852:. Terry was the first woman to hold the position and the first who did not have Cherokee blood. Terry was Choctaw, Chickasaw and Muscogee-Creek, and was the first person of Creek ancestry to head the community. In 2001, she was succeeded by Peggy Dean-Atwood, Choctaw and Chickasaw, a descendant of Archibald Thompson. In 2002, J.C. Thompson was then again chosen as Chairman and remained in that capacity until August 2018. He was succeeded by William Ellis "Billy" Bean. Chairman Bean is the great grandson of
725:
627:
36:
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village. Some returned to
Mississippi and others moved to Indian Territory to join the Chickasaw Nation. A third group joined the Caddo at the Brazos Reservation further west, and eventually accompanied the Caddo to a reservation in Indian Territory. A fourth group, led by Woody Jones, chose to remain in East Texas, moving further into the piney woods to avoid detection by Texas military forces.
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campaign against Texans. When Lamar's term expired, Sam
Houston was elected to a second term as president. Houston began treaty negotiations with the tribes, culminating in the Treaty of Birds Fort, which was concluded on September 29, 1843. This treaty ended most hostilities in Texas with the tribes
856:
Chief John Ellis Bean, an original enrollee on the
Cherokee Old Settler payment roll. Chairman Bean was removed as Tribal Chairman by action of the Tribal Court for cause on September 2, 2019. He was replaced by Cheryl Giordano of Arp, who is of Choctaw-Chickasaw descent and had previously served as
804:
Many of the Yowani
Choctaw from Texas sought to register on the Final Rolls of the Five Civilized Tribes as Citizens by Blood in the Choctaw Nation. Because of their long residence in Texas, the Choctaw Nation officially opposed them and challenged theirs and other registrations. In 1906, 70 members
542:
Several small
Cherokee bands escaped detection and removal. One small band, led by Chicken Trotter, tried to regain some of their lands in 1840. While his petition was pending in the Republic legislature, Chicken Trotter and several other Cherokee were involved in an altercation with three white men
275:
and recognized by the federal government. This would enable them to be eligible for allotments of land, as the United States had decided to allocate the tribal communal land to individual households to encourage their adoption of subsistence farming. A long political struggle ensued between 1898 and
840:
as a band or affiliate of the
Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, although they had been considered so during the earlier part of the 20th century. Cherokee who remained in Texas were no longer recognized formally as part of a tribe or as Native Americans by the Federal Government. In 1972 Judge Foster T.
515:
was established, gaining full independence from Mexico the following month. Elected the first president of the
Republic, Houston continued to negotiate peace with the various Indian tribes. After 1837, the Yowani combined settlements to form a single village on Attoyac Bayou in extreme southeastern
550:
Angry at the death of the three white men, a vigilante group formed in
Nacogdoches. Unable to catch up to Chicken Trotter and his group, the vigilantes attacked the nearby Yowani village, massacring some eleven Choctaw men, women, and children. After the attack, the Yowani Choctaw abandoned their
860:
The
Community is continuing to seek Federal Acknowledgment as an American Indian Tribe. On May 10, 2017, Texas Governor Greg Abbot signed into law 84 SCR 25, recognizing the Mount Tabor Indian Community in Texas. The community adopted a new constitution in August 2017, establishing a three-tier
535:, did not share Houston's respect for the native tribes, and refused to honor Houston's treaties. New settlers to the region often settled or encroached on lands that had been granted to Indian tribes, and some tribes retaliated against them. In the summer of 1839, Lamar ordered the
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government made up of the five-member
Executive Committee; a seven-member Tribal Council, and a three-member Tribal Court. There are more than 500 enrolled members, with offices in both Kilgore and Troup, Texas. The Community also supports the Mount Tabor Indian Heritage Center
607:. More Yowani Choctaw, led by Atahobia's grandson Archibald Thompson and Nashoba's grandson Jeremiah Jones, relocated to the Mount Tabor Indian Community before 1850. These were followed by McIntosh Creek Indians, led by brothers William and Thomas Berryhill, also before 1850.
