55:
705:, including in the "ears" of the bastion, which would have overlooked the moat. When first built the interior of the castle formed a sequence of buildings around a courtyard, but the southern half of the castle was filled in shortly afterwards to produce a solid gun platform able to support heavy guns. It was later raised again in the 17th century to its current height. The parapet is now covered with turf, with 19th-century rounded corners, and the platform still has the rails on which the four naval guns would have traversed, dating from 1855. A small lodging room, built on the platform at the top of the stairs, has since been destroyed.
71:
605:
681:
504:
559:
371:
2171:
724:, hall and kitchen on the ground floor, and a chamber and attic on the floors above. The parlour and hall would have originally been separated by a screen; the chamber would also have been subdivided. On the first floor is a small chamber, supported on arches above the courtyard, which was used as a lodging. On the second floor, the Long Room runs on top of the barrel-vaulted chambers, its massive, original roof still intact.
78:
578:, unless the town of Yarmouth agreed to take over the financial responsibility of running the site themselves. The town declined to do so, but Charles repeated the offer in 1666; this time Yarmouth seems to have taken action, appointing four soldiers for a garrison, although the town did not assign an officer to command them, or apparently make any repairs to the now dilapidated castle.
487:
solid artillery platform able to hold eight heavy guns with an uninterrupted field of fire over the sea, and he probably also constructed the Master Gunner's House on the other side of the castle. Nonetheless, an inspection in 1586 showed that the fortification was in poor condition. Work costing £50 was done in 1587, including the erection of an earth
585:, the new Captain of the Isle of Wight, had some of the guns brought back from Cowes to the castle. The site was refortified and a new battery placed on the adjacent quay, but the older earthworks were demolished and the moat was filled in. Holmes built a mansion for himself alongside the castle, where on three occasions he hosted the King.
731:
417:, and remarry. This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538, and the Pope encouraged the two countries to attack England. Henry responded in 1539 by ordering the construction of fortifications along the most vulnerable parts of the coast, through an instruction called a "
730:
708:
The arrow-head design of the castle's bastion reflected new ideas about defensive fortifications spreading out from Italy in the 16th century. Earlier
Henrician castles had used the older European style of semi-circular bastions to avoid presenting any weak spots in the stonework, but an arrow-headed
616:
Yarmouth Castle continued to be used, and records from 1718 and 1760 show it was equipped with eight 6-pound (2.7 kg) and five 9-pound (4.1 kg) guns along the castle and the quay platforms, respectively. Throughout this period it was probably staffed by a captain and six gunners, supported
528:
were raised in height and further lodgings and a long room for stores were constructed within the castle. Some of the stone used for this may have been reused from nearby
Sandown, whose walls had been destroyed by the sea; before it was used at Sandown, the stone appears to have been taken from the
782:
Comparing early modern costs and prices with those of the modern period is challenging. £1,000 in 1547 could be equivalent to between £497,000 and £210 million in 2014, depending on the price comparison used, and £50 in 1587 to between £11,000 and £4.4 million. £300 in 1609 could equate to between
486:
came to the throne in 1558, however, peace was made with France and military attention shifted towards the
Spanish threat to England. Elizabeth reappointed Worsley to his post and he carried out an extensive redevelopment of the castle. Worsley filled in half of the castle's courtyard to produce a
523:
A survey in 1623 by the castle's captain, John Burley, reported that the garrison comprised only four gunners and the captain, with the buildings in a "ruinous" state and the defences in need of repair; similar concerns were raised in 1625 and 1629. Suggestions that a half-moon battery should be
397:
had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities, only taking a small role in building and maintaining fortifications, and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another, maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of
England seemed unlikely. Modest defences,
511:
Yarmouth Castle continued to be an important military fortification, used both as a fortress but also as a transport hub and a stores depot. The repairs recommended in 1599 were carried out in the first years of the 17th century and a further £300 was invested in
Yarmouth Castle and nearby
632:
and traversing rails were installed on the castle platform, and a regular county army unit was put in place to garrison the fort. In 1881 a proposal was put forward to modernise the entire fortification, but this was rejected and in 1885 the garrison and the guns were withdrawn.
