435:, where he resided for three years. During his first years on the throne, Zara Yaqob launched a strong campaign against survivals of pagan worship and "un-Christian practices" within the church. According to a manuscript written in 1784, he appointed spies to search and "smell out" heretics who admitted to worshipping pagan gods such as Dasek, Dail, Guidale, Tafanat, Dino and Makuawze. These heretics were decapitated in public. The spies also revealed that his sons Galawdewos, Amda Maryam, Zar'a Abraham and Batra Seyon, and his daughters Del Samera, Rom Ganayala and Adal Mangesha were heretics and thus they were all executed as a result. He then issued a royal edit ordering every Christian to bear on his forehead a fillet inscribed "Belonging to the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit." And fillets had to be worn on the arms, that on the right being inscribed "I deny the Devil in Christ God," and that on the left, "I deny the Devil, the accursed. I am the servant of Mary, the mother of the Creator of all the world." Any man who disobeyed the edict had his property looted and was either beaten or executed.
1611:
710:
639:, criticized Yaqob's beatings and murder of men, the emperor had the abbot himself beaten and imprisoned, where he died after a few months. Zara Yaqob was convinced of a plot against him in 1453, which led to more brutal actions. He increasingly became convinced that his wife and children were plotting against him, and had several of them beaten. Seyon Morgasa, the mother of the future emperor
266:
417:
out the effect that his forced seclusion had on his personality, "deprived of all contact with ordinary people or ordinary life." Thrust into a position of leadership "with no experience of the affairs of state, he was faced by a kingdom seething with plots and rebellions, a Church riven with heresies, and outside enemies constantly threatening invasion." Buxton continues,
478:, into accepting a compromise aimed at restoring harmony with the House of Ewostatewos, as the followers of Ewostatewos were known. At the same time, he made efforts to pacify the House of Ewostatewos. While the Ewostathians were won over to the compromise by 1442, the two Abuns agreed to the compromise only at the Council of Debre Mitmaq in Tegulet (1450).
416:
ordered Zara Yaqob confined on Amba Geshen (around 1414). Despite this, Zara Yaqob's supporters kept him a perennial candidate for
Emperor, helped by the rapid succession of his older brothers to the throne over the next 20 years, which left him as the oldest qualified candidate. David Buxton points
530:
came to light, Zara Yaqob reacted by appointing his two daughters, Medhan Zamada and Berhan Zamada, to these two offices. According to the
Chronicle of his reign, the Emperor also appointed his daughters and nieces as governors over eight of his provinces. These appointments were not successful.
421:
In the circumstances it was hardly possible for the new king to show adaptability or tolerance or diplomatic skill, which are the fruit of long experience in human relationships. Confronted with a desperate and chaotic situation he met it instead with grim determination and implacable ferocity.
422:
Towards the end of his life, forfeiting the affection and loyalty even of his courtiers and family he became a lonely figure, isolated by suspicion and mistrust. But, in spite of all, the name of this great defender of the faith is one of the most memorable in
Ethiopian history.
590:
as military settlers. These settlers were believed to have the terrified the local population and it is said that the earth "trembled at their arrival" and the inhabitants "fled the country in fear". It is during this time that the title of the coastal regions' ruler,
643:, died from this mistreatment in 1462, which led to a complete break between son and father. Eventually relations between the two were repaired, and Zara Yaqob publicly designated Baeda Maryam as his successor. Near the end of his reign, in 1464/1465,
740:. They tried to explain that nowhere in Zara Yaqob's list of regnal names did that title occur. However, the delegates' admonitions did little to stop Europeans from referring to the monarch as their mythical Christian king, Prester John.
