41:
303:, the killer of Iyoas, became the sole leader of the kingdom. The motivation of the assassination may have had to do with the fear of Iyoas leaning towards his conservative Oromo side and his advisors being four corrupt Oromo uncles. Afraid of the politically influential Oromos who already stand in a political influential position, Sehul endeavored to win their support by granting them increased political sway and arranging royal marriages. Nonetheless, a group of Oromo princes conspired together to overthrow him. Sehul managed to flee back to his home province of Tigray. After disposing Sehul, the confederate Oromos put a "worthless" Amhara on the throne called Socinios, given the title "
213:
702:
1041:, who had just finished vassalizing Aligaz, ordered him to appear in Debra Tabor. Kassa realized that compliance with his master's order could mean imprisonment in retaliation for the inflicted damage he had done to Mennen in the past. For some time, he delayed his answer and brought up excuses lik how the rainy season had commenced. He took advantage of this situation to rebuild up his army up to 7,000 soldiers and marched to an area not too far from Gondar.
867:
1079:
236:, an Amhara prince, appealed to the Oromo neighbors to assist him in battle against the Tigrayans in the north. Many Oromos did not seem to care about jockeying for power but had been in a competition for land against the Tigrayans to the north of them so they complied 20,000 well-armed cavalry to assist the Amhara against the enemy.
450:
that
European support was much needed. He dispatched a letter to King George IV in which he requested for military and technical aid. Sabagadis attempted to gain a foothold on the coast of the Red Sea for the British monarch to take so that he may breach the wall of isolation around Ethiopia and create a bridge to Christian Europe.
1118:
was quick to respond as he had brought most of his rebels under submission and dispatched a strong army to
Agawmeder to chase the outlaw. Kassa managed to avoid battle and spent the rainy season among his kinsmen of Qwara. As in the past, he used the rainy season to reorganize his army and strengthen
357:
would become the new governor of Tigray. In essence, the conflicts between the governors of Tigray and the Oromo lords revolved around the desire of the
Tigrayans to overthrow the Oromo oligarchy and claim the title of Negesta Nagastat, while the Oromo aimed to maintain the status quo by manipulating
1192:
was among the first to flee the battlefield and took asylum in the sanctuary of
Mahdera Maryam. However, when Kassa was approaching him, he fled to his kinsmen, the Yejju Oromo, closely pursued by units of Kassa's army. He was, however, never apprehended. The battle of Ayshal dealt the death blow to
727:
he would install the lawful descendant of the line of
Solomon, King of Kings Tekle Giorgis, who was at the time in his camp, on the imperial throne in Gondar. When Abuna Salama had arrived in Ethiopia in the last months of 1841, he was escorted to Wube's camp and was convinced by Wube of the Islamic
782:
thanks to the propaganda spread by Wube and his allies. In such conditions, Ali found himself in dire need of the Abyna's support, leading him to be open to Abuna Salam's counsel to free Wube and restore his properties to him in exchange for minimal recompense and a pledge of loyalty. Nevertheless,
765:
was clearly a battle between the
Christian Amhara and Tigrayan elements and the Oromo, fighting desperately to deserve their predominant position in northern Ethiopia. The battle was won by Wube and Goshu but during their subsequent celebrations, the victors were surprised by a small Oromo army led
159:
According to professor Donald
Crummey the Yejju were of non-Oromo origin, however they were influenced by the Oromo such as in cases of intermarriage. The ethnic makeup of the Yejju is complex. One theory is that the Yejju are the results of various layers of people: the Amhara population of Angot,
988:
was just ravaging the plains of Wogera while Wube remained in the mountain defiles which were heavily guarded by matchlockmen. Both leaders were eager to find a way out of the deadlock. Both of their countries were deteriorating: In Tigray, the
Egyptians had reached Massawa and in the realm of the
943:
At the end of 1845, Mennen demanded Kassa to guide the military commander of Qwara and his army into the low-lands. However, the humility which Kassa had shown in the presence of Mennen had just been a pretence, and once in border areas, Kassa started to incite the population against Mennen. Kassa
278:
was born who later succeeded his father Iyasu II. This dynastic marriage alliance had remarkable importance for the Oromo lords of Wollo in gaining further access to the royal court and dominating the Empire since the 1780s. The son, born of this union, was sent to Wollo and eventually returned to
449:
becoming the victor. It had become evident that the new governor was planning to form a
Tigrayan-Amhara coalition to oppose the regent Oromos in Gondar whom he accused of being Muslims. He was convinced that modern firearms could tip the scales against the fierce Oromo cavalry, thus understanding
853:
Ali's troubles were over, the
Egyptians immediately withdrew most of their army but were caught in an ambush north of Wolkait. Muhammad Ali would later tell the French Consul-General in Egypt that the hostilities between the Ethiopians and Egyptians were never serious. The talk about conquering
631:
Ali II was still a minor when he became the ruler of Begamder and Amhara and the guardian of the King of Kings. He was put under the guardianship of a council of the most powerful Wollo and Yejju Oromo lords who elected him. With the help of his mother, Mennen, he was soon able to shake off the
862:
Ali II who at the beginning allied him was soon afterwards forced to march back to his own domains to suppress the many rebellions in his realm. Nevertheless, Wube succeeded in defeating his brother, Merso, who would later escape to Gondar. Although Wube at this point had given up his imperial
857:
After Wube's defeat at Debra Tabor, the situation in Tigray was very much similar to that which had existed after the death of Wolde Selassie. Political crisis ensued and many pretenders fought for dominance in the different provinces. Throughout 1842 and the first half of 1843, Wube slowly
797:
Ali II, were greatly worried at the turn of events; they had objected to the grant of a governorship on their natural avenue of expansion to Aligaz, who was a Christian Oromo, and who was supported by his brother Faris Aligaz, an old enemy of some of the most important Muslim Wollo lords.
