Trans-Olza - Knowledge

1590:"The next morning Beneš visited the Polish delegation at Spa. By giving the impression that the Czechs would accept a settlement favorable to the Poles without a plebiscite, Beneš got the Poles to sign an agreement that Poland would abide by any Allied decision regarding Cieszyn. The Poles, of course, had no way of knowing that Beneš had already persuaded the Allies to make a decision on Cieszyn. After a brief interval, to make it appear that due deliberation had taken place, the Allied Council of Ambassadors in Paris imposed its 'decision'. Only then did it dawn on the Poles that at Spa they had signed a blank check. To them, Beneš' stunning triumph was not diplomacy, it was a swindle (...) As Polish Prime Minister 1978: 1854:) by choice or forcibly. The behaviour of the new Polish authorities was different but similar in nature to that of the Czechoslovak ones before 1938. Two political factions appeared: socialists (the opposition) and rightists (loyal to the new Polish national authorities). Leftist politicians and sympathizers were discriminated against and often fired from work. The Polish political system was artificially implemented in Trans-Olza. The local Poles continued to feel like second-class citizens and a majority of them were dissatisfied with the situation after October 1938. Zaolzie remained a part of Poland for only 11 months until the 1721: 1347: 1359: 1675:

benefits. Czechoslovak law guaranteed rights for national minorities but reality in Trans-Olza was quite different. Local Czech authorities made it more difficult for local Poles to obtain citizenship, while the process was expedited when the applicant pledged to declare Czech nationality and send his children to a Czech school. Newly built Czech schools were often better supported and equipped, thus inducing some Poles to send their children there. Czech schools were built in ethnically almost entirely Polish municipalities. This and other factors contributed to the

4576: 1694: 1729: 1572: 898: 1531: 1807:. The vast local Polish population enthusiastically welcomed the change, seeing it as a liberation and a form of historical justice, but they quickly changed their mood. The new Polish authorities appointed people from Poland to various key positions from which locals were fired. The Polish language became the sole official language. Using Czech (or German) by Czechs (or Germans) in public was prohibited and Czechs and Germans were being forced to leave the annexed area or become subject to 1776:, believed that Warsaw should act rapidly to forestall the German occupation of the city. At noon on 30 September, Poland gave an ultimatum to the Czechoslovak government. It demanded the immediate evacuation of Czechoslovak troops and police and gave Prague time until noon the following day. At 11:45 a.m. on 1 October the Czechoslovak foreign ministry called the Polish ambassador in Prague and told him that Poland could have what it wanted. The Polish Army, commanded by General 4583: 1391: 1383: 1276: 1706: 2189: 1662: 2060: 1150: 2201: 1551:(...) The Czechs put together a substantial body of infantry – about 15,000 men – and on 23 January 1919, they invaded the Polish-held areas. To confuse the Poles, the Czechs recruited some Allied officers of Czech background and put these men in their respective wartime uniforms at the head of the invasion forces. After a little skirmishing, the tiny Polish defense force was nearly driven out." 2047:. Many local people with no German ancestry were also forced to take them. The World War II death toll in Trans-Olza is estimated at about 6,000 people: about 2,500 Jews, 2,000 other citizens (80% of them being Poles) and more than 1,000 locals who died in the Wehrmacht (those who took the Volksliste). Also a few hundred Poles from Trans-Olza were murdered by Soviets in the 1547:. It was observed that under the agreement of 5 November, the Poles controlled about a third of the duchy's coal mines. The Czechs realized that they had given away rather a lot (...) It was recognized that any takeover in Cieszyn would have to be accomplished in a manner acceptable by the victorious Allies (...), so the Czechs cooked up a tale that the Cieszyn area was becoming 1641:

approved the recommendations of the Czechoslovak commission without a change – with the exception of Cieszyn, which they referred to Poland and Czechoslovakia to settle in bilateral negotiations." When the Polish-Czechoslovak negotiations failed, the Allied powers proposed plebiscites in the Cieszyn Silesia and also in the border districts of

2087:, and the local Polish population again suffered discrimination, as many Czechs blamed them for the discrimination by the Polish authorities in 1938–1939. Polish organizations were banned, and the Czechoslovak authorities carried out many arrests and dismissed many Poles from work. The situation had somewhat improved when the 1313:. About 60,000 people arrived between 1880 and 1910. The new immigrants were Polish and poor, about half of them being illiterate. They worked in coal mining and metallurgy. For these people the most important factor was material well-being; they cared little about the homeland from which they had fled. Almost all of them 1619:" in its note to Austria of 19 December, the Czechoslovak government acted under the impression it had French support for its claim to Cieszyn Silesia as part of Austrian Silesia. However, Paris believed it gave that assurance only against German-Austrian claims, not Polish ones. Paris, however, viewed both 1901:

the Polish 1938 ultimatum to Czechoslovakia and its acquisition of Zaolzie were gross tactical errors. Whatever justice there might have been to the Polish claim upon Zaolzie, its seizure in 1938 was an enormous mistake in terms of the damage done to Poland's reputation among the democratic powers of

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Historian Richard M. Watt writes, "On 5 November 1918, the Poles and the Czechs in the region disarmed the Austrian garrison (...) The Poles took over the areas that appeared to be theirs, just as the Czechs had assumed administration of theirs. Nobody objected to this friendly arrangement (...) Then

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in the territory on 19 May 1920. The situation in the area remained very tense, with mutual intimidation, acts of terror, beatings and even killings. A plebiscite could not be held in this atmosphere. On 10 July both sides renounced the idea of a plebiscite and entrusted the Conference of Ambassadors

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Up to the mid-19th century members of the local Slav population did not identify themselves as members of larger ethnolinguistic entities. In Cieszyn Silesia (as in all West Slavic borderlands) various territorial identities pre-dated ethnic and national identity. Consciousness of membership within a

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The local Polish population felt that Warsaw had betrayed them and they were not satisfied with the division of Cieszyn Silesia. About 12,000 to 14,000 Poles were forced to leave to Poland. It is not quite clear how many Poles were in Trans-Olza in Czechoslovakia. Estimates (depending mainly whether

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The history of the Trans-Olza region began in 1918, when, after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the newly established Czechoslovakia made claims to the area with Polish majority, which gave rise to a dispute. For Poles, giving Trans-Olza to Czechoslovakia was unacceptable, so they decided

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whom they were soon to need so sorely. ... It is a mystery and tragedy of European history that a people capable of every heroic virtue ... as individuals, should repeatedly show such inveterate faults in almost every aspect of their governmental life." Churchill also associated such behaviour with

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crisis in July 1920. As Watt writes, "Over the dinner table, Beneš convinced the British and French that the plebiscite should not be held and that the Allies should simply impose their own decision in the Cieszyn matter. More than that, Beneš persuaded the French and the British to draw a frontier

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did so in its declaration of 1 November 1918. On 31 October 1918, at the end of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the majority of the area was taken over by local Polish authorities supported by armed forces. An interim agreement from 2 November 1918 reflected the inability of the

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grew. After declining at the end of the 19th century, at the beginning of the 20th century and later from 1920 to 1938 the Czech population grew significantly to rival the Poles. Another significant ethnic group were the Jews, but almost the entire Jewish population was murdered during World War II

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was supported by Prague, which did not follow certain laws related to language, legislative and organizational issues. Polish deputies in the Czechoslovak National Assembly frequently tried to put those issues on agenda. One way or another, more and more local Poles thus assimilated into the Czech

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warned: 'The Polish nation has received a blow which will play an important role in our relations with the Czechoslovak Republic. The decision of the Council of Ambassadors has given the Czechs a piece of Polish land containing a population which is mostly Polish.... The decision has caused a rift

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compared Germany and Poland to vultures landing on the dying carcass of Czechoslovakia and lamented that "over a question so minor as Cieszyn, they sundered themselves from all those friends in France, Britain and the United States who had lifted them once again to a national, coherent life, and

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composed a note to the Polish administration offering to reopen the debate surrounding the territorial demarcation in Těšínsko in the interest of mutual relations, but he delayed in sending it in hopes of good news from London and Paris, which came only in a limited form. Beneš then turned to the

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With respect to the arbitration decision itself, Mamatey writes that "On 25 March, to expedite the work of the peace conference, the Council of Ten was divided into the Council of Four (The "Big Four") and the Council of Five (the foreign ministers). Early in April the two councils considered and

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proposed a plebiscite. The Allies were shocked, arguing that the Czechs were bound to lose it. However, Beneš was insistent and a plebiscite was announced in September 1919. As it turned out, Beneš knew what he was doing. A plebiscite would take some time to set up, and a lot could happen in that

