201:
55:
17:
216:, almost all the names recorded in 1285 survived to 1447. The fields of yokes were large enclosures, not open fields, and the land within them, although possibly cultivated co-operatively by many tenants, was usually held severally. It appears that the yoke was a compact holding and this is further suggested by early tenancies. In the 1285 Gillingham
224:
tenure gave rise to an accentuated dispersal of settlement in Kent, and many holdings were split and became uneconomic. Thus by the 15th century, yokes comprised one or more large fields farmed in many separate parcels. They were fiscal units with certain defined rights and privileges. Most of them
193:
dated 1477 reveals that the yoke was a fiscal land division for purposes of rents and services, and had its own privileges. Its size was clearly related to its fertility and position. For example, an
197:
rental of c.1425 lists a full yoke on the fertile soil of the valley as 120 acres, a figure to which many of these yokes approximate, but on the poor clay soils on the Downs one yoke is 231 acres.
97:
left no tangible relics although we have a record of their measurement for land in the "Yokes" of
Chested, Vexour, Chafford etc. The yoke is the old Roman
127:(c 450 AD) settled over the remainder of England. In these "yokes" along the banks of the river Medway crops such as corn would have been cultivated.
47:, thus a yoke was half a hide), therefore a yoke was a pair of oxen, representing the amount of land that could be cultivated by an ox pair. A
164:
is also the word for a yoke in German, so this unit represents an area that could be ploughed in a day by a yoke of oxen. In what is now the
351:
282:
239:
294:
356:
220:, it is recorded that 73.6 percent of the tenants possessed a single yoke of land. By the 15th century
200:
89:
Downs, was covered in ancient broadleaf forest but there are indications that much of what is now
43:. A sulung was the amount of land which could be ploughed by four ox-pairs (or approximately two
54:
8:
325:
Reconstructing a
Historical Landscape from Field and Documentary Evidence: Otford in Kent
225:
still had a central farm, and they had at some time in the past been single land units.
270:
190:
328:
305:
234:
165:
120:
58:
258:
345:
189:
in
Kentish medieval records and in the Domesday survey. The rental record of
36:
332:
94:
134:
is a traditional unit of area in German speaking countries, especially in
86:
82:
51:
also described the device used to harness two oxen together (see photo).
44:
104:
221:
90:
310:
by Russ
Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
217:
185:
173:
149:
144:
135:
116:
99:
285:, the Ickham, Littleborne and Wickhambreaux Conservation Society
213:
205:
194:
124:
62:
16:
111:. This word has survived only in Kent. One theory is that the
112:
78:
74:
66:
153:
108:
48:
32:
21:
39:
of 1086 for tax purposes. It was equal to a quarter of a
271:
93:
had been cultivated clearings since Roman days. The
24:, bows and chain, used to harness two oxen together.
212:The stability of names of yokes was remarkable: in
148:(about 83 yards) on a side. This comes to 0.5755
343:
307:How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement
322:
283:Glossary of Terms used in the Domesday Book
81:, the land between the chalk ridges of the
199:
53:
15:
31:was a unit of land measurement used in
344:
295:History of Penshurst, Penshurst Online
318:
316:
183:There are references to the yoke or
13:
14:
368:
313:
240:Metrication in the United Kingdom
352:Customary units of measurement
299:
288:
276:
264:
252:
35:in England at the time of the
1:
245:
119:conquered Kent, whereas the
7:
228:
168:this unit was known as the
142:is the area of a square 40
10:
373:
208:in Kent across the fields.
273:, accessed 30 June 2011.
261:, accessed 15 June 2011.
69:in England circa 600 AD
209:
70:
25:
203:
77:times nearly all the
57:
19:
357:Units of measurement
259:Domesday Book Online
323:Geoffrey Hewlett,
210:
71:
26:
20:An English wooden
204:A modern view of
364:
336:
335:
320:
311:
303:
297:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
156:. The plural is
372:
371:
367:
366:
365:
363:
362:
361:
342:
341:
340:
339:
321:
314:
304:
300:
293:
289:
281:
277:
269:
265:
257:
253:
248:
231:
152:or about 1.422
12:
11:
5:
370:
360:
359:
354:
338:
337:
312:
298:
287:
275:
263:
250:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
237:
235:Imperial units
230:
227:
166:Czech Republic
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
369:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
347:
334:
330:
326:
319:
317:
309:
308:
302:
296:
291:
284:
279:
272:
267:
260:
255:
251:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
226:
223:
219:
215:
207:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
187:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:Weald of Kent
76:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:Domesday Book
34:
30:
23:
18:
324:
306:
301:
290:
278:
266:
254:
211:
184:
182:
177:
169:
161:
157:
143:
139:
131:
129:
98:
72:
40:
28:
27:
103:, about 25
346:Categories
246:References
191:Gillingham
176:it is the
222:gavelkind
107:or 0.625
91:Penshurst
73:In early
333:7039783M
229:See also
218:custumal
150:hectares
145:klafters
174:Croatia
136:Austria
117:Jutland
100:jugerum
331:
214:Otford
206:Otford
195:Otford
138:. One
125:Saxons
121:Angles
95:Romans
63:Saxons
59:Angles
41:sulung
29:A yoke
186:jugum
178:jutro
172:; in
170:jitro
158:Joche
154:acres
115:from
113:Jutes
109:acres
87:South
83:North
75:Saxon
67:Jutes
45:hides
162:Joch
140:joch
132:joch
123:and
105:ares
85:and
65:and
49:yoke
33:Kent
22:yoke
348::
329:OL
327:,
315:^
180:.
160:.
130:A
61:,
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