563:
Dori was taken unwell and did not want the bad news to go around, so returned back to Amhara. Tigray, the only region that opposed the Oromo regents so far, were defeated and the young Wube of Semien would be given much of it for his contribution of the battle against Sebagadis.
770:
Ali II who escaped after his defeat with his followers returned to Debra Tabor and grudgingly rewarded the true victor, Aligaz, with the governorship of Daunt, a district to the south of Amhara bordering the Wollo country while Merso was given all of Wube's territories.
480:
After his success in isolating Sebagadis, Marye decided to put an end to the Tigrayan threat. At the head of the Oromo contingents from Wollo, Yejju, Begamder and Amhara, he advanced beyond Takkaze into Tigray. Sebagadis had meanwhile mobilized his forces and the
1109:
Gugsa, but this was just a lull before the big storm which was to bring the Zemene Mesafint to an end and change the history of the country. Kassa, who was tired of being used as a tool for his master whom he secretly despised rejected a call to arms under
196:
and would be defeated by Christian forces thereby under the command of their leader, Sheikh Umar, the El-Ejju would settle in Angot. This tradition states Yejju claim origin from the sixteenth century scholar Umar who had settled in the region during
697:
who were defying her authority. A far more serious threat was the coalition formed by Wube, Goshu, and Faris Aligaz of Lasta, which succeeded in subverting the loyalty of many Amharas in Begamder and Amhara by accusing Ali of becoming a Muslim.
255:, who is now the Negesta Nagastat, married the widow of a high-ranking Oromo. The Oromos who resided in Gondar now would become close confidants to the Negesta Nagastat and significantly place substantial political influence within the kingdom.
1033:
Salama. Meanwhile, Kassa began to advance towards Sennar to reconquer the areas which were once under his governorship by the Egyptians. Kassa was no match against the Egyptians and his army was obliterated by Egyptian muskets and cannons.
270:, who visited Gonder during the period under discussion, wrote that "Nothing was heard at the palace but the Afaan Oromo language". In addition to this, marriage alliances between noble Yejju Oromos and elite Amharas were frequent. It was
472:
Goshu in Gojjam, he marched with the bulk of his army to Lasta then quickly turned to Semien and attacked Wube. Sebagadis, who was watching his border with Lasta, did not come to the aid of his ally and Wube preferred to submit to the
948:
Ali and Wube had deteriorated that another major contest between the two was expected momentarily and Mennen was forced to leave Chelega in order to support her son in the approaching crisis. While Mennen marched to join the
144:
period. The Oromo partially assimilated the Yejju and called them by the name of “warra sheik”. Due to their native origin, the yejju mostly spoke Amharic and adapted themselves better than the rest of the Oromo clans in
1165:
Balaw were killed in battle. The battle shocked the entire country and Kassa was finally able to come from behind his mask of submissiveness and openly declare his aim to defeat Ali and reunite Ethiopia under his rule.
655:
Kassai, the son of Sebagadis, rebelled against him and succeeded in making himself the master of most of Tigray. The situation came to an end however when Wube's superior firearms was able to destroy the rebellion.
123:
The Yeju were people that were first mentioned in the 16th century Futuḥ al-Ḥabash chronicle under the name "Al-Ejju". They inhabited a district called "Qawat” located in eastern Shewa. Eventually they settled in
1157:, however, was far from forgiving and collected a sizeable force with Birru Aligaz, the victor of Debra Tabor, being the commander of the army. In April, the two armies met at Taqusa with Kassa being the victor.
964:
Wube to send him funds and soldiers his coming campaign. Wube, who was himself pestered with rebellions in Tigray used all kinds of excuses and pretexts in order not to comply to the commands of his master. The
944:
revolted and attacked isolated posts of Mennen's troops. Consequently, Mennen marched with her army to Chelega but Kassa retreated. Mennen was furious and wanted revenge but in the meantime relations between
1239:
who on the eastern escarpment of the northern plateau... have been in ling and close contact with the Amharas have resisted absorption and have therefore been the source of grave weakness to the Amharas"
485:. Although the Tigrayans had a superior army, due to the equipment by the British, the match-locked men were poorly employed and the Oromo cavalry won the field after a most bloody fight in which the
1037:
When Kassa had recovered from his wounds, he was in a very difficult situation, as even the remnants of his army were in a rebellious mood. He was faced even in a more serious crisis when the
274:, the wife of Bakaffa, who arranged marriage alliance between her son Iyasu II and a Muslim Oromo princess from Wollo, Wabi, the daughter of Amito, a powerful Wolloye chief. From this union,
152:
The Yejju dynasty were known as the "Warra Sheik", meaning; the descendant of Sheikh Omar. According to the Yejju tradition, Sheikh Omar was an Arab from the Arabia peninsula who during the
829:
If Muhammad Ali will capture Abyssinia he would be able to recruit forces for the army, especially by taking and organizing... the Galla people, who will furnish him with men and horses.
825:
Wube from the Pasha of Mecca; but it is not known whether this mission was political, religious, or economic. In October 1841, the missionary Krapf who was in Shewa wrote the following:
743:
On the same year, Wube's army advanced into Begamder and soon, together with his ally Goshu, captured Gondar. Wube and Goshu then proceeded to attack Ali's army who met at Debra Tabor.
