548:
640:. Over the next several years he oversaw the building of more Buddhist monasteries in Mongolia while travelling to Beijing annually to meet with the Qing Emperor. Upon receiving news of the Kangxi Emperor's death on December 20, 1722, Zanabazar immediately journeyed to Beijing to conduct Buddhist rites at Beijing's Yellow Monastery (Huang si 黃寺). Zanabazar died himself (poisoned, some believe, by the new emperor) in Beijing only six weeks later, on February 18, 1723. He was 88 years old. His body was embalmed, returned to Mongolia and mummified. The Kangxi Emperor's son, the
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52:
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721:(Happy Secluded Place), Zanabazar's works testify to his exceptional skill of depicting feminine beauty as well as his unique aesthetic vision of human physical perfection. His sculptures, portraying peaceful and contemplative female figures, are beautifully proportioned with facial features characterized by high foreheads, thin, arching eyebrows, high- bridged noses, and small, fleshy lips. Especially beautiful are the faces of Zanabazar's Buddhas and
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297:
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526:(monastic departments) to oversee his religious institutions; the Department of the Treasury, Department of Administration, Department of Meals, Department of the Honored Doctor, Department of Amdo, Department of Orlog and the Department of Khuukhen Noyon. His authority was further substantiated in 1658 when he presided over a convocation of nobles at
381:" school and "teacher of multitudes". This designation as supreme religious leader strengthened ties between the Khalkha aristocracy and the Tibetan Buddhist hierarchy, gave Khalkha nobility, added religious legitimacy, and served as a rallying point for Khalkha tribal leaders, who that same year had forged an uneasy alliance with western-based Oirat (
826:(1921-1991) he was acknowledged to be as a prominent scholar (his religious roles quietly discarded) and recognized for his artistic and cultural achievements. As a political personality, however, socialist authorities portrayed Zanabazar as a traitor and deceiver of the masses, responsible for the loss of Mongolian sovereignty to the
693:
263:– a prodigious sculptor, painter, architect, poet, costume designer, scholar and linguist, who is credited with launching Mongolia's seventeenth century cultural renaissance. He is best known for his intricate and elegant Buddhist sculptures created in the Nepali-derived style, two of the most famous being the
530:
and a year later he conferred titles on nobles at Olziit
Tsagaan Nuur. Nevertheless, despite being recognized as the undisputed spiritual leader of the Kalkha, Zanabazar's moral influence failed to overcome the Mongols’ traditional tribalism, both among various Khalkha tribes as well as the rivalry
684:
were producing hundreds of artistic pieces used to populate the many monasteries and temples he founded and by extension were seen as vehicles to spread
Buddhism beyond the confines of court circles to the lay masses. As his political influence grew, his artwork became a form of diplomacy, used in
821:
throughout
Mongolia while reshaping it to fit Mongolian sensibilities, thereby establishing for the Mongols a unique cultural identity. His artistic works are generally regarded as the apogee of Mongolian aesthetic development and spawned a cultural renaissance among Mongols in the late 17th
679:
of Asia as he epitomized the
Mongolian Renaissance. During his time in Tibet, Zanabazar came to admire the Nepali style of representational arts favored by the Gelug school and it profoundly influenced his own artistic development and style. Upon his return from Tibet in 1651 and 1656, he
728:
Zanabazar established unique features for
Mongolian Buddhism including Tibetan influenced yet redesigned lama robes, reworked melodies for chanting, and modifications of traditional ceremonies either in the melodies or by the introduction of new prayer texts which he composed.
563:
to reach a reconciliation with the
Dzungars. Despite these efforts, skirmishes and vendettas soon led to all-out war. As Galdan's forces swept eastward into Khalka territory in 1688, Zanabazar and nearly 20,000 Khalkha refugees fled south into present day
834:, however, there has been a reevaluation of his image to where his actions in negotiating the Khalkha's submission to the Qing are considered to have been in the long term interests of Mongolia, and he is generally exonerated for his role in 1691.
