531:âboth in verse (especially during the 19th century) and prose. A disadvantage of the older, rhyming translations in verse form is that they inevitably deviate from both the language and meaning of the original in order to fit the form. Alternatively, prose adaptations can more precisely communicate the original meaning, but as a result omit the original linguistic power and virtuosity of the text. With this in mind, two newer versions (the prose translation by Peter Knecht and the unrhymed verse translation by Dieter KĂŒhn) are both considered successful approximations of the meaning, style, and linguistic particularities of the original.
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Parzival his identity, an essential detail that his mother was not able to impart. She directs him to Arthur's Court, and in doing so starts him off on the quest. In their second meeting, she scolds him for failing to understand the nature of his quest and goal, ultimately pushing him to the atonement needed to fully grasp his duty as Grail King. Thirdly, the last meeting of
Parzival and Sigune is one of quiet recognition, her life a prayer in itself that anticipates the same state for Parzival.
49:
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return. Her symbolic significance allows her character to be a guide in terms of the readiness of
Parzival. Ultimately, both the Grail and Condwiramurs combine to form Parzival's goal. She spurs him on his quest, and like the Grail itself, is an inspiration and reward. In the end, her guidance is best represented by her name on the Grail as well as Parzival's.
345:, about his mysterious wound, however, or about the magical objects paraded before him, remembering Gurnemanz's advice to not be too curious. The next morning Parzival finds himself completely alone in a deserted castle, leading him to speculate that his experiences of the previous night were an illusion conjured by malevolent spirits to snare him.
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The first part of the journey takes place completely in the world of King Arthur, where the colourful and strange appearance of
Parzival awakens the interest of the court. After becoming entangled in courtly intrigue between Duke Orilus and his wife Jeschute, he meets his cousin Sigune who reveals to
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Parzival returns to the world of Arthur and again meets Sigune, who tells him of how he should have asked the lord of the castle a question, but does not specify. She then vows to never speak to him again. He also meets
Jeschute again, who was unwittingly humiliated by him the last time, and defeats
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kingdom of
Zazamanc, whose capital is besieged by two different armies. Gahmuret offers his services to the city, and his offer is accepted by Queen Belacane. He conquers the invaders, marries Queen Belacane, and becomes king of Zazamanc and Azagouc. Growing bored with peace, Gahmuret steals away on
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In Book XV, Parzival fights with a knight who is the first to seem more adept than he. Parzival's sword breaks but, instead of slaying him, the other knight sees no honor in such a feat and both retire to the grass. There they learn that they share the same father. "I was against my own self," says
333:
In Book IV, Parzival meets and falls in love with Queen
Condwiramurs. She has inherited her father's realm, but lost much of it to an enemy king who has besieged her town. Parzival uses his newfound chivalric skills to restore her land. They marry, but he leaves soon afterwards to seek news of his
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The character of
Herzeloyde, Parzival's mother, is a virtuous woman. With a selfless devotion and the humility that is another vital attribute to the Grail King and as a descendant of the Grail family, she makes both the conscious and unconscious choice to guide Parzival on the quest to take his
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The last woman for
Parzival is his wife, Condwiramurs. Her role lies in the "love of a devoted wife". She is interesting in that her vitality lies in what she is, rather than her specific guidance to Parzival. When Parzival must recognize his inability to possess her, he leaves her and does not
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The womanly kinship of Sigune is the next guide that
Parzival encounters. Her appearance (at three times in the tale) is essential and occurs on each occasion at a significant stage in his progress, at a point when he is in urgent need of some kind of guidance. Her first contribution is to give
308:
Book III tells of how the pregnant
Herzeloyde, grief-stricken at her husband's death, retires to a secluded forest dwelling and vows to protect her new child, Parzival, from the ways of knighthood at all costs by raising him entirely ignorant of chivalry and the ways of men. His seclusion is
445:
was in general an exalted one, and Wolfram as an author reflects this by making womanhood an ideal for his characters. Characters such as Herzeloyde, Sigune and Condwiramurs are not only intimately involved in Parzival's search, but also closely related to the Grail itself.