969:, who had distrusted Wube since the battle of Debra Tabor crossed into Wogera. Wube quickly mobilized his armies and rished from Tigre to Semien. As soon as Wube was again at war with
940:. Kassa accepted the offer but was later embarrassed to find out that the position that he was to be given in Qwara was subordinate to that of one of Mennen's weaker Muslim generals.
177:, the Oromo settled in modern day Wollo and established dynasties, two of the most notable ones being the Mammedoch and the Warra Sheik. The Mammedoch dynasty had its origin from the
996:
and was paid tribute. After the crisis was over, Mennen rushed quickly into Gondar and soon afterwards followed a retreating army of Kassa in the direction of the northern shores of
497:
I have only fought this war to defend my country, which you wished, without cause, to ruin, and of which I was the father. You may kill my body; but my soul is in the hands of God...
422:
was, however, a signal for power among all important lords in the country. Local warlords formed coalitions to overcome the regent Oromo nobility of Begamder and Amhara. In the end,
863:
aspirations of restoring the Solomonic dynasty, he had continued adopted the policy of fostering relations with the European Powers from former governor of Tigray, Sebagadis.
689:
was forced to return to help his mother who was faced with a rebellion in Agawmeder, Dembya, and Wogera. The growing tension in Dembya and Wogera had grown due to rebellious
1105:
Between the years 1849 and 1852 most of northern Ethiopia enjoyed a period of relative stability and internal peace, the like of which it had not known since the times of
1029:
Goshi and his son Birru Goshu invaded Begamder and finally reached Gondar at the end of the year. They sacked the city due to the harsh treatment that was brought upon
307:". In the coming decades, the guardianship of the King of Kings passed into the hands of a Yejju Oromo family. The founder of this new dynasty of the Oromo regents was
778:'s position was war from secure. His enemies were still active in Gojjam, Damot, Dembya, and Lasta. Most of the clergy and the Christian population were against the
555:
Marye. They pillaged and destroyed everything in sight, slayed all the men and women, and destroyed the province politically in disdain. As soon as they had reached
334:
When Sehul died in 1779, his son Wolde Gabriel succeeded him as the governor of Tigre and took up battle against the Oromo authority in Gondar but fell in battle to
783:
the repercussions of the Debre Tabor conflict only added to Ali's predicament. However, the aftermath of the Debre Tabor battle further complicated Ali's position.
723:
went through the roof when he openly announced that he intended to attack him, who he claimed was Muslim at the heart. He proclaimed that after he had defeated the
140:. He also states that there can be little doubt that the Al-Ejju that are mentioned in Futuḥ al-Habasha are the forefathers of the latter known Yejju people of the
1248:
The Galla to the north of Shoa particularly Wollo, Yejju and Raya Gallas , have never been thoroughly assimilated and remain a political liability. Accounts of
1188:
cavalry were only smashed because of Kassa's personal bravery and the devotion of his followers. When it became apparent that Kassa was about to win the day, the
1119:
it. This time, Kassa was able to recruit into his service a number of deserters from the Egyptian army who would help him in his later major battle with the
651:
just yet as the situation in Tigray was still uncertain. In fact, when Wube rushed from Tigray across Takkaze to Semien in expectation of an attack from the
395:
576:
Throughout the 1830s and until the last years of the 1840s, the three most important rulers of Ethiopia were Wube a non-tigrayan ruler of Tigray, Semien,
2041:
40:
1636:
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Ali had demanded for Kassa to appear in Debra Tabor and if not, then he would attack him. This time, Kassa flatly refused the demand. As a result, the
663:
Ali, Wube wanted more firearms to offset the superiority of the Oromo cavalry in the field and wanted to unite all Christians of Ethiopia behind him.
1149:
This victory was one of the first successful battles which made Kassa the master of Ethiopia but Kassa did not feel strong enough to challenge the
262:, the son of Bakaffa, came into power Oromo influence in the court was enormous and unsettled the Amhara nobles who questioned Oromo authority.
2355:
953:, Kassa took advantage of the opportunity by ravaging Ddembya. He entered Gondar in January 1847 and appointed his own officials in the town.
880:
Ali's army was continually engaged in the suppression of rebellions in the Amhara provinces and in a fruitless chase of Goshu, who had defied
1006:
Ali, who was on his way to Lasta, quickly marched to Gondar to revenge Kassa. Once he had reached Kassa, he resorted to common sense and the
501:
A year after the execution of Sebagadis, people all over the Amhara countries were still lamenting Sebagadis, despite him being Tigrayan:
1511:. Internet Archive. London : Ravens Educational & Development Services ; Trenton, N.J. : Red Sea Press. p. 28.
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in 1936 indicate that the Wollo Oromo spat at him and he passed through their areas he refused to travel there again (Shepherd 1975:9).
1202:
1071:
Ali's army once again, Dejamatch Goshu surrendered immediately and was confirmed governorship while his turbulent son, who hated the
1000:. Once the two armies met, Mennen was completely defeated and was taken prisoner together with her husband, former Emperor Yohannes.
977:
Araya, an enemy of Wube, declared himself ruler of Tigray, and Muhammad Ali had assumed full authority on the coast of the Red Sea.
489:
was killed. Sebagadis had surrendered to Wube and was handed over to the Oromos to be executed in retaliation for the death of the
1209:
to save British hostages held by Tewodros, the Emperor was surrounded by hostile Oromos who have every assistance to the British.