401:. While admitting that this tradition "is invaluable as providing a religious background for Zara Yaqob's career", Taddesse Tamrat dismisses this story as "very improbable in its details". The professor notes that Zara Yaqob wrote in his
546:, but refrained from doing so for the human suffering it would cause. Jaqmaq responded with gifts to appease Zara Yaqob's anger, but refused to rebuild the Coptic churches he had destroyed. The Sultan would then encourage the
498:. He was later slain by the military contingent "Adal Mabrak," who had been in pursuit. The chronicles record that the "Adal Mabrak" sent Mahiko's head and limbs to Zara Yaqob as proof of his death. Zara Yaqob invaded
494:
Mehmad, refused to submit to
Abyssinia. However, with the help of one of Mahiko's followers, the Garad was deposed in favor of his uncle Bamo. Garad Mahiko then sought sanctuary at the court of the
1237:
608:, visible in Ethiopia in 1456), and believing it to be a sign from God, indicating His approval of the execution by stoning of a group of heretics 38 days earlier, Zara Yaqob established
382:
to keep her new child alive. Her prayers were answered and she gave birth to Zara Yaqob, who had this miracle recorded in the Ta'ammara Maryam, one of Zara Yaqob's chronicles written in
566:
in 1445, which consolidated his hold over the Sidamo kingdoms in the south, as well as the weak Muslim kingdoms beyond the Awash River. Similar campaigns in the north against the
747:
to Europe (1450), asking for skilled labour. The mission was led by a
Sicilian, Pietro Rombulo, who had previously been successful in a mission to India. Rombulo first visited
612:
as his capital for the duration of his reign. He ordered a church built on the site, and later constructed an extensive palace nearby, and a second church, dedicated to
1577:
475:
534:
After hearing about the demolition of the
Egyptian Debre Mitmaq monastery, he ordered a period of national mourning and built a church of the same name in
471:
1534:
1599:
49:
1231:
526:
Mehamed. Although she failed to bear him any children, Eleni grew into a powerful political person. When a conspiracy involving one of his
963:
2345:
378:
by his wife, Igzi Kebra. His mother Igzi lost her first son and having been sick during her second pregnancy, prayed fervently to the
1607:
1394:
2350:
617:
1337:
932:
447:
279:
466:, or Lesser Sabbath) and Sunday should be observed. Zara Yaqob was successful in persuading two recently-arrived Egyptian
1499:
1317:
674:"The Book of Light", an exposition of his ecclesiastical reforms and a defence of his religious beliefs; the others were
283:
542:. He reminded Jaqmaq that he had Muslim subjects whom he treated fairly, and warned that he had the power to divert the
1592:
328:
1467:
1445:
1426:
1365:
957:
926:
1120:
663:
1505:
1585:
598:
1619:
1191:
1046:
1528:
2355:
2298:
1101:"Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part Ii)"
698:
555:
2285:
1629:
254:
2209:
1662:
21:
17:
857:
515:
1418:
947:
2340:
2335:
733:
667:
510:, who was baptized before their marriage. Eleni was the daughter of the former king of the
8:
2307:
2294:
1615:
1557:
1402:
752:
725:
652:
628:. He then built two more churches, Martula Mikael and 'Asada Mikael, before returning to
625:
303:
57:
949:
Native
Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
342:, stated that Zara Yaqob "was unquestionably the greatest ruler Ethiopia had seen since
1112:
648:
539:
2227:
1981:
1967:
1818:
1637:
1495:
1463:
1455:
1441:
1422:
1410:
1361:
1313:
953:
922:
683:
605:
582:
to strengthen the imperial presence in the area, he settled a group of warriors from
507:
439:
339:
307:
295:
226:
159:
146:
604:
After observing a bright light in the sky (which most historians have identified as
2114:
2079:
2058:
2037:
2023:
2009:
1995:
1896:
1864:
1655:
1610:
656:
635:
In his later years, Zara Yaqob became more despotic. When Takla
Hawariat, abbot of
503:
499:
487:
443:
389:
Paul B. Henze repeats the tradition that the jealousy of his older brother
Emperor
116:
1328:
16:
This article is about the medieval emperor. For the early modern philosopher, see
2030:
1949:
916:
764:
748:
718:
563:
394:
347:
273:
714:
397:
where he was brought up in secret, and educated in Axum and at the monastery of
2262:
1776:
1706:
1567:
640:
613:
559:
547:
511:
495:
455:
355:
167:
95:
2329:
2304:
2269:
2149:
2135:
1790:
1713:
736:. They were confused when council prelates insisted on calling their monarch
666:, Zara Yaqob was also "reputedly an author of renown", having contributed to
636:
431:
Although he became
Emperor in 1434, Zara Yaqob was not crowned until 1436 at
371:
350:
power, and none of his successors on the throne – excepted only the emperors
343:
327:
literature that flourished during his reign, the handling of both internal
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2142:
2093:
1825:
1755:
1748:
1699:
1648:
737:
629:
609:
332:
132:
1330:
The Oromo of Ethiopia, 1500–1850: with special emphasis on the Gibe region
2234:
2220:
2065:
2044:
1974:
1960:
1762:
1550:
593:
459:
406:
398:
379:
311:
205:
85:
1116:
1100:
462:, believed with its founder that both the original seventh-day Sabbath (
2241:
1988:
1882:
1853:
1811:
1727:
1692:
1405:
on 6 August 2016 – via Dictionary of African Christian Biography.
