287:. He developed symptoms which were similar to the symptoms which David Carr developed, and he died on 28 June 1959, apparently of the same very rare kind of pneumonia that killed Carr. Many years later, Dr. Gordon R. Hennigar, who had performed the autopsy on Antonio's body, was asked whether or not he thought his patient had died of AIDS; he replied "You bet ... It was so unusual at the time. Lord knows how many cases of AIDS have been autopsied that we didn't even know had AIDS. I think it's such a strong possibility that I've often thought about getting them to send me the tissue samples."
37:
129:
276:
which was present in the tissues was similar to the strain of HIV which was found in tissue samples which were collected and analyzed in the late 1980s rather than an earlier strain of HIV (which would have mutated considerably over the course of 30 years). Ho's discovery has cast doubt on the theory
161:
SIV exists as distinct lineages that cluster in different species of primates. HIV-1 is most similar to the SIV found in common chimpanzees (SIVcpz) in southeastern
Cameroon, giving rise to the notion that HIV-1 emerged from chimpanzees in this area. SIVcpz itself emerged in chimpanzees as the result
191:. This estimation was the result of time-scaled evolutionary models being applied to modern samples and retrieved early samples of HIV-1 (M). It had previously been estimated from the genetic differences between LEO70 and DRC60 samples and later samples that
391:
in 1964 then again in 1972 to aid the sick. She was likely directly exposed to blood from many
Congolese patients, one of whom infected her. She became unwell in 1974, then returned to Denmark in 1977, with her colleagues baffled by her symptoms. She died of
282:
Ardouin
Antonio, a 49-year-old Jamaican-born Haitian, has been suggested as a possible early AIDS case. Antonio had emigrated to the United States in 1927, and at the time of his death, he was working as a shipping clerk for a garment manufacturer in
327:
and preserved in paraffin. In 2008, the sample was tested by researchers, identifying partial HIV viral sequences. The specimen, named DRC60 contained a strain of HIV-1 around 88% similar to LEO70, but was found to be most closely related to
332:(M) subgroup A isolates. These two specimens are significant not only because they are the oldest known specimens of HIV-1, but because they show that the virus already had an extensive amount of genetic diversity by 1960.
372:
some time between 1962 and 1965, and died on 24 April 1976. His eight-year-old daughter had died three months earlier, and his wife died in
December 1976. Tissues of Røed, his wife and daughter all tested positive for
1620:
628:
Keele, Brandon F.; Van
Heuverswyn, Fran; Li, Yingying; Bailes, Elizabeth; Takehisa, Jun; Santiago, Mario L.; Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic; Chen, Yalu; Wain, Louise V.; Liegeois, Florian; Loul, Severin (28 July 2006).
141:
was recognised as a novel illness in the early 1980s. An AIDS case is classified as "early" if the death occurred before 5 June 1981, when the AIDS epidemic was formally recognized by medical professionals in the
422:
Herbert
Heinrich was a German concert violinist who died in 1979. Tests in 1989 found that he was HIV-positive, and there has been speculation that he was infected by a sex worker who was infected by Noe.
788:
Faria, Nuno R.; Rambaut, Andrew; Suchard, Marc A.; Baele, Guy; Bedford, Trevor; Ward, Melissa J.; Tatem, Andrew J.; Sousa, JoĂŁo D.; Arinaminpathy, Nimalan; PĂ©pin, Jacques; Posada, David (3 October 2014).
268:. Baffled by what he had died from, doctors preserved 50 of his tissue samples for inspection. In 1990, the tissues were found to be HIV-positive. However, in 1992, a second test by AIDS researcher
1184:
Garry RF, Witte MH, Gottlieb AA, Elvin-Lewis M, Gottlieb MS, Witte CL, Alexander SS, Cole WR, Drake WL Jr (October 1988). "Documentation of an AIDS virus infection in the United States in 1968".