1138:
wished to pit the two chiefs against each other whom he did not really care much for as long as one would be destroyed in battle.
377:
rose to power. After the death of Wolde Selassie, Tigray fell into a political crisis. The regent Oromos continued to expand into
2034:
1193:
the Oromo aspirations and brought an end of the Yejju dynasty of Ethiopia, as well as the end of the long era Zemene Mesafint.
220:
The Oromo firmly ensconced Wollo and dominated political and social life quickly in their new settlement. On the other side of
1665:
Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom 1508 - 1708, with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences
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Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom, 1508-1708: with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences
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Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom, 1508-1708: with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences
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had moved down to the plains of Ayshal, which were particularly suitable for the employment of his unbeatable Oromo cavalry.
453:
In 1830, Sabagadis succeeded in forming a loose coalition with the Christian rulers of Gojjam, Lasta, and Semien against
793:
was forced to march with his former enemy against his loyal ally. Moreover, the Muslim rulers who have always supported
399:
Zadwe of Gojjam and Damot tried to oppose the Oromo ascendancy and their spread into eastern Gojjam but was defeated by
2524:
2027:
1052:
marched on Dembya in January 1849, ravaged the town, and defeated Kassa's army. Kassa surrendered and appeared to the
2529:
1380:
903:
Ali's mother, was ruler of the provinces to the west and north of Lake Tana. These areas were infested with bands of
854:
Gondar completely subsided by the end of 1842 as the Egyptians were so absorbed with their expansion along the Nile.
1169:
A short time after the battle of Taqusa, Kassa marched his army southwards to Debra Tabor, but in the meantime the
1288:
culture during the 20th century, the descendants of the Yejju, presently found in the Amhara Region, identify as
1206:
1898:
Ethiopia: the Era of the Princes: The Challenge of Islam and Re-unification of the Christian Empire, 1769-1855
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Ali, the situation in Tigray reverted to what it had been in 1842. Rebellions broke out different provinces,
239:
Their support was decisive and Amhara nobles sent an invitation and a plea for the fighting force to stay in
202:
1490:
1411:
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and Mennen wanted him on their side. He therefore was promised that if he would declare his loyalty to the
809:, was planning on invading Ethiopia.On leaving Ethiopia at the end of 1839, European diplomat and explorer
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by Aligaz. Wube and his son were taken prisoners but Goshu managed to escape across the Abbay into Gojjam.
2478:
1231:
A number of observers have commented on the importance of the Wollo Oromo to instability of Amhara rule.
849:
to take advantage of the Ethiopians who were in a difficult situation with internal matters. As soon as
647:
Ali. He succeeded in forming an alliance with Goshu of Gojjam and Damot but was not ready to attack the
2488:
1130:
after renewing his campaign against Birru Goshu, ordered his own troops back to Begamder and commanded
837:, a messenger of Muhammad came to him carrying the following message signed with the seal of the Pasha:
810:
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rule in Gondar. This period of that eventually followed would be known as the "Era of Princes", or the
193:
133:
2050:
1829:"Éloi Ficquet and Wolbert G.C. Smidt, eds, The Life and Times of Lïj Iyasu of Ethiopia: New Insights"
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Yejju, Gosdu was back again causing trouble in Gojjam and while Kassa was causing trouble in Gondar.
636:
did not take his position seriously when it came down to religious affairs and practiced a system of
1680:
789:
Merso, who had reached Semien in the meantime, refused to give his brother's governorship, and the
205:, Yejju in addition to their native tongue also knew the speech of the Muslims which he states was
960:
Ali, who was preparing for his annual expedition against Aligaz Goshu, called upon his tributary
212:
156:
settled in Angot/yejju. The Yejju dynasty dominated Ethiopia during the Zemene Mesafint period.
2369:
682:. Dissatisfied with his father's submissiveness, Goshu fought his own father whom he defeated.
153:
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His words did not match his actions as later Muhammad Ali would dispatch the Egyptian army to
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2165:
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to ask for forgiveness. He was forgiven and confirmed his governorship and later joined the
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under the leadership of their clan leader, Babo. The Warra Sheik dynasty had its origins in
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1484:
1405:
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Ali and Wube's troops were avoiding battle. It had become evident due to the fact that the
1220:
first conquered the Wollo Oromo and created a single administrative region that he called
192:
According to professor Muhammad Hassan, the El-Ejju, an Oromo clan, would be converted by
8:
2215:
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Dori's disease creased upon him during the month of May when it was terminated in death.
524:
1553:"Society and Ethnicity in the Politics of Christian Ethiopia during the Zamana Masafent"
1428:"Society and Ethnicity in the Politics of Christian Ethiopia during the Zamana Masafent"
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By the half of 1838, it was an open secret that Wube was actively plotting to overthrow
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Crisis and Terror in the Horn of Africa: Autopsy of Democracy, Human Rights and Freedom
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Marye was forewarned of the plot and dealt with his opponents singly. After defeating
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The Galla of Ethiopia; The Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero: North Eastern Africa Part II
1261:
679:
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100:, also historically known as the Yajju, Edjow or Edjou Galla, are a sub-clan of the
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However, when the Belgian Consul in Egypt arrived in Gondar to negotiate with the
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The death of Iyoas I would spark the Zemene Mesafint which would last until 1855.
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Do not fear, your friends will be my friends and your enemies will be my enemies.
