55:
609:
910:– 1925) was elected chief on May 10, 1913, in Meridian, Mississippi. He would lead the Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana Choctaw Council's delegation to Washington, D. C. in February 1914 where he met President Woodrow Wilson and many members of congress. There he expressed the dire situation of the Mississippi Choctaws. Wesley Johnson represented the Alabama Delegation from Southwest Alabama in Mobile and Washington Counties. Wesley Johnson was also known as Wesley Wakatubee.
983:
652:
2690:
622:, the oldest field sport in North America, was also known as the "little brother of war" because of its roughness and substitution for war. When disputes arose between Choctaw communities, stickball provided a civil way to settle issues. The stickball games would involve as few as twenty or as many as 300 players. The goal posts could be from a few hundred feet apart to a few miles. Goal posts were sometimes located within each opposing team's village. A
461:
759:
675:, and some linguists consider the two as dialects of a single language. The Choctaw language is the essence of tribal culture, tradition, and identity. Many Choctaw adults learned to speak the language before speaking English. The language is a part of daily life on the Mississippi Choctaw reservation. The following table is an example of Choctaw text and its translation:
684:: Hattak yuka keyu hokυtto yakohmit itibachυfat hieli kυt, nan isht imaiυlhpiesa atokmυt itilawashke; yohmi ha hattak nana hohkia, keyukmυt kanohmi hohkia okla moma nana isht aim aiυlhpiesa, micha isht aimaiυlhtoba he aima ka kanohmi bano hosh isht ik imaiυlhpieso kashke. Amba moma kυt nana isht imachukma chi ho tuksυli hokmakashke.
733:
cloudy or rainy, Choctaws delayed the meeting until the sun returned, usually on the pretext that they needed more time to discuss particulars. They believed the sun made sure that all talks were honest. The sun as a symbol of great power and reverence is a major component of southeastern Indian cultures.
963:
estimated the
Choctaw at up to 25,000 people in about 1860. Enumeration published in 1886 counted 18,000 Choctaws in Oklahoma as of year 1884. The census of 1910 counted 15,917 Choctaws. Around years 1916–1919 there were in Oklahoma 17,488 Choctaws by blood, 1,651 by intermarriage and 6,029 freedmen,
632:
was a game using a disk-shaped stone that was about 1–2 inches in length. Players would throw the disk down a 200-foot (61 m) corridor so that it could roll past the players at great speed. As the disk rolled down the corridor, players would throw wooden shafts at it. The object of the game
732:
Anthropologist theorize that the
Mississippian ancestors of the Choctaw placed the sun at the center of their cosmological system. Mid-eighteenth-century Choctaws did view the sun as a being endowed with life. Choctaw diplomats, for example, spoke only on sunny days. If the day of a conference were
599:
Both, the
Chickasaw and the Choctaw Indians traditionally made three kinds of buildings, per family, consisting of 1) a summer house (made into an oblong square), 2) a corn house (also made into an oblong square), and 3) a winter house, which latter was made circular, and was also known as the 'hot
539:
kinship system, with children born into the clan or iksa of the mother and taking their social status from it. In this system, their maternal uncles had important roles. Identity was established first by moiety and iksa; so a
Choctaw first identified as Imoklasha or Inhulata, and second as Choctaw.
380:
Those
Choctaw who chose to stay in the state of Mississippi were considered state and U.S. citizens; they were one of the first major non-European ethnic groups to be granted citizenship. Article 14 in the 1830 treaty with the Choctaw stated Choctaws may wish to become citizens of the United States
775:
Early
Choctaw communities worked communally and shared their harvest. They had trouble understanding why English settlers allowed their poor to suffer from hunger. In Ireland, the generosity of the Choctaw nation during their Great Famine in the mid-nineteenth century is remembered to this day and
766:
The colorful dresses worn by today's
Choctaw are made by hand. They are based on designs of their ancestors, who adapted 19th-century European-American styles to their needs. Today many Choctaw wear such traditional clothing mainly for special events. Choctaw elders, especially the women, dress in
636:
Other games included using corn, cane, and moccasins. The corn game used five to seven kernels of corn. One side was blackened and the other side white. Players won points based on each color. One point was awarded for the black side and 5–7 points for the white side. There were usually only two
934:
who estimated the
Choctaw at 18,000 warriors (or 90,000 people) in 1714 and by W. Bull who estimated them at 16,000 warriors (or 80,000 people) in 1738. According to B. R. Carroll the Choctaw were reckoned by the French to be the most numerous nation of Indians in America and consisted of many
874:(1770–1836) was a chief in the Choctaw nation before the removal and after. He went to Washington City to negotiate for the tribe in 1824 and was the only major leader to return. In the summer of 1830, he ran for a seat in the Congress of the United States to represent the state of Mississippi.