508:. They concluded a treaty at Bowles Village on February 23, 1836, between the Cherokee and Twelve Associated Tribes and the provisional Texas government. This treaty was the first in an attempt to form an inter-tribal community in which the Choctaw were fully involved.
844:
Judge Bean served until retiring from in 1988. He was replaced by J.C. Thompson, who as a descendant of the Thompson-McCoy family was of Cherokee, Choctaw and Chickasaw descent. Thompson held the position for eleven years until Terry Easterly took over in 1999.
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Over time, the Yowani band expanded its territory westward to the eastern dividing ridge of Bogue Homa, then northward as far as present-day Pachuta Creek. From this point, their territory ran south to the confluence of the Chickasawhay and Buckatunna rivers.
703:, who was commissioned as a high-ranking officer. During the war, two other Cherokee communities formed in Texas. These were mainly for the protection of Confederate soldiers' families. Besides Rusk County, another Cherokee community formed near present-day
359:, fought both in Europe and North America. In 1800, Spain traded Louisiana back to France. After Napoleon briefly attempted to re-establish control over Saint-Domingue, with visions of empire in North America, he sold the mainland territory in 1803 to the
789:
Final Rolls in the early 20th century, 80% of the Cherokee left Mount Tabor to return north to the Cherokee Nation. Most of the Texas Choctaw stayed in Texas, with a few relocating to the Chickasaw Nation. Only during the period of registration in the
1456:
Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs correspondence between A. C. Tonner, Acting Commissioner for the Dawes Commission, and the Secretary of the Interior, April 29, 1904; ref. Land 25846-1904, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma
159:. In 1824, after Mexico gained independence, a second group of Yowani received permission to establish villages in Texas. The Yowani gradually abandoned their original Mississippi homelands. By 1850 most Yowani had moved west and lived within the
707:, as well as one in Wood County near Quitman. The Wood County group consisted of both Cherokee and Choctaw. While a few of the Mount Tabor Yowani enlisted with the Cherokee Mounted Rifles, most became part of the Texas 14th Cavalry under
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formed following the purchase of 10,000 acres of land in Rusk County by Benjamin Franklin Thompson in the spring of 1844. Acting on behalf of the Cherokee, Thompson was the American husband of Annie Martin, a Cherokee and daughter of
829:, who helped gain registration for their peoples as citizens "by Blood" in the Choctaw Nation. They also helped to keep the Texas community viable. The Cherokee predominated by number in the group and generally led the community.
588:. These Cherokee were joined by those who had been a part of the original Texas Cherokee Nation and removed to Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico. The Mount Tabor community continued to grow after Texas joined the United States in 1845.
244:, some of the Yowani returned to East Texas, where they settled with members of Chicken Trotter's Texas Cherokee, along with Old Settler and Ridge Party Cherokee, and McIntosh Party Creek. These three groups combined to form the
1678:
Texas A&M University-Sons of Dewitt Colony Texas: Texas—Disputed Border and Buffer between New Spain and the United States, Neutral Ground (No Man's Land) between the Sabine and Arroyo Hondo—Attempts to Control Immigration
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of the Yowani Choctaw who lived in Texas were stricken from the membership rolls of the Choctaw Nation. William C. Thompson and his cousin John Thurston Thompson, Jr. were among them, and sued to be reinstated. In 1909, the
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who had migrated to Texas decades before. Although the Yowani were not a direct party to it, they had several ties to those in attendance. Many of the displaced tribes, including some Yowani Choctaw, formed a new community,
1166:
Letter of April 4, 1905 from Thomas Ryan, First Assistant Secretary Indian Affairs to Commissioner to the Five Civilized Tribes, Muskogee, Indian Territory, re: William C. Thompson et al. MCR 341, MCR 7124, MCR 581 and MCR
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Operations Coordinator on the Executive Committee. She is assisted today by Deputy Chairman Rex Thompson, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee of Troup. The next tribal election is tentatively scheduled for October 2020.