760:
519:
413:
390:
351:
72:
2248:
2002:
1917:
1875:
1839:
756:
744:
587:
575:
502:
after they failed to pay the annual tribute exacted upon them by the
1487:
709:
446:
observance for roughly a century. One group, which was loyal to the
2128:
2100:
2086:
2072:
2016:
1931:
1903:
1804:
1797:
1783:
1741:
1734:
729:
535:
527:
463:
331:
affairs and external wars with Muslims, along with the founding of
1002:
538:. He then sent a letter of strong protest to the Egyptian Sultan,
324:
2255:
1938:
1924:
1889:
1720:
644:
621:
571:
383:
375:
367:
236:
221:
112:
1462:(second ed.). London: Oxford University Press. p. 69.
1276:
1147:
1910:
551:
451:
1488:"Crusading threats? Ethiopian-Egyptian relations in the 1440s"
1055:
1026:
915:
Uhlig, Siegbert; Bausi, Alessandro; Yimam, Baye, eds. (2003).
701:
ordered the destruction of his former palace in Debre Birhan.
2121:
2107:
2051:
1846:
1832:
990:
755:, who responded favorably. Two letters for Ethiopians in the
583:
579:
482:
467:
1200:
554:
to distract the Emperor, but Zara Yaqob managed to defeated
567:
543:
450:, believed that the day of rest should be observed only on
432:
1399:
The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography
898:
896:
1460:
The Ethiopians: An Introduction to the Country and People
1264:
1171:
1212:
1135:
893:
574:
were not as successful. He then established himself at
670:
as many as three important theological works. One was
335:
as his capital. He reigned for 34 years and 2 months.
1395:"Zare'a Ya'eqob, c. 1399 to 1468, Orthodox, Ethiopia"
1014:
859:
A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume 1)
2303:
During that time, the imperial title was claimed by
1494:. Presses universitaires du Midi. pp. 245–274.
1252:
1080:
1388:. Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press. p. 32.
1159:
412:Upon the death of Emperor Dawit, his older brother
405:that "he was brought down from the royal prison of
1401:. New York: Reference Publications. Archived from
1336:(Ph.D. thesis). University of London. p. 22.
978:
809:The founding of Debre Berhan is described in the
601:the office was likely introduced by Zara Yaqob.
409:only on the eve of his accession to the throne."
2327:
1189:
1044:
2297:, Haile Selassie went into exile following the
1435:
1282:
1153:
1061:
1032:
1008:
996:
914:
318:
38:
1593:
1307:
1206:
1196:. Vol. 1. Methuen & co. p. 300.
1051:. Vol. 1. Methuen & co. p. 300.
651:were pillaged by emperor Zara Yaqob, and the
616:. He later returned to his native village of
597:, first appears in records and according to
883:
881:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
792:His war against Badlay is described in the
393:forced the courtiers to take Zara Yaqob to
1600:
1586:
1454:
1409:
1270:
1098:
902:
1383:
1374:
1218:
1177:
1141:
814:
797:
751:, but his ultimate goal was the court of
1440:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 222.
1392:
1258:
921:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 247.
878:
866:
830:
708:
1530:The Chronicle of the Emperor Zara Yaqob
1193:History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia
1048:History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia
728:in 1441, and established ties with the
284:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2328:
1326:
1086:
945:
686:, however, attributes to him only the
323:; "Constantine"). He is known for the
1581:
1358:Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia
1355:
1343:from the original on 13 February 2020
1298:
1165:
1020:
984:
887:
872:
855:
767:, referring to "the kings Ethiopia."
697:In the sixteenth century Adal leader
374:, he was the youngest son of Emperor
29:Emperor of Ethiopia from 1434 to 1468
448:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
286: instead of Ethiopic characters.