469:
Following his journeys to Tibet in 1651 and again in 1656, Zanabazar and his retinue of
Tibetan lamas founded a series of Gelug-influenced monasteries, temples, and Buddhist shrines throughout Mongol territory, the most noteworthy being a
648:, to be built at the place where the lama's traveling encampment had stood at the moment of his death. He pledged 100,000 liang of silver to the monastery's construction, which was not completed until a year after his own death in 1736.
482:(completed in 1680), and several movable temples which contained paintings, sculptures, wall hangings and ritual objects influenced by the Tibetan-Nepalese style and either imported from Tibet or produced by Zanabazar or his students.
700:
The vast majority of
Zanabazar's artistic output came between his return from his first trip to Tibet in 1651 and the defeat of Khalkha armies by Dzungar Mongols in 1688. His greatest masterworks, including “Varajradhara”, Green
356:
According to tradition, Zanabazar showed signs of advanced intelligence, linguistic abilities, and religious devotion from an early age. Miraculous incidents allegedly occurred during his youth and he was able to fully recite the
736:
to facilitate cross translations between
Mongolian, Tibetan, and Sanskrit. Today, the script is found mostly in historical texts and in religious and temple inscriptions. However, one special character of the script, the
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khans, merging the
Khalkha forces into the Qing army. Motivated by the appeals of Zanabazar, whom he greatly admired, as well as the threat posed by a strong, unified Mongol state under Dzungar rule, the
485:
By the late 1650s, Zanabazar further solidified his spiritual and political authority over Khalkha tribal leaders. The gers he received as gifts from Khalkha nobles upon his election in 1639 became his
377:(high saint) and the Khalkh's supreme religious leader, even though he was only four years old at the time. They pledged their obedience, proclaiming him "He who brandishes the banner of the
580:, the pleasure palace of the Yuan Emperors) in 1691, a politically decisive step that officially ended the last remnants of the Yuan dynasty and allowed the Qing to assume the mantle of the
680:
revived the art of metal image making in Mongolia, through carved images of various Buddhist gods from bronze or copper. By the 1670s and 1680s, he and his workshop of apprentices at
675:
At his height, Zanabazar was recognized as a sculptor par excellence among the Buddhist countries of Asia and the greatest sculptor of Mongolia He is sometimes referred to as the
436:) of Jebtsundamba (one of the Buddha's original 500 disciples). Thus Zanabazar was recognized as the 16th reincarnation and he and his successors thereafter referred to as the
283:. Zanabazar used his artistic output to promote Buddhism among all levels of Khalkha society and unify Khalkha Mongol tribes during a time of social and political turmoil.
2087:
2077:
2072:
741:, later became a national symbol of Mongolia, and has appeared on the national flag since 1921, and on the Emblem of Mongolia since 1960, as well as money, stamps, etc.
1281:
244:" Buddhist traditions that had prevailed in the area, while strongly influencing social and political developments in 17th century Mongolia. His close ties with both
725:
in deep meditation. Guided by desire to liberate the people from wrath, ignorance, lust, contempt and ill will – the five vices giving rise to all sins.
609:(Chengde) as his spiritual mentor. He returned to Khalkha Mongolia only once during this period, in 1699, to attend the funeral of his elder brother,
659:
In 1937, Amarbayasgalant Monastery was ransacked by Mongolian communists. Zanabazar's remains were allegedly removed and burned in the hills nearby.
2037:
572:
and destroyed several monasteries built by Zanabazar. Under Zanabazar's authority, the three Khalkha rulers declared themselves Qing vassals at
432:
school of Tibetan Buddhism until his death in Mongolia one year before Zanabazar's birth. Taranatha was believed to be the 15th reincarnation (
319:
Gombodorj (1594-1655) and his wife, Khandojamtso. Gombodorj, one of three Khalkha khans who could trace his lineage directly back to
2198:
1289:
2168:
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1611:
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in 1698. Under Zanabazar's tutelage, the intensity of the Kangxi Emperor's Buddhist devotion notably increased after 1701.
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1926:
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and to gain the favor of the Kangxi Emperor, paving the way for incorporation of outer Mongolia into Qing protectorate.