1162:
1615:
1410:
1927:
851:
Worobey, Michael; Gemmel, Marlea; Teuwen, Dirk E.; Haselkorn, Tamara; Kunstman, Kevin; Bunce, Michael; Muyembe, Jean-Jacques; Kabongo, Jean-Marie M.; et al. (2008).
1891:
1610:
694:
Bailes, Elizabeth; Gao, Feng; Bibollet-Ruche, Frederic; Courgnaud, Valerie; Peeters, Martine; Marx, Preston A.; Hahn, Beatrice H.; Sharp, Paul M. (13 June 2003).
1982:
1462:
A D M Bryceson, A M Tomkins, D Ridley, D Warhurst, A Goldstone, G Bayliss, J Toswill, J Ridley. HIV-2 associated AIDS in the 1970s. Letter Lancet, 1988, ii, 221.
2578:
299:
infections, considered novel to the
European continent, and both AIDS related conditions. Some of these cases occurred in infants considered immunocompetent.
1219:
W. C. Saxinger; P. H. Levine; A. G. Dean; G. de The; G. Lange-Wantzin; J. Moghissi; F. Laurent; M. Hoh; R. C. Gallo; Gallo, R. C.; et al. (March 1985).
2573:
1627:
1152:
47:
2088:
1561:
108:
1441:
80:
1261:
1962:
1077:
Hennigar, G.R., Lyons, H.A. et al., Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an adult, American
Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1961, 35(4), 353–364.
224:
87:
1834:
1653:
1603:
1551:
1402:
1947:
358:. In 1985, retroactive testing of the frozen blood serum indicated that 50 of the children had antibodies to a virus related to HIV.
94:
1761:
490:
1673:
1503:
1325:
1046:
975:
76:
231:, Belgian Congo. The isolated strain was found to be most closely related to modern genome sequences of HIV-1 (M) subgroup D.
1922:
1093:
2353:
2041:
2478:
1718:
739:
766:
1901:
1791:
154:
All known subgroups of HIV-1 and HIV-2 are thought to have entered humans as distinct cross-species transmissions of
66:
1648:
312:
208:
541:
908:
Zhu, Tuofu; Korber, Bette T.; Nahmias, Andre J.; Hooper, Edward; Sharp, Paul M.; Ho, David D. (5 February 1998).
973:
Wyatt, J. P.; Trumbull, M. L.; Evans, M.; et al. (1953). "Cytomegalic
Inclusion Pneumonitis in the adult".
101:
2381:
1643:
404:
260:
printer (sometimes mistakenly referred to as a sailor) who died on 31 August 1959 following the failure of his
2443:
1957:
1937:
1668:
1556:
155:
1475:
2599:
2556:
1829:
1817:
1698:
1658:
253:
62:
2604:
2328:
2024:
1952:
1881:
1839:
1583:
1541:
432:
2018:
1942:
1932:
1663:
1496:
411:
by
Professor Anthony Bryceson until he died of the disease in 1978. He is the first confirmed case of
219:). The sample, designated LEO70, was isolated from the plasma of "an adult Bantu male" who also had a
2492:
2460:
2448:
2401:
1977:
1286:
Fro̸land, S.S.; Jenum, P.; Lindboe, C.F.; Wefring, K.W.; Linnestad, P.J.; Böhmer, T. (11 June 1988).
396:
in December 1977. Her tissues were examined and tested by her colleagues and found positive in 1987.