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In 1905 the Bureau of Indian Affairs struck all the registered Texas Yowani from the Final Rolls of the Choctaw Nation. Thompson pursued a legal challenge, appealing the government's action ultimately to the
1732:
Cherokee Cavaliers: Forty Years of Cherokee History As Told in the Correspondence of the Ridge-Watie-Boudinot Family, 1939 By Edward Everett Dale and Gaston Litton, University of Oklahoma Press;
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to attack Cherokee villages. The Americans eventually drove the Cherokee out of Texas; some went to Indian Territory, where the Cherokee Nation had relocated, and others to northern Mexico.
1766:
Library of the University of Michigan, Department of the Interior, Laws, Decisions and Regulations Affecting the work of the Commissioner to the Five Civilized Tribes 1893-1906 pgs 130-138
554:
Throughout Lamar's term as president, the Republic of Texas conducted a policy of attrition against various groups of Natives, including those under Chicken Trotter. He launched a
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Texas A&M University-Tenoxtitlan, Dream Capital of Texas; by Dr. Malcolm D. McLean, Originally published in "The Southwestern Historical Quarterly" July 1966, Vol. LXX, No. 1
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Bean, an original enrollee on the Guion Miller Roll, took over as Chairman of the Texas Cherokees and Associate Bands. Keeler became Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation.
367:. It doubled the area of the new nation. Many of the ethnic French residents of Louisiana, and many of the Indian tribes, did not want to be ruled by the United States.
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under the Commission, when members registered to be eligible for allotments of communal land, did a number of Choctaw take the opportunities available and move north.
433:, located in the southern part of the province, also attacked them. The Yowani often joined forces with the English-speaking settlers for self-defense against these
547:. The resulting scuffle resulted in the deaths of the three whites. Fearing hostility of other whites, Chicken Trotter led his group to Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico.
1710:
Cherokee Adairs, By Betty Barker and the Adair Reunion Committee; A family history recording the Adair family from Europe to the Cheorkee Nation, 2003, ARC Press
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A handful settled in Atoka in the Choctaw Nation. One family moved to Tuskahoma. The majority moved into Pickens County in the Chickasaw Nation near present-day
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of the 1830s, when the US forced tribes from the East to west of the Mississippi River, exchanging lands and arranging payments or annuities in some instances.
1694:
Texas Indian Papers 1837, census of tribes in the Republic, attitudes of the Yowani Choctaws and allied Chickasaws of Attoyac Bayou, Nacogdoches District
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Texas A&M University-Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas: Some difficulties of a Texas Emprsario, Letter from L.R. Kenny to Stephen F. Austin, May 5, 1826
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war against the Anglo settlers, using warriors from remnant groups of displaced tribes, primarily Cherokee but including some Yowani Choctaw. General
1201:"Choctaw Re-instatement list," correspondence from the Department of the Interior to the Commissioner of the Five Civilized Tribes, February 20, 1909
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By 1832, all but two families had left the traditional Yowani lands in Mississippi to migrate west. Although some settled briefly in what is now
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During the period between 1810 and 1836, many of the relocated tribes, including the Yowani Choctaw, were often subject to attacks from the
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United States Department of the Interior, secretary of the Interior-Choctaw Citizenship Cases, #4 William C. Thompson et al., pgs 151-157
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Asbury Indian Cemetery, Smith County, Texas, Information related to Choctaw and Cherokee descendants buried there, by Paul Ridenour, 2005
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United States Department of the Interior, Secretary of the Interior-Choctaw Citizenship Cases, #4 William C. Thompson et al., pgs 151-157
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The Dawes Commission and the Allotment of the Five Civilized Tribes, 1893-1914 By Kent Carter, Published by Ancestry Publishing, 1999,
1834:
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Texas A&M University-Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas: Letter of Peter Ellis Bean to US President Andrew Jackson September 11, 1835
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in 1803, many of the resident Indian tribes wanted to emigrate to less hostile environs. Spain agreed to allow the Yowani and the
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Law Offices of Steven D. Sandven, Texas Choctaw proposed constitution separate from the Texas Cherokees and Associate Bands, 2005
1703:
The Old Mount Tabor Community; Genealogy of Old and New Cherokee Indian Families, (out of print) By George Morrison Bell Sr. 1969
987:, census of tribes in the Republic, attitudes of the Yowani Choctaws and allied Chickasaw of Attoyac Bayou, Nacogdoches District
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Throughout the twentieth century, there have been a number strong leaders among the Texas Choctaw community within the overall
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100:
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1426:"Some East Texas Native Families: Texas Cherokees and Associate Bands Genealogy Project: Rootsweb Global Search: Familyties"
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711:. The war took a heavy toll on the community, as nearly one-quarter of all male residents were dead by the end of the war.