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instead of returning to their home district of Qawat. According to the historian
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Therefore, Ethiopia was left in the hands of an infantile and lethargic ruler.
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Ali I after his death and after a period for struggle among Tigrayan nobility,
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924:, had gained the support of the local populace and rose to much fame that the
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Ali led his armies against Birru Aligaz. Taking advantage of this situation,
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701:
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319:
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2019:
1361:
1337:"Africa :: Ethiopia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
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Ali II's army was mostly composed of Oromo contingents and was supported by
678:, however, took away west and north of Lake Tana and gave it to his mother,
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INVISIBLE ACTORS: THE OROMO AND THE CREATION OF MODERN ETHIOPIA (1855-1913)
907:, who often raided the trade routes between Ethiopia and Sudan. One of the
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It was said that right before his be-heading, Sebagadis said to the Oromos:
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109:
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88:
1224:. In this province, Oromos were sandwiched between Amhara on one side and
251:. Many of the Oromo cavalry stayed in the Gondar region, especially after
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to the traditional social and political structures of Christian Ethiopia.
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on the other. This administrative unit still exists with the name Wollo.
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Merso. Wube's army was overwhelming superior in firearms compared to the
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yet and in an effort blamed Mennen for all their misunderstandings. The
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Gugsa in 1825, northern Ethiopia was relatively quiet. The death of the
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1600:"Social and political history of Wollo Province in Ethiopia: 1769-1916"
1534:"Social and political history of Wollo Province in Ethiopia: 1769-1916"
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Ali's daughter and the governorship of his birthplace, the district of
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until his fall with Kassa Hailu in 1853. Another major problem for the
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Social and Political History of Wollo Province in Ethiopia: 1769-1916
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Social and Political History of Wollo Province in Ethiopia: 1769-1916
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in his campaign against Goshu and Birru Goshu. Kassa would serve the
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Once the news of Massawa had reached Wube, he had surrendered to the
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the Amharas as puppets for their own political and social advantage.
229:
221:
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The current situation in Begamader had become so explosive that the
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is to have said dominated the Imperial court. A Scottish traveller,
132:
they were originally Christians but many were converted to Islam by
1568:
1443:
712:
315:
271:
259:
113:
2155:
1273:
1265:
1244:
G. A. Lipsky also notes in a survey of the peoples of the empire:
1180:
Ali to Qwarta and on the 29th of June, the two armies clashed at
814:
577:
275:
252:
233:
182:
101:
160:
remnants of the forces of Ahmad Gragn, and the migrating Oromo.
1624:. United States of America: Transaction Publishers. p. 93.
1214:
expand the area of Abyssinian rule beyond its historical limits
909:
445:
The political crisis in Tigray had come to an end in 1822 with
378:
240:
46:
1101:
The fall of Ras Ali II of Yejju and end of the Zemene Mesafint
1093:
mountain fortress where he was besieged until the fall of the
540:
After the death of Sebagadis, the Oromo army, under a furious
1269:
1182:
Ayshal in one of the bloodiest battles of the Zemene Mesafint
846:
390:
386:
244:
186:
125:
84:
670:
Ali at the beginning of 1839, Goshu swore allegiance to the
232:
principalities for supremacy within the Abyssinian kingdom.
556:
551:
Marye, went on to ravage Tigray in revenge of the death of
517:
The people of this country, will they find it a good thing
45:
Portrait of Woodage Asahel, a Yejju Oromo elite located in
1638:
The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300-1700
801:
During this already uneasy period, there were rumors that
530:
Mariam (Marye), with five thousand Gallas, had killed him
884:
Ali's rule. Goshu would continue to be a problem for the
189:. However, there are other origin theories of the Yejju.
1764:
Revolutionary Ethiopia: From Empire to People's Republic
1201:
Tewodros' campaign eventually foundered and by the time
632:
control of the regents and his legitimacy was firm. The
536:
The friend of the Christians has fallen at Daga Shaha."
1925:
Greater Tigray and the Mysterious Magnetism of Ethiopia
1557:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1508:
Empress Taytu and Menilek II : Ethiopia, 1883-1910
1432:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1064:
faithfully whenever called upon to do so until 1852.
896:
Salama who he had to keep under control as an asset.
621:
Ali II, whom he believed stole his rightful title to
602:
came into power in 1831 upon the deaths of his uncle
813:
met an Arab notable in the house of the governor of
136:
and assisted him in his conquest of the province of
1085:, later crowned Tewodros II, the man who ended the
508:Has fallen at Daga Shaha, by the hand of Aubeshat!
520:To eat ears of corn which have grown in the blood
514:Has fallen at Daga Shaha, weltering in his blood!
216:A Yejju Oromo women from Wollo spinning wool, 1869
108:. They are one of the northernmost communities of
1369:. University of the Western Cape. pp. 98–99.
1176:After the burning of Debra Tabor, Kassa followed
746:Both armies were similar in size, around 30,000.
247:and to act as a deterrent to future threats from
185:, who would also invade northwards, specifically
2516:
1867:
858:established authority on both sides of Takkaze.
437:Gugsa, for an alliance to defeat the coalition.
393:, and to a lesser degree, Tigray. Initially the
774:Despite the victory against the coalition, the
758:, who had bad relations with Christian Europe.
571:
329:
201:occupation of Ethiopia. According to historian
1999:Politics and the Ethiopian Famine: 1984 - 1985
1952:Journal of Three Years' Residence in Abyssinia
1868:Toggia, Pietro; Lauderdale, Pat (2017-03-02).