55:
1434:"Grethe Rask reddede liv på congolesisk missionshospital, indtil mødet med ukendt virus blev fatalt"
1433:
2333:
2183:
2056:
1744:
1703:
1220:
246:
with pneumocystis pneumonia and CMV, which some authors suggest constitutes a sufficient number of
2551:
2423:
2298:
2216:
2118:
1683:
1678:
338:, a 16-year-old boy who died in 1969, is considered to be the first recorded case of AIDS in the
247:
51:
514:"Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men--New York City and California"
2263:
2236:
2226:
2148:
2133:
2031:
1851:
1781:
1588:
1578:
393:
292:
183:(responsible for the global pandemic) is estimated to have emerged in humans around 1920 near
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2500:
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2338:
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1812:
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1573:
1489:
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2098:
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1824:
1756:
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864:
642:
442:
269:
238:
Richard Edwin Graves Jr., a 28-year-old World War II veteran who had been stationed in the
17:
8:
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2221:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2128:
1739:
1713:
437:
163:
1241:
925:
868:
791:"HIV epidemiology. The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations"
646:
2520:
2510:
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2073:
2065:
1997:
1992:
1861:
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1378:
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1317:
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1128:
1111:
955:
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243:
192:
1305:
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2123:
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2093:
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1856:
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1593:
1383:
1309:
1253:
1228:
1201:
1197:
1133:
1027:
992:
947:
939:
910:"An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic"
890:
828:
810:
723:
715:
676:
658:
607:
589:
533:
525:
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220:
1321:
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2143:
1886:
1373:
1365:
1301:
1245:
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1123:
1019:
984:
959:
929:
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872:
818:
802:
735:
707:
666:
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597:
581:
355:
1090:
2036:
1776:
1546:
1097:
1051:
329:
296:
239:
585:
228:
1987:
1771:
1023:
335:
1369:
2593:
1967:
1876:
1218:
1112:"Pneumocystis Infection and Cytomegaly of the Lungs in the Newborn and Adult"
1047:"How scientists discovered false evidence on the world's "first AIDS victim""
943:
814:
719:
662:
593:
529:
478:
416:
339:
320:
261:
216:
188:
180:
143:
1249:
988:
806:
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695:
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2002:
1693:
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996:
894:
832:
762:
727:
680:
611:
324:
1387:
1313:
1257:
1205:
1031:
951:
537:
486:
1906:
1807:
1598:
380:
876:
1866:
1708:
1536:
1292:
513:
257:
65:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
853:"Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960"
361:
284:
265:
1972:
1871:
1568:
1516:
369:
308:
204:
184:
162:
of a recombination of two separate lineages of SIV known to infect
138:
1481:
934:
909:
227:, in 1959. At the time of the samples isolation, he was living in
1896:
1403:"After hard working days she rested by the beautiful Ebola River"
511:
460:
384:
693:
2012:
1010:
Huminer, D.; Rosenfeld, J. (1987). "AIDS in the Pre-AIDS era".
408:
365:
351:
167:
1928:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
1183:
412:
388:
374:
316:
212:
850:
2046:
2007:
1285:
1153:"Boy's 1969 Death Suggests AIDS Invaded U.S. Several Times"
627:
1091:
How Long Has Virus Been Stalking Victims? 25 October 1987
1531:
1512:
1356:
1221:"Evidence for exposure to HTLV-III in Uganda before 1973"
631:"Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1"
323:) died, and a lymph node sample was taken and fixed with
273:
1611:
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
787:
2579:
List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
907:
250:
for a clinical course suggestive of an AIDS diagnosis.
368:
sailor and truck driver who was probably infected in
364:(an anagram of his birth name Arne Vidar Røed) was a
568:
Sharp, Paul M.; Hahn, Beatrice H. (September 2011).
415:
and it is believed he was exposed to the disease in
2574:
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
1963:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
1948:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
972:
1352:"Sailors and star-bursts, and the arrival of HIV"
1288:"HIV-1 infection in Norwegian family before 1970"
512:Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (3 July 1981).
461:Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (5 June 1981).
234:Possible cases of AIDS from this period include:
2591:
1009:
1562:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
763:"Aids: Origin of pandemic 'was 1920s Kinshasa'"
760:
61:Please review the contents of the article and
1497:
846:
844:
842:
1654:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
1085:
1083:
574:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
518:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
467:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
350:Researchers drew blood from 75 children in
277:that David Carr's death was caused by AIDS.
203:The earliest known sample of HIV-1 is from
195:had jumped into humans in 1908 ± 10 years.
1887:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement
1504:
1490:
839:
377:type O, in an epidemiology study in 1988.
1377:
1345:
1343:
1127:
933:
884:
822:
670:
601:
567:
1080:
754:
419:, where he lived between 1956 and 1966.