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Jerzy Pietrzak, "Die politischen und kirchenrechtlichen Grundlagen der Einsetzung Apostolischer Administratoren in den Jahren 1939–1942 und 1945 im Vergleich", in: Katholische Kirche unter nationalsozialistischer und kommunistischer Diktatur: Deutschland und Polen 1939–1989, Hans-Jürgen Karp and

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would be held in the entirety of Cieszyn Silesia, the Czechoslovak government requested that the Poles cease their preparations as no elections were to be held in the disputed territory until a final agreement could be reached. When their demands were rejected by the Poles, the Czechs decided to

1321:(west of the ethnic border), as heavy industry was spread through the whole western part of Cieszyn Silesia. Even today, ethnographers find that about 25,000 people in Ostrava (about 8% of the population) have Polish surnames. The Czech population (living mainly in the northern part of the area: 1892:

Amid the general euphoria in Poland – the acquisition of Zaolzie was a very popular development – no one paid attention to the bitter comment of the Czechoslovak general who handed the region over to the incoming Poles. He predicted that it would not be long before the Poles would themselves be

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The Germans were delighted with this outcome, and were happy to give up the sacrifice of a small provincial rail centre to Poland in exchange for the ensuing propaganda benefits. It spread the blame of the partition of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, made Poland a participant in the process and

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Gawrecká, 23, in particular the quotation of Dąbrowski: "Czesi uderzyli na nas kilka dni przed 26 stycznia 1919, w którym to dniu miały się odbyć wybory do Sejmu w Warszawie. Nie chcieli bowiem między innemi dopuścić do przeprowadzenia tych wyborów, któreby były wykazały bez wszelkiej presyi i

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are included as Poles or not) range from 110,000 to 140,000 people in 1921. The 1921 and 1930 census numbers are not accurate since nationality depended on self-declaration and many Poles filled in Czech nationality mainly as a result of fear of the new authorities and as compensation for some

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was introduced by the authorities. The Jews were in the worst position, followed by the Poles. Poles received lower food rations, they were supposed to pay extra taxes, they were not allowed to enter theatres, cinemas, etc. Polish and Czech education ceased to exist, Polish organizations were

1095:, in which the Polish population formed a majority according to the 1910 Austrian census. It makes up the eastern part of the Czech portion of Cieszyn Silesia. However, Polish historian Józef Szymeczek notes that the term is often mistakenly used for the whole Czech part of Cieszyn Silesia. 1769:. The Czech government was offered 700 fighter planes if room for them could be found on the Czech airfields. On 28 September, all the military districts west of the Urals were ordered to stop releasing men for leave. On 29 September 330,000 reservists were up throughout the western USSR. 967:

was divided between the two countries during the Spa Conference. Trans-Olza forms the eastern part of the Czech portion of Cieszyn Silesia. The division again did not satisfy any side, and persisting conflict over the region led to its annexation by Poland in October 1938, following the

1823:(Archbishop Leopold Prečan), respectively, both traditionally comprising cross-border diocesan territories in Czechoslovakia and Germany. When the Polish government demanded after its takeover that the parishes there be disentangled from these two archdioceses, the Holy See complied. 2223:

in late 2007, reduced the significance of territorial disputes, ending systematic controls on the border between the countries. Signs prohibiting passage across the state border were removed, with people now allowed to cross the border freely at any point of their choosing.

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Poland's participation in the annexation of Czechoslovakia in 1938 was not only an error, but above all a sin. And we in Poland can admit this error rather than look for excuses. We need to draw conclusions from Munich and they apply to modern times: you can't give way to

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In this very tense atmosphere it was decided that a plebiscite would be held in the area asking people which country this territory should join. Plebiscite commissioners arrived there at the end of January 1920, and after analysing the situation declared a

2043:– a document in which a non-German citizen declared that he had some German ancestry by signing it; refusal to sign this document could lead to deportation to a concentration camp – were introduced. Local people who took them were later on enrolled in the 2163:

significantly changed the ethnic structure of the area, as almost all the Slovak immigrants assimilated into the Czech majority in the course of time. The number of self-declared Slovaks is rapidly declining. The last Slovak primary school was closed in

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in Warsaw on 13 June 1958 confirming the border as it existed on 1 January 1938. After the Communist takeover of power, the industrial boom continued and many immigrants arrived in the area (mostly from other parts of Czechoslovakia, mainly from

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In 1919, the matter went to consideration in Paris before the World War I Allies. Watt claims the Poles based their claims on ethnographical reasons and the Czechs based their need on the Cieszyn coal, useful in order to influence the actions of

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line that gave Czechoslovakia most of the territory of Cieszyn, the vital railroad and all the important coal fields. With this frontier, 139,000 Poles were to be left in Czech territory, whereas only 2,000 Czechs were left on the Polish side".

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and did not want to cool relations with either. Mamatey writes that the Poles "brought the matter before the peace conference that had opened in Paris on 18 January. On 29 January, the Council of Ten summoned Beneš and the Polish delegate

1563:, whose capitals were fuelled by coal from the duchy. The Allies finally decided that the Czechs should get 60 percent of the coal fields and the Poles were to get most of the people and the strategic rail line. Watt writes: "Czech envoy 2012:

The German authorities introduced terror into Trans-Olza. The Nazis especially targeted the Polish intelligentsia, many of whom died during the war. Mass killings, executions, arrests, taking locals to forced labour and deportations to

1913:." The Soviet Union was so hostile to Poland over Munich that there was a real prospect that war between the two states might break out quite separate from the wider conflict over Czechoslovakia. The Soviet Prime Minister, 1811:. Rapid Polonization policies then followed in all parts of public and private life. Czech organizations were dismantled and their activity was prohibited. The Roman Catholic parishes in the area belonged either to the 1441:

and on 5 November 1918, the area was divided between Poland and Czechoslovakia by an agreement of the two councils. In early 1919 both councils were absorbed by the newly created and independent central governments in

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to explain the dispute, and on 1 February obliged them to sign an agreement redividing the area pending its final disposition by the peace conference. Czechoslovakia thus failed to gain her objective in Cieszyn."

1649:(now in Slovakia) to which the Poles had raised claims. In the end, however, no plebiscites were held due to the rising mutual hostilities of Czechs and Poles in Cieszyn Silesia. Instead, on 28 July 1920 the 1679:

of Poles and also to significant emigration to Poland. After a few years, the heightened nationalism typical for the years around 1920 receded and local Poles increasingly co-operated with Czechs. Still,

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The most vocal support for union with Poland had come from within the territory awarded to Czechoslovakia, while some of the strongest opponents of Polish rule came from the territory awarded to Poland.

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factories are located there. The Polish side based its claim to the area on ethnic criteria: a majority (69.2%) of the area's population was Polish according to the last (1910) Austrian census.

3564: 3538: 3171:, Hans-Jürgen Karp and Joachim Köhler (eds.), (=Forschungen und Quellen zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte Ostdeutschlands; vol. 32), Cologne: Böhlau, 2001, pp. 157–174, here p. 160. 409: 2005:

dismantled and their activity was prohibited. Katowice's Bishop Adamski was deposed as apostolic administrator for the Catholic parishes in Trans-Olza and on 23 December 1939

1909:, the French Prime Minister, told the US ambassador to France that "he hoped to live long enough to pay Poland for her cormorant attitude in the present crisis by proposing 1172:, began to contend for the region, which was crossed by important international routes. From 950 to 1060 it was under the rule of Bohemia, and from 1060 it was part of the 1329:, etc.) declined numerically at the end of the 19th century, assimilating with the prevalent Polish population. This process shifted with the industrial boom in the area. 2083:

Immediately after World War II, Trans-Olza was returned to Czechoslovakia within its 1920 borders, although local Poles had hoped it would again be given to Poland. Most

1510:, Czechoslovakia received 58.1% of the area of Cieszyn Silesia, containing 67.9% of the population. It was this territory that became known from the Polish standpoint as 1477:

claimed the area partly on historic and ethnic grounds, but especially on economic grounds. The area was important for the Czechs as the crucial railway line connecting

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Jerzy Pietrzak, "Die politischen und kirchenrechtlichen Grundlagen der Einsetzung Apostolischer Administratoren in den Jahren 1939–1942 und 1945 im Vergleich", in:

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Joachim Köhler (eds.), (=Forschungen und Quellen zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte Ostdeutschlands; vol. 32), Cologne: Böhlau, 2001, pp. 157–174, here p. 162.

571: 2103: 5139: 3108:"Ustawa z dnia 27 października 1938 r. o podziale administracyjnym i tymczasowej organizacji administracji na obszarze Ziem Odzyskanych Śląska Cieszyńskiego" 309: 220: 330: 105: 4073: 2679:

Irena Bogoczová, Jana Raclavska. "Report about the national and language situation in the area around Czeski Cieszyn/Český Těšín in the Czech Republic".