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in September 1842. Both Indian and Mexican regulars were involved in the defeat of the Dawson Expedition and the Battle of
603:, to relocate from Indian Territory to Mount Tabor. The community was named by John Adair Bell, a Cherokee signer of the
695:. It had promised the Native American tribes a state of their own if the Confederacy won the war. Many enlisted in the
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The Yowani remaining in east Texas joined with other remnant peoples to form a part of what is now recognized as the
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indigenous peoples. Over time, the Yowani adopted Caddo customs and the groups became very interlinked by marriage.
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1909, as the Choctaw leaders of Indian Territory did not want the long-absent Yowani to receive any of their land.
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colony encountered them. The word in Choctaw is believed to have meant "caterpillar," likely common at that site.
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The Yowani Choctaw were associated by name with the village where they were living when French traders from the
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996:"Treaty of Bowles Village", Cherokee and Twelve Associated Tribes and the Republic of Texas: February 23, 1836
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near present-day Ardmore and Marlow, Oklahoma, and in Rusk and Smith counties in east Texas, as a part of the
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Texas A&M University-The Journal of Lieutenant Colonel Don Manuel Salcedo, March 11, 1810 - June 23, 1810
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463:. In Louisiana, they were closely related to the remaining Coushatta, the Louisiana Band of Choctaw and the
414:. In 1824, another group of Yowani, led by Atahobia, petitioned the Mexican government to settle within the
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885:
576:
245:
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The Texas Legislature refused to ratify many of Houston's treaties. The second president of the Republic,
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William C. Thompson and the Choctaw-Chickasaw Paper Chase, by Dr. Douglas Hale, Oklahoma State University
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Texas by Terán By Manuel de Mier y Teran, Jack Jackson, John Wheat, Scooter Cheatham, Lynn Marshall
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By 1764, a group of Yowani had moved west into Louisiana, where they established contact with the
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The original Yowani village appeared on a 1777 French map near the village of Chiasawhay and the
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Minutes to meeting TCAB September 10, 1988, Kilgore Country Club, Kilgore, Gregg County, Texas,
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895:
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1316:"Treaty of Bowles Village, February 23, 1836," Texas State Library and Archives, Austin, Texas
186:, relations between Indian tribes and English-speaking settlers deteriorated. Under President
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1115:"Treaty of Birds Fort, September 29, 1843", Texas State Library and Archives, Austin, Texas
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378:. Other Indian tribes later emigrated to Texas to avoid the Americans; these included some
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Texas Legislature Online "Actions" Senate Recognition of the Mount Tabor Indian Community
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1850 United States Census, State of Texas, Canton Beat Enumeration District, Smith County
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Between 1840 and 1843, elements of the Mexican militia, led by Vicente Cordova, fought a
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Texas Indian Papers, Census of Tribes, Texas State library and Archives, Austin, Texas
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No Choctaw was selected as Chairman of the Executive Committee before 1988. When the
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group attacked the Choctaw instead. The survivors split up, with most leaving Texas.