317:. Enamored, he decides to go join Arthur's court. His mother is heartbroken at the news of his decision but allows him to depart, dressing him in fool's garments in the hopes that the knights will refuse to take him in. Soon after his departure she dies, utterly bereft.
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to King Arthur. But during a festive meal, Cundrie, messenger of the Grail, appears, curses Parzival in the name of the Grail and claims that Parzival had lost his honour. Parzival immediately leaves the court even though he is not able to understand his guilt.
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to Trevrizent to whom he introduces himself as a penitent sinner. He stays with this holy man for fourteen days and learns about the hidden meaning of life and the true meaning of the Grail, and also is informed that his mother is the sister of the
383:. He makes a step towards a life of spiritual understanding. Through his loneliness and through his yearning for the Grail and for Condwiramurs he puts himself outside the world of Arthur. He is called to another world, that of the Grail.
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In Book IX, we learn that Parzival fights for the good but suffers from his alienation from God. After nearly five years of wandering and fighting, from combat he gains a new horse, owned by a Grail knight, and this horse leads him one
406:
Some details of the romance have inspired controversy, partly because the narrative is interspersed with humorous anecdotes by Wolfram. It is not clear whether many of the claims he makes are intended to be taken as fact or as jest.
426:. Although the claims of Wolfram's narrator about this source may be dubious, some critics have maintained that the knowledge about the Orient that is shown throughout the text suggests he may well have worked from at least one
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In Book II, Gahmuret returns to the West, where he meets and marries Queen Herzeloyde. Ever restless, however, he soon returns to fight for the Baruch in the Far East, where he is later killed by a treacherous acquaintance.
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During his journey to the Grail in Book XVI, Parzival reunites with his wife and takes Feirefiz as a companion. Feirefiz cannot see the Grail, but he can see the Grail maiden and promptly falls in love with her.
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fated place as next in the lineage. Her advice is interpreted in the context of his finding both love and God as guidance towards better being prepared to take on the Grail.
181:. Among the most striking elements of the work are its emphasis on the importance of humility, compassion, sympathy and the quest for spirituality. A major theme in
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him his true name. Parzival also fights and kills Ither, the red knight of Kukumerlant. Putting on the red knight's armor, he rides away from the court and meets
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476:, which serves as a prologue. This poem was continued by a later poet known as Albrecht. Wolfram's story of Loherangrin was expanded into two full romances,
284:
Book I opens with the death of King Gandin, Parzival's grandfather. His oldest son, Galoes, receives the kingdom but offers his brother Gahmuret the land of
961:, herausgegeben von Tilman Spreckelsen, Peter-Henning-Haischer, Frank Rainer Max, Ursula Rautenberg (AusgewÀhlte Dramen und Epen 6). Hildesheim u. a. 1997.
394:, his brother from afar. Again Cundrie appears and proclaims now that Parzival's name has appeared on the Grail, marking him as the new Grail King.
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330:, from whom he learns the duties of a knight, especially self-control and moderation. Gurnemanz also advises him to avoid impudent curiosity.
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Additionally, there are various adaptations of the original material in the form of children's books and other popular media.
246:. The stanza lengths fit perfectly onto a manuscript page. For the subject matter, Wolfram von Eschenbach largely adapted the
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165:, "heart's sorrow"), and the birth of Parzival. The story continues as Parzival meets three elegant knights, decides to seek
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There are three works that accurately represent adaptations of the original material in three epochs of German literature:
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Gawan takes over as the central figure of Books VII to VIII as he tries to clear his name of a false charge of murder.
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For example, in one passage he claims to be totally illiterate: whether the original poem was composed as part of an
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The standard edition of the text is Karl Lachmann's, 1926. This is the basis for all modern editions, including:
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206:, which was later continued by another writer, while two full romances were written adapting Wolfram's story of
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Gibbs, Marion. "The Role of Woman in Wolframâs Parzival." German Life and Letters. 21.4 (1968): 296-308. Print.