794:
Land was the most valuable asset, which the Native
Americans held in collective stewardship. The United States systematically obtained Choctaw land for conventional European-American settlement through treaties, legislation, and threats of warfare. Although the Choctaw made treaties with Great
719:
he
Choctaws anciently regarded the sun as a deity ... the sun was ascribed the power of life and death. He was represented as looking down upon the earth, and as long as he kept his flaming eye fixed on any one, the person was safe ... fire, as the most striking representation of the sun, was
337:
The Choctaw coalesced as a people in the 17th century and developed at least three distinct political and geographical divisions: eastern, western, and southern. These different groups sometimes created distinct, independent alliances with nearby European powers. These included the
843:(died 19th century) was a transitional benefactor and a contemporary of Taboca. To some Americans he was the "leading chief of the Choctaws." He led a war party with British forces against American rebels. Franchasmatabe attended the treaty talks of 1801 near Mobile, Alabama.
868:(Apushmataha) (1760s–December 24, 1824) was a chief in old Choctaw nation. He negotiated treaties with the United States and fought on the American's side in the War of 1812. He died in Washington D.C. and is buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington D.C.
916:(March 13, 1926 – February 4, 2010) was the Chief of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians from 1979 to 2007 and worked in tribal government for over fifty years. He encouraged outside investment and reduced unemployment to nearly 0% on the reservation.
929:
who estimated the Choctaw at 25,000 warriors (and therefore around 125,000 people) in year 1718. Other estimates from that time period were usually lower, but it is possible that they represented only a part of the tribe. Similar figures were given by
562:... told ... that there were tribes or families among the Indians, somewhat similar to the Scottish clans; such as, the Panther family, the Bird family, Raccoon Family, the Wolf family." The following are possible totemic clan designations:
693:: That all free men, when they form a special compact, are equal in rights, and that no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive, separate public emolument or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services.
896:(January 30, 1806 – January 17, 1881) was a highly influential leader during the removal era and long after. He represented the Choctaws in Washington, D.C., for some years and is buried in the Congressional Cemetery.
488:
greatly shaped it as well. After the United States was formed and its settlers began to move into the Southeast, the Choctaw were among the Five Civilized Tribes, who adopted some of their ways. They transitioned to
471:
The Choctaw people are believed to have coalesced in the 17th century, perhaps from peoples from Alabama and the Plaquemine culture. Their culture continued to evolve in the Southeast. The Choctaw practiced
1899:
Historical collections of South Carolina; embracing many rare and valuable pamphlets, and other documents, relating to the history of that state, from its discovery to its independence, in the year 1776
381:
under the 14th Article of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on all of the combined lands which were consolidated under Article I from all previous treaties between the United States and the Choctaw.
795:
Britain, France, Spain, and the Confederate States of America; the nation signed only nine treaties with the United States. Some treaties which the US made with other nations, such as the
750:, they had no conception of prayer. He added, "I have indeed heard it asserted by some, that anciently their hopaii, or prophets, on some occasions were accustomed to address the sun ..."
1041:
476:
as a ritual adornment for its people, but the practice eventually fell out of favor. Some of their communities had extensive trade and interaction with Europeans, including people from
955:, reported a total population of 19,554. A report by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs dated 25 November 1841 indicates that by then 15,177 Choctaws had already moved to Oklahoma (
837:(died October 1540) retaliated against Hernando de Soto at the Battle of Mabilia. The battle was the first major conflict in North America between Native Americans and Europeans.