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From 1691 to 1701 Qing armies battled the Dzungars for control of Mongolia. Zanabazar remained in China, wintering in
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in Mongolian) meaning "thunderbolt scepter of wisdom". Over the course of nearly 60 years, Zanabazar advanced the
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Today, Zanabazar is viewed as one of Mongolia's most prominent historical figures, celebrated for propagating
2183:
2173:
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with gifts of his artwork and sacred texts. In 1686 he attended a peace conference at the behest of the
1979:
Norell, M.A.; Makovicky, P.J.; Bever, G.S.; Balanoff, A.M.; Clark, J.M.; Barsbold, R.; Rowe, T. (2009).
853:(Өндөр Гэгээн Занабазарын гудамж) is located in the center of the capital. In 2009 a genus of dinosaur
2132:
2097:
2082:
2067:
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845:, containing the largest collection of his works. Zanabazar Buddhist University was founded in 1970 in
838:
831:
555:
As tensions between Dzungar and Khalkha Mongols grew, Zanabazar attempted to pacify the Dzungar leader
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649:
636:. At age 66, Zanabazar finally resettled in Khalkha Mongolia in 1701 to supervise restoration of the
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1138:
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438:
182:
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782:
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1980:
8:
1818:
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1702:
1664:
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327:(1554-1588), who had first opened Khalkha Mongol lands to the spread of “Yellow Hat” or
1579:
1521:
1131:
942:
915:
902:
886:
633:
1850:
976:
The teaching about violence of Undur Gegeen Zanabazar. The History of Mongolian Ethics
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2178:
1959:
1932:
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1796:
1771:
1738:
1713:
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1590:
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1167:
1142:
1109:
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1022:
979:
641:
479:
417:
24:
271:, sculpted in the 1680s. To aid translation of sacred Tibetan texts, he created the
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1992:
818:
401:
393:
137:
20:
644:, ordered a Chinese-style monastery dedicated to Zanabazar's main tutelary deity,
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702:
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to seek the protection of the Qing Emperor. In pursuit, Dzungar forces pillaged
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382:
324:
755:
610:
313:
205:
Mongols by a convocation of nobles in 1639 when he was just four years old. The
81:
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919:
738:
733:
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409:
342:
276:
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249:
206:
209:(1617–1682) later recognized him as the reincarnation of the Buddhist scholar
2147:
653:
519:
421:
201:
The son of a Mongol Tüsheet Khan, Zanabazar was declared spiritual leader of
160:
692:
827:
676:
413:
320:
316:
253:
241:
99:
51:
667:
1002:
857:, the remains of which were discovered in Mongolia, was named after him.
846:
842:
722:
511:
507:
348:
2015:
1867:
997:"Zanabazar, Aristocrat, Patriarch and Artist (1635-1723)", pp. 70–80 in
442:. The Tibetan Buddhist hierarchy also granted him the additional title
1820:
Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China
1762:
Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China
1704:
Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China
1666:
Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China
1465:
Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China
1365:
Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China
1239:-The Mongolian Legal System: Contemporary Legislation and Documentation
569:
515:
337:
332:
656:
in Beijing. Zanabazar's body was finally laid to rest there in 1779.
369:
nobles at Shireet Tsagaan nuur (75 km east of the former capital
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2005:
774:
618:
581:
573:
475:
425:
370:
210:
165:
789:
710:
645:
510:
after settling at its current location, near the confluence of the
362:
309:
280:
260:
233:
222:
214:
195:
119:
28:
1996:
1639:
After Xanadu: the Mongol Renaissance of the 16th to 18th centuries
1079:
Huntington, John C.; Bangdel, Dina; Thurman, Robert A. F. (2003).
446:, or "Highest Enlightened Saint", designating him the top-ranking
259:
In addition to his spiritual and political roles, Zanabazar was a
1083:(Illustrated ed.). Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 236.
598:
577:
462:
366:
296:
202:
95:
388:
Zanabazar established his religious center in 1647, a traveling
1336:
Wisotzki, Marion; von Waldenfels, Ernst; Käppeli, Erna (2014).
1237:
Wisotzki, Marion; von Waldenfels, Ernst; Käppeli, Erna (1982).
