520:âboth in verse (especially during the 19th century) and prose. A disadvantage of the older, rhyming translations in verse form is that they inevitably deviate from both the language and meaning of the original in order to fit the form. Alternatively, prose adaptations can more precisely communicate the original meaning, but as a result omit the original linguistic power and virtuosity of the text. With this in mind, two newer versions (the prose translation by Peter Knecht and the unrhymed verse translation by Dieter KĂŒhn) are both considered successful approximations of the meaning, style, and linguistic particularities of the original.
443:
Parzival his identity, an essential detail that his mother was not able to impart. She directs him to Arthur's Court, and in doing so starts him off on the quest. In their second meeting, she scolds him for failing to understand the nature of his quest and goal, ultimately pushing him to the atonement needed to fully grasp his duty as Grail King. Thirdly, the last meeting of
Parzival and Sigune is one of quiet recognition, her life a prayer in itself that anticipates the same state for Parzival.
38:
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return. Her symbolic significance allows her character to be a guide in terms of the readiness of
Parzival. Ultimately, both the Grail and Condwiramurs combine to form Parzival's goal. She spurs him on his quest, and like the Grail itself, is an inspiration and reward. In the end, her guidance is best represented by her name on the Grail as well as Parzival's.
334:, about his mysterious wound, however, or about the magical objects paraded before him, remembering Gurnemanz's advice to not be too curious. The next morning Parzival finds himself completely alone in a deserted castle, leading him to speculate that his experiences of the previous night were an illusion conjured by malevolent spirits to snare him.
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The first part of the journey takes place completely in the world of King Arthur, where the colourful and strange appearance of
Parzival awakens the interest of the court. After becoming entangled in courtly intrigue between Duke Orilus and his wife Jeschute, he meets his cousin Sigune who reveals to
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Parzival returns to the world of Arthur and again meets Sigune, who tells him of how he should have asked the lord of the castle a question, but does not specify. She then vows to never speak to him again. He also meets
Jeschute again, who was unwittingly humiliated by him the last time, and defeats
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kingdom of
Zazamanc, whose capital is besieged by two different armies. Gahmuret offers his services to the city, and his offer is accepted by Queen Belacane. He conquers the invaders, marries Queen Belacane, and becomes king of Zazamanc and Azagouc. Growing bored with peace, Gahmuret steals away on
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In Book XV, Parzival fights with a knight who is the first to seem more adept than he. Parzival's sword breaks but, instead of slaying him, the other knight sees no honor in such a feat and both retire to the grass. There they learn that they share the same father. "I was against my own self," says
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In Book IV, Parzival meets and falls in love with Queen
Condwiramurs. She has inherited her father's realm, but lost much of it to an enemy king who has besieged her town. Parzival uses his newfound chivalric skills to restore her land. They marry, but he leaves soon afterwards to seek news of his
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The character of
Herzeloyde, Parzival's mother, is a virtuous woman. With a selfless devotion and the humility that is another vital attribute to the Grail King and as a descendant of the Grail family, she makes both the conscious and unconscious choice to guide Parzival on the quest to take his
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The last woman for
Parzival is his wife, Condwiramurs. Her role lies in the "love of a devoted wife". She is interesting in that her vitality lies in what she is, rather than her specific guidance to Parzival. When Parzival must recognize his inability to possess her, he leaves her and does not
442:
The womanly kinship of Sigune is the next guide that
Parzival encounters. Her appearance (at three times in the tale) is essential and occurs on each occasion at a significant stage in his progress, at a point when he is in urgent need of some kind of guidance. Her first contribution is to give
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Book III tells of how the pregnant
Herzeloyde, grief-stricken at her husband's death, retires to a secluded forest dwelling and vows to protect her new child, Parzival, from the ways of knighthood at all costs by raising him entirely ignorant of chivalry and the ways of men. His seclusion is
434:
was in general an exalted one, and Wolfram as an author reflects this by making womanhood an ideal for his characters. Characters such as Herzeloyde, Sigune and Condwiramurs are not only intimately involved in Parzival's search, but also closely related to the Grail itself.
