:
748:
734:
733:
731:
728:
591:Zhang Xueliang
489:
486:
482:Prime Minister
389:
388:
385:
384:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
360:
324:
320:
319:
315:
314:
309:
305:
304:
291:(aged 88)
285:
281:
280:
258:
254:
253:
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
210:
209:
202:
201:
196:
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
167:
166:
159:
158:
149:Chuichi Ohashi
146:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
117:
116:
109:
108:
101:
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
62:
61:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1857:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1742:
1737:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1027:Zhang Jinghui
1025:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1001:
995:
986:
981:
979:
974:
972:
967:
966:
963:
954:
945:
939:
938:Zhang Yanqing
933:
930:
927:
923:
922:
915:
909:
905:
896:
890:
884:
879:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
855:
853:0-8122-3912-1
849:
845:
840:
836:
834:0-520-22111-7
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:
801:
797:
793:
787:
778:
771:
765:
758:
752:
745:
739:
735:
727:
725:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
696:
691:
689:
688:
687:Time Magazine
683:
679:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:Kwantung Army
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
485:
483:
479:
475:
474:puppet regime
471:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
446:
442:
440:Zhāng Jǐnghuì
436:
428:
420:
416:
412:
411:Zhang Jinghui
406:
405:
400:
396:
386:
383:
379:
376:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
347:
342:
336:
325:
321:
316:
313:
310:
306:
303:
299:
295:
286:
282:
279:
275:
271:
259:
255:
250:
246:
243:
240:
234:
231:
228:
222:
216:
211:
208:
203:
200:
197:
191:
188:
185:
179:
173:
168:
165:
160:
155:
150:
147:
141:
138:
137:Zhang Yanqing
135:
129:
123:
118:
115:
110:
107:
106:
102:
96:
93:
90:
84:
81:
78:
74:
68:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
34:
30:Zhang Jinghui
27:
22:
1558:
1441:
1431:
1376:Beijing Coup
1365:
1343:
1261:
1067:Ruan Zhenduo
1043:Cai Yunsheng
1026:
1019:Zang Yanqing
943:
928:
919:
914:Zheng Xiaoxu
894:
843:
824:
804:. Retrieved
800:the original
795:
786:
777:
769:
764:
756:
751:
743:
738:
709:World War II
706:
692:
685:
658:Zheng Xiaoxu
655:
630:Soviet Union
607:
563:Zhili clique
556:
548:Beiyang Army
528:Qing dynasty
525:
523:of 1904-05.
517:Zhang Zuolin
491:
458:
448:
438:
414:
410:
409:
402:
395:Chinese name
374:Battles/wars
335:Qing dynasty
289:(1959-01-11)
267:21 June 1871
237:Succeeded by
214:
194:Succeeded by
171:
144:Succeeded by
121:
104:
99:Succeeded by
92:Zheng Xiaoxu
66:
1800:1959 deaths
1795:1871 births
1714:Kuomintang
1699:New Guangxi
1694:Old Guangxi
1609:Two-Liu war
1599:Han–Liu War
1117:Warlord Era
1070:(1944–1945)
1062:(1942–1944)
1059:Li Shaogeng
1054:(1940–1942)
1046:(1938–1940)
1038:(1937–1938)
1022:(1935–1937)
1014:(1932–1935)
889:Ma Zhanshan
821:Rana Mitter
622:Ma Zhanshan
552:Yuan Shikai
470:Warlord era
399:family name
278:Qing Empire
225:Preceded by
187:Ma Zhanshan
182:Preceded by
152: [
132:Preceded by
87:Preceded by
1754:Categories
1657:Zhili Army
1011:Xie Jieshi
925:1935–1945
904:Yu Zhishan
898:1932–1935
772:. Pp. 170.
768:Yamamuro,
759:, pp. 128.
730:References
707:Following
595:Kuomintang
459:Chō Keikei
445:Wade–Giles
323:Allegiance
263:1871-06-21
242:He Fenglin
199:Yu Zhishan
1704:Guangdong
1669:Guominjun
1581:1931–1935
1567:1930–1932
1522:1928–1929
1490:1927–1930
1428:1926–1928
1404:1925–1926
1340:1923–1927
1320:1921–1922
1300:1920–1926
1290:1920–1921
1270:1919–1921
1240:1918–1920
1230:1917–1929
1220:1917–1922
1186:1915–1916
1156:1911–1914
1141:1925–1934
1138:1915–1924
1000:Manchukuo
746:, pp. 79.
642:Manchukuo
618:secession
583:Manchuria
488:Biography
478:Manchukuo
358:Manchukuo
230:Jia Deyao
215:In office
172:In office
164:Manchukuo
122:In office
114:Manchukuo
67:In office
1679:Xinjiang
1647:Fengtian
1145:Factions
823:(2000).
755:Mitter,
742:Mitter,
698:Red Army
680:held in
666:Buddhist
559:Wu Peifu
536:Fengtian
510:Honghuzi
502:Liaoning
393:In this
298:Liaoning
274:Liaoning
1709:Guizhou
1689:Sichuan
1632:Beiyang
1542:(incl.
806:May 22,
713:Siberia
650:Qiqihar
626:Qiqihar
603:Nanjing
597:leader
514:warlord
466:general
463:Chinese
455:Hepburn
76:Monarch
1684:Yunnan
1664:Shanxi
1030:(1937)
850:
831:
721:Fushun
695:Soviet
669:sutras
646:Harbin
575:Harbin
498:Mukden
494:Tai'an
447::
437::
435:pinyin
429::
421::
397:, the
355:
332:
294:Fushun
270:Tai'an
1724:(CCP)
1716:(KMT)
1642:Zhili
1637:Anhui
947:1937
682:Tokyo
624:from
404:Zhang
156:]
1615:1934
1605:1932
1595:1932
1555:1930
1532:1929
1500:1928
1480:1927
1470:1927
1460:1927
1450:1927
1418:1926
1390:1925
1362:1924
1352:1923
1330:1922
1310:1921
1280:1920
1250:1919
1210:1917
1200:1916
1176:1915
1166:1913
848:ISBN
829:ISBN
808:2011
796:TIME
673:Tofu
662:Puyi
577:and
364:Rank
284:Died
257:Born
80:Puyi
700:'s
561:'s
476:of
431:张景惠
423:張景惠
401:is
38:張景惠
1756::
1674:Ma
1653:)
1587:/
1573:/
794:.
605:.
500:,
457::
453:;
443:;
433:;
425:;
417:;
300:,
296:,
276:,
272:,
154:jp
1649:(
1546:)
1104:e
1097:t
1090:v
984:e
977:t
970:v
856:.
837:.
810:.
413:(
407:.
265:)
261:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