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183:
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1258:"Coushatta heritage reaches deep into the past of Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana"
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adopted its 1975 constitution, it excluded the Texas Cherokees and Associate Bands-
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Minutes to meeting TCAB Executive Committee, March 3, 1972, Bartlesville, Oklahoma
1404:, 1966 Pemberton Press, Austin, Texas, Edited by Gifford White, Nacogdoches County
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Spain agreed to allow several Indian tribes, including the Yowani Choctaw and the
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1744:
The Handbook of Texas Online: Indians; Republics of Mexico and Texas, George Klos
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1619:"Mount Tabor Indian Heritage Center in Longview, Texas (TX) - NonProfitFacts.com"
1212:
955:
833:
600:
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399:
1230:"Texas Indian Papers 1825-1845", Texas State Library and Archives, Austin, Texas
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532:
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383:
289:
236:, which brought an end to hostilities, especially for the Cherokee residing at
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141:
137:
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By Carolyn Keller Reeves, Published by University Press of Mississippi, 2004,
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Handbook of Texas Online, Indians, Texas and Mexican Republics, by George Klos
1135:
The Dawes Commission and the Allotment of the Five Civilized Tribes, 1893-1914
1092:"In Texas, a group claiming to be Cherokee faces questions about authenticity"
284:. It ruled in favor of the Yowani, and these families were included on a 1909
1828:
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and the Old Settlers of the Cherokee, who had political differences with the
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415:
403:
375:
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1810:
The Handbook of Texas Online: Mount Tabor Indian Community by Patrick Pynes
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309:
259:. In the early 20th century, several members of the Yowani Choctaw, led by
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ruled in their favor, saying that the Texas Choctaw should be reinstated.
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in Indian Territory. They wanted to be included in registration for the
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John Starr Bean, Guion Miller Roll: Kilgore, TX, ap # 23615, roll# 4489
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noted that 70 Yowani Choctaw lived in this village, along with several
505:
418:. They were given permission to establish several villages east of the
975:
Correspondence Between General Manuel Mier y Terán and Texas 1828-1832
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erupted, almost all of the people living at Mount Tabor supported the
563:. Many Yowani continued to live under the authority of Woody Jones in
1763:
Texas-Cherokees vs United States Docket 26, 26 Ind Cl Comm. 78 (1971)
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348:
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195:
1246:(2 vols., Washington: GPO, 1907, 1910, rpt., New York: Pageant, 1959
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35:
821:, which has been recognized as a tribe by the state. These include
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444:, by 1850 many of the Yowani had settled with other Choctaw in the
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Handbook of Texas Online: John Martin Thompson, By Thomas D. Isern
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Oklahoma Genealogical Society Quarterly, Volume 9, Number 2, 1964
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391:
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of Texas. Following Texas's independence and the creation of the
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The Handbook of Texas Online: Yowani Indians, Margery H. Krieger
1749:
The Handbook of Texas Online: Yowani Indians, Margery H. Krieger
351:, the territory had been under Spanish control since 1763, when
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in 1836, the Yowani were a party to a peace treaty with the new
1709:
485:
395:
352:
1643:
Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Issue 30, Part 1
1217:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 289–81.
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Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Issue 30, Part 1
957:
Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Issue 30, Part 1
1549:
1973 Proposed Constitution of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma
411:
325:
229:
1157:, MCR File 341, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Muskogee, Oklahoma
1789:
1646:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 289.
960:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 289.
528:. The census also noted that these people were peaceable.
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When this area became part of the United States under the
1178:
William C. Thompson and the Choctaw-Chickasaw Paper Chase
304:, west of what was described at the "Choctaw Capitale."
1090:
Brewer, Graham Lee; Ahtone, Tristan (27 October 2021).