306:. Enamored, he decides to go join Arthur's court. His mother is heartbroken at the news of his decision but allows him to depart, dressing him in fool's garments in the hopes that the knights will refuse to take him in. Soon after his departure she dies, utterly bereft.
350:
to King Arthur. But during a festive meal, Cundrie, messenger of the Grail, appears, curses Parzival in the name of the Grail and claims that Parzival had lost his honour. Parzival immediately leaves the court even though he is not able to understand his guilt.
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to Trevrizent to whom he introduces himself as a penitent sinner. He stays with this holy man for fourteen days and learns about the hidden meaning of life and the true meaning of the Grail, and also is informed that his mother is the sister of the
372:. He makes a step towards a life of spiritual understanding. Through his loneliness and through his yearning for the Grail and for Condwiramurs he puts himself outside the world of Arthur. He is called to another world, that of the Grail.
362:
In Book IX, we learn that Parzival fights for the good but suffers from his alienation from God. After nearly five years of wandering and fighting, from combat he gains a new horse, owned by a Grail knight, and this horse leads him one
395:
Some details of the romance have inspired controversy, partly because the narrative is interspersed with humorous anecdotes by Wolfram. It is not clear whether many of the claims he makes are intended to be taken as fact or as jest.
415:. Although the claims of Wolfram's narrator about this source may be dubious, some critics have maintained that the knowledge about the Orient that is shown throughout the text suggests he may well have worked from at least one
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In Book II, Gahmuret returns to the West, where he meets and marries Queen Herzeloyde. Ever restless, however, he soon returns to fight for the Baruch in the Far East, where he is later killed by a treacherous acquaintance.
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During his journey to the Grail in Book XVI, Parzival reunites with his wife and takes Feirefiz as a companion. Feirefiz cannot see the Grail, but he can see the Grail maiden and promptly falls in love with her.
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fated place as next in the lineage. Her advice is interpreted in the context of his finding both love and God as guidance towards better being prepared to take on the Grail.
170:. Among the most striking elements of the work are its emphasis on the importance of humility, compassion, sympathy and the quest for spirituality. A major theme in
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him his true name. Parzival also fights and kills Ither, the red knight of Kukumerlant. Putting on the red knight's armor, he rides away from the court and meets
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465:, which serves as a prologue. This poem was continued by a later poet known as Albrecht. Wolfram's story of Loherangrin was expanded into two full romances,
273:
Book I opens with the death of King Gandin, Parzival's grandfather. His oldest son, Galoes, receives the kingdom but offers his brother Gahmuret the land of
950:, herausgegeben von Tilman Spreckelsen, Peter-Henning-Haischer, Frank Rainer Max, Ursula Rautenberg (AusgewÀhlte Dramen und Epen 6). Hildesheim u. a. 1997.
383:, his brother from afar. Again Cundrie appears and proclaims now that Parzival's name has appeared on the Grail, marking him as the new Grail King.
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319:, from whom he learns the duties of a knight, especially self-control and moderation. Gurnemanz also advises him to avoid impudent curiosity.
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Additionally, there are various adaptations of the original material in the form of children's books and other popular media.
235:. The stanza lengths fit perfectly onto a manuscript page. For the subject matter, Wolfram von Eschenbach largely adapted the
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154:, "heart's sorrow"), and the birth of Parzival. The story continues as Parzival meets three elegant knights, decides to seek
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There are three works that accurately represent adaptations of the original material in three epochs of German literature:
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Gawan takes over as the central figure of Books VII to VIII as he tries to clear his name of a false charge of murder.
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For example, in one passage he claims to be totally illiterate: whether the original poem was composed as part of an
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The standard edition of the text is Karl Lachmann's, 1926. This is the basis for all modern editions, including:
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195:, which was later continued by another writer, while two full romances were written adapting Wolfram's story of
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937:
Gibbs, Marion. "The Role of Woman in Wolframâs Parzival." German Life and Letters. 21.4 (1968): 296-308. Print.