532:
453:
429:
245:
1737:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 122.
1448:
J. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads:A history of Xinjiang, pg. 91
1428:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 119.
1108:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. xix.
506:
by Mongols - it would eventually become the Mongolian capital
1496:
Nomads on Pilgrimage: Mongols on Wutaishan (China), 1800-1940
1335:
1236:
542:
471:
458:
405:
328:
230:
191:
147:
1978:
1824:(Illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p.
1766:(Illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p.
1708:(Illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p.
1670:(Illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p.
1469:(Illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p.
1369:(Illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p.
589:
dispatched Qing armies north to subdue the Galdan's forces.
869: – Abugida developed by the monk and scholar Zanabazar
652:
or “Monastery of Blessed Peace,” resembles Yongzheng's own
447:
389:
1282:"The Life of Zanabazar — The First Bogd Gegen of Mongolia"
1018:
World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, Volume 2
312:. Named Eshidorji at birth, he was the second son of the
1955:
Truth, History and Politics in Mongolia: Memory of Heroes
1928:
Truth, History and Politics in Mongolia: Memory of Heroes
1896:
Truth, History and Politics in Mongolia: Memory of Heroes
1397:
Truth, History and Politics in Mongolia: Memory of Heroes
1315:(3, illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 405.
1216:(3, illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 769.
613:
Chankhuundorj. The Kangxi Emperor designated Zanabazar “
1920:
1918:
1916:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1070:
717:, his retreat outside of Erdene Zuu, originally called
632:
In 1697, Qing forces decisively defeated Galdan at the
2093:
Agvaanluvsanchoyjindanzanvaanchigbalsambuu (Bogd Khan)
1842:
1419:
1417:
1166:(illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 112.
617:”, “Great Lama”, and invited him on his pilgrimage to
1913:
1067:
1051:
The Tea Road: China and Russia Meet Across the Steppe
1695:
1693:
1691:
1456:
1454:
1735:
Buddhism in Mongolian History, Culture, and Society
1426:
Buddhism in Mongolian History, Culture, and Society
1414:
1106:
Buddhism in Mongolian History, Culture, and Society
592:
1578:
1520:
1130:
713:and many others, were created in the mid-1680s at
490:, his ambulatory palatial residence. Known as the
1688:
1451:
2145:
1981:"A Review of the Mongolian Cretaceous Dinosaur
1161:
236:among the Mongols, supplanting or synthesizing
16:Tibetan Buddhist spiritual leader from Mongolia
1581:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1523:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1133:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1081:The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art
56:Self-portrait, late 17th or early 18th century
2031:
1005:; John Vrieze, ed.; V+K Publishing: Immerc.
454:Spiritual and temporal leadership, 1651-1686
194:(Yellow Hat) lineage of Tibetan Buddhism in
1848:
478:'s remains, the Saridgiin Monastery in the
2038:
2024:
543:Khalkha submission to Qing rule, 1686-1691
331:Tibetan Buddhism. In 1578 Abtai's uncle,
304:Zanabazar was born in 1635 in present-day
50:
2045:
2004:
1951:
1924:
1892:
1393:
945:: Жавзандамба хутагт/Jawzandamba xutagt,
705:, White Tara 1685, Twenty One Taras, the
408:to receive personal instruction from the
335:, bestowed the Mongolian language title "
1493:
808:
691:
666:
623:
546:
457:
365:) at age three. In 1639, an assembly of
347:
295:
291:
252:facilitated the Khalkha's submission to
1732:
1423:
1310:
1211:
1162:Powers, John; Templeman, David (2012).
1103:
1014:
420:. The Dalai Lama identified him as the
279:that later became a national symbol of
190:or supreme spiritual authority, of the
2146:
1815:
1793:Mongolie: Pays d'ombres et de lumières
1790:
1757:
1699:
1661:
1636:
1630:
1576:
1554:Mongolie: Pays d'ombres et de lumières
1551:
1518:
1460:
1360:
1186:
1128:
1048:
494:(Yellow Screen Palace) - later called
2116:Bogd Khan, 8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
2019:
901:
685:negotiations with the Dzungar leader
522:in 1778. Zanabazar established seven
1852:Introduction to the art of Mongolia
1609:
1021:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262.