547:, held the castle on behalf of the King with a tiny garrison. Burley negotiated surrender terms, including that he initially be allowed to remain in the castle with armed protection, and the castle remained in the control of Parliament for the rest of the war. Early during the
421:". The immediate threat passed, but resurfaced in 1544, with France threatening an invasion across the Channel, backed by her allies in Scotland. Henry therefore issued another device in 1544 to further improve the country's defences, particularly along the south coast.
429:
and protected the main crossing from the west side of the island to the mainland. Yarmouth Castle was a square artillery fort built around a central courtyard with an angular, "arrow-head" bastion protecting the landward side. It was initially equipped with three
424:
The town of
Yarmouth on the Isle of Wight may have been attacked by the French in 1543; if so, this raid probably encouraged the construction of a castle there as part of the second wave of Device Forts. The fort functioned alongside the existing defences in the
693:
originally protected the south and east side, although this has since been filled in. The castle's 16th-century bulwark, which originally covered the area to the west of Pier Street and the north of Quay Street, and its quay battery have also been destroyed.
783:£50,000 and £14 million; £78 in 1655 to between £12,000 and £2.4 million. For comparison, the total royal expenditure on all the Device Forts across England between 1539–47 came to £376,500, with St Mawes, for example, costing £5,018, and Sandgate £5,584.
617:
by the local militia. In the early 18th century, Holmes' mansion was rebuilt, forming its current appearance. By the 18th century, however, Yarmouth
Harbour had gradually silted up and been destroyed by industrial developments, reducing the value of the
688:
Yarmouth Castle is a square fortification, nearly 100 feet (30 m) across, with an arrow-head bastion protecting the landward side. The north and west walls face the sea, protected by angular buttresses, and a 10-metre (33 ft) wide
596:. Holmes was a supporter of James, but although he intended to control Yarmouth Castle on the monarch's behalf, the local inhabitants and the garrison at Yarmouth sided with William, preventing him from openly siding with the King.
449:
The castle was constructed by George Mills under the direction of
Richard Worsley, the Captain of the Island, on land belonging to the Crown, possibly on the site of a church destroyed during the events of 1543. Henry had
474:
succeeded to the throne there were changes in the leadership on the Isle of Wight and the castle. Worsley was dismissed in favour of a Roman
Catholic appointee in 1553 and Udall was executed in 1555 for his role in the
644:
and in 1912 parts of the castle were leased to the Pier Hotel, which incorporated Robert Holmes's former mansion; the Pier Hotel eventually became the George Hotel and still occupies part of the old castle moat. The
573:
in 1660, he demobilised most of the existing army and the following year the garrison at
Yarmouth was given four days notice to leave the castle. The King announced that the castle's artillery would be sent to
300:
During the 16th and 17th centuries the castle continued to be maintained and modified; the seaward half of the castle was turned into a solid gun platform and additional accommodation was built for the fort's
709:
design enabled defenders to provide much more effective supporting fire against an attacking force. Yarmouth was among the first fortifications in Europe, and the first in England, to adopt this design.
766:
Historians are divided as to whether the French attack of 1543 reached the town; Stuart Rigold suggests that they did not move this far across the island, while W. Page and C. Winter argue the reverse.
458:
was probably reused in the construction of the castle. It was finished by 1547, when Mills was paid £1,000 for his work and to discharge the soldiers who had been guarding the site during the project.
495:, after which further repairs were carried out on the castle. By 1599 the Crown was informed that the castle, which was still considered an important defence for the Solent, needed expensive repairs.
336:
The fortification remained in use through the 18th and 19th centuries, albeit with a smaller garrison and fewer guns, until in 1885 these were finally withdrawn. After a short period as a
712:
The accommodation and other facilities are on the south side of the castle. On the ground floor, the entrance to the castle leads through to a courtyard, linked to four
555:. Most of the soldiers lived outside the castle itself. The annual cost of this force was around £78 and in 1655 the garrison was made smaller again to reduce costs.