377:
from 1831 to 1833. The Choctaw government in Indian Territory had three districts, each with its own chief, who together with the town chiefs sat on their National Council.
369:" of the Southeast. The Choctaw and the United States agreed to a total of nine treaties. By the last three, the US gained vast land cessions in the Southeast. As part of
2747:
2019:
Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July, 1885. Part II
431:
of 1934, the Choctaw people in three areas have reconstituted their governments and gained federal recognition. The largest are the Choctaw Nation in Oklahoma.
1830:
880:(June 3, 1800 – August 31, 1865) was a District Chief of the Choctaws in Mississippi. He was an influential state representative and senator in Mississippi.
862:–1824) was chief of the Okla Falaya (Tall People) district in old Choctaw nation. He died in Kentucky on his way to Washington D.C. to conduct negotiations.
300:
suggested that the Choctaw derived their name from an early leader. Henry Halbert, a historian, suggests that their name is derived from the Choctaw phrase
2752:
767:
their traditional garb every day. Choctaw dresses are trimmed by full diamond, half diamond or circle, and crosses that represent stickball sticks.
626:
priest referenced stickball in 1729, and George Catlin painted the subject. The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians continue to practice the sport.
2742:
2659:
242:
1285:
2727:
1941:
A report to the Secretary of War of the United States, on Indian Affairs, comprising a narrative of a tour, performed in the Summer of 1820...
1393:
2722:
54:
959:). Few thousand more emigratted to the west in subsequent years. The Indian Office in 1856 reported the number of the Choctaws as 22,707.
746:
Choctaw prophets were known to have addressed the sun. John Swanton wrote, "an old Choctaw informed Wright that before the arrival of the
2732:
2717:
2459:
408:
in order to extinguish Indian land claims before admission of Oklahoma as a state in 1907. From that period, for several decades the US
2737:
988:
501:(as slaves) into their society. In mid-summer the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians celebrate their traditional culture during the
554:
By the early 1930s, the anthropologist John Swanton wrote of the Choctaw: "here are only the faintest traces of groups with truly
849:(died 19th century) was a traditional "prophet-chief" who led a delegation starting in October 1785 to Hopewell, South Carolina.
971:
In the 20th and 21st centuries Choctaw population has rebounded, in 2020 they numbered 254,154 (including 90,973 in Oklahoma).
887:
1939:
2632:
2387:
2353:
2334:
2280:
2244:
2170:
2151:
2122:
Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 48: The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana.
2111:
2071:
1970:
1880:
238:
940:
343:
327:
2527:
965:
812:
435:
339:
270:
2311:
2304:
2053:
720:
considered as possessing intelligence, and as acting in concert with the sun ... constant intercourse with the sun ...
819:). The Oklahoma reservation is defined by treaty. Other population centers can be found throughout the United States.
2617:
2501:
2371:
1760:
1696:
1632:
1604:
1509:
1245:
1188:
1163:
558:
designations, the animal and plant names which occur seeming not to have had a totemic connotation." Swanton wrote, "
886:(1810–1890) was a district Choctaw chief in Indian Territory (1850–1857) prior to the Civil War and author of the "
1986:
1842:
1129:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
2607:
2437:
926:
17:
1335:
393:
373:, despite not having waged war against the United States, the majority of Choctaw were forcibly relocated to
2571:
2536:
2532:
2523:
1962:
931:
808:
443:
274:
2473:
2033:
1497:
943:
estimated the Choctaw at 10,000 warriors in 1775 (indicating a total population of 50,000). According to
777:
262:
199:
1776:
2602:
2519:
2129:
Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 46: A Dictionary of the Choctaw Language.
1838:
1289:
816:
439:
266:
258:
1897:
1544:
1540:
951:
estimated the Choctaw at 25,000 people in about year 1820. A census taken in 1830, shortly before the
1366:
428:
1262:
2676:
2653:
2622:
1397:
1036:
789:
409:
323:
318:
The Choctaw were first noted by Europeans in French written records of 1675. Their mother mound is
31:
2017:
1237:
1229:
2648:
2612:
2551:
2467:
1356:
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek September 30th 1830 ratified on February 24th 1831 (7 Stat. 333)
1016:
828:
668:
455:
313:
1419:
1213:
Walter, Williams (1979). "Southeastern Indians before Removal, Prehistory, Contact, Decline".