906:, "High Saint Zanabazar"; 1635–1723
428:(1575–1634), who had led the rival
13:
2111:
1865:
1612:"Zanabazar Jebtsundampa Khutukhtu"
1279:
14:
2215:
1795:. Editions Olizane. p. 171.
1556:. Editions Olizane. p. 127.
1313:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
1214:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
961:, "reincarnation of Jebtsundamba"
662:
601:and passing his summers with the
404:. In 1649, Zanabazar was sent to
2088:Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts
1849:Bartholomew, Terese Tse (1995).
1340:. Trescher Verlag. p. 144.
1286:Tibetan Mongolian Museum Society
1191:. Trescher Verlag. p. 144.
1187:Butler, William Elliott (2014).
781:
766:
754:
593:Final years and death, 1691-1723
1972:
1952:Kaplonski, Christopher (2004).
1945:
1925:Kaplonski, Christopher (2004).
1893:Kaplonski, Christopher (2004).
1886:
1859:
1809:
1784:
1751:
1726:
1655:
1641:. New York: Thomas and Hudson.
1603:
1577:Atwood, Christopher P. (2004).
1570:
1545:
1519:Atwood, Christopher P. (2004).
1512:
1487:
1442:
1394:Kaplonski, Christopher (2004).
1387:
1354:
1329:
1304:
1273:
1255:
1230:
1205:
1180:
1155:
1129:Atwood, Christopher P. (2004).
2199:Qing dynasty Tibetan Buddhists
1338:-Unterwegs im Land der Nomaden
1189:-Unterwegs im Land der Nomaden
1164:Historical Dictionary of Tibet
1122:
1097:
1042:
1008:
999:The Dancing Demons of Mongolia
991:
936:
909:
880:
248:Mongol leaders and the devout
1:
1816:Berger, Patricia Ann (2003).
1758:Berger, Patricia Ann (2003).
1700:Berger, Patricia Ann (2003).
1662:Berger, Patricia Ann (2003).
1461:Berger, Patricia Ann (2003).
1361:Berger, Patricia Ann (2003).
1053:. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 107–108.
968:
839:Zanabazar Museum of Fine Arts
373:) recognized Zanabazar as an
1311:Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010).
1212:Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010).
903:[ɵntrkeγeɴtsanβatsr]
7:
2169:Creators of writing systems
2103:10th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
1494:Charleux, Isabelle (2015).
986:, Ulaanbaatar, Arvin Sudar,
959:rje btsun dam pa hu thug tu
860:
746:Artistic Works of Zanabazar
10:
2220:
2133:Gandantegchinlen Monastery
1985:(Troodontidae: Theropoda)"
1931:. Routledge. p. 146.
1899:. Routledge. p. 159.
1733:Wallace, Vesna A. (2015).
1616:.wikischolars.columbia.edu
1424:Wallace, Vesna A. (2015).
1400:. Routledge. p. 150.
1104:Wallace, Vesna A. (2015).
18:
2123:
2109:
2098:Jambalnamdolchoyjijantsan
2083:Luvsantüvdenchoyjijaltsan
2053:
1989:American Museum Novitates
1958:. Routledge. p. 12.
1637:Berger, Patricia (1995).
1585:. Facts on File. p.
1527:. Facts on File. p.
1137:. Facts on File. p.
950:
923:
890:
822:century. Even during the
804:
650:Amarbayasgalant Monastery
159:
154:
143:
133:
125:
115:
107:
88:
66:
61:
49:
36:
2128:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
951:རྗེ་བཙུན་དམ་པ་ཧུ་ཐུག་ཐུ་
899:Mongolian pronunciation:
732:In 1686 he designed the
531:between the Khalkha and
213:and bestowed on him the
1866:Atwood, Christopher P.
1791:Lacaze, Gaëlle (2014).
1552:Lacaze, Gaëlle (2014).