2494:
551:
it was decided to increase the size of the garrison at the castle from 30 to 70 soldiers, due to concerns about a potential Royalist attack from the island of
286:
2489:
1605:
2464:
628:
sparked a fresh invasion scare and in 1855 the south coast of England was refortified. Yarmouth Castle underwent considerable repairs that year; four
1863:
Fritze, Ronald H. (1982). "The Role of Family and Religion in the Local Politics of Early Elizabethan England: The Case of Hampshire in the 1560s".
748:
and hall; D – courtyard; E – original entrance; F – kitchen; G – Master Gunner's House; H – Long Room; I – platform; J – attic; K – bastion attic
446:
and 17 soldiers, commanded by Richard Udall, the castle's first captain. Udall lived in the castle, but the soldiers resided in the local town.
101:
2519:
2504:
507:
The castle seen from the sea; the bulwark and the quay battery would have been positioned on the left and right of the castle respectively
70:
716:
rooms in the south-west corner, originally 17th-century lodgings for the garrison. Two of these chambers were converted for use as
2459:
1846:
Henry VIII's Coastal Artillery Fort at Camber Castle, Rye, East Sussex: An Archaeological Structural and Historical Investigation
476:
250:
218:
2106:
684:
Looking across the courtyard at the attic and Long Room (left), a small chamber (centre) and the stairs to the platform (right)
406:
coast, with a few more impressive works in the north of England, but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale.
2499:
2474:
720:
and the fittings of one of these still remains in place. In the south-east corner is the Master Gunner's House, comprising a
2469:
1636:
285:
from the threat of French attack. Just under 100 feet (30 m) across, the square castle was initially equipped with 15
2479:
737:
641:
582:
442:
along the seaward side of the castle. It was garrisoned by a small team of soldiers, consisting of a master gunner, a
2022:
1986:
1948:
1912:
649:
took control of the castle in 1913, carrying out a programme of repairs, and it was used by the military in both the
2509:
2390:
2314:
1612:
1484:
2060:
2041:
1967:
1893:
1853:
451:
2339:
2329:
640:
began using the castle as a signalling station in 1898. In 1901, the War Department passed the castle to the
513:
374:
1559 plan of the castle, showing the original courtyard design, the "arrow-head" bastion and the surrounding
54:
491:
alongside the castle to mount additional guns. The next year saw the attempted invasion of England by the
2206:
637:
548:
337:
2099:
293:
on its landward side; this was very different in style from the earlier circular bastions used in the
2249:
2076:
1324:
1273:
1210:
1011:
2430:
2415:
2395:
2135:
1590:
230:
624:
In 1813, during the Napoleonic Wars, work was carried out to alter the design of the parapet. The
2287:
2267:
665:
278:
37:
1548:
1521:
1418:
1384:
1353:
1310:
1244:
1196:
1157:
1049:
997:
960:
931:
593:
483:
701:
stone, with some red brick used on the south side. The walls are pierced by a small number of
2484:
2092:
664:
as a tourist attraction, receiving 9,007 visitors in 2010. It is protected under UK law as a
567:
390:
330:
274:
2272:
2231:
741:
717:
618:
536:
8:
2514:
2334:
2211:
2160:
2140:
589:
570:
443:
414:
326:
2201:
669:
302:
189:
20:
381:
Yarmouth Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England,
2354:
2344:
2282:
2277:
2056:
2037:
2018:
2001:
1982:
1963:
1944:
1908:
1889:
1849:
562:
Engraving of Yarmouth Castle in 1794; a gun of the quay battery is shown on the right
532:
471:
386:
382:
318:
2410:
2400:
1927:
1872:
661:
654:
604:
349:
345:
151:
2420:
2405:
2385:
2349:
2226:
680:
650:
646:
558:
503:
341:
2309:
2216:
1076:"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present"
492:
467:
1876:
2453:
2324:
2297:
2241:
2221:
2191:
2005:
282:
116:
103:
41:
370:
2319:
2259:
2145:
2115:
2034:
Fortress Britain: Artillery Fortifications in the British Isles and Ireland
1075:
713:
575:
297:
built by Henry and was the first of its kind to be constructed in England.
