56:
833:
initially to
Western Wei and then to Liang. Yuwen conferred honorary titles on Hou, but was initially unwilling to send relief troops. With Wang Sizheng advocating taking four provinces that Hou offered in exchange for aid, however, Yuwen sent Li Bi (李弼) and Zhao Gui to assist Wang, initially forcing Eastern Wei forces attacking Hou to withdraw. Soon, however, Western Wei generals and Hou began to suspect each other, and after Yuwen ordered Hou to proceed to Chang'an to greet Emperor Wen and Hou refused, the sides officially broke, and the Western Wei generals held onto the four provinces without rendering further aid to Hou, who from that point on depended solely on Liang aid. (Later that year, however, the Eastern Wei general Murong Shaozong (慕容紹宗) would crush Liang forces commanded by
860:), one of the major cities that Western Wei took from Hou. Wang, defending Yingchuan, initially repelled Eastern Wei's attacks, but with Eastern Wei diverting Wei River (洧水) to flood Yingchuan, it was in the danger of falling. Yuwen sent Zhao to try to lift the siege, but Zhao was impeded by the water and was unable to proceed to Yingchuan. A counterattack by Wang, however, killed Murong Shaozong and Liu Fengsheng (劉豐生), temporarily relieving the pressure on Yingchuan. Gao Cheng himself reinforced Gao Yue's army, and by summer 549 captured Yingchuan, taking Wang captive. With Yingchuan having fallen, Yuwen ordered a general withdrawal from the area, and the provinces taken from Hou were retaken by Eastern Wei.
733:
he fell off his horse and was nearly captured, but both he and his general Li Mu (李穆) pretended to be common soldiers and were able to escape. Once Yuwen returned to
Western Wei camp, Western Wei forces again attacked and killed Gao. Later that day, however, an Eastern Wei counterattack inflicted major losses on Western Wei forces, forcing Yuwen to withdraw and rendezvous with Emperor Wen at Hengnong. Meanwhile, however, Eastern Wei captives in Chang'an heard of the Western Wei defeat and rebelled within the city, led by the general Zhao Qingque (趙青雀), forcing the official Zhou Huida (周惠達), who had been left in charge of Chang'an, to flee the city with the
800:
he was defeated by the
Eastern Wei general Peng Le (彭樂) and was nearly captured, only managing to elude capture by throwing gold at Peng to bribe him and persuade him that if he captured Yuwen, he would be no longer be any use to Gao Huan. The next day, a Western Wei counterattack in turn almost killed Gao Huan, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Yuwen was forced to withdraw, but against advice from Feng Zihui (封子繪) and Chen Yuankang (陳元康), Gao Huan failed to chase Yuwen and allowed him to escape. The defeat was considered so major that Yuwen offered to have his rank reduced, but Emperor Wen did not accept the request.
456:), and were forced to join the army of another rebel general, Xianyu Xiuli (鮮于修禮). Yuwen Gong died in a battle between Xianyu's troops and Northern Wei troops, but Yuwen Tai continued to serve in Xianyu's troops. After Xianyu was killed by his general Yuan Hongye (元洪業) in 526, another Xianyu general, Ge Rong (葛榮), in turn killed Yuan and took over Xianyu's troops, and Yuwen continued to serve Ge. However, he saw that Ge was not a competent leader and considered fleeing with his brothers, but before he could carry out his plans, Ge was defeated by the Northern Wei general
609:
Luoyang. Emperor Xiaowu's associate Wang
Sizheng (王思政), believing that imperial forces would not be able to withstand an attack from Gao, suggested fleeing to Yuwen's domain—despite his own reservations about Yuwen's intentions. Emperor Xiaowu agreed, but at the same time summoned Heba Sheng. However, Heba Sheng did not arrive at Luoyang, while Yuwen sent forces east, commanded by Li Xian (李賢), to welcome Emperor Xiaowu. In fall 534, before Gao's forces arrived, Emperor Xiaowu fled west, meeting Li on the way. Li escorted Emperor Xiaowu back to Yuwen's headquarters at
448:). Yuwen Tai's father Yuwen Gong (宇文肱) was known for his ability in battle. In 524, with Northern Wei's northern provinces overrun by agrarian rebels, Wuchuan was being held by one of the major rebels, Poliuhan Baling (破六韓拔陵). Yuwen Gong and another local leader, Heba Duba (賀拔度拔), ambushed Poliuhan's general Wei Kegu (衛可孤) and killed Wei, temporarily restoring order. It was probably at this time that Yuwen Tai met and befriended Heba Duba's son Heba Yue (賀拔岳). Sometime after this incident, Yuwen Gong and his sons fled to Zhongshan (中山, in modern
960:
Xun's chief of staff Liu Fan (劉璠), whom
Western Wei forces captured during the siege and whose talent Yuwen respected, Yuwen rescinded the order. Soon thereafter, Xiao Xun surrendered, and Nanzheng was in Western Wei hands. Yuwen initially agreed to allow Xiao Xun to return to Liang, but instead detained him, releasing him only after Liu again persuaded him to do so, reminding him of his promise. (During the conversation Liu had with Yuwen, Liu commented that he initially thought of Yuwen as
539:
to Gao in order to observe Gao's abilities, and Heba agreed. When Gao met Yuwen, Gao was impressed by the answers Yuwen had to his questions and wanted to detain Yuwen, but Yuwen left Gao's domain before Gao could seize him. Subsequently, Heba sent Yuwen to confer with
Emperor Xiaowu, who was not happy about Gao's hold on power, and Emperor Xiaowu and Heba were able to enter into a secret alliance against Gao. Heba made Yuwen the governor of the key Xia Province (夏州, roughly modern
740:. Under the advice of Lu Tong (陸通), Yuwen quickly returned west and defeated Zhao, suppressing his rebellion. Around this time, Yuwen also started setting up his headquarters at Hua Province (華州, roughly modern Weinan), not far from Chang'an but maintaining some distance from the capital, incorporate many talented officials and generals into his staff. He further established a night school for the junior officers and officials in his administration at Hua Province.