20:. For the current crown prince, see
1303:. New York: Praeger. pp. 48ff.
713:Zara Yaqob's letter written in the
442:had been divided over the issue of
13:
1478:
1360:. New York: Palgrave. p. 68.
1308:Connel, Dan; Killion, Tom (2011).
935:from the original on 8 March 2023.
704:
458:. Another group, the followers of
14:
2367:
2346:15th-century emperors of Ethiopia
1532:, translated by Richard Pankhurst
1522:
1508:from the original on 8 March 2023
1393:Selassie, Tsehai Berhane (1977).
1384:Pankhurst, Richard K. P. (1967).
1240:from the original on 8 March 2023
1123:from the original on 11 June 2022
966:from the original on 8 March 2023
724:Zara Yaqob sent delegates to the
655:was forced to pay tribute to the
1609:
1397:. In Ofosu-Appiah, L. H. (ed.).
1379:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 85.
1310:Historical Dictionary of Eritrea
624:and built a church dedicated to
366:Born at Telq in the province of
264:
2351:15th-century monarchs in Africa
1224:
1183:
1092:
1067:
1038:
862:. London: Methuen. p. 305.
803:
786:
763:and Zara Yaqob) survive in the
1386:The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles
939:
918:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha
908:
777:
1:
1190:A. Wallace Budge, E. (1828).
1045:A. Wallace Budge, E. (1828).
370:, Zara Yaqob hailed from the
361:
302:; 1399 – 26 August 1468) was
1438:Church and State in Ethiopia
952:. Routledge. p. 15-16.
856:Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928).
824:
7:
1770:Zara Yaqob (Kwestantinos I)
1375:Pankhurst, Richard (2001).
1236:. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
1099:Braukämper, Ulrich (1977).
682:"The Book of the Trinity".
678:"The Book of Nativity" and
506:, and married its princess
358:– can be compared to him."
10:
2372:
2299:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1784:Eskender (Kwestantinos II)
1291:
699:Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
550:to invade the province of
319:
299:
39:
15:
2279:
2208:
1948:
1863:
1656:Yagbe'u Seyon (Salomon I)
1636:
1627:
1564:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1436:Tamrat, Taddesse (1972).
1415:The Realm of Prester John
1377:The Ethiopians: A History
1327:Hassen, Mohammed (1983).
1207:Connel & Killion 2011
946:Danver, Steven L (2015).
783:Literally 'Seed of Jacob'
255:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
250:
242:
232:
220:
211:
204:
200:
158:
139:
122:
105:
101:
91:
81:
71:
63:
56:
47:
34:
770:
426:
22:Zera Yacob Amha Selassie
18:Zera Yacob (philosopher)
1356:Henze, Paul B. (2000).
486:Mahiko, the son of the
346:, during the heyday of
338:The British historian,
1486:Krebs, Verena (2019).
1417:(paperback ed.).
721:
518:kingdoms south of the
306:, and a member of the
272:This article contains
1419:Ohio University Press
1299:Buxon, David (1970).
1075:Ethiopian Borderlands
712:
67:1434 – 26 August 1468
1616:Emperors of Ethiopia
1283:Taddesse Tamrat 1972
1154:Taddesse Tamrat 1972
1062:Taddesse Tamrat 1972
1033:Taddesse Tamrat 1972
1009:Taddesse Tamrat 1972
997:Taddesse Tamrat 1972
734:Western Christianity
668:Ethiopian literature
310:who ruled under the
2308:Victor Emmanuel III
1558:Emperor of Ethiopia
1492:Croisades en Afriqe
1011:, pp. 278–283.
753:Alfonso V of Aragon
726:Council of Florence
653:Sultanate of Dahlak
620:in the province of
514:(one of the Muslim
304:Emperor of Ethiopia
58:Emperor of Ethiopia
1950:Era of the Princes
1535:Archive.org mirror
1456:Ullendorff, Edward
1411:Silverberg, Robert
1105:Ethiopianist Notes
817:, pp. 36–38).
800:, pp. 36–38).
745:diplomatic mission
722:
649:Dahlak archipelago
540:Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq
135:, Ethiopian Empire
2356:Solomonic dynasty
2323:
2322:
2315:Emperor-in-exile.