340:
signalling post, the castle was brought back into military use during the
2438:
2196:
2155:
2150:
660:
In the 21st century, Yarmouth Castle is run by the heritage organisation
625:
455:
418:
310:
294:
136:
1844:
Biddle, Martin; Hiller, Jonathon; Scott, Ian; Streeten, Anthony (2001).
2301:
1073:
543:. Initially, Captain Barnaby Burley, a relative of John, and an ardent
480:
439:
399:
270:
629:
609:
540:
394:
322:
1931:
2369:
2170:
544:
517:
435:
410:
2127:
745:
721:
702:
592:, faced widespread revolt and a potential invasion of England by
525:
488:
306:
290:
289:
and a garrison of 20 men. It featured an Italianate "arrow-head"
45:
2377:
2183:
2084:
698:
552:
431:
426:
403:
2373:
2123:
2179:
690:
524:
added to the defences were not progressed, but in 1632 the
375:
314:
309:
was built on the east side of the castle and an additional
1941:
The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History
1843:
1111:
1069:
657:. It was finally retired from military use in the 1950s.
1924:
Extensive Urban Survey – Hampshire and the Isle of Wight
454:
in England a few years before, and stone from the local
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
991:
989:
950:
948:
621:, and the design of the castle had become outdated.
402:
and towers, existed in the south-west and along the
1268:
1266:
2017:(revised ed.). London, UK: English Heritage.
1074:Lawrence H. Officer; Samuel H. Williamson (2014),
1030:
581:The Crown took over the castle again in 1670, and
1960:Henry VIII and the Development of Coastal Defence
1776:
1774:
1503:
1501:
1338:
1229:
986:
945:
921:
919:
438:, and twelve smaller guns, firing from a line of
413:to annul the long-standing marriage to his wife,
348:. In the 21st century, the heritage organisation
2451:
1725:
1723:
1695:
1693:
1603:
1513:
1292:
1290:
1263:
535:broke out in 1642 between the followers of King
1962:. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1710:
1708:
1771:
1606:"Visitor Attractions, Trends in England, 2010"
1498:
916:
697:The walls of the castle are mainly built from
2495:Grade I listed buildings on the Isle of Wight
2100:
2055:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1720:
1690:
1287:
778:
776:
774:
772:
352:operates the castle as a tourist attraction.
1705:
1546:
1519:
1416:
1382:
1351:
1308:
1242:
1194:
1155:
1047:
995:
958:
929:
2490:English Heritage sites in the Isle of Wight
1611:, Visit England, p. 65, archived from
612:resting on traversing rails on the platform
2465:Buildings and structures completed in 1547
2107:
2093:
1902:
870:
769:
59:Yarmouth Castle, seen from the north-west
2050:
2031:
1976:
1753:
1741:
1115:
802:
679:
603:
557:
502:
389:in the final years of the reign of King
369:
1921:
1684:
1672:
1561:
1455:
1378:
1143:
898:
882:
77:
2452:
2012:
1995:
1957:
1862:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1765:
1729:
1714:
1699:
1668:
1656:
1577:
1565:
1534:
1507:
1471:
1459:
1443:
1431:
1404:
1366:
1296:
1257:
1223:
1182:
1170:
1139:
1127:
1099:
1095:
1024:
980:
954:
925:
910:
894:
842:
830:
599:
516:in 1609, including adding two angular
2088:
2520:Scheduled monuments in Isle of Wight
1979:Pendennis Castle and St Mawes Castle
1938:
1883:
858:
846:
818:
806:
317:, just to the west. For most of the
19:For the liner of the same name, see
2505:Military and war museums in England
13:
1485:"History of St Catherine's Castle"
642:Commissioners of Woods and Forests
14:
2531:
2070:
1907:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.
479:to overthrow the Queen. When the
2169:
2114:
1981:. London, UK: English Heritage.