1061:) in exchange for his old domain of Xiangyang area, which Western Wei took control directly. (However, the rest of Liang did not recognize Emperor Xuan, and soon recognized a rival candidate for the throne supported by Northern Qi, Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming.) Most residents of Jiangling were seized as slaves, although eventually most of them were released by Yuwen after he was persuaded to do so by one of the captives, the Liang official Yu Jicai (庾季才).
898:). However, Gao Yang himself led a strong army to defend against Yuwen's attack, and Yuwen, upon hearing that Gao Yang's army was well-run, made the comment, "Alas, Gao Huan is not dead." Meanwhile, due to rains, the livestock that Western Wei forces relied on were dying in large numbers, and so Yuwen was forced to retreat. While there appeared to be few casualties, Northern Qi was in turn able to make minor border gains in light of Yuwen's withdrawal.
564:), was aligned with Gao Huan and refused to follow Heba's orders. Heba Yue sent his assistant Zhao Gui (趙貴) to Xia Province to request Yuwen's opinions, and Yuwen, believing that Houmochen was unreliable, advised against an attack on Cao and suggested instead that Houmochen be attacked. Heba refused—not realizing that by this point, Gao's messengers had persuaded Houmochen to act against him. Heba and Houmochen rendezvoused at Gaoping (高平, in modern
1024:. Further, because Xianbei legends indicated that originally, the Tuoba tribe had 36 subtribes and 99 subclans, Yuwen chose 36 key Han generals and 99 commanders and changed their names to Xianbei names, to fill out the original names. Yuwen subsequently put the former emperor to death. It was recorded that Empress Yuwen, Yuwen Tai's daughter, also "suffered death because of her loyalty to Wei," but it is not known exactly whether Yuwen killed her.
1033:
greater respect. Emperor Yuan then further aggravated the situation by sending an impolite letter to Yuwen Tai demanding that the borders be redrawn in accordance with old borders. Yuwen made the comment, "Xiao Yi is the type of person that, as said in proverbs, 'One who has been abandoned by heaven cannot be revived by anyone else.'" Yuwen Tai therefore began to prepare attacking
Emperor Yuan at his headquarters of Jiangling (江陵, in modern
883:) to Western Wei, requesting protection. Yuwen sent the general Yang Zhong (楊忠) to aid Xiao Cha, and after Yang defeated and captured Xiao Yi's general Liu Zhongli (柳仲禮) in spring 550, Western Wei made peace with Xiao Yi, setting the borders in such a way to put Xiao Cha under Western Wei's protection. Yuwen created Xiao Cha the title "Prince of Liang," preparing to have him claim the Liang throne as Western Wei's vassal.
580:), while Heba's army, without a central commander, withdrew to Pingliang (平涼, also in modern Pingliang). After some internal discussions, the army commanders decided to offer the command to Yuwen Tai, and they sent Du Shuozhou (杜朔周, later changed his name to Helian Da (赫連達)) to Xia Province to summon Yuwen Tai. Yuwen agreed, and Du and he quickly headed back toward Heba's army. (On the way, they encountered Gao's general
649:
890:, who had controlled the Eastern Wei government after Gao Cheng's death in 549, forced Eastern Wei's Emperor Xiaojing to yield the throne to him, ending Eastern Wei and starting Northern Qi (as its Emperor Wenxuan). In response, Yuwen launched a major attack on the newly established Northern Qi, reaching Jian Province (建州, roughly modern
572:), and then headed north against Cao—but as they advanced, Houmochen tricked Heba into coming to his camp for discussions, and then had his son-in-law Yuan Hongjing (元洪景) assassinate Heba. Initially, Heba's army was surprised and intimidated, but Houmochen, instead of taking over Heba's army, panicked and fled to Shuiluo (水洛, in modern
1102:). He summoned his nephew Yuwen Hu to Qiantun and entrusted the affairs of the state as well as his sons to Yuwen Hu. He soon died, and Yuwen Jue took over his titles, while Yuwen Hu took the reins of the state, and under Yuwen Hu's tutelage, Yuwen Jue soon took the throne from Emperor Gong, ending Western Wei and establishing
669:. In this, he was assisted by the official Su Chuo (蘇綽). He also worked on earning the respect of other officials and generals, including Emperor Xiaowu's confidant Wang Sizheng and Pei Xia (裴俠), both of whom had initially been suspicious of Yuwen and yet later became important and faithful generals serving under him.
498:, with Heba and Houmochen Yue (侯莫陳悅) as assistants, to attack the rebel general Moqi Chounu (万俟醜奴), who then occupied the western provinces. Yuwen continued to serve under Heba. After Erzhu Tianguang defeated Moqi, Yuwen, who contributed in the campaign, was made the governor of Yuan Province (原州, roughly modern
943:
were launching an attack on Rouran, when Tujue's chieftain Ashina Tumen intercepted the Tiele and captured a large number of the Tiele people. Ashina Tumen, after his victory, sought a marriage with a daughter of Yujiulü Anagui. Yujiulü Anagui felt insulted and refused, viewing the Tujue as inferior;
799:
had tried to rape his second wife, and in a dispute with Gao Cheng's assistant Cui Xian (崔暹) over his having divorced Cui's sister, rebelled and surrendered his headquarters of Hulao (虎牢, in modern
Zhengzhou) to Western Wei. Yuwen personally led troops to try to save Gao Zhongmi. At Luoyang, however,
732:
By summer 538, however, Eastern Wei generals Hou Jing and Gao Aocao had surrounded
Luoyang. Yuwen and Emperor Wen proceeded to Luoyang to try to lift the siege. When Yuwen arrived, Hou and Gao initially lifted the siege on Luoyang, but when Yuwen chased after them, his horse was shot by an arrow, and
635:
relationships with three of his cousins, at least one of whom, Yuan
Mingyue (元明月) the Princess Pingyuan, followed him to Chang'an. Yuwen disapproved of the relationship, and he persuaded the imperial princes to arrest Yuan Mingyue and put her to death. Emperor Xiaowu became angry, and he often showed
656:
Western Wei was, initially, the smaller and the weaker of the two successor states of Northern Wei, and early in its existence, there were questions on whether it would survive at all. Yuwen Tai spent much of his effort on preserving existence of Western Wei against repeated attacks led by Gao Huan.