873:
867:Zanabazar square script
824:country's socialist era
394:“Monastery of the West”
286:
2204:Tibetan Buddhist monks
2194:18th-century sculptors
2189:17th-century sculptors
2164:Jebtsundamba Khutuktus
2117:
1049:Martha, Avery (2003).
891:Өндөр Гэгээн Занабазар
814:
719:Bayasgalant Aglag Oron
697:
672:
629:
552:
466:
353:
341:" on the Gelug leader
323:, was the grandson of
306:Yesönzüil, Övörkhangai
301:
275:from which sprang the
174:Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar
78:Yesönzüil, Övörkhangai
27:. For the island, see
19:For the dinosaur, see
2115:
2047:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
851:Undur Gegen Zanabazar
812:
695:
670:
627:
550:
539:Mongols to the west.
461:
439:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
351:
299:
292:Early life, 1635-1651
183:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
44:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
23:. For the novel, see
1874:. Facts On File, Inc
1241:. BRILL. p. 3.
974:Zolzaya, M. (2009).
687:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
638:Erdene Zuu Monastery
557:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
498:by the Russians and
2184:Mongolian Buddhists
2174:Mongolian sculptors
2078:Luvsanchültimjigmed
2073:Luvsantüvdenvanchug
1267:GRANDPOOHBAH'S BLOG
918:: Ишдорж, Ishdorj;
849:and a major street
841:was established in
707:Five Dhyani Buddhas
518:rivers and beneath
465:depicting Zanabazar
2118:
832:post socialist era
815:
698:
673:
634:Battle of Jao Modo
630:
553:
467:
392:camp known as the
361:prayer (praise of
354:
302:
234:school of Buddhism
2141:
2140:
2063:Luvsandambiydonmi
715:Tövkhön Monastery
682:Tövkhön Monastery
671:Tövkhön Monastery
642:Yongzheng Emperor
480:Khentii mountains
418:Drepung Monastery
400:), later renamed
385:) Mongol tribes.
352:Drepung Monastery
171:
170:
25:Zanabazar (novel)
2211:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2008:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1868:"Soyombo script"
1863:
1857:
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1301:
1299:
1297:
1288:. Archived from
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1234:
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1101:
1095:
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1076:
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1064:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1015:various (2007).
1012:
1006:
995:
984:978-99929-9914-1
962:
952:
940:
934:
925:
913:
907:
905:
900:
896:
892:
884:
819:Tibetan Buddhism
813:Zanabazar Museum
785:
770:
758:
492:Shira Busiin Ord
402:Shankh Monastery
180:) was the first
138:Tibetan Buddhism
54:
34:
33:
21:Zanabazar junior
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2119:
2107:
2049:
2044:
2014:
1983:Saurornithoides
1977:
1973:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1923:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
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1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1292:on 24 June 2016
1278:
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1013:
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932:ye shes rdo rje
914:
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876:
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807:
802:
801:
800:
796:
795:
792:
786:
777:
771:
762:
759:
748:
747:
665:
628:Amarbayasgalant
595:
545:
456:
424:of the scholar
325:Abtai Sain Khan
294:
289:
103:
93:
84:
82:Tüsheet Khanate
75:
73:
72:
57:
45:
42:
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2130:
2124:
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2110:
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2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
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2054:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2013:
2012:
1971:
1964:
1944:
1937:
1912:
1905:
1885:
1858:
1841:
1834:
1808:
1802:978-2880864057
1801:
1783:
1776:
1750:
1744:978-0199958665
1743:
1725:
1718:
1687:
1680:
1654:
1647:
1629:
1602:
1595:
1569:
1563:978-2880864057
1562:
1544:
1537:
1511:
1505:978-9004297784
1504:
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1479:
1450:
1441:
1435:978-0199958665
1434:
1413:
1406:
1386:
1379:
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1347:978-3897942684
1346:
1328:
1322:978-0810874527
1321:
1303:
1272:
1254:
1247:
1229:
1223:978-0810874527
1222:
1204:
1198:978-3897942684
1197:
1179:
1173:978-0810868052
1172:
1154:
1147:
1121:
1115:978-0199958665
1114:
1096:
1089:
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1059:
1041:
1028:978-0761476313
1027:
1007:
989:
988:
987:
970:
967:
964:
963:
935:
924:ཡེ་ཤེས་རྡོ་རྗེ
908:
878:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
862:
859:
806:
803:
798:
797:
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793:
787:
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772:
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760:
753:
750:
749:
745:
744:
743:
739:Soyombo symbol
734:Soyombo script
696:Soyombo Script
664:
663:Artistic works
661:
603:Kangxi Emperor
594:
591:
587:Kangxi Emperor
566:Inner Mongolia
561:Kangxi Emperor
551:Kangxi Emperor
544:
541:
455:
452:
410:5th Dalai Lama
300:5th Dalai Lama
293:
290:
288:
285:
273:Soyombo script
256:rule in 1691.