1926:. London, UK: English Heritage.
729:
520:along the walls facing the sea.
76:
69:
53:
2077:English Heritage's visitor site
1943:. London, UK: Routledge Press.
1888:. London, UK: Hambledon Press.
1837:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1678:
1662:
1650:
1629:
1583:
1571:
1540:
1477:
1465:
1449:
1437:
1410:
1398:
1372:
1302:
1188:
1176:
1149:
1133:
1121:
1105:
1089:
1063:
974:
904:
675:
498:
409:In 1533, Henry broke with Pope
365:
360:
2460:1547 establishments in England
2015:Yarmouth Castle, Isle of Wight
1998:Yarmouth Castle, Isle of Wight
888:
876:
864:
852:
836:
824:
812:
796:
760:
461:
1:
2391:Devil's Point Artillery Tower
1939:King, D. J. Cathcart (1991).
790:
2500:Museums on the Isle of Wight
2475:Castles on the Isle of Wight
321:of the 1640s it was held by
7:
2470:16th-century fortifications
2207:Great White Bulwark of Clay
1848:. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books.
1637:"Yarmouth Castle, Yarmouth"
744:; B – modern entrance; C –
740:Diagram of the castle: A –
588:In 1688, Charles' brother,
10:
2536:
2480:Forts on the Isle of Wight
1903:Harrington, Peter (2007).
1639:, British Listed Buildings
1547:William Page, ed. (1912),
1520:William Page, ed. (1912),
1417:William Page, ed. (1912),
1383:William Page, ed. (1912),
1352:William Page, ed. (1912),
1309:William Page, ed. (1912),
1243:William Page, ed. (1912),
1195:William Page, ed. (1912),
1156:William Page, ed. (1912),
1048:William Page, ed. (1912),
996:William Page, ed. (1912),
959:William Page, ed. (1912),
930:William Page, ed. (1912),
355:
18:
2429:
2368:
2296:
2258:
2250:East and West Blockhouses
2240:
2178:
2167:
2122:
2053:The Decline of the Castle
2036:. Liphook, UK: Beaufort.
2032:Saunders, Andrew (1989).
1905:The Castles of Henry VIII
1877:10.1017/S0018246X00011559
1604:BDRC Continental (2011),
1549:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
1522:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
1419:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
1385:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
1354:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
1311:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
1245:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
1197:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
1158:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
1050:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
998:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
961:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
932:"The Borough of Yarmouth"
452:dissolved the monasteries
313:was placed on the town's
260:
256:
246:
238:
228:
224:
214:
206:
196:
187:
180:
172:
167:
157:
147:
142:
132:
95:
64:
52:
35:
30:
2431:Yorkshire and the Humber
2396:Little Dennis Blockhouse
2136:Brightlingsea Blockhouse
2051:Thompson, M. W. (1987).
1551:, British History Online
1524:, British History Online
1421:, British History Online
1387:, British History Online
1356:, British History Online
1313:, British History Online
1247:, British History Online
1199:, British History Online
1160:, British History Online
1052:, British History Online
1000:, British History Online
963:, British History Online
934:, British History Online
753:
329:, it was refortified by
2510:Yarmouth, Isle of Wight
2288:West Tilbury Blockhouse
2268:East Tilbury Blockhouse
2013:Rigold, S. E. (2012) .
1977:Pattison, Paul (2009).
1886:Renaissance War Studies
666:Grade I listed building
1996:Rigold, S. E. (1958).
1958:Morley, B. M. (1976).
1922:Hopkins, Dave (2004).
1865:The Historical Journal
1142:, pp. 11, 13–14;
685:
613:
571:returned to the throne
563:
508:
378:
117:50.706667°N 1.500278°W
16:English artillery fort
2416:St Catherine's Castle
683:
607:
561:
506:
373:
2273:Gravesend Blockhouse
2000:. London, UK: HMSO.
1884:Hale, J. R. (1983).