1075:
Also around the new year 556, Yuwen Tai promulgated a new government structure, dividing the government into six ministries, based on the Zhou dynasty model. (This structure was initially devised by Su Chuo, and after Su Chuo's death, Yuwen had it further revised by Lu Bian (盧辯).) He also had Tuoba
959:
the Prince of Wuling for aid, and Xiao Ji sent reinforcements commanded by the general Yang Qianyun (楊乾運). Yuwen and Daxi put Nanzheng under siege, and due to the length of the siege, Yuwen and Daxi became angry and ordered that the city be slaughtered when it falls, but at the intercession of Xiao
672:
In spring 537, Gao Huan and his generals Dou Tai (竇泰) and Gao Aocao (高敖曹) launched a major attack on Western Wei. Yuwen, correctly judging that Gao Huan was trying to draw Yuwen toward him while allowing Dou to penetrate Western Wei defenses, announced that he was going to lead a withdraw to modern
587:
Emperor Xiaowu, hearing of Heba's death, sent Yuan Pi (元毗) to summon both Yuwen and Houmochen to Luoyang. Houmochen outright refused, and Yuwen persuaded Emperor Xiaowu to allow him to remain in command. Emperor Xiaowu agreed. Yuwen next sent a letter to Houmochen to rebuke him, and when Houmochen
538:
emperor instead. When Gao subsequently tried to intimidate Heba into giving up his territory and reporting to Luoyang, but under the advice of Xue Xiaotong (薛孝通), Heba refused. He made Yuwen his lieutenant, and consulted him on most important matters. In 533, Yuwen volunteered to serve as messenger
1056:
from afar, he himself took little defensive or evasive actions. Yu quickly descended on Jiangling and put it under siege. Soon, Emperor Yuan surrendered, and Western Wei forces gave him to Xiao Cha to be executed. Western Wei created Xiao Cha the Emperor of Liang (as Emperor Xuan) and gave him the
1011:
In winter 553, the imperial official Yuan Lie (元烈) formed a conspiracy to kill Yuwen, but the news leaked. Yuwen killed him. Following Yuan Lie's death, Emperor Fei himself was angry and wanted to kill Yuwen, despite advise from his cousins Yuan Yu (元育) the Prince of Huaiai and Yuan Zan (元贊) the
533:
to head east. While Erzhu Tianguang was away, Yuwen advised Heba to rise against the Erzhus, and Heba did, defeating Erzhu Tianguang's brother Erzhu Xianshou (爾朱顯壽), whom Yuwen subsequently captured, dividing control of the territory with Houmochen. By 532, Gao had defeated the Erzhus and seized
1032:
In spring 554, while on a diplomatic mission to Liang (now with Xiao Yi as its undisputed emperor—as Emperor Yuan), the Western Wei official Yuwen Renshu (宇文仁恕, probably Yuwen Tai's relative but relationship is unclear) was slighted by Emperor Yuan, who treated Northern Qi's ambassador with far
608:
Meanwhile, Emperor Xiaowu prepared for an attack on Gao, but meanwhile claimed to Gao that he was preparing to attack Yuwen and Heba Yue's brother Heba Sheng (賀拔勝), who controlled the southern provinces. Gao saw through Emperor Xiaowu's trick, and in summer 534, he instead advanced south toward
832:
In spring 547, the Eastern Wei general Hou Jing, who was in charge of Eastern Wei provinces south of the Yellow River, believing that Gao Huan had died (indeed, Gao had, although his son Gao Cheng was keeping the death a secret) and not willing to submit to Gao Cheng, surrendered the provinces
844:
In summer 548, Yuwen and Yuan Qin the Crown Prince carried out a tour of Western Wei's border provinces, but upon hearing that Emperor Wen was ill, cut their tour short and returned to Chang'an. However, when they did, Emperor Wen had already been healed, and Yuwen thereafter returned to his
491:, and Erzhu advanced south to aid him, sending Heba Yue, who was then serving under Erzhu, to lead his forward troops. Heba made Yuwen Tai his assistant, and later on, after Erzhu defeated Yuan Hao, allowing Emperor Xiaozhuang to return to Luoyang, Yuwen was created the Viscount of Ningdu.
1041:), as Emperor Yuan had made Jiangling his capital and declined to move back to the old capital Jiankang. The Western Wei general Ma Bofu (馬伯符), formerly a Liang general, secretly revealed the attack plans to Emperor Yuan, but Emperor Yuan did not believe Ma and took minimal precautions.
702:), after Gao rejected advice from his general Hulü Qiangju (斛律羌舉) to directly attack the Western Wei capital Chang'an. Despite Eastern Wei's numerical superiority, Yuwen's forces crushed Gao's forces, and Gao was forced to withdraw. In winter 537, the Western Wei general
1012:
Prince of Guangping. However, Emperor Fei's apparent attempt to court the imperial guards became known by the commanders, several of whom were Yuwen's sons-in-law, and Yuwen put Emperor Fei under house arrest and then deposed him, replacing him with his younger brother
604:
Gao Huan made an overture of alliance to Yuwen Tai, but Yuwen refused, instead arresting Gao's messengers and delivering them to Emperor Xiaowu. Emperor Xiaowu authorized him to take over Heba's authorities in the west and created him the Duke of Lüeyang.
1087:, was born of his concubine Lady Yao, and was married to the daughter of one of his chief generals, Dugu Xin. On the advice of Li Yuan (李遠), who argued that the son of a wife always had precedence over the son of a concubine, Yuwen Tai made Yuwen Jue his
596:), and then to Shanggui (上邽, also in modern Tianshui). He then further withdrew from Shanggui, and Shanggui surrendered to Yuwen. He decided to try to flee to Cao's territory, but on the way, believing that Yuwen's forces were close, committed suicide.