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sources, but most scholars now consider Kyot to be Wolfram's invention and part of the fictional narrative.
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The symbolism of the story as it relates to the Wounded Masculinity of Men by Richard Sanderson M.Ed., B.A.
200:, and continues to be read and translated into modern languages around the world. Wolfram began a prequel,
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Hermann Reichert. Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival, fĂŒr AnfĂ€nger. 2. Aufl. Wien: Praesens Verlag, 2007.
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is decorated with tapestries and paintings depicting the story. He was also patron to the composer
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and his adventures defending himself from a false murder charge and winning the hand of the maiden
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begins with the knightly adventures of Parzival's father, Gahmuret, his marriage to Herzeloyde (
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Helen Adolf, âNew Light on Oriental Sources for Wolframâs Parzival and Other Grail Romancesâ,
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Orilus in single combat. Eventually Parzival renews the marriage of Jeschute and Orilus.
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or as a written work is a subject of debate among scholars. Wolfram also claimed that a
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Groos, Arthur. "Wolfram von Eschenbach's 'Bow Metaphor' and the Narrative Technique of
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139:. The poem, commonly dated to the first quarter of the 13th century, centers on the
889:-"The Story of the Grail", ed. David Staines, Indiana University Press, 1990, 340.
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based on the romance. He then commissioned eight private performances of the work.
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Books X to XIV tell of Gawan's attempts to win the hand of the widow Orgeluse.
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There are numerous translations of Wolfram's epic from Middle High German to
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a ship, abandoning his pregnant wife. Belacane later gives birth to a son,
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Article entitled "Wounded Masculinity: Parsifal and The Fisher King Wound"
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713:. trans. Helen M. Mustard and Charles E. Passage. Vintage Books, 1961.
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Parzival and the Stone from Heaven â a Grail Romance for our Time
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are inspired by true love, which is ultimately fulfilled in marriage.
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743:. trans. A.S. Kline. Poetry in Translation, 2024. ISBN 979-8877307063
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is divided into sixteen books, each composed of several thirty-line
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1201:-from the workplace of Diebold Lauber in Hagenau around 1443-1446.
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Parzival returns in Book VI as a perfect potential member of the
314:
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196:, the romance was the most popular vernacular verse narrative in
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1102:. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
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Three Chapters on Courtly Love in Arthurian France and Germany
292:. However, Gahmuret departs to gain renown. He travels to the
338:
247:
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589:, Hamburg. A second adaptation for the stage was created by
104:. For the fictional character also known as Wade Watts, see
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Romancing the Grail: Genre, Science, and Quest in Wolfram's
423:
289:
261:
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Gemstone of Paradise: The Holy Grail in Wolfram's Parzival
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was inspired by the poem, and Singers' Hall in his castle
1162:, Roger S. Loomis (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.
169:, and continues a spiritual and physical search for the
93:
13th-century Arthurian romance by Wolfram von Eschenbach
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and premiered in 2010 at the Schauspielhaus, Hannover.
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Das Spiel vom Fragen, oder, Die Reise zum sonoren Land
673:. Boydell Press, 2004; Oxford University Press 2006.
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Der Rote Ritter : eine Geschichte von ParzivĂąl
309:shattered by three knights passing who tell him of
1119:Parzival. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.
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622:also serves as the basis for the children's opera
1012:(1. Aufl ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
977:(1. Aufl ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
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534:
173:. A long section is devoted to Parzival's friend
1508:
727:. trans. Jessie L. Weston. Digireads.com, 2014.
553:Das Spiel vomfragen / Die Reise zum Sonoren Land
1562:Works based on Perceval, the Story of the Grail
864:, University of North Carolina Press, 1956, 33.
770:. (2 vols). Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 2006.
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151:following his initial failure to achieve it.