598:Gugsa through his son Alula of Yejju. The new
440:
361:
291:
2049:
2035:
1360:Melaku, Misganaw Tadesse (6 September 2019).
1268:, Yejju was divided between the districts of
483:two armies met at Mai Islami near Debra Abbai
1790:"The Early History of Ethiopian Horse-Names"
1126:At the end of the rainy season of 1852, the
1308:
876:Throughout 1845 and the beginning of 1846,
29:
2042:
2028:
1010:agreed to give him all the territories of
932:and join his followers, he would be given
39:
16:Subgroup of Oromo ethnic group in Ethiopia
1844:
1787:
1733:
511:Alas! Sebagadis, the pillar of the poor,
403:Gugsa. Zadwe's territories were given to
1077:
865:
700:
211:
1995:
1550:
1425:
1329:
2517:
1921:
1760:
1711:10.7208/chicago/9780226229676.001.0001
1698:
1634:
1619:
1597:
1531:
1504:
1359:
286:
2023:
1991:
1989:
1969:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
1948:
1826:
1688:. B.A, Morehouse College. p. 41.
1615:
1613:
732:Ali. He therefore excommunicated the
533:For half of a loaf, for cup of wine,
505:"Alas! Sebagadis, the friend of all,
1894:
1668:. University of London. p. 139.
1309:Huntingford, G. W. B. (2017-02-10).
1207:expedition made its way to Abyssinia
1018:in exchange for his mother, Mennen.
674:and reinstated in his position. The
55:Regions with significant populations
1996:Clay, Jason W.; Holcomb, Bonnie K.
1734:Adejumobi, Saheed A. (2006-12-30).
1264:in 1994 and the abolishment of the
13:
1986:
1965:
1820:
1661:
1610:
1472:
1393:
1284:of Yejju Oromos into the dominant
1276:, and the mid-altitude portion of
1134:Goshu to march against Kassa. The
1044:With the end of the rainy season,
817:. The notable was on a mission to
14:
2541:
1678:
1598:Melaku, Misganaw Tadesse (2020).
1532:Melaku, Misganaw Tadesse (2020).
460:, the brother and predecessor of
1266:Awrajja administrative structure
1959:
1942:
1915:
1888:
1861:
1781:
1754:
1727:
1705:. University of Chicago Press.
1692:
1672:
1655:
1628:
1591:
224:, skirmishes broke out between
1827:Ancel, Stéphane (2016-07-07).
1604:University of the Western Cape
1544:
1538:University of the Western Cape
1525:
1498:
1466:
1419:
1387:
1353:
1302:
719:Wube's growing hatred for the
1:
1922:Erlich, Haggai (2023-11-30).
1740:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
1379:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1295:
1142:Ali's plan was a success and
1075:, preferred to escape to his
1021:At the end of April in 1847,
617:Maru, often rebelled against
1846:10.15460/aethiopica.18.1.794
1767:. Indiana University Press.
1196:
572:Reign of Ras Ali II of Yejju
477:rather than face him alone.
330:Reign of Ras Aligaz of Yejju
314:, who ruled the province of
7:
1788:Pankhurst, Richard (1989).
1146:on the plains of Gur Amba.
1014:Kinfu as well as the title
871:Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt
441:Reign of Ras Marye of Yejju
424:Wube Haile Maryam of Semien
362:Reign of Ras Gugsa of Yejju
292:Reign of Ras Ali I of Yejju
10:
2546:
2002:. Transaction Publishers.
1761:Keller, Edmond J. (1988).
1699:Levine, Donald N. (2000).
1235:writes of the Wollo Oromo:
625:and sole ruler of Gondar.
168:
163:
2525:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia
2471:
2368:
2261:
2174:
2066:
2057:
2051:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia
1635:Hassen, Mohammed (2015).
1620:Melaku, Misganaw (2019).
1144:Goshu was killed by Kassa
611:Goshu of Gojjam and Damot
83:
78:
71:
66:
59:
54:
38:
27:
2530:Ethiopian noble families
1895:Abir, Mordechai (1968).
1641:. Boydell & Brewer.
1551:Crummey, Donald (1975).
1489:: CS1 maint: location (
1426:Crummey, Donald (1975).
1410:: CS1 maint: location (
1737:The History of Ethiopia
525:St. Micheal of November
1949:Gobat, Samuel (1850).
1505:Prouty, Chris (1986).
1258:
1242:
1090:
917:who was a relative to
873:
843:
831:
716:
693:leaders, specifically
613:, the grand nephew of
538:
499:
301:Mikael Sehul of Tigray
217:
30:
1966:NA, NA (2016-09-27).
1473:Aregay, Merid Wolde.
1394:Aregay, Merid Wolde.
1260:With the adoption of
1246:
1237:
1184:. The charges of the
1081:
869:
839:
827:
763:Battle of Debra Tabor
736:, and proclaimed the
704:
666:After this defeat by
503:
495:
349:Aligaz would succeed
215:
173:As a result of their
1928:. Hurst Publishers.
2216:Soddo Gurage people
1114:Ali's command. The
956:During April 1846,
715:ruler of Abyssinia.