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sources, but most scholars now consider Kyot to be Wolfram's invention and part of the fictional narrative.
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The symbolism of the story as it relates to the Wounded Masculinity of Men by Richard Sanderson M.Ed., B.A.
189:, and continues to be read and translated into modern languages around the world. Wolfram began a prequel,
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Hermann Reichert. Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival, fĂŒr AnfĂ€nger. 2. Aufl. Wien: Praesens Verlag, 2007.
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is decorated with tapestries and paintings depicting the story. He was also patron to the composer
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and his adventures defending himself from a false murder charge and winning the hand of the maiden
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begins with the knightly adventures of Parzival's father, Gahmuret, his marriage to Herzeloyde (
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Helen Adolf, âNew Light on Oriental Sources for Wolframâs Parzival and Other Grail Romancesâ,
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Orilus in single combat. Eventually Parzival renews the marriage of Jeschute and Orilus.
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or as a written work is a subject of debate among scholars. Wolfram also claimed that a
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Groos, Arthur. "Wolfram von Eschenbach's 'Bow Metaphor' and the Narrative Technique of
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128:. The poem, commonly dated to the first quarter of the 13th century, centers on the
878:-"The Story of the Grail", ed. David Staines, Indiana University Press, 1990, 340.
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based on the romance. He then commissioned eight private performances of the work.
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Books X to XIV tell of Gawan's attempts to win the hand of the widow Orgeluse.
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There are numerous translations of Wolfram's epic from Middle High German to
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a ship, abandoning his pregnant wife. Belacane later gives birth to a son,
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Article entitled "Wounded Masculinity: Parsifal and The Fisher King Wound"
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702:. trans. Helen M. Mustard and Charles E. Passage. Vintage Books, 1961.
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Parzival and the Stone from Heaven â a Grail Romance for our Time
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are inspired by true love, which is ultimately fulfilled in marriage.
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732:. trans. A.S. Kline. Poetry in Translation, 2024. ISBN 979-8877307063
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is divided into sixteen books, each composed of several thirty-line
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Parzival returns in Book VI as a perfect potential member of the
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185:, the romance was the most popular vernacular verse narrative in
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1091:. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
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Three Chapters on Courtly Love in Arthurian France and Germany
281:. However, Gahmuret departs to gain renown. He travels to the
327:
236:
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578:, Hamburg. A second adaptation for the stage was created by
93:. For the fictional character also known as Wade Watts, see
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Romancing the Grail: Genre, Science, and Quest in Wolfram's
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278:
250:
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Gemstone of Paradise: The Holy Grail in Wolfram's Parzival
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was inspired by the poem, and Singers' Hall in his castle
1151:, Roger S. Loomis (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.
158:, and continues a spiritual and physical search for the
82:
13th-century Arthurian romance by Wolfram von Eschenbach
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and premiered in 2010 at the Schauspielhaus, Hannover.
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Das Spiel vom Fragen, oder, Die Reise zum sonoren Land
662:. Boydell Press, 2004; Oxford University Press 2006.
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998:
Der Rote Ritter : eine Geschichte von ParzivĂąl
298:shattered by three knights passing who tell him of
1108:Parzival. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.
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611:also serves as the basis for the children's opera
1001:(1. Aufl ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
966:(1. Aufl ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
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162:. A long section is devoted to Parzival's friend
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716:. trans. Jessie L. Weston. Digireads.com, 2014.
542:Das Spiel vomfragen / Die Reise zum Sonoren Land
1551:Works based on Perceval, the Story of the Grail
853:, University of North Carolina Press, 1956, 33.
759:. (2 vols). Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 2006.
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140:following his initial failure to achieve it.
1089:The Art of Recognition in Wolfram's Parzival
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570:adapted the material to a stage play titled
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475:, and later German writers often referenced
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1541:Poetry based on works by Chrétien de Troyes
876:The Complete Romances of Chrétien de Troyes
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326:In Book V, he arrives at the castle of the
309:
181:Regarded as one of the masterpieces of the
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804:Fictional retelling of Wolfram's romance:
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946:Erstdruck: Friedrich de la Motte-Fouqué:
656:Parzival with Titurel and The Love-lyrics
290:(whose skin is mottled black and white).