991:
In spring 553, with Xiao Ji and Xiao Yi, both of whom having claimed Liang's imperial title after Hou's fall, battling each other, Xiao Yi sought aid from Western Wei, requesting Western Wei to attack Xiao Ji's home base of Chengdu (成都, in modern
685:), crushing Dou's forces. Dou committed suicide in shame. Gao Huan and Gao Aocao were forced to withdraw. In fall 537, Yuwen led an attack on Eastern Wei and captured Hengnong (恆農, in modern Sanmenxia as well). With Western Wei's capital region
689:
suffering from a famine, Yuwen remained in Hengnong to collect food from the area, but then heard that Gao Huan was again launching another attack from the northeast, forcing him to return to the Guanzhong region. The forces engaged at the
1072:, Yujiulü Dengshuzi fled to Western Wei. Ashina Qijin demanded the execution of Yujiulü Dengshuzi, and Yuwen Tai, fearing a Tujue attack, turned Yujiulü Dengshuzi and 3000 of his followers to the Tujue ambassadors, who slaughtered them.
393:
and the part under Yuwen's and Emperor Wen's control known as Western Wei. For the rest of his life, Yuwen endeavored to make Western Wei, then much weaker than its eastern counterpart, a strong state, and after his death, his son
713:, Yuwen first had Emperor Wen bestow the title of Princess Huazheng to Yuan Yi (元翌), the daughter of a member of the imperial clan, to marry her to Yujiulü Tahan (郁久閭塔寒), the brother of Rouran's Chiliantoubingdoufa Khan
506:), and he was said to have ruled the province with such kindness and faith that the people of the province proclaimed, "Had we had Governor Yuwen as our governor earlier, how would we have joined the rebellion?"
555:
By this point, Heba Yue, in alliance with Houmochen Yue, controlled almost all of the western provinces. However, one provincial governor, Cao Ni (曹泥), the governor of Ling Province (靈州, roughly modern
509:
Late in 530, apprehensive that Erzhu Rong would eventually seize the throne, Emperor Xiaozhuang ambushed him and killed him in the palace. Subsequently, Erzhu Rong's clan members, led by his nephew
955:) to Western Wei, but the order was declined by Xiao Yi's cousin, Xiao Xun (蕭循). Yuwen and his general Daxi Wu (達奚武) thus attacked Hanzhong. Xiao Xun instead turned to another brother of Xiao Yi,
1076:
Yu the Prince of Huai'an submit a request, and then have Emperor Gong formally approve the request, to have all imperial princes reduced in rank to dukes, in accordance with the Zhou tradition.
743:
In 541, under Su's suggestion, Yuwen had Emperor Wen issue an edict outlining six principles of government, intending to reduce corruption and wastefulness and strengthen the economy:
909:), which Yang had earlier captured from Xiao Yi. Yuwen sent Yang to relieve Anlu, and Yang not only did so, but proceeded to siege Xiao Guan's headquarters at Ru'nan (汝南, in modern
944:
in response, Ashina Tumen cut off relations with Rouran. Yuwen took this opportunity to create an alliance with Tujue, sending the Princess Changle to Tujue to marry Ashina Tumen.
784:
Yuwen ordered that all of the officials of the state must study the six principles and further be able to balance budgets, at the pain of being relieved from their offices.
1048:
and Yang Zhong, launched a major attack on Liang. Emperor Yuan initially did not take reports of the Western Wei attack seriously, and while he summoned his major generals
841:, capturing Xiao Yuanming, and then in early 548 defeat Hou and force him to flee to Liang, taking all of the provinces back except the four that Western Wei had taken.)
616:
After Gao entered Luoyang, he sent messengers to request Emperor Xiaowu to return to Luoyang. When Emperor Xiaowu ignored his request, Gao made his distant nephew,
613:, and Emperor Xiaowu reestablished the imperial government there. He made Yuwen his commander in chief, and married his sister Princess Pingyi (冯翊公主) to Yuwen.
529:
rebelled against the Erzhus. Erzhu Tianguang was initially not particularly interested in aiding his Erzhu clan members, but felt compelled to, and he departed
55:
826:. Wei ably defended Yubi, draining the strength of the Eastern Wei forces, and as Gao grew ill, Eastern Wei forces were forced to withdraw with major losses.
468:). Suspicious of the Yuwen brothers, Erzhu killed Yuwen Tai's older brother Yuwen Luosheng (宇文洛生), but Yuwen Tai pleaded his case with Erzhu and was spared.
385:
emperor, a split of Northern Wei was effected, and when Yuwen subsequently poisoned Emperor Xiaowu to death around the new year 535 and declared his cousin
822:) under siege, intending to draw Western Wei forces to try to save Yubi, but Yuwen took no reaction to it, instead leaving Yubi's defense to the general
636:
his displeasure by tightening his bow or by pounding his table in the palace. Around the new year 535, Yuwen poisoned him to death and made his cousin
867:
in 549, Liang was in disarray, with Hou and the various imperial princes and governors fighting for control. By winter 549, one of the Liang princes,
657:
He also gradually began to show a trend of following both ancient Chinese customs, as largely encapsulated by the governmental structures of the
440:(Emperor Huimin), Yuwen Tai's great-great-grandfather Yuwen Ling (宇文陵) surrendered to Northern Wei, and was relocated to Wuchuan (武川, in modern
947:
In summer 552, with Xiao Yi and Hou Jing battling each other, Xiao Yi sought help from Western Wei and agreed to cede Nanzheng (南鄭, in modern
901:
Around the new year 550, another son of Liang's Emperor Wu, Xiao Guan (蕭綸) the Prince of Shaoling, attempted to recapture Anlu (安陸, in modern
588:
did not answer, prepared to launch an attack on Houmochen. He advanced quickly on Shuiluo, and Houmochen withdrew to Lüeyang (略陽, in modern
293:
729:
nun, and married Yujiulü Anagui's daughter as empress. (In 540, under Rouran pressure, Empress Yifu would be forced to commit suicide.)
1044:
In the winter of 554, under Yuwen Tai's orders, Western Wei forces, commanded by Yu Jin (于謹), who was assisted by Yuwen Tai's nephew
774:(恤獄訟) -- forbidding torture and instituting the concept that it would be preferable to let the guilty go than to punish an innocent.
1094:
in the fall of 556, while Yuwen Tai was on a tour of the northern provinces, he became ill at Qiantun Mountain (牽屯山, in modern
936:
because he loved her greatly, it could have also been that he feared Yuwen's power and therefore did not have any concubines.