659:Planning to attack
414:Until the death of
370:Aligaz, his nephew
366:After the death of
322:from his centre in
287:Zemene Mesafint era
24:
1091:
874:
805:, the governor of
717:
594:, the grandson of
523:Who will remember
218:
154:Ethiopian-Adal war
130:Merid Wolde Aregay
22:
2512:
2511:
2364:
2363:
2009:978-1-4128-3128-4
1979:978-1-137-11786-1
1935:978-1-80526-329-6
1908:978-0-582-64517-2
1881:978-1-351-94744-2
1774:978-0-253-20646-6
1747:978-0-313-08823-0
1720:978-0-226-47561-5
1648:978-1-84701-117-6
1518:978-0-932415-11-0
1322:978-1-315-30809-8
1262:ethnic federalism
1161:Birru Aligaz and
811:Arnauld d'Abbadie
433:, another son of
341:, the brother of
203:Richard Pankhurst
183:southern Ethiopia
116:, along with the
94:
93:
2537:
2479:African American
2064:
2063:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1702:Greater Ethiopia
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1306:
1252:'s journey from
1067:When faced with
899:Empress Mennen,
464:Yimam. However,
245:Negesta Nagastat
43:
33:
25:
21:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2467:
2360:
2257:
2170:
2053:
2048:
2018:
2017:
2010:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1964:
1960:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1825:
1821:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1662:Aregay, Merid.
1660:
1656:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1618:
1611:
1596:
1592:
1549:
1545:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1503:
1499:
1482:
1481:
1479:(Thesis). 1971.
1471:
1467:
1424:
1420:
1403:
1402:
1400:(Thesis). 1971.
1392:
1388:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1212:In his push to
1199:
1103:
1087:Zemene Mesafint
709:Ali II of Yejju
592:Ali II of Yejju
574:
547:the brother of
447:Sabagadis Woldu
443:
364:
339:Aligaz of Yejju
332:
294:
289:
281:Zemene Mesafint
207:Harari language
171:
166:
142:Zemene Mesafint
50:
34:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2472:Non-Indigenous
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2008:
1985:
1978:
1958:
1941:
1934:
1914:
1907:
1887:
1880:
1860:
1819:
1780:
1773:
1753:
1746:
1726:
1719:
1691:
1679:Yates, Brian.
1671:
1654:
1647:
1627:
1609:
1590:
1569:10.2307/216650
1543:
1524:
1517:
1497:
1465:
1444:10.2307/216650
1418:
1386:
1352:
1328:
1321:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1250:Haile Selassie
1233:Margery Perham
1198:
1195:
1102:
1099:
728:tendencies of
638:laissez faire.
587:of Showa, and
585:Sahle Selassie
580:, and Wogera,
573:
570:
527:to give alms?
458:Marye of Yejju
442:
439:
431:Yimam of Yejju
409:Alula of Yejju
375:Gugsa of Yejju
363:
360:
355:Wolde Selassie
331:
328:
312:Ali I of Yejju
305:Kings of Kings
293:
290:
288:
285:
243:to defend the
199:Adal Sultanate
170:
167:
165:
162:
92:
91:
81:
80:
76:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
61:Wollo Province
57:
56:
52:
51:
44:
36:
35:
28:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2542:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2011:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1874:. Routledge.
1873:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1492:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1324:
1318:
1315:. Routledge.
1314:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:. Due to the
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
963:
959:
954:
952:
947:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
921:
916:
912:
911:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
868:
864:
861:
855:
852:
848:
842:
838:
836:
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
796:
792:
788:
784:
781:
777:
772:
769:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
741:
739:
735:
731:
726:
722:
714:
710:
708:
703:
699:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
657:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
630:
626:
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545:Dori of Yejju
544:
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407:Gugsa's son,
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65:
62:
58:
53:
48:
42:
37:
32:
26:
2370:Nilo-Saharan
2221:Chebo people
2199:Beta Abraham
2059:Afro-Asiatic
1998:
1972:. Springer.
1968:
1961:
1955:. M.W. Dodd.
1951:
1944:
1924:
1917:
1897:
1890:
1870:
1863:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1763:
1756:
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1527:
1507:
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1475:
1468:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1396:
1389:
1362:
1355:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1331:
1311:
1304:
1282:assimilation
1274:Weldiya town
1259:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1211:
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1177:
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881:
877:
875:
859:
856:
850:
844:
840:
834:
832:
828:
822:
818:
803:Muhammad Ali
800:
794:
790:
786:
785:
779:
775:
773:
767:
760:
755:
751:
747:
745:
742:
737:
733:
729:
724:
720:
718:
706:
690:
686:
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675:
671:
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648:
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637:
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628:
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589:
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372:
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350:
346:
342:
336:
333:
309:
298:
295:
258:By the time
257:
238:
219:
191:
172:
158:
151:
122:
112:residing in
110:Oromo people
106:Oromo people
97:
95:
89:Christianity
31:Yajju, Edjow
19:Ethnic group
2204:Falash Mura
2194:Beta Israel
1901:. Praeger.
1839:: 276–278.
1800:: 197–206.
1495:pp. 138-139
1485:cite thesis
1416:pp. 138-139
1406:cite thesis
1341:www.cia.gov
1254:Addis Ababa
1240:(1969:303).
1205:celebrated
1083:Kassa Hailu
915:Kassa Hailu
740:a heretic.
711:, the last
695:Kassa Hailu
324:Debra Tabor
268:James Bruce
264:Afaan Oromo
194:Ahmad Gragn
138:Bete Amhara
98:Yejju Oromo
73:Afaan Oromo
2519:Categories
1833:Aethiopica
1563:(2): 277.
1438:(2): 277.