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895:BBC Gallery, Parzival and the Holy Grail
257:supplied additional material drawn from
1149:Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages
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752:With prose translation by Peter Knecht.
497:and encouraged him to create the opera
136:in English) and his long quest for the
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1039:(in German). Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler.
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767:With verse translation by Dieter KĂŒhn.
700:Parzival, A Romance of the Middle Ages
511:
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790:With translation by Wolfgang Spiewok.
607:, first performed in 1882. Wolfram's
593:Perhaps the best-known adaptation of
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111:
1221:Manichaeanism and Wolfram's Parzival
924:
840:, Hutchsinson and Company, 1963, 70.
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1188:(UniversitÀtsbibliothek Heidelberg)
921:(June 1947), Vol. 62, No.2, 306-324
13:
1133:. Oxford University Press, 2006.
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619:, which premiered in 2003 at the
574:, which premiered in 1987 at the
249:. Wolfram claimed that a certain
1448:Perceval, the Story of the Grail
838:Development of Arthurian Romance
812:. Oxford: Godstow Press, 2011.
242:Perceval, the Story of the Grail
1172:Literary Encyclopedia entry on
1065:. Rochester, NY: Camden House.
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42:Illuminated manuscript page of
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524:Literary adaptations in German
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1531:Middle High German literature
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459:with the fragmentary romance
85:For the opera by Wagner, see
736:Modern German translations:
534:Friedrich de la Motte FouquĂš
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411:was discovered by a certain
330:. He does not ask his host,
7:
1143:Springer, Otto. "Wolfram's
89:. For the Danish band, see
10:
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774:. (2 vols). Reclam, 1986.
432:medieval German literature
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1432:
1397:
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1058:A Companion to Wolfram's
1054:Hasty, Will, ed. (1999).
627:Editions and translations
615:by the Austrian composer
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269:Background and early life
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1180:Electronic version of a
770:Wolfram von Eschenbach.
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712:Wolfram von Eschenbach.
698:Wolfram von Eschenbach.
680:Wolfram von Eschenbach.
654:Wolfram von Eschenbach.
635:Wolfram von Eschenbach.
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338:Return to Arthur's court
310:Beginnings of knighthood
174:is love: heroic acts of
1216:on Gutenberg.spiegel.de
1035:Bumke, Joachim (2004).
836:Loomis, Roger Sherman.
209:, finished in 1882, on
203:based his famous opera
151:
120:by the poet and knight
1259:Wolfram von Eschenbach
1037:Wolfram von Eschenbach
995:Muschg, Adolf (2002).
960:Handke, Peter (1989).
650:English translations:
430:The place of women in
405:lost Arabic manuscript
217:Synopsis and structure
122:Wolfram von Eschenbach
29:Wolfram von Eschenbach
1521:Medieval German poems
1200:Bibliotheca Augustana
1184:-manuscript from the
245:, left incomplete by
109:German pronunciation:
1186:Bibliotheca Palatina
1126:87.3, 1972. 391-408.
874:Chrétien de Troyes.
849:Weigand, Hermann J.
744:. De Gruyter, 2003.
639:. De Gruyter, 2003.
621:Deutsche Oper Berlin
483:Ludwig II of Bavaria
113:[ËpaÊtsifal]
1129:Murphy, G. Ronald.
613:Elster and Parzival
512:Direct translations
407:by a descendant of
1511:13th-century poems
1223:by Bruce MacLennan
507:Adaptation history
247:Chrétien de Troyes
148:Middle High German
126:Middle High German
55:Middle High German
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908:, p. 245â247
818:978-0-9547367-5-0
808:Clarke, Lindsay.
799:978-3-7069-0358-5
688:. Penguin, 1980.