2228:Tekle Giyorgis II
1982:Tekle Haymanot II
1968:Tekle Haymanot II
1638:Solomonic dynasty
1574:
1573:
1565:Succeeded by
1312:. The Scarecrow.
1156:, pp. 262–3.
684:Edward Ullendorff
664:Richard Pankhurst
599:Richard Pankhurst
340:Edward Ullendorff
308:Solomonic dynasty
280:rendering support
260:
259:
216:
215:
130:(aged 68–69)
2363:
2316:
2311:
2289:
2272:
2265:
2258:
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2237:
2230:
2223:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2115:Baeda Maryam III
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2080:Tekle Giyorgis I
2075:
2068:
2061:
2059:Tekle Giyorgis I
2054:
2047:
2040:
2038:Tekle Giyorgis I
2033:
2026:
2024:Tekle Giyorgis I
2019:
2012:
2010:Tekle Giyorgis I
2005:
1998:
1996:Tekle Giyorgis I
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1897:Tekle Haymanot I
1892:
1885:
1878:
1865:Gondarine period
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
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1676:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1651:
1614:
1613:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1548:Preceded by
1540:
1539:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1473:
1451:
1432:
1406:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1323:
1304:
1286:
1285:, p. 264ff.
1280:
1274:
1268:
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1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
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1222:
1216:
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1128:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1023:, pp. 48ff.
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
943:
937:
936:
912:
906:
900:
891:
885:
876:
870:
864:
863:
853:
818:
811:Royal Chronicles
807:
801:
794:Royal Chronicles
790:
784:
781:
680:Mashafa Selassie
657:Ethiopian Empire
558:, the Sultan of
504:Ethiopian Empire
444:Biblical Sabbath
440:Ethiopian Church
322:
321:
301:
268:
267:
227:House of Solomon
202:
201:
129:
117:Ethiopian Empire
43:
42:
41:
32:
31:
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2370:
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2365:
2364:
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2292:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2210:Modern Ethiopia
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2031:Baeda Maryam II
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1890:Iyasu the Great
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:: Senfa Ared IV
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1623:
1608:
1606:
1570:
1561:
1553:
1525:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1501:978-281070557-3
1485:
1481:
1479:Further reading
1476:
1470:
1448:
1429:
1421:. p. 189.
1368:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1320:
1319:978-081085952-4
1301:The Abyssinians
1294:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1271:Silverberg 1996
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1188:
1184:
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1148:
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1136:
1126:
1124:
1097:
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1068:
1060:
1056:
1043:
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1031:
1027:
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1007:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
979:
969:
967:
960:
944:
940:
929:
913:
909:
903:Ullendorff 1960
901:
894:
886:
879:
871:
867:
854:
831:
827:
822:
821:
808:
804:
791:
787:
782:
778:
773:
765:Vatican library
749:Pope Nicholas V
743:He also sent a
719:Vatican Library
707:
705:Foreign affairs
564:Battle of Gomit
429:
364:
289:
288:
287:
278:Without proper
269:
265:
196:
154:
131:
127:
110:
37:
36:
30:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2369:
2359:
2358:
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2348:
2343:
2338:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2290:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2263:Haile Selassie
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1928:
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1914:
1907:
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1893:
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1871:
1869:
1861:
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1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1777:Baeda Maryam I
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1707:Newaya Krestos
1703:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1568:Baeda Maryam I
1566:
1563:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1543:Regnal titles
1538:
1537:
1524:
1523:External links
1521:
1519:
1518:
1500:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1452:
1446:
1433:
1427:
1407:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1353:
1324:
1318:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1275:
1273:, p. 189.
1263:
1251:
1223:
1219:Pankhurst 2001
1211:
1209:, p. 160.
1199:
1182:
1180:, p. 101.
1178:Pankhurst 1967
1170:
1158:
1146:
1142:Pankhurst 1967
1134:
1091:
1079:
1066:
1064:, p. 230.
1054:
1037:
1035:, p. 229.
1025:
1013:
1001:
999:, p. 222.
989:
977:
958:
938:
927:
907:
892:
890:, p. 304.
877:
875:, p. 307.