1096:
404:, the US federal government broke up tribal land holdings and dissolved tribal governments in
2494:
2226:
Traditional History of the Chahta Nation, Translated from the Chahta by Gideon Lincecum, 1861
2001:
1956:
1750:
796:
514:
366:
362:
331:
2186:
Hurley, Patrick J.(1883). National Atty. for Choctaw Nation "Choctaw Citizenship Litigation.
1987:"Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs", Office of Indian Affairs, November 25, 1841"
2627:
2058:
Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004: 499–519.
947:
they mustered 6,000 warriors around the year 1800 (implying a total population of 30,000).
8:
2566:
1885:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. pp. 505–507.
1857:
619:
613:
502:
350:
2453:
2442:
1078:
925:
The highest of early estimates - possibly representing the population peak - is that of
900:
described him "as stately and complete a gentleman of nature's making as ever I beheld."
540:
Children belonged to the Iksa of their mother. The following were some major districts:
2064:
The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670–1717
1566:
385:
2561:
2383:
2367:
2349:
2330:
2276:
2259:
2240:
2232:
2166:
2147:
2107:
2067:
1966:
1756:
1692:
1628:
1600:
1548:
1505:
1316:
1241:
1184:
1159:
1128:
1031:
1011:
960:
883:
877:
711:
The Choctaw believed in a good spirit and an evil spirit. They may have been sun, or
706:
494:
467:(Drinks the Juice of the Stones) was the greatest of Choctaw stickball players, 1834.
346:
of the Southeast, and the Spanish of Florida and Louisiana during the colonial era.
2712:
2693:
2556:
2487:
1920:
1444:
956:
834:
646:
608:
520:
498:
424:
405:
389:
374:
254:
220:
194:
123:
119:
2476:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
2319:
Choctaw Women in a Chaotic World: The Clash of Cultures in the Colonial Southeast.
2136:
Searching for the Bright Path: The Mississippi Choctaws from Prehistory to Removal
419:, Choctaw soldiers served in the US military as some of the first Native American
1805:
1493:
1026:
1006:
996:
936:
897:
893:
473:
412:
appointed chiefs of the Choctaw and other tribes in the former Indian Territory.
297:
62:
1914:
1727:
1532:
1467:
1021:
952:
948:
913:
852:
840:
664:
370:
294:
164:
160:
139:
1665:
2706:
2448:
2263:
1552:
944:
871:
358:
93:
2006:. Vol. 2. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. pp. 10–11.
2397:
Mississippi Choctaw Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Mississippi
747:
559:
1919:. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology. pp. 180–185.
2597:
2581:
2346:
Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians
1689:
Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians
1625:
Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians
1597:
Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians
1502:
Source material for the social and ceremonial life of the Choctaw Indians
1156:
Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians
1057:
536:
535:; it is estimated there were about 12 Iksas altogether. The people had a
420:
416:
354:
319:
250:
102:
1391:
728:(the one who sees) expressed the reverence the Choctaw had for the sun.
1924:
865:
401:
135:
1958:
Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians
1311:
Baird, David (1973). "The Choctaws Meet the Americans, 1783 to 1843".
651:
1052:
672:
660:
397:
152:
106:
1042:
List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
2305:
Mushulatubbee and Choctaw Removal: Chiefs Confront a Changing World
2051:
Patricia Galloway and Clara Sue Kidwell. "Choctaw in the East." In
1809:
1135:. US Department of the Interior. January 29, 2021. pp. 7554–58
233:
172:
156:
98:
2141:
2034:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Choctaw People in the US"
939:
enumerated a total of 102 Choctaw villages and towns in his book.
633:
was to strike the disk or prevent your opponents from hitting it.