1540:
1850 United States Census, State of Texas, Rusk County
1440:"Tejas > Caddo Voices > 20 Years Without a Home"
331:
In the late 19th century, the American anthropologist
1608:
2017 Constitution of the Mount Tabor Indian Community
1596:"Texas Legislature Online - 85(R) Actions for SCR 25"
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Terry was descended from Arthur Thompson, brother of
1805:
The Handbook of Texas Online: Indians by George Klos
1795:
A History of the Caddo Indians By: WILLIAM B. GLOVER
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listed the Yowani as one of the 13 divisions of the
504:, to negotiate a treaty with the Indians living in
288:reinstatement list, giving them citizenship in the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1255:
595:in 1844 granted permission to both members of the
376:the neighboring Spanish colonial province of Texas
140:who lived in Texas. Yowani was also the name of a
481:In 1835, English-speaking settlers and some anti-
1826:
1790:The Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma (official site)
240:under Chicken Trotter. Following the end of the
1283:"Choctaw Heritage of Louisiana and Mississippi"
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1155:William C. Thompson, et al. vs. Choctaw Nation
470:
355:ceded it after defeat by Great Britain in the
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1224:
1188:
1186:
1020:, Texas State Library and Archives Commission
1008:, Texas State Library and Archives Commission
699:as part of the Cherokee Mounted Rifles under
1338:Herbert Gambrell, "Mirabeau Bonaparte Lamar"
1324:
1322:
1244:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
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971:
969:
967:
1075:Thomas W. Cutrer, "Salado Creek, Battle of"
753:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
655:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1238:
1236:
1221:
1183:
429:who roamed the western part of Texas. The
347:At the time that the Yowani ventured into
292:and the right to any associated benefits.
1319:
1124:1850 United States Census, Canton Beat EU
964:
773:Learn how and when to remove this message
675:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1815:Mt. Tabor Cemetery, Rusk County TxGenWeb
1402:The 1840 Census of the Republic of Texas
1294:
1292:
1030:"Vicente Cordova", by Robert Bruce Blake
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916:
452:. This area had been established during
271:Final Rolls as citizens by blood of the
224:For the remnant tribes, peace came when
1585:Sally McCoy 1818 Chickasaw Annuity Roll
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1500:
1249:
1233:
1180:, Norman, OK: Oklahoma State University
422:and west of the border with Louisiana.
14:
1827:
1372:Killough Massacre, by Christopher Long
1060:"Dawson Massacre", by Thomas W. Cutrer
923:Glover, William Bonny (October 1935).
922:
492:to gain independence from Mexico. The
410:from Spain, Mexico assumed control of
1639:
1482:, Texas State Archives, Austin, Texas
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567:near the border with Trinity County.
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1470:, University of Oklahoma Press, 1934
1468:History of the Five Civilized Tribes
751:adding citations to reliable sources
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653:adding citations to reliable sources
620:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
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520:. An 1837 census of Indians in the
190:, the Texas Army drove most of the
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929:The Louisiana Historical Quarterly
785:Between 1866 and the close of the
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25:
1851:
1778:
617:Choctaw in the American Civil War
221:troops soon departed from Texas.
1835:Native American history of Texas
1256:Kathy LaCombe-Tell (June 2004).
925:"A History of the Caddo Indians"
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232:the next year. He approved the
45:needs additional citations for
1640:Hodge, Frederick Webb (1907).
1508:"Mount Tabor Indian Community"
1300:"TSHA | Texas Revolution"
1211:Hodge, Frederick Webb (1907).
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954:Hodge, Frederick Webb (1907).