1346:2020-06-29
1296:References
1278:Guba Lafto
1218:Menelik II
1163:Dejazmatch
1159:Dejazmatch
1132:Dejazmatch
1027:Dejazmatch
1016:Dejazmatch
1012:Dejazmatch
962:Dejazmatch
920:Dejazmatch
823:Dejazmatch
787:Dejazmatch
752:Dejazmatch
470:Dejazmatch
396:Dejazmatch
175:expansions
134:Ahmad Gran
104:branch of
2504:Jamaicans
2448:Shanqella
2438:Nyangatom
2346:Wolaitans
2096:Daasanach
1855:2194-4024
1806:0078-7809
1577:0361-7882
1452:0361-7882
1375:cite book
1197:Aftermath
1097:in 1853.
998:Lake Tana
913:leaders,
609:Dejamatch
234:Bakaffa I
222:Abyssinia
67:Languages
2499:Italians
2484:Armenian
2341:Shinasha
2243:Tigrayan
2126:Kambaata
2068:Cushitic
1814:40733033
1794:Paideuma
1540:: 98–99.
1203:Napier's
821:Ali and
713:de facto
316:Begamder
272:Mentewab
260:Iyasu II
230:Tigrayan
114:Ethiopia
79:Religion
2489:Chinese
2398:Kichepo
2281:Basketo
2189:Argobba
2176:Semitic
2156:Somalis
1290:Amharas
1286:Habesha
975:Balgada
815:Massawa
578:Wolkait
345:Ali I.
276:Iyoas I
253:Bakaffa
169:Origins
164:History
118:Raayyaa
102:Barento
2494:Greeks
2413:Majang
2263:Omotic
2238:Wolane
2233:Silt'e
2228:Harari
2211:Gurage
2184:Amhara
2161:Tsamai
2151:Sidama
2141:Qemant
2116:Hadiya
2086:Arbore
2006:
1976:
1932:
1905:
1878:
1853:
1812:
1804:
1771:
1744:
1717:
1645:
1585:216650
1583:
1575:
1515:
1460:216650
1458:
1450:
1319:
910:Shifta
905:Shifta
738:Ichege
691:shifta
680:Mennen
426:asked
383:Semien
379:Gojjam
320:Amhara
249:Tigray
241:Gondar
226:Amhara
47:Gondar
2463:Tirma
2458:Surma
2453:Shita
2443:Shabo
2428:Mursi
2423:Murle
2418:Mekan
2408:Kwegu
2403:Kwama
2393:Gumuz
2388:Berta
2378:Anuak
2356:Zayse
2351:Yemsa
2336:Maale
2331:Koore
2326:Konta
2321:Hamar
2306:Dorze
2296:Dawro
2291:Chara
2286:Bench
2276:Banna
2248:Werji
2166:Weyto
2136:Oromo
2131:Konso
2111:Gedeo
2106:Gabra
2101:Danta
1810:JSTOR
1686:(PDF)
1606:: 99.
1581:JSTOR
1456:JSTOR
1367:(PDF)
1270:Habru
1222:Wollo
1031:Abuna
980:Both
938:Qwara
922:Kinfu
894:Abuna
847:Wehni
807:Egypt
606:Dori.
583:Negus
391:Lasta
387:Showa
187:Angot
147:Wollo
126:Angot
85:Islam
23:Yejju
2433:Nuer
2383:Bare
2316:Gofa
2311:Gamo
2301:Dizi
2271:Aari
2146:Saho
2121:Irob
2081:Agaw
2076:Afar
2004:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1930:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1851:ISSN
1802:ISSN
1769:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1573:ISSN
1513:ISBN
1491:link
1448:ISSN
1412:link
1381:link
1317:ISBN
1226:Afar
1186:Ras'
892:was
761:The
725:Ras,
653:Ras,
557:Axum
491:Ras.
318:and
228:and
179:Arsi
96:The
87:and
2253:Zay
2091:Awi
1841:doi
1707:doi
1565:doi
1440:doi
1190:Ras
1178:Ras
1171:Ras
1155:Ras
1151:Ras
1140:Ras
1136:Ras
1128:Ras
1121:Ras
1116:Ras
1112:Ras
1107:Ras
1095:Ras
1073:Ras
1069:Ras
1062:Ras
1058:Ras
1054:Ras
1050:Ras
1046:Ras
1039:Ras
1023:Ras
1008:Ras
1004:Ras
994:Ras
986:Ras
982:Ras
971:Ras
967:Ras
958:Ras
951:Ras
946:Ras
934:Ras
930:Ras
926:Ras
901:Ras
890:Ras
886:Ras
882:Ras
878:Ras
860:Ras
851:Ras
835:Ras
819:Ras
795:Ras
791:Ras
780:Ras
776:Ras
768:Ras
756:Ras
748:Ras
734:Ras
730:Ras
721:Ras
707:Ras
687:Ras
676:Ras
672:Ras
668:Ras
661:Ras
649:Ras
645:Ras
634:Ras
629:Ras
623:Ras
619:Ras
615:Ras
604:Ras
600:Ras
596:Ras
590:Ras
566:Ras
561:Ras
553:Ras
549:Ras
543:Ras
487:Ras
475:Ras
466:Ras
462:Ras
456:Ras
435:Ras
429:Ras
420:Ras
416:Ras
405:Ras
401:Ras
373:Ras
368:Ras
351:Ras
347:Ras
343:Ras
337:Ras
310:Ras
299:Ras
2521::
1988:^
1849:.
1837:18
1835:.
1831:.
1808:.
1798:35
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1792:.
1713:.
1612:^
1602:.
1579:.
1571:.
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1555:.
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1816:.
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