1618:on 19 September 2015
398:based around simple
122:50.706667; -1.500278
2335:Sharpenrode Bulwark
2212:Little Turf Bulwark
2161:St Osyth Blockhouse
2141:Harwich blockhouses
928:, pp. 11, 13;
600:18th–21st centuries
529:local monasteries.
415:Catherine of Aragon
277:in 1547 to protect
113: /
2340:St Andrew's Castle
2202:Great Turf Bulwark
1593:, English Heritage
1487:, English Heritage
1327:, Historic England
1276:, Historic England
1213:, Historic England
1112:Biddle et al. 2001
1102:, pp. 274–275
1070:Biddle et al. 2001
1014:, Historic England
821:, pp. 176–177
686:
670:scheduled monument
614:
564:
509:
379:
247:Reference no.
215:Reference no.
190:Scheduled monument
21:SS Yarmouth Castle
2447:
2446:
2355:West Cowes Castle
2345:St Helens Bulwark
2315:East Cowes Castle
2283:Milton Blockhouse
2278:Higham Blockhouse
1591:"Yarmouth Castle"
655:Second World Wars
594:William of Orange
477:Dudley conspiracy
387:Holy Roman Empire
346:Second World Wars
319:English Civil War
264:
263:
2527:
2411:Sandsfoot Castle
2401:Pendennis Castle
2173:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2066:
2047:
2028:
2009:
1992:
1973:
1954:
1935:
1918:
1899:
1880:
1859:
1832:
1831:, pp. 10–11
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1756:, pp. 50–55
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1474:, pp. 18–19
1469:
1463:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1240:
1227:
1226:, pp. 14–15
1221:
1220:
1218:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1192:
1186:
1185:, pp. 14–15
1180:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1153:
1147:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1118:, pp. 34–35
1109:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1078:, MeasuringWorth
1067:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1045:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1007:
1005:
993:
984:
978:
972:
971:
970:
968:
952:
943:
942:
941:
939:
923:
914:
913:, pp. 12–13
908:
902:
892:
886:
880:
874:
873:, pp. 29–30
868:
862:
856:
850:
849:, pp. 63–64
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
800:
784:
780:
767:
764:
733:
662:English Heritage
393:. Traditionally
350:English Heritage
325:; following the
279:Yarmouth Harbour
152:English Heritage
143:Site information
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
80:
79:
73:
57:
48:
28:
27:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2425:
2421:St Mawes Castle
2406:Portland Castle
2386:Brownsea Castle
2364:
2360:Yarmouth Castle
2350:Southsea Castle
2292:
2254:
2236:
2227:Sandgate Castle
2174:
2165:
2118:
2113:
2082:
2073:
2063:
2044:
2025:
1989:
1970:
1951:
1932:10.5284/1000227
1915:
1896:
1856:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1250:
1248:
1241:
1230:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1110:
1106:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1031:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1003:
1001:
994:
987:
979:
975:
966:
964:
953:
946:
937:
935:
924:
917:
909:
905:
893:
889:
881:
877:
871:Harrington 2007
869:
865:
857:
853:
841:
837:
829:
825:
817:
813:
805:, p. 111;
801:
797:
793:
788:
787:
781:
770:
765:
761:
756:
751:
750:
749:
739:
734:
678:
647:Office of Works
602:
501:
464:
368:
363:
358:
267:Yarmouth Castle
234:
231:Listed Building
201:Yarmouth Castle
192:
160:the public
159:
121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:Yarmouth Castle
81:
60:
36:
31:Yarmouth Castle
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2533:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Sandown Castle
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Calshot Castle
2306:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2232:Sandown Castle
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Walmer Bulwark
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2071:External links
2069:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2048:
2042:
2029:
2023:
2010:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1949:
1936:
1919:
1913:
1900:
1894:
1881:
1871:(2): 267–287.