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Historically, the largest specified ethnic group inhabiting this area were Poles. Under Austrian rule, Cieszyn Silesia was initially divided into three (

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The German occupational census based nationality on self-declaration of citizens. The census was distorted by the occupational regime. (Siwek 1996, 32.)

1882:, Poland's annexation of Zaolzie may have contributed to the British and French reluctance to attack the Germans with greater forces in September 1939. 1176:. The written history explicitly about the region begins on 23 April 1155 when Cieszyn/Těšín was first mentioned in a written document, a letter from 5169: 524: 438: 424: 387: 5159: 3226: 4460: 5134: 3568: 3542: 960:

to hold elections in the region to which Czechoslovakia responded by sending army to the disputed territory and annexing it in January 1919.

859: 556: 542: 4470: 4391: 1780:, annexed an area of 801.5 km with a population of 227,399 people. Administratively the annexed area was divided between two counties: 5129: 1309:. At the end of the century, ethnic tensions arose as the area's economic significance grew. This growth caused a wave of immigration from 969: 3081: 4438: 536: 4029: 1173: 1154: 2094:

As to the Catholic parishes in Trans-Olza pertaining to the Archdiocese of Breslau Archbishop Bertram, then residing in the episcopal

2009:, nuncio to Germany, returned them to their original archdioceses of Breslau or Olomouc, respectively, with effect of 1 January 1940. 5124: 5119: 4317: 4124: 617: 4295: 4179: 5070: 2687:. November 2006. p. 2. (source: Zahradnik. "Struktura narodowościowa Zaolzia na podstawie spisów ludności 1880-1991". Třinec 1991). 2084: 2051:. Percentage-wise, Trans-Olza suffered the worst human loss from the whole of Czechoslovakia – about 2.6% of the total population. 852: 833: 4337: 4332: 5164: 4507: 4450: 177: 4322: 4273: 5154: 1489:, which was one of only two railroads that linked the Czech provinces to Slovakia at that time). The area is also very rich in 1245: 565: 250: 4542: 4406: 4396: 4221: 1940:

declared during 70th anniversary of start of World War II, which was welcomed by the Czech and Slovak diplomatic delegations:

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Within the region originally demanded from Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in 1938 was the important railway junction city of

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The 1950, 1961, 1980 and 1991 Czechoslovak censuses based nationality on self-declaration of citizens. (Siwek 1996, 37–38.)

1377: 414: 2519: 1653:(also known as the Conference of Ambassadors) divided each of the three disputed areas between Poland and Czechoslovakia. 2581:

France and Her Eastern Allies, 1919-1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno

1851: 119: 3899: 4991: 1921: 999:, had a mostly Czech population, the other three were mostly inhabited by Poles. During the 19th century the number of 785: 583: 213: 73: 4878: 4688: 4639: 5149: 5144: 4803: 4718: 4018: 3991: 3949: 3930: 3880: 3849: 3823: 3793: 3719: 3697: 3678: 3659: 3409: 3302: 3272: 3236: 3176: 3091: 2088: 1766: 91: 4961: 4768: 4728: 4152: 1088: 5174: 4604: 4385: 3978: 3495:, Heinrich Kuhn and Otto Böss (compil.), Munich: Lerche 1961, (Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum), p. 115. 2099: 828: 654: 226: 4949: 4873: 735:

fell into disuse, though it was sometimes invoked to denote Polish claims to some East German territories such as

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took power in February 1948. Polish property deprived by the German occupants during the war was never returned.

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Katholische Kirche unter nationalsozialistischer und kommunistischer Diktatur: Deutschland und Polen 1939–1989

1752:). The Poles regarded the city as of crucial importance to the area and to Polish interests. On 28 September, 1197: 751:, raised typically only until early 1970s as counterclaims to retaliate for West German calls for revision of 4903: 4758: 4748: 4117: 3228:

A Low, Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930-1941

2584: 2169: 449: 324: 279: 270: 4011:"Powstanie" na Zaolziu w 1938 r.: Polska akcja specjalna w świetle dokumentów Oddziału II Sztabu Głównego WP 1181: 984: 4823: 2607:

The 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 Austrian censuses asked people about the language they use. (Siwek 1996, 31.)

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in 1939, the area became a part of Nazi Germany until 1945. After the war, the 1920 borders were restored.

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People could declare a nationality other than that indicated by their native language. (Siwek 1996, 32.)

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From 1848 to the end of the 19th century, local Polish and Czech people co-operated, united against the

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all happened on a daily basis. The most notorious war crime was a murder of 36 villagers in and around

1212:, began to press close to Silesian settlements. This prompted signing of a special treaty between Duke 710: 429: 2018: 3673:. Prague: G plus G; supported by the Nadace rozvoje občanské společnosti of the European Commission. 1777: 1582:

Watt argues that Beneš strategically waited for Poland's moment of weakness, and moved in during the

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The Polish side argued that Poles in Trans-Olza deserved the same ethnic rights and freedom as the

1720: 1607:. He notes that when the French government recognised Czechoslovakia's right to the "boundaries of 1576: 1310: 1229: 1015:, who claimed to be of a distinct national identity. This group enjoyed popular support throughout 485: 433: 336: 230: 192: 81: 4185: 2637: 2130: 1698: 1571: 1568:

time – particularly when a nation's affairs were conducted as cleverly as were Czechoslovakia's."

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Since the 1960 reform of administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia, Trans-Olza has consisted of

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living in the territory. It is also often used by foreign scholars, e.g. American ethnolinguist

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In addition to the Polish, Czech and German national orientations there was another group of

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between these two nations which are ordinarily politically and economically united' ( ...."

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in 1742, the Cieszyn region was part of the small southern portion that was retained by the

1169: 1134:. In the 880s or the early 890s the gord was raided and burned, most probably by an army of 164: 4662: 3788:. Prague: Torst; published in co-operation with Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. 3734: 2837: 1963: 1910: 809: 752: 698: 244: 148: 4927: 4575: 4253: 4201: 3647: 1832: 1470: 1193: 255: 8: 4048: 3504:

Emil Valasek, "Veränderungen der Diözesangrenzen in der Tschechoslowakei seit 1918", in:

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The 1970 Czechoslovak census asked people about their native language. (Siwek 1996, 37.)

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The 1921 Czechoslovak census asked people about their native language. (Siwek 1996, 32.)

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leadership in Moscow, which had begun a partial mobilisation in eastern Belarus and the

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After the fall of Great Moravia in 907 the area could have been under the influence of

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River marked the boundary between the Polish and Czechoslovak parts of the territory.

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Jarosław Jot-Drużycki: Poles living in Zaolzie identify themselves better with Czechs

4038: 4014: 3987: 3964: 3945: 3926: 3903: 3876: 3855: 3845: 3819: 3803: 3789: 3772: 3755: 3715: 3693: 3674: 3655: 3405: 3298: 3268: 3232: 3172: 3107: 3087: 2718: 1997: 1925: 1788:. At the same time Slovakia lost to Hungary 10,390 km with 854,277 inhabitants. 1604: 1583: 1265: 1221: 736: 518: 479: 289: 197: 135: 4307: 1950: 1937: 1712:

Ethnic Polish band welcoming the annexation of Trans-Olza by the Polish Republic in

1087:) is rarely used. The term Zaolzie denotes the territory of the former districts of 5046: 4519: 4352: 4263: 4258: 4206: 3922: 3743: 3452: 2095: 1804: 1616: 1432:

made its claim in its declaration "Ludu śląski!" of 30 October 1918, and the Czech

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Historical borders in the west of Cieszyn Silesia atop results of the 1910 census:

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Apostolic Administrator for the Czechoslovak portion of the Archdiocese of Breslau

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of the Polish role in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. According to historian

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Chlup, Danuta (2 September 2010). "Zaolziańskie dzieci na zdjęciu z Oświęcimia".

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in May 2004, and especially the entry of the countries to the EU's passport-free

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Polish-East German Maritime Boundary in Pomeranian Bay Delimitation Treaty (1989)

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merged the apostolic administration into the Archdiocese of Olomouc through his

1992:, starting World War II in Europe, and subsequently made Trans-Olza part of the 1753: 1564: 4629: 4312: 4144: 2635:

Kożdoń, Witold; Szelong, Krzysztof (3 April 2020). "Jak to z "Zaolziem" było".