1100:The Art of Recognition in Wolfram's Parzival
637:
581:adapted the material to a stage play titled
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486:, and later German writers often referenced
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1552:Poetry based on works by Chrétien de Troyes
887:The Complete Romances of Chrétien de Troyes
348:
337:In Book V, he arrives at the castle of the
320:
192:Regarded as one of the masterpieces of the
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1352:
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815:Fictional retelling of Wolfram's romance:
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957:Erstdruck: Friedrich de la Motte-Fouqué:
667:Parzival with Titurel and The Love-lyrics
301:(whose skin is mottled black and white).
227:
906:BBC Gallery, Parzival and the Holy Grail
268:supplied additional material drawn from
1160:Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages
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763:With prose translation by Peter Knecht.
508:and encouraged him to create the opera
147:in English) and his long quest for the
14:
1509:
1050:(in German). Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler.
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778:With verse translation by Dieter KĂŒhn.
711:Parzival, A Romance of the Middle Ages
522:
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801:With translation by Wolfgang Spiewok.
618:, first performed in 1882. Wolfram's
604:Perhaps the best-known adaptation of
517:
122:
1232:Manichaeanism and Wolfram's Parzival
935:
851:, Hutchsinson and Company, 1963, 70.
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1199:(UniversitÀtsbibliothek Heidelberg)
932:(June 1947), Vol. 62, No.2, 306-324
24:
1144:. Oxford University Press, 2006.
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25:
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630:, which premiered in 2003 at the
585:, which premiered in 1987 at the
260:. Wolfram claimed that a certain
1459:Perceval, the Story of the Grail
849:Development of Arthurian Romance
823:. Oxford: Godstow Press, 2011.
253:Perceval, the Story of the Grail
1183:Literary Encyclopedia entry on
1076:. Rochester, NY: Camden House.
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53:Illuminated manuscript page of
1527:Arthurian literature in German
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535:Literary adaptations in German
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1542:Middle High German literature
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470:with the fragmentary romance
96:For the opera by Wagner, see
747:Modern German translations:
545:Friedrich de la Motte FouquĂš
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422:was discovered by a certain
341:. He does not ask his host,
7:
1154:Springer, Otto. "Wolfram's
100:. For the Danish band, see
10:
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785:. (2 vols). Reclam, 1986.
443:medieval German literature
95:
1468:
1443:
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1387:
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1069:A Companion to Wolfram's
1065:Hasty, Will, ed. (1999).
638:Editions and translations
626:by the Austrian composer
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280:Background and early life
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61:
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1191:Electronic version of a
781:Wolfram von Eschenbach.
766:Wolfram von Eschenbach.
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665:Wolfram von Eschenbach.
646:Wolfram von Eschenbach.
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349:Return to Arthur's court
321:Beginnings of knighthood
185:is love: heroic acts of
1227:on Gutenberg.spiegel.de
1046:Bumke, Joachim (2004).
847:Loomis, Roger Sherman.
220:, finished in 1882, on
214:based his famous opera
162:
131:by the poet and knight
1270:Wolfram von Eschenbach
1048:Wolfram von Eschenbach
1006:Muschg, Adolf (2002).
971:Handke, Peter (1989).
661:English translations:
441:The place of women in
416:lost Arabic manuscript
228:Synopsis and structure
133:Wolfram von Eschenbach
40:Wolfram von Eschenbach
1532:Medieval German poems
1211:Bibliotheca Augustana
1195:-manuscript from the
256:, left incomplete by
120:German pronunciation:
1197:Bibliotheca Palatina
1137:87.3, 1972. 391-408.
885:Chrétien de Troyes.
860:Weigand, Hermann J.
755:. De Gruyter, 2003.
650:. De Gruyter, 2003.
632:Deutsche Oper Berlin
494:Ludwig II of Bavaria
124:[ËpaÊtsifal]
1140:Murphy, G. Ronald.