1860:
1854:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1795:, pp. 8–9
1785:
1783:, pp. 6–7
1770:
1768:, pp. 7–8
1758:
1746:
1734:
1719:
1704:
1689:
1677:
1661:
1649:
1628:
1582:
1570:
1539:
1512:
1497:
1476:
1464:
1448:
1436:
1409:
1397:
1371:
1337:
1301:
1286:
1262:
1228:
1187:
1175:
1148:
1132:
1120:
1114:, p. 40;
1104:
1098:, p. 13;
1088:
1072:, p. 12;
1062:
1029:
985:
973:
957:, p. 14;
944:
915:
903:
897:, p. 13;
887:
875:
863:
851:
835:
823:
811:
794:
792:
789:
786:
785:
768:
758:
757:
755:
752:
736:
735:
728:
727:
726:
714:barrel-vaulted
677:
674:
601:
598:
514:Sandown Castle
500:
497:
493:Spanish Armada
468:Roman Catholic
463:
460:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
333:in the 1670s.
287:artillery guns
271:artillery fort
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
210:9 October 1981
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
185:
184:
182:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
165:
164:
161:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
97:
93:
92:
83:
82:
75:
74:
68:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2532:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Netley Castle
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:Isle of Wight
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2242:Pembrokeshire
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Walmer Castle
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Camber Castle
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2024:9781850740490
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1988:9781850747239
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1950:9780415003506
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1914:9781472803801
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1754:Saunders 1989
1750:
1743:
1742:Saunders 1989
1738:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1671:, p. 3;
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1638:
1632:
1614:
1607:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1564:, p. 7;
1563:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1458:, p. 3;
1457:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1386:
1381:, p. 7;
1380:
1375:
1368:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1326:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1212:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1116:Pattison 2009
1113:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1013:
999:
992:
990:
982:
977:
962:
956:
951:
949:
933:
927:
922:
920:
912:
907:
900:
896:
891:
884:
879:
872:
867:
860:
855:
848:
845:, p. 7;
844:
839:
832:
827:
820:
815:
808:
804:
803:Thompson 1987
799:
795:
779:
777:
775:
773:
763:
759:
747:
743:
738:
732:
725:
723:
719:
715:
710:
706:
704:
700:
695:
692:
682:
673:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
634:
631:
627:
622:
620:
611:
606:
597:
595:
591:
586:
584:
583:Robert Holmes
579:
577:
572:
569:
560:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:and those of
538:
534:
530:
527:
521:
519:
515:
505:
496:
494:
490:
485:
482:
478:
473:
469:
459:
457:
453:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
377:
372:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:Isle of Wight
280:
276:
272:
268:
259:
255:
252:
249:
245:
242:28 March 1984
241:
237:
232:
227:
223:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
199:
197:Official name
195:
191:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
162:
156:
153:
150:
146:
141:
138:
135:
131:
126:
98:
94:
72:
63:
56:
51:
47:
43:
42:Isle of Wight
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2485:Device Forts
2359:
2320:Hurst Castle