865:
828:
826:
823:
820:
819:
815:Pankhurst 1967
802:
798:Pankhurst 1967
785:
775:
774:
772:
769:
706:
703:
672:Mashafa Berhan
641:Baeda Maryam I
614:Saint Cyriacus
606:Halley's Comet
548:Adal Sultanate
512:Hadiya Kingdom
496:Adal Sultanate
428:
425:
424:
423:
403:Mashafa Berhan
363:
360:
356:Haile Selassie
282:, you may see
270:
263:
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257:
252:
248:
247:
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230:
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212:Kwestantinos I
209:
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168:Baeda Maryam I
164:
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143:
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137:
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126:26 August 1468
124:
120:
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107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
96:Baeda Maryam I
93:
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69:
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61:
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53:
45:
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2270:Amha Selassie
2267:
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2207:
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2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:Gebre Krestos
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:Gebre Krestos
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
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2014:
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1990:
1986:
1983:
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1929:
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1901:
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1887:
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1866:
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1855:
1851:
1848:
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1837:
1834:
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1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:Amda Seyon II
1788:
1785:
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1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
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1750:
1746:
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1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:Newaya Maryam
1711:
1708:
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1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
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1527:
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1503:
1497:
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1484:
1483:
1471:
1469:0-19-285061-X
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1447:0-19-821671-8
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1428:1-84212-409-9
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
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1378:
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1367:1-85065-522-7
1363:
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1321:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1259:Selassie 1977
1255:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1221:, p. 85.
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1168:, p. 67.
1167:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1144:, p. 32.
1143:
1138:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1089:, p. 22.
1088:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
987:, p. 68.
986:
981:
965:
961:
959:9781317464006
955:
951:
950:
942:
934:
930:
928:9783447052382
924:
920:
919:
911:
905:, p. 69.
904:
899:
897:
889:
884:
882:
874:
869:
861:
860:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
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746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
716:
711:
702:
700:
695:
693:
692:Mashafa Milad
689:
688:Mashafa Berha
685:
681:
677:
676:Mashafa Milad
673:
669:
665:
662:According to
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Dabra Libanos
633:
631:
627:
626:Saint Michael
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
595:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:Badlay ad-Din
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:Great Sabbath
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
420:
419:
418:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:Amhara people
369:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
316:
315:Qostantinos I
313:
309:
305:
297:
293:
285:
281:
277:
275:
274:Ethiopic text
256:
253:
249:
246:'Egzi'e Kebra
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
228:
225:
223:
219:
210:
207:
203:
199:
193:Berhan Zamada
192:
190:Adal Mangesha
189:
186:
183:
180:
178:Zar'a Abraham
177:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
163:
161:
157:
151:Seyon Morgasa
150:
148:
145:
144:
142:
138:
134:
125:
121:
118:
114:
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100:
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80:
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74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
52:
51:
50:Negusa Nagast
46:
33:
27:
23:
19:
2305:Italian King
2199:Sahle Dengel
2192:Yohannes III
2185:Sahle Dengel
2178:Yohannes III
2171:Sahle Dengel
2164:Yohannes III
2157:Sahle Dengel
2143:Sahle Dengel
2094:Egwale Seyon
1826:Sarsa Dengel
1769:
1756:Sarwe Iyasus
1749:Takla Maryam
1700:Amda Seyon I
1649:Yekuno Amlak
1575:
1556:
1529:
1510:. Retrieved
1491:
1459:
1437:
1414:
1403:the original
1398:
1385:
1376:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1329:
1309:
1300:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1233:Dabra Birhan
1232:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1192:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1108:
1104:
1094:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1057:
1047:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:. Retrieved
948:
941:
917:
910:
868:
858:
810:
805:
793:
788:
779:
742:
738:Prester John
723:
715:Geʽez script
696:
691:
687:
679:
675:
671:
661:
634:
630:Debre Berhan
610:Debre Berhan
603:
592:
533:
523:
491:
481:
480:
437:
430:
411:
407:Mount Gishan
402:
388:
365:
337:
333:Debre Birhan
314:
291:
290:
271:
187:Rom Ganayala
133:Debre Berhan
128:(1468-08-26)
48:
26:
2341:1468 deaths
2336:1399 births
2235:Yohannes IV
2221:Tewodros II
2213:(1855–1974)
2066:Salomon III
2045:Salomon III
1975:Susenyos II
1961:Yohannes II
1953:(1769–1855)
1868:(1632–1769)
1763:Amda Iyasus
1675:Qedma Asgad
1670:Hezba Asgad
1641:(1270–1632)
1630:Family tree
1551:Amda Iyasus
1111:(2): 1–43.