1020:
that Emperor Xiaowen had instituted back to the original Xianbei names, including changing the imperial surname Yuan back to
1017:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2381:
2370:
1008:). Most of Xiao Ji's domain fell into Western Wei hands, and subsequently, Xiao Ji was defeated and captured by Xiao Yi.
480:
706:
captured the former Northern Wei capital Luoyang, and several other nearby provinces also surrendered to Western Wei.
389:
emperor (as Emperor Wen), the split was formalized, with the part under Gao's and Emperor Xiaojing's control known as
1127:
1080:
395:
170:
82:
787:
In spring 543, the Eastern Wei official Gao Zhongmi (高仲密), the governor of North Yu Province (北豫州, roughly modern
666:
617:
382:
2470:
887:
535:
522:
374:
2475:
2376:
1193:
1084:
868:
433:
162:
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the Prince of Xiangdong (Emperor Wu's son), surrendered his domain around the city Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern
780:(均賦役) -- the concept that tax and labor burdens must be fair, and that powerful families may not avoid them.
584:, whom Gao had sent to try to take over Heba's army; Hou, surprised, withdrew to Gao's territory quickly.)
2333:
1158:
1079:
In the spring of 556, Yuwen was pondering the issue of succession. His wife Princess Pingyi had one son,
1058:
1013:
399:
175:
105:
829:
Later in 546, Su died. Yuwen mourned him greatly, and personally attended Su's burial, crying bitterly.
1377:
737:
637:
386:
100:
95:
928:
Yuwen Tai appeared to hold an even firmer grip on power after Emperor Wen's death. Emperor Fei's wife
863:
Meanwhile, with Hou having rebelled against Liang's Emperor Wu in 548 and captured the Liang capital
848:
Around the same time, the Eastern Wei general Gao Yue (高岳, Gao Huan's cousin) launched an attack on
631:
Yuwen's relationship with Emperor Xiaowu, however, soon deteriorated. Emperor Xiaowu had engaged in
1411:
1146:
872:
807:, was growing in strength, sent a messenger, Annuo Pantuo (安諾槃陀) to Tujue to greet its chief
144:
428:. Yuwen Yidougui's descendants served as generals during Former Yan and its successor state
814:
In 546, Gao Huan launched another major attack on Western Wei, putting Yubi (玉壁, in modern
1069:
8:
2465:
2460:
838:
725:. Emperor Wen was forced to agree, and he deposed Empress Yifu, ordering her to become a
460:
in 528, and Erzhu forcibly moved Ge's troops to his power base at Jinyang (晉陽, in modern
768:(擢賢良) -- finding capable individuals to promote, regardless of their family backgrounds.
2340:, vol.02. Thus by calculation, his birth year should be 505. However, his biography in
1053:
762:(盡地利) -- the concept of encouraging agriculture and maximizing the utility of the land.
717:. But Yuwen, believing that to be insufficient, requested Emperor Wen divorce his wife
722:
2344:
recorded that he was 50 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died. (帝薨于云阳宫，还长安发丧，时年五十。)
691:
518:
154:
2336:. This corresponds to 21 Nov 556 in the Julian calendar. (冬十月乙亥，崩于云阳宫，还长安发丧。时年五十二。)
714:
815:
313:
2348:, vol.09. If this account is correct, his birth year would be 507. Note that both
973:
969:
965:
750:(清心思) -- ordering the officials to clean their hearts and not desire many things.
495:
250:
24:
871:
the Prince of Yueyang (Emperor Wu's grandson), fearing an attack from his uncle
2480:
2387:
540:
445:
417:
1016:
the Prince of Qi (as Emperor Gong). Yuwen took this opportunity to change the
968:, but because of his failure to follow his promise, found him to be less than
920:
In spring 551, Emperor Wen died, and Yuan Qin succeeded him (as Emperor Fei).
2454:
1407:
1370:
1103:
1088:
1049:
981:
961:
932:
was Yuwen Tai's daughter, and while it was recorded that he did not have any
929:
834:
514:
476:
410:
Yuwen Tai was born in 505, and was a descendant of the last chieftain of the
339:
283:
209:
46:
677:
but instead made a surprise attack on Dou's army at Xiaoguan (小關, in modern
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1415:
1065:
985:
940:
823:
808:
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488:
421:
370:
20:
1001:
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the Prince of Nanyang (Yuan Mingyue's brother) emperor (as Emperor Wen).
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610:
530:
521:
the Prince of Changguang emperor, and then further replaced Yuan Ye with
390:
366:
351:
262:
64:
1219:
510:
457:
437:
425:
180:
988:, apparently disavowing intentions on the throne for the time being.)
620:, emperor (as Emperor Xiaojing), dividing Northern Wei into two, with
1005:
933:
849:
796:
788:
686:
678:
573:
429:
1406:; 519–583), and had issue (two sons, two daughters), their daughter
1045:
1034:
948:
891:
876:
864:
726:
703:
589:
581:
557:
526:
472:
378:
487:, declaring himself emperor. Emperor Xiaozhuang fled north of the
1118:
Empress Wen, formerly Princess Pingyi of the Yuan clan of Henan (
1099:
997:
993:
956:
952:
910:
902:
853:
699:
662:
569:
561:
544:
503:
484:
461:
449:
411:
362:
278:
1095:
977:
895:
819:
710:
695:
632:
565:
499:
465:
441:
381:, fled to Yuwen's domain, and when Gao subsequently proclaimed
377:, seeking to assert power independent of the paramount general
321:
1038:
1021:
914:
906:
880:
857:
804:
792:
682:
674:
593:
577:
453:
414:
29:
648:
550:
517:, defeated and killed Emperor Xiaozhuang, first making
2332:
day of the 10th month of the 3rd year of the reign of
803:
In 545, Yuwen, seeing that one of Rouran's vassals,
2328:, he died aged 52 (by East Asian reckoning) on the
1064:Around the near year 556, after Tujue's Mugan Khan
709:In spring 538, in order to create an alliance with
756:(敦教化) -- instituting a regime of moral education.