291:Researchers begin to note the spread of
1109:
14:
2592:
1349:
1340:
1150:
1044:
976:American Journal of Clinical Pathology
570:"Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic"
1923:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
1485:
1478:, Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1996
1165:from the original on 11 February 2009
696:"Hybrid origin of SIV in chimpanzees"
463:"Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles"
175:
1328:from the original on 22 October 2016
623:
621:
563:
561:
559:
354:to serve as controls for a study of
30:
2042:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert
1511:
1431:
1400:
1350:Hooper, Edward (20 December 1997).
24:
761:James Gallagher (2 October 2014).
544:from the original on 18 March 2021
493:from the original on 22 April 2009
77:"Timeline of early HIV/AIDS cases"
25:
2616:
1628:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate
1468:
1444:from the original on 15 July 2021
1413:from the original on 15 July 2021
1116:The American Journal of Pathology
618:
556:
242:. Graves died on 26 July 1952 in
2089:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1649:AIDS-defining clinical condition
1267:from the original on 4 July 2021
1198:10.1001/jama.1988.03410140097031
1151:Kolata, Gina (28 October 1987).
769:from the original on 6 June 2022
742:from the original on 25 May 2021
313:Democratic Republic of the Congo
209:Democratic Republic of the Congo
149:
127:
35:
1456:
1425:
1401:Maj, Helle (10 November 2020).
1394:
1279:
1212:
1177:
1144:
1103:
1071:
1045:Connor, Steve (24 March 1995).
1038:
1003:
966:
307:In 1960, a woman in modern-day
1055:. pp. 2–3. Archived from
1012:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
901:
781:
687:
505:
454:
405:Hospital for Tropical Diseases
63:add the appropriate references
13:
1:
1958:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
1938:International AIDS Conference
1892:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry
1835:Discrimination against people
1306:10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92164-2
448:
156:Simian immunodeficiency virus
1818:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS
1699:HIV Drug Resistance Database
7:
2119:CĂ´te d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
1953:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
1882:List of HIV-positive people
1110:Hamperl, H (10 June 1955).
586:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841
433:List of HIV-positive people
426:
48:reliable medical references
10:
2621:
2019:Reports from the Holocaust
1943:International AIDS Society
1933:Elton John AIDS Foundation
1432:Maj, Helle (9 June 2020).
2569:
2539:
2491:
2459:
2409:
2400:
2372:
2207:
2064:
2055:
1978:Treatment Action Campaign
1915:
1800:
1732:
1694:Tuberculosis co-infection
1636:
1557:disease progression rates
1524:
1370:10.1136/bmj.315.7123.1689
272:found that the strain of
54:or relies too heavily on
1704:Innate resistance to HIV
1674:Neurocognitive disorders
1096:22 December 2007 at the
1024:10.1093/clinids/9.6.1102
387:surgeon who traveled to
345:
302:
248:opportunistic infections
198:
2025:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
2008:Gay Men's Health Crisis
1684:Opportunistic infection
1250:10.1126/science.2983417
807:10.1126/science.1256739
712:10.1126/science.1080657
655:10.1126/science.1126531
403:man was treated at the
1852:HIV-affected community
1792:HIV and homosexual men
394:pneumocystis pneumonia
293:Pneumocystis pneumonia
2032:Silence=Death Project
1830:Criminal transmission
1750:Multiple sex partners
1100:retrieved 15 May 2008
989:10.1093/ajcp/23.4.353
158:(SIV) from primates.
2354:United Arab Emirates
1825:Circumcision and HIV
1782:City of Hope Patient
1542:structure and genome
443:Timeline of HIV/AIDS
2600:History of HIV/AIDS
1902:AIDS Memorial Quilt
1714:HIV-positive people
1364:(7123): 1689–1691.
1300:(8598): 1344–1345.
1242:1985Sci...227.1036S
1236:(4690): 1036–1038.