1087:Hassen 1983
1073:Pankhurst,
594:Bahr Negash
460:Ewostatewos
399:Debre Abbay
380:Virgin Mary
312:regnal name
206:Regnal name
181:Batra Seyon
175:Amda Maryam
86:Amda Iyasus
82:Predecessor
40:ዓፄ ዘርዐ ያዕቆብ
2330:Categories
2242:Menelik II
1989:Salomon II
1883:Yohannes I
1854:Susenyos I
1812:Gelawdewos
1728:Tewodros I
1693:Wedem Arad
1685:Saba Asgad
1562:1434–1468
1166:Henze 2000
1077:, pp. 143f
1021:Buxon 1970
985:Henze 2000
888:Budge 1928
873:Budge 1928
761:Amda Seyon
520:Abay River
391:Tewodros I
362:Early life
352:Menelik II
292:Zara Yaqob
184:Del Samera
172:Galawdewos
73:Coronation
35:Zara Yaqob
2295:1936–1941
2249:Lij Iyasu
2003:Iyasu III
1918:Dawit III
1876:Fasilides
1840:Za Dengel
1680:Jin Asgad
1244:19 August
825:Citations
757:Holy Land
588:Hamassien
576:Hamassien
528:Bitwodeds
329:Christian
92:Successor
2293:Between
2129:Iyasu IV
2101:Iyoas II
2087:Demetros
2073:Demetros
2017:Hezqeyas
1932:Iyasu II
1904:Tewoflos
1805:Dawit II
1742:Andreyas
1735:Yeshaq I
1506:Archived
1458:(1960).
1413:(1996).
1347:25 March
1338:Archived
1238:Archived
1121:Archived
1117:42731322
964:Archived
933:Archived
730:Holy See
647:and the
570:and the
464:Saturday
414:Tewodros
348:Aksumite
300:ዘርዐ ያዕቆብ
251:Religion
2286:crowned
2256:Zewditu
1939:Iyoas I
1925:Bakaffa
1721:Dawit I
1292:Sources
717:at the
645:Massawa
622:Fatager
572:Falasha
562:at the
536:Tegulet
476:Gabriel
384:Amharic
376:Dawit I
368:Fatagar
320:ቆስጠንጢኖስ
237:Dawit I
222:Dynasty
113:Fatagar
2284:Never
1911:Yostos
1512:12 May
1498:
1466:
1444:
1425:
1364:
1316:
1127:7 June
1115:
970:1 June
956:
925:
759:(from
552:Dawaro
516:Sidamo
500:Hadiya
490:ruler
488:Hadiya
472:Mikael
452:Sunday
395:Tigray
243:Mother
233:Father
140:Spouse
111:Telq,
2122:Gigar
2108:Gigar
2052:Yonas
1847:Yaqob
1833:Yaqob
1819:Menas
1798:Na'od
1341:(PDF)
1334:(PDF)
1113:JSTOR
771:Notes
584:Shewa
580:Serae
524:Garad
508:Eleni
492:Garad
483:Garad
468:Abuna
454:, or
427:Reign
344:Ezana
325:Geʽez
296:Ge'ez
160:Issue
147:Eleni
64:Reign
1663:Sons
1620:List
1514:2019
1496:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1349:2020
1314:ISBN
1246:2022
1129:2022
972:2022
954:ISBN
923:ISBN
732:and
690:and
618:Telq
578:and
568:Agaw
560:Adal
544:Nile
474:and
438:The
433:Axum
354:and
123:Died
109:1399
106:Born
77:1436
586:in
522:),
386:.
2332::
1504:.
1490:.
1119:.
1107:.
1103:.
962:.
931:.
895:^
880:^
832:^
694:.
659:.
632:.
470:,
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115:,
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2301:.
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1618:(
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1472:.
1450:.
1431:.
1370:.
1351:.
1322:.
1261:.
1248:.
1131:.
1109:1
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813:(
796:(
317:(
294:(
276:.
24:.
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