2576:
1001:
629:
485:
460:
246:
168:
2415:
1320:
758:
671:, of the early 19th century. The language is closely related to
2452:
1046:
846:
623:
490:
481:
330:
of the mid-16th century in the Southeast encountered ancestral
2420:
1217:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp. 7–10.
365:. European Americans considered the Choctaw to be one of the "
1902:. Vol. II. New York: Harper & brothers. p. 244.
1595:
Swanton, John (2001) . "Choctaw Social and Ceremonial Life".
555:
477:
2022:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1886. p. 861.
2003:
Seven Years' Residence in the Great Deserts of North America
1806:"Sculpture marks Choctaw generosity to Irish famine victims"
1394:"Malmaison, Palace in a Wilderness, Home of General LeFlore"
762:
Mississippi Choctaw group wearing traditional garb, c. 1908.
2425:
2366:
Jackson and London: University Press of Mississippi, 1986.
2104:
The Long Hunt: Death of the Buffalo East of the Mississippi
1114:
964:
and in addition to that there were also at that time 3,099
2479:
2144:
The History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Natchez Indians
2082:
Living in the Land of Death: The Choctaw Nation, 1830–1860
1206:
663:
family and was well known among the frontiersmen, such as
326:
platform mound located in central-east Mississippi. Early
2396:
2205:
The Choctaws in Oklahoma: From Tribe to Nation, 1855–1970
1333:
2200:. University of Oklahoma Press: Norman and London, 1995.
1823:
1649:
A Living Tradition: An Overview of Choctaw Cultural Arts
1651:. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 2006. p. 5.
655:
Modern geographic distribution of the Choctaw language.
2327:
Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors
2212:
Choctaw Nation: A Story of American Indian Resurgence.
1792:
A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America
1385:
1179:
O'Brien, Greg (2005) . "The Multiethnic Confederacy".
1691:. The University of Alabama Press. pp. 194–196.
1627:. The University of Alabama Press. pp. 158–160.
1286:"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties"
1234:
A People's History of the United States: 1492–Present
505:
with ball games, dancing, cooking and entertainment.
978:
2426:
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians (official site)
2256:
The Social History of the Choctaw Nation, 1865–1907
2198:
Choctaws and Missionaries in Mississippi, 1818–1918
2091:
Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2012.
1798:
1660:
1658:
1315:. United States: Indian Tribal Series. p. 36.
1680:
1618:
1616:
1537:A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida
1079:"Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma | Choctaw Nation"
349:Most Choctaw allied with the Americans during the
2474:J. L. Hargett Collection of Choctaw Nation Papers
2362:Wells, Samuel J., and Tubby, Roseanna (Editors).
2312:Pushmataha: Choctaw Warrior, Diplomat, and Chief.
2300:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008.
2183:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
2160:
2131:Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1915.
2124:Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1909.
1559:
1437:
1263:"Andrew Jackson: Good, Evil & the Presidency"
715:, worshippers. The historian John Swanton wrote,
612:A Mississippian era engraved shell discovered at
2748:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
2704:
2660:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
2380:The Early History of Jackson County, Georgia: ..
2321:Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 2005.
2298:Pre-removal Choctaw History: Exploring New Paths
2221:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004.
2098:, Florida: printed by James & Johnson, 1791.
1655:
1641:
342:, based on the Gulf Coast and in Louisiana; the
1755:. University of Mississippi Press. p. 57.
1716:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 60–61.
1613:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1459:
1336:"History & Culture, Citizenship Act – 1924"
1203:Galloway and Kidwell, "Choctaw in the East, 511
1158:. The University of Alabama Press. p. 29.
1147:
27:Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands
2293:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
2138:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
1748:
1599:. The University of Alabama Press. p. 5.
1392:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
1277:
261:. Today, Choctaw people are enrolled in three
2495:
2181:Choctaw Language & Culture: Chahta Anumpa
2142:Horatio Bardwell Cushman; Angie Debo (1962).
1789:
1720:
1666:"Choctaw Language Alphabet and Pronunciation"
1539:. New York: Printed for the author. pp.