2216: 2193: 2173: 2151: 2122: 2048: 1843: 1827:, former nuncio to Poland, subjected the Catholic parishes in Trans-Olza to an 1785: 1642: 1591: 1466: 1220:

on December 1261 which regulated a local border between their states along the

1177: 1000: 937: 905: 374: 131: 4833: 4561: 4492: 4196: 2133:, thus disentangling the parishes from Breslau's jurisdiction. On 31 May 1978 1792:

confused political expectations. Poland was accused of being an accomplice of

1530: 677:

regions unsuccessfully claimed from Germany by interwar Poland, in particular

5103: 5085: 5072: 4497: 3968: 3776: 2810:

Baron, Roman (August 2007). "Czesi i Polacy – zaczarowany krąg stereotypów".

2668:

Aktywność polityczna mniejszości polskiej w Czechosłowacji w latach 1920-1938

2220: 2114: 2108: 2001: 1996:. On 26 October 1939 Nazi Germany unilaterally annexed Trans-Olza as part of 1846:

and German language ceased to exist. About 35,000 Czechoslovaks emigrated to

1816: 1762: 1633: 1535: 1478: 1298: 1249: 1139: 1039:(meaning "lands beyond the Olza") is used predominantly in Poland and by the 1020: 740: 678: 313: 297: 207: 4939: 4609: 4582: 3859: 3747: 3348:"Środkowoeuropejskie rocznice - wyzwanie dla polskiej dyplomacji publicznej" 1773: 1386:

Map of the plebiscite area of Cieszyn Silesia with various demarcation lines

5051: 4237: 3891: 3729: 3707: 3539:"Euroregion TĚŠÍNSKÉ SLEZSKO. Seznam obcí tvořících euroregion v roce 2004" 3254: 2134: 1959: 1879: 1824: 1808: 1793: 1758: 1681: 1515: 1390: 1092: 1044: 1005: 953: 630: 612: 402: 301: 201: 4868: 4683: 4673: 4524: 4480: 4411: 3005: 2717:] (in Polish). Cieszyn: Starostwo Powiatowe w Cieszynie. p. 291. 1428:

Cieszyn Silesia was claimed by both Poland and Czechoslovakia: the Polish

646: 4888: 3652:

Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939

1382: 791: 658: 4921: 4783: 4693: 4624: 4502: 4475: 4357: 4191: 3768: 3526: 1275: 1224:. In order to strengthen the border Władysław of Opole decided to found 1131: 4893: 4798: 4753: 4733: 4614: 4347: 4327: 4157: 3833: 3319:"Radio Polonia - Czechs praise Kaczynski's apology for 1938 annexation" 2706: 2039: 2037:, mostly composed of Poles, was fairly strong in Trans-Olza. So-called 1705: 1494: 1185: 1143: 1119: 4986: 4914: 4723: 4301: 4243: 4163: 2188: 2165: 2076: 1982: 1741: 1713: 1661: 1322: 1232:

the Castellany of Cieszyn was eventually transformed in 1290 into the

548:

Polish-East German Baltic Continental Shelf Delimitation Treaty (1968)

4656: 4284: 4226: 4169: 2068: 2059: 2044: 1671: 1548: 1506:

with the decision. Eventually, on 28 July 1920, by a decision of the

1423: Border from 28 July 1920 to 31 October 1938 and from 9 May 1945 1149: 1123: 1012: 671:

1815-1918 used as synonymous with entire Prussian partition of Poland

118:

Short-lived Byelorussian, Ukrainian and Rusyn republics (1917-1920):

4933: 4486: 4401: 4368: 4278: 3732:(1999). "Language and Ethnicity among Students in Teschen Silesia". 1603:

Another account of the situation in 1918–1919 is given by historian

1462:

resolve the issue by force and on 23 January 1919 invaded the area.

1326: 744: 140:

Local revolts and transient polities in postwar power vacuum (1918)

4976: 4908: 4513: 4432: 4374: 4290: 2156: 1482: 1253: 4955: 4444: 4362: 4102: 4095:

Interview of professor Jerzy Tomaszewski by Aleksander Kaczorowski

3565:"Euroregion Beskydy. Seznam obcí tvořících euroregion v roce 2004" 1765:

on 22 September and threatened Poland with the dissolution of the

4971: 4883: 4763: 4738: 4650: 4555: 4465: 3841: 3070:

The Munich Crisis, 1938 by Igor Lukes and Erik Goldstein, page 61

2160: 1612: 1608: 1560: 1556: 1318: 1257: 1237: 1142:, which is however questioned by historians like Zdeněk Klanica, 748: 686: 158: 4416: 4087:

Documents and photographs about the situation in Zaolzie in 1938

3786:

Republika v nebezpečném světě; Éra prezidenta Masaryka 1918–1933

3260: 1646: 370: 4858: 4808: 4644: 4596: 4426: 4009:

Kazimierz Badziak, Giennadij Matwiejew and Paweł Samuś (1997).

2212: 2064: 1930: 1544: 1447: 1443: 1024: 682: 2200: 1465:

The Czechoslovak offensive was halted after pressure from the

4713: 4619: 2812: 624: 589:

Polish-Danish Maritime Boundary Delimitation Agreement (2018)

3506:

Archiv für Kirchengeschichte von Böhmen – Mähren – Schlesien

2838:"Statystyczni i niestatystyczni Polacy w Republice Czeskiej" 4086: 2072: 1538:– Czech paramilitary organisation active in Cieszyn Silesia 1454: 1286:

between 1635 and 1742, before most of Silesia was ceded to

2111:

for the Czechoslovak portion of the Archdiocese of Breslau

1352:

Polish-speaking population in the Duchy of Teschen in 1910

3958: 1710:"For 600 years we have been waiting for you (1335–1938)." 1364:

Czech-speaking population in the Duchy of Teschen in 1910

1294:

greater Polish or Czech nation spread slowly in Silesia.

3114:(in Polish). 18/1938, poz. 35. Katowice. 31 October 1938 2243:

Ethnic structure of Trans-Olza based on census results:

2121:(colloquially: Apostolic Administration of Český Těšín; 1888:

describes the Polish capture of Zaolzie in these words:

1724:

Decree on the official language on the annexed territory

1252:

in 1653, it passed directly to the Czech kings from the

1138:, and afterwards the area could have been subjugated by 415:

Territories of Poland and Danzig annexed by Nazi Germany

5000: 4533: 3690:Československé Slezsko mezi světovými válkami 1918–1938 963:

The area as we know it today was created in 1920, when

3286: 3284: 3896:Śląsk Cieszyński. Granice – przynależność – tożsamość 2510:

Sources: Zahradnik 1992, 178–179. Siwek 1996, 31–38.

2172:

in 1993, Trans-Olza has been part of the independent

1656: 3290: 3218: 3161: 1473:, and a ceasefire was signed on 3 February. The new 1023:

in the eastern part of Cieszyn Silesia (now part of

174:(1918) and ensuing wars to preserve it (1918-1922): 3802: 3712:

Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia

3294:

The Gathering Storm: The Second World War, Volume 1

3281: 1772:Nevertheless, the Polish Foreign Minister, Colonel 1317:into the Czech population. Many of them settled in 3073: 4037:. Český Těšín: Kongres Poláků v České republice. 3890:Szymeczek, Józef (2008). "Polacy na Zaolziu". In 3131: 3129: 1019:, though its strongest supporters were among the 5101: 3808:A history of the Czechoslovak Republic 1918–1948 2550:The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II 2021:on 6 August 1944. This massacre is known as the 1453:Following an announcement that elections to the 1399: Duchy of Cieszyn in the early 16th century 605:Remnants of Polish statehood during partitions: 331:German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia 3959:Zahradnik, Stanisław; Marek Ryczkowski (1992). 3668: 2085:Czechoslovaks of German ethnicity were expelled 1958:The Polish annexation of Zaolzie is frequently 1184:, where it was listed amongst other centres of 3126: 2662: 2660: 1335:Distribution of population by language in the 779: 4118: 4028:Kaszper, Roman; Małysz, Bohdan, eds. (2009). 4027: 3445:Borák, Mečislav and Petra Všelichová (2007). 3079: 2634: 1917:, denounced the Poles as "Hitler's jackals". 1796:– a charge that Warsaw was hard-put to deny. 1688: 860: 439:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement 300:(1921): eastern border of Poland accepted by 3762: 3493:Biographisches Handbuch der Tschechoslowakei 3264:The Road to War: The Origins of World War II 3224: 3083:Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort 1598: 1493:. Many important coal mines, facilities and 1371: 388:German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty 3919:Bitter Glory. Poland and its fate 1918–1939 2711:Śląsk Cieszyński w czasach prehistorycznych 2657: 1126:tribe. The tribe had a large and important 633:(remainder of Russian partition of Poland) 4125: 4111: 3646: 3508:, vol. 6 (1982), pp. 289–296, here p. 292. 3366:"BBC Monitoring – Essential Media Insight" 3039: 3037: 2971: 2969: 2650: 2648: 1525: 867: 853: 3889: 3692:. Opava: Silesian University in Ostrava. 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3261:Richard Overy, Andrew Wheatcroft (2009). 3154: 3152: 3150: 3018: 3016: 2211:The entry of both the Czech Republic and 1051:was first used in 1930s by Polish writer 455:Transient Polish-controlled areas (1944) 5170:Historical regions in the Czech Republic 3838:Poczet Piastów i Piastówien cieszyńskich 3687: 3390: 3388: 3386: 2941: 2939: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2199: 2187: 2183: 2058: 1976: 1727: 1719: 1704: 1692: 1660: 1570: 1529: 1389: 1381: 1274: 1148: 834:Territorial changes of the Baltic states 774:Greater Poland military demarcation line 229:later dissolved and replaced with token 3342: 3297:. RosettaBooks LCC. pp. 290, 311. 3034: 2966: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2645: 2127:Apoštolská administratura českotěšínská 1437:two national councils to come to final 1055:. In Czech it is mainly referred to as 991:), and later into four districts (plus 30:For the village in eastern Poland, see 14: 5160:Territorial disputes of Czechoslovakia 5102: 3783: 3728: 3706: 3610: 3424: 3147: 3013: 1868:entered the Western camp in April 1939 1732:"Zaolzie is ours!" – Polish newspaper 1405: over 90% Polish-speaking in 1910 1122:, which were later organized into the 537:Polish-Soviet Border Adjustment Treaty 251:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) 4106: 3963:. Warsaw, Prague, Třinec: PAI-press. 3939: 3866: 3832: 3383: 3002: 2936: 2844: 2835: 2809: 2705: 2590: 2530:Independent Operational Group Silesia 1339:according to the Austrian census 1910 1228:in 1268. In the continued process of 1030: 725:former eastern territories of Germany 557:Polish-Czechoslovak Border Adjustment 27:Historic region of the Czech Republic 5140:Germany–Poland relations (1918–1939) 4078:European Foundation of Human Rights. 3916: 2904: 2670:. Wyd. Adam Marszałek. 2002. p. 346. 1893:handing Zaolzie over to the Germans. 1430:Rada Narodowa Księstwa Cieszyńskiego 1378:Polish-Czechoslovak border conflicts 1236:, which in 1327 became an autonomic 1188:. The castellany was then a part of 1079:). The Czech equivalent of Zaolzie ( 4132: 3231:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 89. 2227:The area now belongs mostly to the 1852:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1665:Polish anti-Czech agitation leaflet 1575:Czech anti-Polish leaflet aimed at 122:(later absorbed into Poland-allied 24: 4581: 4574: 4002: 2883:agitacyi, że Śląsk jest polskim.". 2207:has a professional Polish ensemble 1994:Military district of Upper Silesia 1657:Part of Czechoslovakia (1920–1938) 1417: Border from 10 December 1938 804:Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line 786:Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line 674:1918-1945 used in altered meaning 369:and Polish annexation of parts of 172:Restoration of Polish independence 90:by the Central Powers proclaiming 25: 5186: 4067: 3671:Etnické menšiny ve Střední Evropě 2681:Czeski Cieszyn/Český Těšín Papers 2231:with a few municipalities in the 2089:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 1988:On 1 September 1939 Nazi Germany 1767:Soviet-Polish non-aggression pact 1411: Border from 5 November 1918 1248:, its last ruler from the Polish 970:German invasion of Czechoslovakia 584:Poland–Slovakia Border Adjustment 543:Polish-Czechoslovak Border Treaty 5135:Czechoslovakia–Germany relations 3979:Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN 3669:Gabal, Ivan; collective (1999). 1434:Zemský národní výbor pro Slezsko 1357: 1345: 1204:castle and later accelerated by 974:German-Soviet invasion of Poland 891: 829:Territorial evolution of Germany 780:Cieszyn Silesia demarcation line 339:of the Soviet Union (1925-1937) 204:(1920-1921) and its satellites: 198:War of Polish-Ukrainian alliance 5130:Czechoslovakia–Poland relations 3871:. Ostrava: Filozofická fakulta 3763:Jot-Drużycki, Jarosław (2015). 3626: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3557: 3531: 3520: 3511: 3498: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3451:(documentary). Czech Republic: 3438: 3415: 3397: 3358: 3336: 3311: 3245: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3138: 3100: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3025: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2957: 2948: 2927: 2918: 2895: 2886: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2829: 2820: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2699: 2690: 2673: 1972: 1260:was conquered by Prussian king 1155:Poland during the Piast dynasty 839:Territorial evolution of Russia 410:Wartime administrative division 310:SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia 221:SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia 43:Territorial evolution of Poland 5165:Territorial disputes of Poland 2628: 2619: 2610: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2542: 2238: 2113:on 21 June 1945. In July 1946 1842:Czechoslovak education in the 1230:feudal fragmentation of Poland 1192:. In 1172 it became a part of 798:Upper Silesia demarcation line 525:Polish–Soviet border agreement 13: 1: 5155:Polish minority in Trans-Olza 3639: 3352:Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny 3291:Winston S. Churchill (2002). 2715:Cieszyn Silesia in prehistory 2585:University of Minnesota Press 2170:dissolution of Czechoslovakia 2168:several years ago. Since the 2054: 1858:started on 1 September 1939. 1027:), not in Trans-Olza itself. 940:, which was disputed between 280:Republic of Central Lithuania 271:1920 East Prussian plebiscite 111:Central Powers-Soviet Russia 59:Revolution in Congress Poland 5125:Czechoslovakia–Poland border 5120:Czech Republic–Poland border 3869:Česko-polská etnická hranice 2548:Erik Goldstein, Igor Lukes: 2535: 2520:History of Cieszyn and Těšín 1861: 1734:Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny 1627:as potential allies against 578:Treaty of Good Neighbourship 425:Polish areas annexed by USSR 216:later merged into the former 80:and annexation into Russian 7: 3900:Muzeum Śląska Cieszyńskiego 3267:. Vintage. pp. 11–12. 