624:Elster and Parzival
523:Direct translations
418:by a descendant of
1522:13th-century poems
1234:by Bruce MacLennan
518:Adaptation history
258:Chrétien de Troyes
159:Middle High German
137:Middle High German
66:Middle High German
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919:, p. 245â247
829:978-0-9547367-5-0
819:Clarke, Lindsay.
810:978-3-7069-0358-5
699:. Penguin, 1980.
466:Wolfram followed
402:Scholarly debates
129:chivalric romance
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86:Chivalric romance
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1128:
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1125:0-8014-3068-2
1122:
1118:
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1113:Groos, Arthur
1111:
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1108:0-521-24500-1
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1098:Green, D. H.
1097:
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1083:1-57113-152-3
1079:
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1116:
1099:
1072:
1068:
1047:
1039:Bibliography
1008:
1001:
973:
966:
959:Der Parcival
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569:Adolf Muschg
564:
557:Peter Handke
552:
541:Der Parcival
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492:
487:
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477:
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1484:discography
628:Paul Hertel
549:Romanticism
376:Good Friday
359:Round Table
311:King Arthur
208:Loherangrin
194:Middle Ages
167:King Arthur
1537:Holy Grail
1511:Categories
1495:Die Sieger
1388:Characters
1205:E-text of
917:Bumke 2004
874:Hasty 1999
835:References
733:1420949845
567:(1993) by
555:(1989) by
381:Grail King
163:herzeleide
149:Holy Grail
72:Subject(s)
1557:Lohengrin
1400:Gurnemanz
1326:Lohengrin
1299:Willehalm
1268:Works by
1209:from the
697:A.T.Hatto
695:. trans.
669:. trans.
561:modernism
479:Lohengrin
462:Influence
434:Women in
328:Gurnemanz
266:Provençal
250:romance,
141:Arthurian
1517:Parzival
1482:Parsifal
1452:Parzival
1433:Parsifal
1417:Parsifal
1395:Parsifal
1380:Parsifal
1332:Parsifal
1316:Feirefiz
1285:Parzival
1277:Romances
1225:Parzival
1223:Text of
1207:Parzival
1193:Parzival
1185:Parzival
1156:Parzival
1131:Parzival
1071:Parzival
1028:52535394
993:19848293
793: ;
783:Parzival
768:Parzival
753:Parzival
741:Parzival
725:Parzival
693:Parzival
648:Parzival
620:Parzival
615:Parsifal
606:Parzival
583:Parzival
511:Parsifal
488:Parzival
484:Lorengel
468:Parzival
436:Parzival
430:source.
428:Oriental
392:Feirefiz
343:Anfortas
334:mother.
299:Feirefiz
244:couplets
233:Parzival
222:Parzival
217:Parsifal
187:chivalry
183:Parzival
179:Orgeluse
155:Parzival
145:Percival
115:Parzival
98:Parsifal
82:Genre(s)
62:Language
55:Parzival
31:Parzival
18:Zazamanc
1469:Related
1444:Sources
1309:Related
1292:Titurel
473:Titurel
420:Solomon
315:Camelot
294:African
274:Angevin
241:rhyming
237:stanzas
203:Titurel
1436:(1982)
1428:(1951)
1420:(1904)
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563:, and
270:Arabic
1409:Films
1158:" in
600:Opera
339:Grail
286:Anjou
248:Grail
175:Gawan
171:Grail
1321:Kyot
1164:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1024:OCLC
1014:ISBN
989:OCLC
979:ISBN
930:PMLA
891:ISBN
825:ISBN
806:ISBN
795:ISBN
787:ISBN
772:ISBN
757:ISBN
729:ISBN
715:ISBN
701:ISBN
683:ISBN
675:ISBN
652:ISBN
571:for
559:for
547:for
482:and
424:Kyot
290:fief
272:and
264:the
262:Kyot
1377:'s
1135:MLN
1133:."
612:'s
608:is
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288:in
239:of
135:in
38:by
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1360:t
1353:v
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118:(
108:.
20:)
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