1172:
550:Okla Fayala (people who are widely dispersed)
2463:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2421:Jena Band of Choctaw Indians (official site)
2239:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
2101:
2096:Travels Through...Country of the Chactaws...
1779:. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 2013.
1712:O'Brien, Greg (2005) . "Choctaw and Power".
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1481:
1327:
1288:. Government Printing Office. Archived from
1183:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 21.
2753:Native Americans in the American Revolution
2219:Pushmataha: A Choctaw Leader and His People
2191:NANIH WAIYA Magazine, 1974, Vol I, Number 3
2084:, Lansing: Michigan State University, 2004.
2061:
1948:
1711:
1705:
1504:. University of Alabama Press. p. 79.
1304:
1254:
1215:Southeastern Indians: Since the Removal Era
1178:
677:
2502:
2488:
2416:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma (official site)
2364:After Removal, The Choctaw in Mississippi.
2291:Choctaws in a Revolutionary Age, 1750–1830
2228:. University of Texas Library, March 1932.
1882:Primitive society and its vital statistics
1714:Choctaws in a Revolutionary Age, 1750–1830
1221:
1181:Choctaws in a Revolutionary Age, 1750–1830
968:and around 200 Choctaws living elsewhere.
740:Choctaws in a Revolutionary Age, 1750–1830
531:(youth). Each moiety had several clans or
53:
2258:. Durant, OK: Creative Informatics, Inc.
1878:
1872:
1581:
989:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
2447:
2253:
2231:
1999:
1855:
1849:
807:Reservations can be found in Louisiana (
757:
659:The Choctaw language is a member of the
650:
607:
547:Okla Tannap (people from the other side)
459:
2743:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
2343:
2324:
2237:Choctaw Crime and Punishment, 1884–1907
1954:
1912:
1895:
1686:
1622:
1594:
1492:
1283:
1153:
753:
438:were federally recognized in 1945, the
60:Louisiana Indians Walking Along a Bayou
14:
2705:
2431:
2409:
2377:
1965:. pp. 47, note 10 (1830 census).
1531:
1373:. Florida Department of Transportation
1230:"As Long as Grass Grows or Water Runs"
1212:
888:Farewell Letter to the American People
822:
594:
519:Within the Choctaws were two distinct
392:and Mississippi mostly sided with the
232:
2728:Native American tribes in Mississippi
2633:Mississippi Choctaw Indian Federation
2483:
2378:Wilson, Gustavus James Nash (2013) .
2270:
2163:Choctaw Genesis, 1500–1700: 1500–1700
1937:
1860:. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
1367:"Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians"
1310:
1115:"Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians"
920:
1944:New Haven: S. Converse. p. 364.
1227:
88:Regions with significant populations
2723:Native American tribes in Louisiana
2528:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
2275:. University Press of Mississippi.
2189:Jimmie, Randy and Jimmie, Leonard.
1794:. Little, Brown and Co. p. 89.
1260:
813:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
799:, indirectly affected the Choctaw.
770:
544:Okla Hannalli (people of six towns)
436:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
271:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
24:
2733:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
2718:Native American history of Alabama
2054:Handbook of North American Indians
1993:
1916:The Indian tribes of North America
1465:
1371:Office of Environmental Management
1334:Council of Indian Nations (2005).
78:212,000 (Nation of Oklahoma 2023)
25:
2764:
2738:Native American tribes in Alabama
2443:"Choctaws" by Dr. D.L. Birchfield
2404:
1831:"The Choctaw-Irish Bond Lives On"
776:recently marked by a sculpture, '
2689:
2688:
2165:. University of Nebraska Press.
2161:Patricia Galloway (1998-02-01).
2146:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1841:. March 30, 2016. Archived from
1420:"Jena Band of the Choctaw Tribe"
1097:"Jena Band of the Choctaw Tribe"
981:
780:', in a park at Midleton, Cork.
293:, whose meaning is unknown. The
2329:. University Press of Florida.
2179:Haag, Marcia and Henry Willis.
2089:Mississippi's American Indians.
2044:
2026:
2010:
1979:
1931:
1906:
1889:
1783:
1769:
1742:
1525:
1468:"Choctaw Clans, and the People"
1412:
1359:
1350:
802:
285:The Choctaw autonym is Chahta.