1059:on 24 February 2005
926:1998Natur.391..594Z
877:10.1038/nature07390
869:2008Natur.455..661W
647:2006Sci...313..523K
438:History of HIV/AIDS
187:, then part of the
164:red-capped mangabey
2605:Medicine timelines
2479:Dominican Republic
1862:HIV/AIDS denialism
1787:Women and HIV/AIDS
1777:The London Patient
1644:Signs and symptoms
1552:CDC classification
1438:Kristeligt Dagblad
1407:globalhealth.ku.dk
1158:The New York Times
264:; he succumbed to
244:Memphis, Tennessee
176:Early 20th century
2587:
2586:
2565:
2564:
2487:
2486:
1968:The SING Campaign
1857:HIV/AIDS activism
1845:Cost of treatment
1767:Timothy Ray Brown
1762:World AIDS Museum
920:(6667): 594–597.
641:(5786): 523–526.
221:Sickle cell trait
136:
135:
112:
16:(Redirected from
2612:
2557:Papua New Guinea
2407:
2406:
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1506:
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1209:
1181:
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1107:
1101:
1089:Chicago Tribune
1087:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1018:(6): 1102–1108.
1007:
1001:
1000:
970:
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616:
615:
605:
565:
554:
553:
551:
549:
509:
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500:
498:
458:
356:Burkitt lymphoma
315:(DRC) (formerly
211:(DRC) (formerly
131:
130:
122:
119:
113:
111:
70:
39:
38:
31:
21:
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2396:
2368:
2314:Myanmar (Burma)
2203:
2051:
2037:Day Without Art
1983:The Global Fund
1911:
1840:Economic impact
1796:
1728:
1632:
1584:pathophysiology
1520:
1510:
1476:The White Death
1474:Cribb, Julian,
1471:
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1108:
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1098:Wayback Machine
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1052:The Independent
1043:
1039:
1008:
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971:
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902:
863:(7213): 661–4.
849:
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801:(6205): 56–61.
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759:
755:
745:
743:
692:
688:
626:
619:
566:
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547:
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524:(25): 305–308.
510:
506:
496:
494:
473:(21): 250–252.
459:
455:
451:
429:
362:Arvid Darre Noe
348:
319:, formerly the
305:
297:Cytomegalovirus
295:and concurrent
240:Solomon Islands
215:, formerly the
201:
178:
152:
132:
128:
123:
117:
114:
71:
60:
56:primary sources
40:
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2382:United Kingdom
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181:HIV-1 group M
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169:Cercopithecus
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150:Virus origins
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118:November 2017
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79: –
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73:Find sources:
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44:This article
42:
33:
32:
29:
27:
19:
2344:Taiwan (ROC)
2334:Saudi Arabia
2184:South Africa
2017:
2003:Larry Kramer
1745:Epidemiology
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1437:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1406:
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1330:. Retrieved
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1269:. Retrieved
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1167:. Retrieved
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1057:the original
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546:. Retrieved
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325:Formaldehyde
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229:LĂ©opoldville
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52:verification
45:
28:
26:
2552:New Zealand
2424:El Salvador
2329:Philippines
2299:North Korea
2252:China (PRC)
2217:Afghanistan
1907:Product Red
1808:AIDS orphan
1664:Nephropathy
1599:vaccination
1271:27 December
1169:11 February
1122:(1): 1–13.
1063:11 February
381:Grethe Rask
46:needs more
2594:Categories
2264:East Timor
2237:Bangladesh
2227:Azerbaijan
2149:Mozambique
2134:Madagascar
1867:Red ribbon
1709:Serostatus
1637:Conditions
1589:prevention
1579:management
1537:Lentivirus
1332:21 October
1293:The Lancet
449:References
401:Portuguese
258:Manchester
254:David Carr
88:newspapers
2547:Australia
2501:Argentina
2461:Caribbean
2439:Nicaragua
2429:Guatemala
2339:Sri Lanka
2274:Indonesia
2057:Locations
1998:"Free Me"
1724:Pregnancy
1719:Nutrition
1574:diagnosis
944:1476-4687
815:1095-9203
773:5 October
720:1095-9203
663:1095-9203
594:2157-1422
530:0149-2195
479:0149-2195
366:Norwegian
285:Manhattan
266:pneumonia
172:species.