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500:, a man much respected by the
251:Most of the men served in the
209:led the Mexican occupation of
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1:
1480:Texas Indian Papers 1835-1845
1137:, Ancestry Publishing 1999,
901:
584:, first Chief Justice of the
1006:"Expulsion of the Cherokees"
886:Mount Tabor Indian Community
838:Mount Tabor Indian Community
819:Mount Tabor Indian Community
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577:Mount Tabor Indian Community
571:Mount Tabor Indian Community
561:Mount Tabor Indian Community
494:provisional Texas government
461:Mount Tabor Indian Community
246:Mount Tabor Indian Community
228:was elected as President of
169:Mount Tabor Indian Community
7:
1494:by Litton and Dale, page 80
1374:, Handbook of Texas Online,
1242:Frederick Webb Hodge, ed.,
1018:"Indian Relations in Texas"
864:
807:United States Supreme Court
471:Texas Indian Wars 1835–1843
408:Mexican War of Independence
282:United States Supreme Court
263:of Texas, relocated to the
136:were a historical group of
10:
1856:
1658:The Choctaw Before Removal
1651:
1444:www.texasbeyondhistory.net
1385:"TSHA | Cherokee War"
1355:"TSHA | Houston, Sam"
614:
474:
295:
1512:Texas Handbook of History
442:Rapides Parish, Louisiana
1342:Handbook of Texas Online
1079:Handbook of Texas Online
1064:Handbook of Texas Online
1049:Handbook of Texas Online
1034:Handbook of Texas Online
985:Texas Indian Papers 1837
906:
871:Charles Collins Thompson
363:as what they called the
1623:www.nonprofitfacts.com
896:William Clyde Thompson
881:Martin Luther Thompson
850:William Clyde Thompson
827:Martin Luther Thompson
823:William Clyde Thompson
488:in Texas launched the
261:William Clyde Thompson
180:provisional government
27:Choctaw group in Texas
615:Further information:
876:John Martin Thompson
747:improve this section
709:John Martin Thompson
649:improve this section
605:Treaty of New Echota
465:Jena Band of Choctaw
234:Treaty of Birds Fort
54:improve this article
1785:Legacy of Los Adaes
1740:, 13:978-0806127217
1145:, 13:978-0916489854
511:In March 1836, the
1492:Cherokee Cavaliers
1389:www.tshaonline.org
1359:www.tshaonline.org
1304:www.tshaonline.org
1176:Dr. Douglas Hale,
689:American Civil War
365:Louisiana Purchase
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337:Caddo Confederacy
242:Texas-Indian Wars
188:Mirabeau B. Lamar
184:Republic of Texas
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144:Choctaw village.
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273:Choctaw Nation
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593:James K. Polk
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43:This article
41:
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813:Recent years
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745:Please help
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647:Please help
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394:, Delaware,
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
891:Stand Watie
854:Mount Tabor
792:Dawes Rolls
701:Stand Watie
693:Confederacy
597:Ridge Party
582:John Martin
545:Nacogdoches
537:Texian Army
518:Rusk County
498:Sam Houston
255:during the
226:Sam Houston
211:San Antonio
207:Adrian Woll
174:During the
155:to move to
1829:Categories
902:References
591:President
506:East Texas
483:Santa Anna
142:preremoval
80:newspapers
1679:1805-1809
734:does not
687:When the
636:does not
611:Civil War
556:guerrilla
526:Chickasaw
349:Louisiana
203:guerrilla
196:vigilante
1096:NBC News
865:See also
763:May 2022
665:May 2022
502:Cherokee
437:tribes.
427:Comanche
400:Kickapoo
388:Seminole
380:Cherokee
192:Cherokee
110:May 2022
1652:Sources
755:removed
740:sources
657:removed
642:sources
486:Tejanos
435:nomadic
392:Shawnee
322:Koasati
296:Village
286:Choctaw
219:Mexican
94:scholar
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939:28 May
396:Quapaw
353:France
217:. The
134:Yowani
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1517:9 May
1267:9 May
907:Notes
543:near
496:sent
412:Texas
326:Caddo
230:Texas
101:JSTOR
87:books
1734:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1519:2019
1457:City
1269:2019
1167:458.
1139:ISBN
1103:2022
941:2022
825:and
738:any
736:cite
705:Waco
640:any
638:cite
575:The
402:and
324:and
132:The
73:news
935:(4)
749:by
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56:by
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