250:Kangxi Emperor
207:5th Dalai Lama
186:and the first
169:
168:
163:
157:
156:
155:Senior posting
152:
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2079:
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2068:Ishdambiynyam
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
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2041:
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2034:
2029:
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2018:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1997:10.1206/648.1
1994:
1990:
1986:
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1967:
1961:
1957:
1956:
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1934:
1930:
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1919:
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1897:
1889:
1873:
1872:Facts On File
1869:
1862:
1854:
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1837:
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1812:
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1677:
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1648:0-500-23705-0
1644:
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1349:
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1287:
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1280:Croner, Don.
1276:
1268:
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1075:
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939:
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921:
917:
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904:
888:
883:
879:
868:
865:
864:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:In 1965, the
835:
833:
829:
825:
820:
811:
791:
788:Statuette of
784:
779:
776:
769:
764:
757:
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751:
742:
740:
735:
730:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
694:
690:
688:
683:
678:
669:
660:
657:
655:
654:Yonghe Palace
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
590:
588:
583:
579:
576:(the site of
575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
549:
540:
538:
534:
529:
525:
521:
520:Bogd Khan Uul
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
483:
481:
477:
473:
464:
460:
451:
450:in Mongolia.
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:reincarnation
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:Baruun Khüree
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Jambaltsanjod
350:
346:
344:
340:
339:
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326:
322:
318:
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298:
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282:
278:
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270:
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257:
255:
251:
247:
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239:
235:
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228:
225:: ज्ञानवज्र,
224:
220:
216:
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208:
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199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
167:
164:
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161:Reincarnation
158:
153:
149:
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128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
110:
108:Resting place
106:
101:
97:
91:
87:
83:
79:
69:
65:
60:
53:
48:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2057:
1991:(3654): 63.
1988:
1982:
1974:
1954:
1947:
1927:
1895:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1871:
1861:
1851:
1844:
1819:
1811:
1792:
1786:
1761:
1753:
1734:
1728:
1703:
1665:
1657:
1638:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1615:
1605:
1580:
1572:
1553:
1547:
1522:
1514:
1495:
1489:
1464:
1444:
1425:
1396:
1389:
1364:
1356:
1337:
1331:
1312:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:the original
1285:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1238:
1232:
1213:
1207:
1188:
1182:
1163:
1157:
1132:
1124:
1105:
1099:
1080:
1050:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1017:
1010:
998:
993:
975:
958:
938:
931:
911:
882:
850:
836:
816:
731:
727:
723:Bodhisattvas
718:
699:
677:Michelangelo
674:
658:
631:
614:
611:Tüsheet Khan
596:
554:
523:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:
468:
443:
437:
433:
414:Panchen Lama
412:and the 4th
397:
387:
375:Öndör Gegeen
374:
358:
355:
343:Sonam Gyatso
336:
321:Genghis Khan
303:
269:Varajradhara
268:
264:
258:
226:
218:
200:
187:
181:
177:
173:
172:
150:(Yellow Hat)
134:Denomination
100:Qing dynasty
38:Öndör Gegeen
2159:1723 deaths
2154:1635 births
1263:"Zanabazar"
1003:Jan Fontein
847:Ulaanbaatar
843:Ulaanbaatar
508:Ulaanbaatar
444:Bogd Gegeen
188:Bogd Gegeen
126:Nationality
2148:Categories
1965:1134396732
1938:1134396732
1906:1134396732
1835:0824825632
1777:0824825632
1719:0824825632
1681:0824825632
1618:. Columbia
1596:0816046719
1538:0816046719
1480:0824825632
1407:1134396732
1380:0824825632
1248:9024726859
1148:0816046719
1090:1932476016
1060:7508503805
969:References
830:. In the
773:Statue of
761:White Tara
709:, walking
570:Erdene Zuu
528:Erdene Zuu
504:Ikh Khuree
338:Dalai Lama
333:Altan Khan
265:White Tara
219:Jñānavajra
2058:Zanabazar
2006:2246/5973
1610:various.