2608:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
1777:"Economic Development history"
1197:
1121:
1107:
1089:
1071:
493:farming methods, and accepted
396:. Under the late 19th-century
83:11,000 (Mississippi Band 2020)
13:
1:
2470:, Oklahoma Historical Society
1064:
904:
856:
394:Confederate States of America
2572:Choctaw Tribal School System
2537:Mount Tabor Indian Community
2533:MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians
2524:Jena Band of Choctaw Indians
2348:. University Alabama Press.
1963:University of Oklahoma Press
1623:Swanton, John Reed (2001) .
809:Jena Band of Choctaw Indians
444:Jena Band of Choctaw Indians
434:Since the 20th century, the
280:
275:Jena Band of Choctaw Indians
76:Approximately 214,884 total
7:
2509:
2399:United States Census Bureau
2254:Morrison, James D. (1987).
2214:U. of Nebraska Press, 2007.
2000:Domenech, Emmanuel (1860).
1728:"Traditional Choctaw Dress"
1338:. Council of Indian Nations
1060:, Chitimacha/Choctaw artist
974:
783:
700:
640:
263:federally recognized tribes
10:
2769:
2603:Chickasaw Campaign of 1736
2520:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
2317:Pesantubbee, Michelene E.
1879:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934).
1839:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
1752:The Choctaw Before Removal
1687:Swanton, John R. (2001) .
1154:Swanton, John R. (2001) .
826:
817:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
787:
704:
644:
512:
453:
449:
440:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
311:
307:
267:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
259:Western Muskogean language
29:
2686:
2669:
2641:
2590:
2544:
2517:
2066:. Yale University Press.
1913:Swanton, John R. (1952).
1284:Kappler, Charles (1904).
1236:. HarperCollins. p.
429:Indian Reorganization Act
205:
190:
182:
151:
146:
134:
129:
118:
113:
92:
87:
75:
70:
52:
45:
2654:List of Choctaw treaties
2623:Choctaw Capitol Building
1938:Morse, Jedidiah (1822).
1498:"Clans and Local Groups"
1037:List of Choctaw Treaties
790:List of Choctaw Treaties
603:
508:
410:Bureau of Indian Affairs
241:originally based in the
32:Choctaw (disambiguation)
2460:Encyclopædia Britannica
2325:Swanton, John (1998) .
1955:Foreman, Grant (1972).
1896:Carroll, B. R. (1836).
1749:Carolyn Reeves (2014).
1730:. Choctaw website. 2004
224:
2649:List of Choctaw chiefs
2344:Swanton, John (2001).
2233:Mihesuah, Devon Abbott
2134:Carson, James Taylor.
2087:Barnett Jr., James F.
1856:Ferguson, Bob (2001).
1790:Ronald Takaki (1993).
1017:Choctaw Trail of Tears
829:List of Choctaw chiefs
763:
744:
722:
669:William Henry Harrison
656:
616:
468:
456:Culture of the Choctaw
388:, the Choctaw in both
361:, most notably at the
314:History of the Choctaw
243:Southeastern Woodlands
239:Native American people
230:Choctaw pronunciation:
2102:Ted F. Belue (1996).
2056:: Vol. 14, Southeast.
1445:"Choctaw Indian Fair"
1228:Zinn, Howard (2003).
1083:www.choctawnation.com
827:Further information:
797:Treaty of San Lorenzo
761:
730:
717:
654:
611:
515:Iksas (Choctaw Clans)
463:
367:Five Civilized Tribes
363:Battle of New Orleans
334:villages and chiefs.
332:Mississippian culture
289:is an anglization of
147:Related ethnic groups
142:, traditional beliefs
81:284 (Jena Band 2011)
2203:Kidwell, Clara Sue.
2196:Kidwell, Clara Sue.
2062:Alan Gallay (2002).
966:Mississippi Choctaws
754:Traditional clothing
30:For other uses, see
2438:Choctaw Indian Fair
2432:History and culture
2410:Choctaw governments
2296:O'Brien, Greg, ed.