2513: 1280:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 1198:Duchy of Opole and Racibórz 566:German-Polish Border Treaty 318:Ukrainian People's Republic 266:Ukrainian People's Republic 99:Ukrainian People's Republic 32:Zaolzie, Lublin Voivodeship 10: 5191: 5037:Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion 3816:Princeton University Press 3567:(in Czech). Archived from 3541:(in Czech). Archived from 2229:Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion 1689:Part of Poland (1938–1939) 1375: 1109: 952:. Its name comes from the 711:Lands of Schlawe and Stolp 430:Polish government-in-exile 29: 5029: 4592: 4572: 4140: 3917:Watt, Richard M. (1998). 2176:. However, a significant 2000:. During the war, strong 1981:World War II memorial in 1966:as a counter-argument to 1936:In 2009 Polish president 1599:View of Victor S. Mamatey 1372:Decision time (1918–1920) 1182:Walter, Bishop of Wrocław 1130:situated in contemporary 936:), is a territory in the 450:Sikorski–Mayski agreement 359:and Polish annexation of 337:Polish National Districts 231:Polish National Districts 193:Polish-West Ukrainian War 154:First Republic of Pińczów 5150:Moravian-Silesian Region 5145:History of Czech Silesia 5042:Cieszyn Silesian dialect 5002:partially in the region: 4535:partially in the region: 3982:. Vol. VI. Warsaw: 3714:. New York: Peter Lang. 3688:Gawrecká, Marie (2004). 3483:Zahradnik 1992, 116–120. 3421:Zahradnik 1992, 102–103. 2924:Zahradnik 1992, 178–179. 1968:Soviet-Nazi cooperation. 1829:apostolic administration 1543:came second thoughts in 1166:late 10th century Poland 1118:the area was settled by 1102:and the eastern part of 703:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 668:("Western Borderlands") 627:("Eastern Borderlands") 434:Polish Underground State 276:Polish satellite states 82:Kiev General Governorate 5175:Interwar Czechoslovakia 3942:Dějiny Slezska v datech 3867:Siwek, Tadeusz (1996). 3806:; Radomír Luža (1973). 3771:: Wydawnictwo Beskidy. 3748:10.1080/009059999109028 3112:Dziennik Ustaw Śląskich 2836:Siwek, Tadeusz (n.d.). 2142:Olomoucensis et aliarum 2098:castle in Czechoslovak 1526:View of Richard M. Watt 1174:Piast Kingdom of Poland 552:Treaty of Warsaw (1970) 465:Second Pińczów Republic 381:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 188:Polish–Czechoslovak War 178:Greater Poland uprising 120:West Ukrainian People's 113:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 106:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4586: 4579: 3940:Žáček, Rudolf (2004). 3206:Zahradnik 1992, 88–89. 3197:Zahradnik 1992, 89–90. 3080:Richard Overy (1997). 3061:Zahradnik 1992, 75–76. 3043:Zahradnik 1992, 76–79. 2933:Zahradnik 1992, 62–63. 2755:I. Panic, 2010, p. 428 2579:Piotr Stefan Wandycz. 2561:Zahradnik 1992, 16–17. 2208: 2197: 2139:Apostolic constitution 2126: 2080: 2030: 1985: 1956: 1904: 1897:Watt also writes that 1895: 1821:Archdiocese of Olomouc 1813:Archdiocese of Breslau 1749: 1737: 1725: 1717: 1702: 1666: 1579: 1539: 1487:Košice–Bohumín Railway 1485:crossed the area (the 1425: 1387: 1290: 1256:dynasty. When most of 1157: 1136:Svatopluk I of Moravia 1104:Frýdek-Místek District 933: 921: 909: 887: 292:protection (1921-1939) 4585: 4578: 4013:. Warszawa: ADIUTOR. 3812:Princeton, New Jersey 3784:Kovtun, Jiří (2005). 3517:Hannan 1996, 163–164. 3225:Paul N. Hehn (2005). 2746:I. Panic, 2010, p. 50 2625:Hannan 1999, 191–203. 2203: 2191: 2184:In the European Union 2180:still remains there. 2150:signed a treaty with 2062: 1980: 1942: 1899: 1890: 1731: 1723: 1708: 1697:Polish Army entering 1696: 1677:cultural assimilation 1664: 1574: 1533: 1393: 1385: 1278: 1218:Ottokar II of Bohemia 1214:Vladislaus I of Opole 1206:Bruno von Schauenburg 1153:Silesia as a part of 1152: 1053:Paweł Hulka-Laskowski 729:Recovered Territories 655:Galicia and Lodomeria 238:Polish-Lithuanian War 128:Belarusian Democratic 4663:Czechowice-Dziedzice 3873:Ostravské univerzity 3735:Nationalities Papers 3474:Zahradnik 1992, 111. 3465:Zahradnik 1992, 116. 3435:Zahradnik 1992, 103. 3370:monitoring.bbc.co.uk 3344:Gniazdowski, Mateusz 3323:www2.polskieradio.pl 2117:elevated Onderek to 1778:Władysław Bortnowski 1244:. Upon the death of 1146:, Stanisław Szczur. 699:Starostwo of Draheim 572:Two Plus Four Treaty 304:and its satellites ( 245:Treaty of Versailles 149:Republic of Zakopane 5082: / 4380:Petrovice u Karviné 3654:. Katowice: Śląsk. 3527:Photo of the school 3448:Zločin jménem Katyň 3394:Zahradnik 1992, 99. 3215:Zahradnik 1992, 96. 3188:Zahradnik 1992, 87. 3144:Zahradnik 1992, 86. 3052:Zahradnik 1992, 76. 3031:Zahradnik 1992, 72. 2963:Watt 1998, 161–162. 2945:Zahradnik 1992, 64. 2901:Zahradnik 1992, 59. 2892:Długajczyk 1993, 7. 2873:Zahradnik 1992, 52. 2840:. Wspólnota Polska. 2826:Zahradnik 1992, 51. 2800:Zahradnik 1992, 48. 2791:Zahradnik 1992, 40. 2782:Hannan 1996, 76–77. 2773:Zahradnik 1992, 13. 2666:Dariusz Miszewski. 2654:Szymeczek 2008, 63. 2035:resistance movement 2015:concentration camps 1848:core Czechoslovakia 1262:Frederick the Great 1196:, and from 1202 of 531:Treaty of Zgorzelec 476:Allied conferences 286:Free City of Danzig 144:Tarnobrzeg Republic 124:Ukrainian People 's 88:Act of 5th November 46:in the 20th century 5110:Historical regions 4844:Międzyrzecze Górne 4839:Międzyrzecze Dolne 4587: 4580: 4343:Mosty u Jablunkova 4080:3 September 2014. 4054:on 7 November 2017 4031:Poláci na Těšínsku 3902:. pp. 63–72. 3804:Mamatey, Victor S. 3648:Długajczyk, Edward 2855:Gawrecká 2004, 21. 2737:Žáček 2004, 14–20. 2696:Žáček 2004, 12–13. 2587:. 1962. pp. 75, 79 2233:Euroregion Beskydy 2209: 2198: 2159:). The arrival of 2081: 2031:Tragedia Żywocicka 1986: 1876:General Kasprzycki 1856:invasion of Poland 1837:Bishop of Katowice 1738: 1726: 1718: 1703: 1667: 1580: 1540: 1534:Leadership of the 1503:state of emergency 1426: 1388: 1301:tendencies of the 1291: 1246:Elizabeth Lucretia 1170:Bolesław I Chrobry 1158: 1031:Name and territory 926:Trans-Olza Silesia 823:Adjacent countries 695:Posen-West Prussia 498:Potsdam Conference 445:Bialystok District 420:General Government 367:First Vienna Award 183:Silesian Uprisings 165:Republic of Ostrów 64:Ostrowiec Republic 5086:49.750°N 18.500°E 5065: 5064: 5025: 5024: 5003: 4570: 4569: 4536: 4254:Horní Domaslavice 4202:Dolní Domaslavice 4044:978-80-87381-00-7 3944:. Prague: Libri. 3909:978-83-922005-4-3 3844:: Urząd Miejski. 3765:Hospicjum Zaolzie 3086:. Penguin Books. 2993:Mamatey 1973, 36. 2915:Mamatey 1973, 34. 2724:978-83-926929-6-6 2508: 2507: 2192:Czech and Polish 2104:František Onderek 1998:Landkreis Teschen 1926:Winston Churchill 1833:Stanisław Adamski 1736:on 3 October 1938 1605:Victor S. Mamatey 1584:Polish-Soviet War 1577:Cieszyn Silesians 1471:Battle of Skoczów 1266:Habsburg Monarchy 1210:Bishop of Olomouc 1194:Duchy of Racibórz 934:Śląsk Zaolziański 924:), also known as 877: 876: 768:Demarcation lines 737:Wolgast Pomerania 731:, while the term 697:, sometimes also 618:Galician autonomy 519:Potsdam Agreement 513:Post World War II 486:Moscow Conference 480:Tehran Conference 458:Turgiele Republic 325:Central Lithuania 323:Incorporation of 290:League of Nations 256:Suwałki Agreement 92:Kingdom of Poland 74:Kholm Governorate 67:Zagłębie Republic 16:(Redirected from 5182: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5047:Duchy of Teschen 5030:Related articles 5001: 4998: 4997: 4829:Marklowice Górne 4779:Kończyce Wielkie 4534: 4531: 4530: 4269:Horní Tošanovice 4217:Dolní Tošanovice 4127: 4120: 4113: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4083: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4053: 4047:. Archived from 4036: 4024: 3997: 3972: 3961:Korzenie Zaolzia 3955: 3936: 3923:Hippocrene Books 3913: 3886: 3863: 3829: 3799: 3780: 3759: 3725: 3703: 3684: 3665: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3571:on 13 April 2015 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3535: 3529: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3453:Czech Television 3442: 3436: 3433: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3165: 3159: 3158:Gabal 1999, 123. 