2516:Colombia
2434:Honduras
2349:Thailand
2324:Pakistan
2309:Malaysia
2247:Cambodia
2199:Zimbabwe
2179:Tanzania
2104:Ethiopia
2099:Eswatini
2084:Botswana
1973:Solidays
1872:Safe sex
1813:Religion
1757:Timeline
1679:Pruritus
1616:Children
1594:research
1569:HIV/AIDS
1547:subtypes
1448:15 March
1442:Archived
1417:15 March
1411:Archived
1326:Archived
1322:35124293
1262:Archived
1163:Archived
1138:13275561
1094:Archived
997:13040294
895:18833279
833:25278604
767:Archived
746:10 March
740:Archived
728:12805540
681:16728595
612:22229120
548:10 March
542:Archived
497:10 March
491:Archived
427:See also
370:Cameroon
309:Kinshasa
270:David Ho
205:Kinshasa
185:Kinshasa
139:HIV/AIDS
2540:Oceania
2531:Uruguay
2506:Bolivia
2474:Jamaica
2392:Ukraine
2364:Vietnam
2232:Bahrain
2222:Armenia
2174:Senegal
2164:Nigeria
2154:Namibia
2129:Lesotho
1916:Culture
1897:HIV.gov
1740:History
1733:History
1388:9448543
1379:2128008
1314:2897596
1258:2983417
1238:Bibcode
1229:Science
1206:3418874
1129:1942588
1032:3321360
960:4416837
952:9468138
922:Bibcode
886:3682493
865:Bibcode
824:4254776
795:Science
765:. BBC.
736:5294547
700:Science
672:2442710
643:Bibcode
635:Science
603:3234451
538:6789108
487:6265753
102:scholar
67:removed
2521:Guyana
2511:Brazil
2419:Mexico
2414:Canada
2387:Russia
2374:Europe
2359:Turkey
2294:Jordan
2257:Yunnan
2242:Bhutan
2194:Zambia
2189:Uganda
2169:Rwanda
2139:Malawi
2114:Guinea
2074:Angola
2066:Africa
2013:ACT UP
1801:Social
1519:topics
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409:London
385:Danish
383:was a
352:Uganda
166:, and
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2469:Haiti
2319:Nepal
2289:Japan
2269:India
2159:Niger
2124:Kenya
2109:Ghana
2094:Egypt
2079:Benin
1318:S2CID
1265:(PDF)
1224:(PDF)
956:S2CID
732:S2CID
413:HIV-2
389:Zaire
375:HIV-1
346:1970s
330:HIV-1
317:Zaire
303:1960s
225:G6PDD
213:Zaire
199:1950s
109:JSTOR
95:books
2526:Peru
2304:Laos
2284:Iraq
2279:Iran
2209:Asia
2144:Mali
2047:Ayds
1604:PrEP
1517:AIDS
1450:2021
1419:2021
1384:PMID
1334:2016
1310:PMID
1273:2013
1254:PMID
1202:PMID
1186:JAMA
1171:2009
1134:PMID
1065:2009
1028:PMID
993:PMID
948:PMID
940:ISSN
891:PMID
829:PMID
811:ISSN
775:2014
748:2021
724:PMID
716:ISSN
677:PMID
659:ISSN
608:PMID
590:ISSN
550:2021
534:PMID
526:ISSN
499:2021
483:PMID
475:ISSN
256:, a
223:and
81:news
50:for
18:ZR59
1532:HIV
1525:HIV
1513:HIV
1374:PMC
1366:doi
1362:315
1357:BMJ
1302:doi
1298:331
1246:doi
1234:227
1194:doi
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1124:PMC
1020:doi
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819:PMC
803:doi
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667:PMC
651:doi
639:313
598:PMC
582:doi
407:in
274:HIV
2596::
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