1498:. BRILL.
943:Mongolian
916:Mongolian
895:ᠵᠠᠨᠠᠪᠠᠽᠠᠷ
887:Mongolian
855:Zanabazar
799:Example 1
775:Akshobhya
619:Wutaishan
582:Genghisid
574:Dolon Nor
500:Da Khuree
476:Taranatha
474:to house
426:Taranatha
371:Karakorum
227:Zanabazar
211:Taranatha
178:Eshidorji
166:Taranatha
129:Mongolian
71:Eshidorji
41:Zanabazar
2179:Borjigin
1878:16 March
861:See also
790:Manjusri
711:Maitreya
646:Maitreya
434:Khutuktu
363:Manjusri
310:Mongolia
281:Mongolia
261:polymath
223:Sanskrit
215:Sanskrit
196:Mongolia
120:Buddhism
116:Religion
62:Personal
29:Zanzibar
947:Tibetan
920:Tibetan
615:Da Lama
599:Beijing
578:Shangdu
537:Dzungar
463:Thangka
383:Dzungar
379:Sakyapa
367:Khalkha
329:Gelugpa
314:Tüsheet
277:Soyombo
242:Red Hat
231:Gelugpa
203:Khalkha
192:Gelugpa
148:Gelugpa
144:Lineage
111:Unknown
102:, China
96:Beijing
1962:
1935:
1903:
1832:
1799:
1774:
1741:
1716:
1678:
1645:
1622:22 May
1593:
1560:
1535:
1502:
1477:
1432:
1404:
1377:
1344:
1319:
1296:22 May
1245:
1220:
1195:
1170:
1145:
1112:
1087:
1057:
1034:23 May
1025:
982:
828:Manchu
805:Legacy
524:aimags
430:Jonang
246:Khalka
176:(born
955:Wylie
928:Wylie
607:Jehol
533:Oirat
512:Selbe
488:Örgöö
472:stupa
406:Tibet
345:.
238:Sakya
217:name
1960:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1880:2016
1830:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1624:2016
1591:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1317:ISBN
1298:2016
1243:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1036:2016
1023:ISBN
980:ISBN
874:Note
703:Tara
516:Tuul
514:and
496:Urga
448:Lama
317:khan
287:Life
267:and
254:Qing
240:or "
92:1723
89:Died
74:1635
67:Born
2001:hdl
1993:doi
1587:272
1529:194
1139:267
605:at
502:or
416:at
390:ger
2150::
1999:.
1987:.
1915:^
1870:.
1828:.
1826:28
1770:.
1768:26
1712:.
1710:29
1690:^
1674:.
1672:33
1614:.
1589:.
1531:.
1473:.
1471:27
1453:^
1416:^
1373:.
1371:24
1284:.
1265:.
1141:.
1069:^
1001:,
978:.
957::
953:,
949::
930::
926:,
922::
897:,
893:,
889::
308:,
198:.
98:,
80:,
2039:e
2032:t
2025:v
2009:.
2003::
1995::
1968:.
1941:.
1909:.
1882:.
1855:.
1838:.
1805:.
1780:.
1747:.
1722:.
1684:.
1651:.
1626:.
1599:.
1566:.
1541:.
1508:.
1483:.
1438:.
1410:.
1383:.
1350:.
1325:.
1300:.
1269:.
1251:.
1226:.
1201:.
1176:.
1151:.
1118:.
1093:.
1063:.
1038:.
535:-
396:(
221:(
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