2452:
1004:to attack Xiao Ji's domain (modern Sichuan and
599:
1027:
923:
917:), capturing it and then executing Xiao Guan.
338:(安定文公), later further posthumously honored by
1592:
1591:A daughter who married Ruogan Feng, Duke Xu (
1583:
1572:
1563:
1552:
1543:
1532:
1523:
1512:
1503:
1492:
1483:
1472:
1463:
1452:
1443:
1432:
1423:
1401:
1392:
1381:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1295:
1286:
1275:
1266:
1260:
1246:
1237:
1223:
1211:
1197:
1185:
1171:
1162:
1150:
1131:
1119:
643:
2311:day of the 1st month of the 1st year of the
2307:indicate that he was crowned emperor on the
1582:A daughter who married Heba Wei, Duke Huo (
665:customs that had largely been abolished by
811:, to try to establish friendly relations.
534:power, deposing Emperor Jiemin and making
402:, establishing the Northern Zhou dynasty.
54:
647:
1000:) from the rear. Yuwen sent his nephew
2453:
2324:According to Yuwen Tai's biography in
2241:
2148:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2024:
1931:
1827:
1823:
1811:
1718:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1431:Married Li Hui of Liaodong, Duke Wei (
1400:Married Dou Yi of Henan, Duke Shenwu (
1068:thoroughly crushed Rouran's last khan
330:) (505/7 – 21 November 556), nickname
2238:
2228:
2216:
2206:
2202:
2190:
2188:
2178:
2166:
2156:
2152:
2136:
2133:
2123:
2111:
2101:
2097:
2085:
2082:
2072:
2060:
2050:
2046:
2021:
2011:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1973:
1971:
1961:
1949:
1939:
1935:
1919:
1917:
1907:
1895:
1885:
1881:
1869:
1867:
1857:
1845:
1835:
1831:
1808:
1798:
1786:
1776:
1772:
1760:
1758:
1748:
1736:
1726:
1722:
1706:
1703:
1693:
1681:
1671:
1667:
1655:
1652:
1642:
1629:
1625:
1477:; d. 583), and had issue (three sons)
551:Taking control over western provinces
1057:Jiangling area (known in history as
976:. Yuwen instead compared himself to
1537:; 531–561), and had issue (one son)
886:In summer 550, Gao Cheng's brother
494:In 530, Erzhu Rong sent his nephew
361:ruler and paramount general of the
16:Posthumous Emperor of Northern Zhou
13:
1571:Married Zhao Yongguo of Tianshui (
1471:Married Yu Yi of Henan, Duke Ren (
624:recognizing Emperor Xiaojing, and
369:, a branch successor state of the
14:
2492:
2342:History of the Northern Dynasties
74:18 February 535 – 21 November 556
1410:would later become the wife of
471:In 529, the Northern Wei prince
1551:Married Liang Rui, Duke Jiang (
667:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
436:defeated the Later Yan emperor
420:, whose tribe was destroyed by
405:
383:Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
2318:
2297:
1511:Married Liu Chang, Duke Peng (
1414:, the founding emperor of the
845:headquarters at Hua Province.
375:Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei
326:
1:
2377:History of Northern Dynasties
2290:
1294:Yuwen Zhao, Prince Zhaojian (
1245:Yuwen Jian, Prince Qiaoxiao (
795:), angry that Gao Huan's son
434:Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei
2356:gave the same date of death.
1531:Married Li Ji, Duke Qinghe (
1343:Yuwen Chun, Prince Chenhuo (
628:recognizing Emperor Xiaowu.
600:Alliance with Emperor Xiaowu
7:
2334:Emperor Gong of Western Wei
2303:Emperor Wen's biography in
1603:
1361:Yuwen You, Prince Tengwen (
1352:Yuwen Sheng, Prince Yueye (
1334:Yuwen Zhen, Duke Songxian (
1274:Yuwen Tong, Prince Jikang (
1028:During Emperor Gong's reign
980:(伊尹, a legendary regent of
924:During Emperors Fei's reign
400:Emperor Gong of Western Wei
130:556 (aged 50–51)
10:
2497:
2142:
2040:
2036:
1925:
1825:
1817:
1712:
1619:
1615:
644:During Emperor Wen's reign
18:
2222:
2204:
2196:
2172:
2154:
2150:
2117:
2099:
2091:
2066:
2048:
2044:
2005:
1987:
1979:
1955:
1937:
1933:
1901:
1883:
1875:
1851:
1833:
1829:
1792:
1774:
1766:
1742:
1724:
1720:
1687:
1669:
1661:
1636:
1623:
1593:
1584:
1573:
1564:
1553:
1544:
1533:
1524:
1513:
1504:
1493:
1484:
1473:
1464:
1453:
1444:
1433:
1424:
1402:
1393:
1382:
1371:Lady Wang, first daughter
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1305:Lady, of the Zhang clan (
1296:
1287:
1276:
1267:
1265:), personal name Xianyu (
1261:
1247:
1238:
1224:
1212:
1198:
1186:
1172:
1170:Yuwen Zhi, Prince Weila (
1163:
1151:
1132:
1120:
1109:
1018:Han names for the Xianbei
723:Yujiulü Anagui's daughter
475:, under support from the
317:
299:
289:
277:
268:
261:
256:
249:
245:
153:
134:
126:
118:
114:
88:
78:
70:
62:
53:
43:
38:
1320:Yuwen Da, Prince Daibi (
1285:Lady, of the Wang clan (
1259:, of the Wuliuhun clan (
424:, the founding ruler of
45:(Posthumous) Emperor of
1311:), personal name Nübi (
1210:, of the Dabugan clan (
483:and seized the capital
398:seized the throne from
1300:; d. 581), seventh son
1251:; 551–578), eighth son
1167:; 543–578), fourth son
1083:, but his oldest son,
653:
525:. In 531, the general
2471:Northern Wei generals
1340:; d. 550), second son
1228:; 545–578), fifth son
1202:; 534–560), first son
1149:, of the Chinu clan (
1136:; 542–557), third son
651:
2476:Northern Wei regents
1809:Yuwen Gong (470–526)
1391:Princess Xiangyang (
1367:; 556–581), 13th son
1358:; d. 581), tenth son
1349:; d. 581), ninth son
1280:; 555–571), 12th son
1236:, of the Quan clan (
1176:; d. 574), sixth son
2022:Yuwen Tai (505–556)
1491:Married Shi Xiong (
1462:Princess Pingyuan (
1442:Princess Shunyang (
1326:; d. 581), 11th son
1184:, of the Yao clan (
1130:, Emperor Xiaomin (
939:In summer 551, the
839:Emperor Wu of Liang
367:Western Wei dynasty
303:Lady Wang of Lelang
1562:Princess Deguang (
1451:Married Yang Zan (
1397:), fifth daughter
654:
481:Emperor Xiaozhuang
336:Duke Wen of Anding
214:Princess Xiangyang
141:Lady Yuan of Henan
2287:
2286:
1482:Princess Yongfu (
1222:, Prince Qiyang (
1142:Royal Concubines
1070:Yujiulü Dengshuzi
692:Battle of Shayuan
307:
306:
273:
272:
223:Princess Pingyuan
220:Princess Shunyang
2488:
2357:
2322:
2316:
2301:
2134:Wang Pi (d. 541)
1609:
1608:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1522:Princess Yigui (
1516:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1422:Princess Yi'an (
1405:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1215:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1196:, Emperor Ming (
1189:
1188:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1153:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1114:Primary Consort
837:, the nephew of
661:, and restoring
328:
319:
247:
246:
238:Princess Deguang
58:
36:
35:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2451:
2450:
2361:
2360:
2323:
2319:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
1606:
1542:Princess Yidu (
1502:Princess Xihe (
1112:
1030:
974:Duke Wen of Jin
970:Duke Huan of Qi
966:King Wu of Zhou
926:
852:(潁川, in modern
694:(沙苑, in modern
646:
602:
553:
496:Erzhu Tianguang
408:
350:(文皇帝) with the
334:(黑獺), formally
257:Emperor Wen 文皇帝
251:Posthumous name
241:
226:Princess Yongfu
171:Emperor Xiaomin
149:
110:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2449:
2448:
2388:Zizhi Tongjian
2384:
2373:
2359:
2358:
2317:
2295:
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2292:
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2132:
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2128:
2125:
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2119:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2087:
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2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
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2068:
2067:
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2062:
2061:
2059:
2056:
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2049:
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2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
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1974:
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1970:
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1966:
1963:
1962:
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1956:
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1950:
1948:
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1944:
1941:
1940:
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1930:
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1918:
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1702:
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1605:
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1600:
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1500:
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1478:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1420:
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1418:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1161:, Emperor Wu (
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1111:
1108:
1029:
1026:
925:
922:
782:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
715:Yujiulü Anagui
645:
642:
601:
598:
552:
549:
536:Emperor Xiaowu
523:Emperor Jiemin
446:Inner Mongolia
432:. Later, when
418:Yuwen Yidougui
407:
404:
357:(太祖), was the
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
286:
281:
275:
274:
271:
270:
266:
265:
259:
258:
254:
253:
243:
242:
240:
239:
236:
233:
232:Princess Yigui
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:Princess Yi'an
215:
212:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
178:
173:
168:
165:
159:
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138:
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132:
131:
128:
124:
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120:
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109:
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90:
86:
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76:
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72:
68:
67:
60:
59:
51:
50:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2493:
2482:
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2469:
2467:
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2456:
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2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:, vols. 1, 2
2368:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
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2063:
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2057:
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2053:
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2031:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:
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1946:
1943:
1942:
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1911:
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1627:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1581:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1541:
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1490:
1489:
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1351:
1342:
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1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1104:Northern Zhou
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1089:heir apparent
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1059:Western Liang
1055:
1051:
1050:Wang Sengbian
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
989:
987:
983:
982:Shang dynasty
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:Tang of Shang
958:
954:
950:
945:
942:
937:
935:
931:
930:Empress Yuwen
921:
918:
916:
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908:
904:
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893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
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851:
846:
842:
840:
836:
835:Xiao Yuanming
830:
827:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
801:
798:
794:
790:
785:
779:
776:
773:
770:
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766:Zhuoxianliang
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
739:
736:
730:
728:
724:
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688:
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680:
676:
670:
668:
664:
660:
650:
641:
639:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
618:Yuan Shanjian
614:
612:
606:
597:
595:
591:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
548:
546:
542:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Erzhu Shilong
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:Liang dynasty
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:
413:
403:
401:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:-led Chinese
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
346:(文王) then as
345:
342:initially as
341:
340:Northern Zhou
337:
333:
329:
323:
315:
311:
302:
298:
295:
292:
288:
285:
284:Northern Zhou
282:
280:
276:
267:
264:
260:
255:
252:
248:
244:
237:
235:Princess Yidu
234:
231:
229:Princess Xihe
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
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187:
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117:
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107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
61:
57:
52:
49:
48:
47:Northern Zhou
42:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2386:
2375:
2366:Book of Zhou
2364:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2326:Book of Zhou
2325:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
1416:Tang dynasty
1256:
1233:
1207:
1181:
1147:Empress Xuan
1141:
1113:
1093:
1078:
1074:
1066:Ashina Qijin
1063:
1043:
1031:
1010:
990:
986:Duke of Zhou
946:
938:
927:
919:
900:
885:
862:
847:
843:
831:
828:
824:Wei Xiaokuan
813:
809:Ashina Tumen
802:
786:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
742:
735:crown prince
731:
719:Empress Yifu
708:
671:
659:Zhou dynasty
655:
630:
615:
607:
603:
586:
554:
508:
493:
489:Yellow River
470:
422:Murong Huang
409:
406:Early career
371:Northern Wei
358:
354:
347:
343:
335:
331:
325:
309:
308:
163:Emperor Ming
145:Empress Xuan
106:Emperor Gong
44:
28:
21:Chinese name
1002:Yuchi Jiong
626:Western Wei
622:Eastern Wei
513:and cousin
479:, attacked
415:Yuwen tribe
391:Eastern Wei
352:temple name
348:Emperor Wen
263:Temple name
197:Yuwen Sheng
101:Emperor Fei
96:Emperor Wen
65:Western Wei
25:family name
2466:556 deaths
2461:507 births
2455:Categories
2291:References
2239:Empress De
1630:Yuwen Ling
1557:; 531–595)
1457:; 550–591)
1386:; 525–554)
1380:of Henan (
1220:Yuwen Xian
1159:Yuwen Yong
1155:; d. 574)
1124:; d. 551)
934:concubines
754:Dunjiaohua
721:and marry
638:Yuan Baoju
633:incestuous
511:Erzhu Zhao
458:Erzhu Rong
438:Murong Bao
426:Former Yan
387:Yuan Baoju
373:. In 534,
344:Prince Wen
294:Yuwen Gong
210:Lady Yuwen
203:Yuwen Tong
194:Yuwen Chun
191:Yuwen Jian
188:Yuwen Zhao
181:Yuwen Xian
176:Emperor Wu
167:Yuwen Zhen
63:Regent of
2380:, vol. 9
2083:Wang Zhen
1704:Yuwen Tao
1577:; d. 557)
1517:; d. 597)
1373:(d. 554)
1128:Yuwen Jue
1081:Yuwen Jue
1006:Chongqing
850:Yingchuan
797:Gao Cheng
789:Zhengzhou
748:Qingxinsi
687:Guanzhong
679:Sanmenxia
652:Yuwen Tai
574:Pingliang
430:Later Yan
396:Yuwen Jue
327:Yǔwén Tài
310:Yuwen Tai
206:Yuwen You
185:Yuwen Zhi
83:Yuwen Jue
79:Successor
39:Yuwen Tai
2391:, vols.