455:Wolfram followed
391:Scholarly debates
118:chivalric romance
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1111:
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1103:
1102:Groos, Arthur
1100:
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1097:0-521-24500-1
1094:
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1087:Green, D. H.
1086:
1085:
1074:
1072:1-57113-152-3
1068:
1063:
1062:
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865:, p. ix.
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691:
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673:
669:
668:1-84384-005-7
665:
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660:Cyril Edwards
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645:3-11-017859-1
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583:
581:
580:Lukas BĂ€rfuss
577:
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568:Tankred Dorst
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1478:Dresden amen
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1404:
1367:
1319:
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1123:
1119:
1105:
1088:
1061:
1057:
1036:
1028:Bibliography
997:
990:
962:
955:
948:Der Parcival
947:
942:
918:
913:
901:
890:
875:
870:
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630:
612:
608:
602:
594:
592:
584:
571:
566:
558:Adolf Muschg
553:
546:Peter Handke
541:
530:Der Parcival
529:
527:
515:
498:
481:
476:
472:
466:
460:
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377:
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302:'s court at
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43:
1473:discography
617:Paul Hertel
538:Romanticism
365:Good Friday
348:Round Table
300:King Arthur
197:Loherangrin
183:Middle Ages
156:King Arthur
1526:Holy Grail
1500:Categories
1484:Die Sieger
1377:Characters
1194:E-text of
906:Bumke 2004
863:Hasty 1999
824:References
722:1420949845
556:(1993) by
544:(1989) by
370:Grail King
152:herzeleide
138:Holy Grail
61:Subject(s)
1546:Lohengrin
1389:Gurnemanz
1315:Lohengrin
1288:Willehalm
1257:Works by
1198:from the
686:A.T.Hatto
684:. trans.
658:. trans.
550:modernism
468:Lohengrin
451:Influence
423:Women in
317:Gurnemanz
255:Provençal
239:romance,
130:Arthurian
1506:Parzival
1471:Parsifal
1441:Parzival
1422:Parsifal
1406:Parsifal
1384:Parsifal
1369:Parsifal
1321:Parsifal
1305:Feirefiz
1274:Parzival
1266:Romances
1214:Parzival
1212:Text of
1196:Parzival
1182:Parzival
1174:Parzival
1145:Parzival
1120:Parzival
1060:Parzival
1017:52535394
982:19848293
782: ;
772:Parzival
757:Parzival
742:Parzival
730:Parzival
714:Parzival
682:Parzival
637:Parzival
609:Parzival
604:Parsifal
595:Parzival
572:Parzival
500:Parsifal
477:Parzival
473:Lorengel
457:Parzival
425:Parzival
419:source.
417:Oriental
381:Feirefiz
332:Anfortas
323:mother.
288:Feirefiz
233:couplets
222:Parzival
211:Parzival
206:Parsifal
176:chivalry
172:Parzival
168:Orgeluse
144:Parzival
134:Percival
104:Parzival
87:Parsifal
71:Genre(s)
51:Language
44:Parzival
20:Parzival
1458:Related
1433:Sources
1298:Related
1281:Titurel
462:Titurel
409:Solomon
304:Camelot
283:African
263:Angevin
230:rhyming
226:stanzas
192:Titurel
1425:(1982)
1417:(1951)
1409:(1904)
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670:&
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552:, and
259:Arabic
1398:Films
1147:" in
589:Opera
328:Grail
275:Anjou
237:Grail
164:Gawan
160:Grail
1310:Kyot
1153:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1013:OCLC
1003:ISBN
978:OCLC
968:ISBN
919:PMLA
880:ISBN
814:ISBN
795:ISBN
784:ISBN
776:ISBN
761:ISBN
746:ISBN
718:ISBN
704:ISBN
690:ISBN
672:ISBN
664:ISBN
641:ISBN
560:for
548:for
536:for
471:and
413:Kyot
279:fief
261:and
253:the
251:Kyot
1366:'s
1124:MLN
1122:."
601:'s
597:is
564:.
277:in
228:of
124:in
27:by
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976:.
926:^
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1019:.
984:.
107:(
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