2271:Mould, Tom (2004).
2120:Bushnell, David I.
2106:. Stackpole Books.
1049:("okeh", etymology)
823:Influential leaders
614:Eddyville, Kentucky
595:Building structures
503:Choctaw Indian Fair
351:American Revolution
234:[tʃahtá(ʔ)]
42:
2618:American Civil War
2224:Lincecum, Gideon.
2217:Lincecum, Gideon.
2210:Lambert, Valerie.
2094:Bartram, William.
1466:Mieirs, Jennifer.
1313:The Choctaw People
921:Population history
764:
657:
617:
495:European Americans
469:
386:American Civil War
40:
2700:
2699:
2389:978-1-314-81902-1
2355:978-0-8173-1109-4
2336:978-0-8130-1635-1
2282:978-1-57806-683-4
2246:978-0-8061-4052-0
2172:978-0-8032-7070-1
2153:978-0-8061-3127-6
2127:Byington, Cyrus.
2113:978-0-8117-0968-2
2073:978-0-300-10193-5
1972:978-0-8061-1172-8
1835:choctawnation.com
1567:"Choctaw Indians"
1447:. Information.com
1032:Steven Charleston
1012:Choctaw mythology
961:Emmanuel Domenech
884:George W. Harkins
878:Greenwood LeFlore
815:), and Oklahoma (
707:Choctaw mythology
698:
697:
620:Choctaw stickball
499:African Americans
442:in 1971, and the
328:Spanish explorers
245:, in what is now
213:
212:
178:
177:
16:(Redirected from
2760:
2692:
2691:
2642:Politics and law
2504:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2464:
2456:
2454:"Choctaws"
2393:
2359:
2340:
2310:O'Brien, Greg. "
2303:O'Brien, Greg. "
2286:
2267:
2250:
2176:
2157:
2117:
2080:Akers, Donna L.
2077:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1592:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1494:Swanton, John R.
1490:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1396:. Archived from
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1308:
1302:
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1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1258:
1252:
1251:
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1219:
1218:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1133:Federal Register
1125:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1075:
991:
986:
985:
984:
957:Indian Territory
927:Le Page du Pratz
909:
906:
903:Wesley Johnson (
861:
858:
811:), Mississippi (
771:Communal economy
742:
691:English language
678:
647:Choctaw language
425:Choctaw language
406:Indian Territory
390:Indian Territory
375:Indian Territory
304:(river people).
255:Choctaw language
236:
231:
180:
179:
120:American English
71:Total population
57:
43:
39:
21:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2682:
2665:
2637:
2586:
2540:
2530:
2513:
2508:
2434:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2390:
2356:
2337:
2289:O'Brien, Greg.
2283:
2247:
2173:
2154:
2114:
2074:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1953:
1949:
1936:
1932:
1911:
1907:
1894:
1890:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1854:
1850:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1813:
1812:. June 18, 2017
1804:
1803:
1799:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1593:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1491:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1226:
1222:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1027:Gideon Lincecum
1007:Choctaw culture
997:William Bartram
987:
982:
980:
977:
937:John R. Swanton
923:
907:
898:Charles Dickens
894:Peter Pitchlynn
859:
831:
825:
805:
792:
786:
778:Kindred Spirits
773:
756:
743:
737:
709:
703:
649:
643:
606:
597:
517:
511:
474:head flattening
458:
452:
316:
310:
298:John R. Swanton
283:
229:
198:
96:
66:
63:Alfred Boisseau
48:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:Trail of Tears
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2451:, ed. (1911).
2449:Chisholm, Hugh
2445:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:External links
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1845:on 2017-04-06.
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949:Jedidiah Morse
935:thousand men.
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914:Phillip Martin
911:
901:
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853:Apuckshunubbee
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841:Franchimastabe
838:
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804:
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788:Main article:
785:
782:
772:
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738:Greg O'Brien,
735:
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645:Main article:
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465:Tullockchishko
454:Main article:
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371:Indian Removal
312:Main article:
309:
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295:anthropologist
282:
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277:in Louisiana.
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2382:. HardPress.
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