3156: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3022:Gabal 1999, 120. 3020: 3011: 3010: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2954:Hannan 1996, 46. 2952: 2946: 2943: 2934: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2864:Kovtun 2005, 51. 2862: 2856: 2853: 2842: 2841: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2677: 2671: 2664: 2655: 2652: 2643: 2642: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2617: 2616:Hannan 1996, 47. 2614: 2608: 2605: 2588: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2546: 2246: 2245: 2023:Żywocice tragedy 1954: 1805:Munich Agreement 1617:Austrian Silesia 1457:(parliament) of 1422: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1398: 1361: 1349: 1337:Duchy of Teschen 1270:Austrian Silesia 1234:Duchy of Cieszyn 1226:Orlová monastery 1190:Duchy of Silesia 1116:Migration Period 1100:Karviná District 1073:Těšínské Slezsko 1035:The Polish term 995:). One of them, 903: 902: 901: 894: 869: 862: 855: 810:Oder–Neisse line 753:Oder–Neisse line 723:After 1945, the 707:Hither Pomerania 705:and easternmost 642:Grodzieńszczyzna 492:Yalta Conference 461:Iwonicz Republic 357:Munich Agreement 349:Dzierżyńszczyzna 343:Marchlewszczyzna 306:Byelorussian SSR 262:Treaty of Warsaw 53:Pre-World War II 39: 38: 21: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5115:Cieszyn Silesia 5100: 5099: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5061: 5021: 4996: 4594: 4588: 4566: 4529: 4249:Horní Bludovice 4142: 4136: 4134:Cieszyn Silesia 4131: 4097: 4089: 4081: 4070: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4034: 4021: 4005: 4003:Further reading 4000: 3994: 3975: 3952: 3933: 3925:. p. 511. 3910: 3883: 3852: 3826: 3796: 3722: 3700: 3681: 3662: 3642: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3545:on 6 April 2020 3537: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3259: 3255: 3251:Watt 1998, 458. 3250: 3246: 3239: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135:Watt 1998, 386. 3134: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3009:. pp. 4–5. 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984:Watt 1998, 164. 2983: 2979: 2975:Watt 1998, 163. 2974: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2845: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2685:EUR.AC research 2678: 2674: 2665: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2591: 2578: 2574: 2570:Watt 1998, 161. 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2525:Polonia Karwina 2516: 2241: 2194:bilingual signs 2186: 2178:Polish minority 2106:(1888–1962) as 2057: 2007:Cesare Orsenigo 1975: 1955: 1949: 1922:postwar memoirs 1911:a new partition 1886:Richard M. Watt 1872:General Gamelin 1864: 1801:Sudeten Germans 1691: 1659: 1601: 1528: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1380: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1341: 1340: 1307:Austria-Hungary 1303:Austrian Empire 1284:Habsburg Empire 1222:Ostravice River 1164:rulers. In the 1112: 1077:Cieszyn Silesia 1041:Polish minority 1033: 1017:Cieszyn Silesia 965:Cieszyn Silesia 950:Interwar Period 897: 896: 873: 844: 843: 824: 816: 815: 769: 761: 760: 733:Kresy Zachodnie 666:Kresy Zachodnie 625:Kresy Wschodnie 609:Congress Poland 601: 593: 592: 514: 506: 505: 470:Warsaw Uprising 405: 395: 394: 316:which replaced 308:which replaced 103:Ukrainian State 97:Central Powers- 78:Congress Poland 54: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5188: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5091:49.750; 18.500 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5006: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 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Trans-Olza 2195: 2190: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2129:), seated in 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2115:Pope Pius XII 2112: 2110: 2109:vicar general 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2003: 2002:Germanization 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1964:Russian media 1961: 1952: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1763:Ukrainian SSR 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1730: 1722: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1695: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1634:Roman Dmowski 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1596: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1536:Civic Defence 1532: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479:Czech Silesia 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1392: 1384: 1379: 1360: 1348: 1338: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1305:and later of 1304: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250:Piast dynasty 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1140:Great Moravia 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061:Českotěšínsko 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 966: 961: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 900: 893: 889: 885: 881: 870: 865: 863: 858: 856: 851: 850: 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269: 267: 264:(1920) with 263: 260: 257: 254: 252: 249: 246: 243: 239: 236: 232: 228: 224: 222: 218: 215: 211: 209: 208:Ukrainian SSR 206: 205: 203: 202:Soviet Russia 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 173: 170: 166: 163: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 139: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 96: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 75: 71: 66: 63: 62: 60: 57: 56: 50: 49: 44: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5067: 5056: 5052:Olza (river) 5009: 4992:Zebrzydowice 4954: 4932: 4928:Świętoszówka 4920: 4913: 4819:Leszna Górna 4661: 4649: 4554: 4547: 4512: 4485: 4443: 4431: 4384: 4367: 4300: 4283: 4236: 4212:Dolní Lutyně 4184: 4162: 4082:(in English) 4077: 4056:. Retrieved 4049:the original 4030: 4010: 3977: 3960: 3941: 3921:. New York: 3918: 3895: 3892:Janusz Spyra 3868: 3837: 3807: 3785: 3764: 3739: 3733: 3711: 3689: 3670: 3651: 3628: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3573:. Retrieved 3569:the original 3559: 3547:. Retrieved 3543:the original 3533: 3522: 3513: 3505: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3447: 3440: 3417: 3399: 3373:. Retrieved 3369: 3360: 3351: 3338: 3326:. Retrieved 3322: 3313: 3293: 3263: 3256: 3247: 3227: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3168: 3163: 3140: 3116:. Retrieved 3111: 3102: 3082: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3027: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2959: 2950: 2929: 2920: 2897: 2888: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2831: 2822: 2811: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2714: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2667: 2641:. p. 6. 2636: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2580: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2549: 2544: 2509: 2242: 2226: 2210: 2146: 2141: 2135:Pope Paul VI 2118: 2107: 2102:, appointed 2093: 2082: 2075:festival in 2038: 2011: 1993: 1987: 1973:World War II 1957: 1945:imperialism. 1943: 1935: 1919: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1880:Paul N. Hehn 1866:When Poland 1865: 1841: 1825:Pope Pius XI 1819:) or to the 1815:(Archbishop 1809:Polonization 1798: 1794:Nazi Germany 1790: 1771: 1754:Edvard Beneš 1739: 1733: 1709: 1685:population. 