2350:Zhou Shu
2338:Zhou Shu
1653:Yuwen Xi
1604:Ancestry
1408:Lady Dou
1378:Yuan Qin
1376:Married
1331:Unknown
1194:Yuwen Yu
1133:孝閔皇帝 宇文覺
1121:文皇后 河南元氏
1085:Yuwen Yu
1054:Wang Lin
1046:Yuwen Hu
1035:Jingzhou
1014:Yuan Kuo
949:Hanzhong
892:Jincheng
888:Gao Yang
877:Xiangfan
869:Xiao Cha
865:Jiankang
816:Yuncheng
772:Xuyusong
738:Yuan Qin
727:Buddhist
704:Dugu Xin
673:eastern
611:Chang'an
590:Tianshui
582:Hou Jing
558:Yinchuan
531:Chang'an
527:Gao Huan
473:Yuan Hao
379:Gao Huan
359:de facto
269:Taizu 太祖
200:Yuwen Da
135:Consorts
19:In this
2354:Bei Shi
2346:Bei Shi
2313:Da'tong
2309:wu'shen
2305:Bei Shi
1412:Li Yuan
1364:滕聞王 宇文逌
1355:越野王 宇文盛
1346:陳惑王 宇文純
1337:宋獻公 宇文震
1323:代奰王 宇文達
1297:趙僭王 宇文招
1277:冀康王 宇文通
1262:夫人 烏六渾氏
1248:譙孝王 宇文儉
1225:齊煬王 宇文憲
1199:明皇帝 宇文毓
1173:衛剌王 宇文直
1164:武皇帝 宇文邕
1152:宣皇后 叱奴氏
1100:Ningxia
998:Sichuan
994:Chengdu
957:Xiao Ji
953:Shaanxi
911:Jingmen
903:Xiaogan
873:Xiao Yi
854:Xuchang
778:Junfuyi
760:Jindili
700:Shaanxi
663:Xianbei
570:Ningxia
562:Ningxia
545:Shaanxi
519:Yuan Ye
504:Ningxia
485:Luoyang
462:Taiyuan
450:Baoding
412:Xianbei
363:Xianbei
314:Chinese
279:Dynasty
89:Monarch
1574:天水 趙永國
1213:妃 達步幹氏
1110:Family
1096:Guyuan
984:) and
978:Yi Yin
896:Shanxi
820:Shanxi
711:Rouran
696:Weinan
566:Guyuan
500:Guyuan
466:Shanxi
442:Hohhot
324::
322:pinyin
316::
300:Mother
290:Father
23:, the
2481:Yuwen
2330:yihai
1474:河南 於翼
1434:遼東 李暉
1403:河南 竇毅
1257:Furen
1239:夫人 權氏
1234:Furen
1187:夫人 姚氏
1182:Furen
1039:Hubei
1022:Tuoba
941:Tiele
915:Hubei
907:Hubei
881:Hubei
858:Henan
805:Tujue
793:Henan
683:Henan
675:Gansu
594:Gansu
578:Gansu
541:Yulin
454:Hebei
355:Taizu
332:Heita
155:Issue
71:Reign
30:Yuwen
2352:and
2315:era.
1565:德廣公主
1545:宜都公主
1525:義歸公主
1505:西河公主
1485:永富公主
1465:平原公主
1445:順陽公主
1425:義安公主
1394:襄陽公主
1052:and
972:and
964:and
127:Died
119:Born
2445:166
2441:165
2437:164
2433:163
2429:162
2425:161
2421:160
2417:159
2413:158
2409:157
2405:156
2401:155
2397:154
2393:152
1594:若干鳳
1585:賀拔緯
1208:Fei
547:).
318:宇文泰
122:505
27:is
2457::
2443:,
2439:,
2435:,
2431:,
2427:,
2423:,
2419:,
2415:,
2411:,
2407:,
2403:,
2399:,
2395:,
1568:)
1554:梁睿
1548:)
1534:李基
1528:)
1514:劉昶
1508:)
1494:史雄
1488:)
1468:)
1454:楊瓚
1448:)
1428:)
1383:河南
1317:)
1314:女畢
1308:張氏
1291:)
1288:王氏
1271:)
1268:顯玉
1242:)
1216:)
1190:)
1106:.
1098:,
1091:.
1037:,
996:,
951:,
913:,
905:,
894:,
879:,
856:,
818:,
791:,
698:,
681:,
592:,
576:,
568:,
560:,
543:,
502:,
464:,
452:,
444:,
320:;
2447:.
2383:.
2372:.
1597:)
1588:)
1497:)
1437:)
312:(
33:.
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