1682:Czechization 1668: 1639: 1602: 1589: 1581: 1565:Edvard Beneš 1553: 1541: 1520: 1511: 1499: 1464: 1452: 1439:delimitation 1433: 1429: 1427: 1296: 1292: 1186:castellanies 1159: 1113: 1097: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1068: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1045:Kevin Hannan 1036: 1034: 1010: 1006:Nazi Germany 978: 972:. After the 962: 958: 925: 913: 879: 878: 732: 727:were called 716: 613:Vistula Land 403:World War II 360: 302:Russian SFSR 219:short-lived 214:Galician SSR 212:short-lived 61:(1905–1907) 36: 5089: / 4849:Międzyświeć 4834:Mazańcowice 4719:Harbutowice 4562:Staré Hamry 4520:Vyšní Lhoty 4493:Václavovice 4461:Staré Město 4353:Nižní Lhoty 4264:Horní Suchá 4259:Horní Lomná 4207:Dolní Lomná 4197:Dětmarovice 4186:Český Těšín 4153:Albrechtice 4090:(in Polish) 3976:"Zaolzie". 3898:. Cieszyn: 3834:Panic, Idzi 2707:Panic, Idzi 2239:Census data 2131:Český Těšín 2096:Jánský vrch 1850:(the later 1699:Český Těšín 1315:assimilated 1299:Germanizing 1202:Starý Jičín 1180:issued for 1168:, ruled by 1089:Český Těšín 1065:Český Těšín 1047:. The term 1021:Protestants 948:during the 922:Olsa-Gebiet 812:(1945–1951) 806:(1923-1938) 800:(1921-1922) 792:Curzon Line 788:(1919-1920) 782:(1918-1920) 776:(1919-1920) 631:Taken Lands 351:(1932-1937) 345:(1925-1931) 282:(1920-1922) 5104:Categories 5057:Trans-Olza 4945:Wilamowice 4940:Wieszczęta 4894:Roztropice 4799:Kozakowice 4789:Kostkowice 4754:Jaworzynka 4734:Iskrzyczyn 4699:Górki Małe 4679:Dzięgielów 4615:Bielowicko 4610:Bażanowice 4456:Soběšovice 4328:Malenovice 4158:Bocanovice 4098:(in Czech) 4058:3 February 3640:References 2055:Since 1945 2040:Volksliste 1960:brought up 1902:the world. 1803:under the 1774:Józef Beck 1495:metallurgy 1491:black coal 1376:See also: 1144:Idzi Panic 1120:West Slavs 1114:After the 1067:"), or as 880:Trans-Olza 361:Trans-Olza 227:Polish SSR 225:attempted 4879:Pogwizdów 4869:Pierściec 4864:Ogrodzona 4744:Jasienica 4689:Godziszów 4684:Frelichów 4674:Drogomyśl 4657:Cisownica 4640:Brzezówka 4525:Žermanice 4508:Vojkovice 4481:Třanovice 4451:Smilovice 4412:Raškovice 4313:Košařiska 4285:Jablunkov 4227:Dobratice 4170:Bruzovice 3969:177389723 3777:995384642 3756:146983659 3006:Głos Ludu 2536:Footnotes 2069:Jablunkov 2045:Wehrmacht 1874:reminded 1862:Reception 1672:Silesians 1549:Bolshevik 1216:and King 1124:Golensizi 1075:(meaning 1013:Silesians 993:Freistadt 653:Areas of 647:Lwów Land 4982:Zarzecze 4977:Zamarski 4962:Zabłocie 4922:Strumień 4909:Simoradz 4784:Koniaków 4769:Kisielów 4729:Iłownica 4709:Grodziec 4694:Goleszów 4669:Dębowiec 4625:Bładnice 4514:Vratimov 4503:Vendryně 4498:Vělopolí 4476:Těrlicko 4439:Sedliště 4433:Rychvald 4386:Petřvald 4375:Pazderna 4358:Nošovice 4296:Kaňovice 4291:Janovice 4232:Doubrava 4192:Chotěbuz 4180:Bystřice 3986:. 1997. 3860:55650394 3836:(2002). 3769:Vendryně 3710:(1996). 3650:(1993). 3575:13 April 3549:13 April 2816:: 32–34. 2709:(2012). 2683:. Nr 7, 2514:See also 2498:263,941 2492:368,355 2478:281,584 2472:366,559 2458:263,047 2452:350,825 2438:205,785 2432:281,183 2418:155,146 2412:219,811 2392:213,867 2378:120,639 2372:216,255 2352:177,176 2335:123,923 2332:179,145 2315:115,392 2312:143,220 2292:107,675 2264:Slovaks 2261:Germans 2157:Slovakia 2100:Javorník 2019:Żywocice 1948:— 1907:Daladier 1782:Frysztat 1483:Slovakia 1254:Habsburg 1162:Bohemian 1132:Chotěbuz 1069:Těšínsko 200:against 136:Komancza 5077:18°30′E 5074:49°45′N 4987:Zbytków 4972:Zabrzeg 4967:Zaborze 4950:Wiślica 4915:Skoczów 4904:Rudzica 4884:Pruchna 4874:Pogórze 4764:Kiczyce 4759:Kaczyce 4749:Jaworze 4739:Istebna 4724:Hażlach 4651:Cieszyn 4556:Ostrava 4471:Střítež 4466:Stonava 4422:Řepiště 4392:Písečná 4338:Morávka 4333:Milíkov 4302:Karviná 4244:Hnojník 4238:Havířov 4175:Bukovec 4164:Bohumín 4143:in the 3894:(ed.). 3842:Cieszyn 2504:26,629 2495:43,479 2484:28,719 2475:51,586 2464:26,806 2455:56,075 2444:13,233 2435:58,876 2415:59,005 2401:38,408 2398:44,579 2395:51,499 2381:17,182 2375:76,230 2361:18,260 2358:88,556 2355:68,034 2341:22,312 2338:32,821 2321:13,476 2318:14,093 2298:13,580 2295:86,674 2278:16,425 2275:71,239 2272:94,370 2258:Czechs 2215:to the 2166:Karviná 2161:Slovaks 2077:Karviná 2071:during 2063:Polish 2033:). The 1983:Karviná 1920:In his 1915:Molotov 1817:Bertram 1750:Bogumin 1742:Bohumín 1714:Karviná 1701:in 1938 1629:Germany 1613:Moravia 1609:Bohemia 1561:Hungary 1557:Austria 1512:Zaolzie 1467:Entente 1323:Bohumín 1319:Ostrava 1311:Galicia 1288:Prussia 1282:within 1258:Silesia 1240:of the 1238:fiefdom 1110:History 1093:Fryštát 1049:Zaolzie 1037:Zaolzie 989:Teschen 985:Friedek 981:Bielitz 956:River. 888:Zaolzie 749:Lausitz 717:Zaolzie 691:Powiśle 687:Masuria 386:Secret 383:(1939) 159:Witkowo 18:Zaolzie 5017:Bystra 4934:Ustroń 4899:Rudnik 4889:Puńców 4859:Ochaby 4824:Ligota 4809:Landek 4804:Łączka 4794:Kowale 4645:Chybie 4635:Bronów 4630:Brenna 4597:Poland 4487:Třinec 4427:Ropice 4402:Pražmo 4369:Orlová 4323:Lučina 4318:Krásná 4279:Hrčava 4274:Hrádek 4041: 4017: 3990: 3967: 3948: 3929: 3906: 3879: 3858: 3848: 3822: 3792: 3775: 3754: 3718: 3696: 3677: 3658: 3408: 3375:11 May 3328:11 May 3301: 3271: 3235: 3175: 3118:1 July 3090: 2721: 2424:4,388 2301:7,388 2281:6,672 2255:Poles 2252:Total 2213:Poland 2148:Poland 2079:, 2007 2065:Gorals 2027:Polish 1931:hyenas 1831:under 1759:Soviet 1746:Polish 1625:Poland 1615:, and 1545:Prague 1514:– the 1459:Poland 1448:Warsaw 1444:Prague 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1327:Orlová 1085:Zaolží 1081:Zaolší 1025:Poland 997:Frýdek 942:Poland 930:Polish 918:German 914:Záolší 910:Záolží 884:Polish 794:(1920) 745:Miśnia 741:Milsko 683:Warmia 586:(2005) 580:(1991) 574:(1991) 568:(1990) 559:(1976) 545:(1958) 539:(1951) 533:(1950) 527:(1945) 521:(1945) 500:(1945) 494:(1945) 488:(1943) 482:(1943) 452:(1941) 441:(1941) 377:(1938) 363:(1938) 333:(1922) 327:(1922) 312:, and 288:under 273:(1920) 258:(1920) 247:(1919) 161:Revolt 115:(1918) 108:(1918) 94:(1916) 84:(1913) 4956:Wisła 4854:Mnich 4714:Gumna 4620:Biery 4605:Bąków 4543:Baška 4445:Šenov 4407:Pržno 4397:Písek 4363:Nýdek 4348:Návsí 4222:Dobrá 4052:(PDF) 4035:(PDF) 3752:S2CID 2813:Zwrot 2713:[ 2489:1991 2469:1980 2449:1970 2429:1961 2409:1950 2389:1939 2369:1930 2349:1921 2329:1910 2309:1900 2289:1890 2269:1880 2249:Year 2123:Czech 2067:from 1844:Czech 1643:Orava 1481:with 906:Czech 895: 600:Areas 375:Orava 132:Lemko 76:from 4814:Łazy 4417:Řeka 4060:2021 4039:ISBN 4015:ISBN 3988:ISBN 3965:OCLC 3946:ISBN 3927:ISBN 3904:ISBN 3877:ISBN 3856:OCLC 3846:ISBN 3820:ISBN 3790:ISBN 3773:OCLC 3716:ISBN 3694:ISBN 3675:ISBN 3656:ISBN 3577:2015 3551:2015 3406:ISBN 3377:2020 3330:2020 3299:ISBN 3269:ISBN 3233:ISBN 3173:ISBN 3120:2014 3088:ISBN 2719:ISBN 2638:Głos 2501:706 2073:PZKO 1784:and 1670:the 1647:Spiš 1645:and 1623:and 1559:and 1516:Olza 1455:Sejm 1446:and 1128:gord 1091:and 987:and 954:Olza 944:and 432:and 373:and 371:Spiš 4595:in 4076:". 3984:PWN 3744:doi 1962:by 1272:). 1083:or 1071:or 1004:by 747:or 659:San 126:), 5106:: 3875:. 3854:. 3818:. 3814:: 3810:. 3767:. 3750:. 3740:27 3738:. 3612:^ 3426:^ 3385:^ 3368:. 3350:. 3346:. 3321:. 3283:^ 3149:^ 3128:^ 3110:. 3036:^ 3015:^ 2968:^ 2938:^ 2906:^ 2846:^ 2659:^ 2647:^ 2592:^ 2583:. 2481:– 2461:– 2441:– 2421:– 2404:– 2384:– 2364:– 2344:– 2324:– 2304:– 2284:– 2235:. 2144:. 2125:: 2029:: 1933:. 1924:, 1870:, 1839:. 1835:, 1748:: 1611:, 1450:. 1325:, 1208:, 1106:. 1008:. 983:, 932:: 920:: 916:; 912:, 908:: 904:; 890:, 886:: 743:, 739:, 701:, 693:, 689:, 685:, 681:, 134:, 130:, 4126:e 4119:t 4112:v 4062:. 4023:. 3996:. 3971:. 3954:. 3935:. 3912:. 3885:. 3862:. 3828:. 3798:. 3779:. 3758:. 3746:: 3724:. 3702:. 3683:. 3664:. 3579:. 3553:. 3455:. 3412:. 3379:. 3354:. 3332:. 3307:. 3277:. 3241:. 3179:. 3122:. 3096:. 2727:. 2025:( 1744:( 1268:( 1059:/ 928:( 882:( 868:e 861:t 854:v 755:. 713:) 709:( 611:/ 320:) 101:/ 34:. 20:)

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