2146:Langar Point
2116:Device Forts
2081:
2052:
2033:
2014:
1997:
1978:
1959:
1940:
1923:
1904:
1885:
1868:
1864:
1845:
1838:Bibliography
1824:
1819:, p. 10
1812:
1800:
1788:
1761:
1749:
1744:, p. 55
1737:
1732:, p. 11
1685:Hopkins 2004
1680:
1673:Hopkins 2004
1664:
1652:
1641:, retrieved
1631:
1622:19 September
1620:, retrieved
1613:the original
1595:, retrieved
1585:
1573:
1568:, p. 19
1562:Hopkins 2004
1553:, retrieved
1542:
1537:, p. 19
1526:, retrieved
1515:
1510:, p. 19
1489:, retrieved
1479:
1467:
1456:Hopkins 2004
1451:
1446:, p. 16
1439:
1434:, p. 18
1423:, retrieved
1412:
1407:, p. 18
1400:
1389:, retrieved
1379:Hopkins 2004
1374:
1369:, p. 16
1358:, retrieved
1329:, retrieved
1325:"List Entry"
1315:, retrieved
1304:
1299:, p. 15
1278:, retrieved
1274:"List Entry"
1260:, p. 15
1249:, retrieved
1215:, retrieved
1211:"List Entry"
1201:, retrieved
1190:
1178:
1173:, p. 14
1162:, retrieved
1151:
1144:Hopkins 2004
1135:
1130:, p. 13
1123:
1107:
1091:
1080:, retrieved
1065:
1054:, retrieved
1027:, p. 13
1016:, retrieved
1012:"List Entry"
1002:, retrieved
983:, p. 14
976:
965:, retrieved
936:, retrieved
906:
899:Hopkins 2004
890:
883:Hopkins 2004
878:
866:
861:, p. 80
854:
838:
826:
814:
809:, p. 63
798:
762:
711:
707:
696:
687:
676:Architecture
659:
635:
623:
615:
587:
580:
565:
531:
522:
510:
499:17th century
465:
448:
423:
408:
380:
366:Construction
361:16th century
335:
299:
295:Device Forts
266:
265:
200:
168:Site history
158:Open to
25:
2439:Hull Castle
2197:Deal Castle
2156:Mersea Fort
2151:Langar Rode
1829:Rigold 2012
1817:Rigold 2012
1807:, p. 9
1805:Rigold 2012
1793:Rigold 2012
1781:Rigold 2012
1766:Rigold 2012
1730:Rigold 2012
1717:, p. 5
1715:Rigold 2012
1702:, p. 4
1700:Rigold 2012
1687:, p. 7
1675:, p. 7
1669:Rigold 2012
1659:, p. 3
1657:Rigold 2012
1580:, p. 6
1578:Rigold 1958
1566:Rigold 2012
1535:Rigold 2012
1508:Rigold 2012
1472:Rigold 2012
1462:, p. 1
1460:Rigold 2012
1444:Rigold 2012
1432:Rigold 2012
1405:Rigold 2012
1367:Rigold 2012
1297:Rigold 2012
1258:Rigold 2012
1224:Rigold 2012
1183:Rigold 2012
1171:Rigold 2012
1146:, p. 7
1140:Rigold 2012
1128:Rigold 2012
1100:Fritze 1982
1096:Rigold 2012
1025:Rigold 2012
981:Rigold 2012
955:Rigold 2012
926:Rigold 2012
911:Rigold 2012
901:, p. 3
895:Rigold 2012
885:, p. 3
843:Morley 1976
833:, p. 7
831:Morley 1976
626:Crimean War
549:Interregnum
484:Elizabeth I
462:Initial use
456:Quarr Abbey
400:blockhouses
338:coast guard
327:Restoration
311:gun battery
137:Device fort
120: /
96:Coordinates
2515:Henry VIII
2454:Categories
2260:The Thames
2062:1854226088
2043:1855120003
1969:0116707771
1895:0907628176
1855:0904220230
791:References
638:coastguard
630:naval guns
568:Charles II
541:Parliament
518:buttresses
481:Protestant
440:embrasures
391:Henry VIII
331:Charles II
323:Parliament
275:Henry VIII
239:Designated
207:Designated
105:50°42′24″N
2006:810988359
859:Hale 1983
847:Hale 1983
819:King 1991
807:Hale 1983
718:magazines
668:and as a
619:anchorage
610:naval gun
537:Charles I
533:Civil war
466:When the
436:culverins
395:the Crown
273:built by
233:– Grade I
108:1°30′01″W
2370:Cornwall
742:magazine
703:gunloops
590:James II
545:Royalist
526:parapets
411:Paul III
385:and the
38:Yarmouth
2128:Suffolk
1643:14 June
1597:14 June
1555:14 June
1528:14 June
1491:14 June
1425:14 June
1391:14 June
1360:14 June
1331:14 June
1317:14 June
1280:14 June
1251:14 June
1217:14 June
1203:14 June
1164:14 June
1056:14 June
1018:14 June
1004:14 June
967:14 June
938:14 June
746:parlour
722:parlour
489:bulwark
432:cannons
356:History
307:bulwark
303:gunners
291:bastion
281:on the
251:1292631
219:1009391
46:England
2378:Dorset
2302:Solent
2184:Sussex
2059:
2040:
2021:
2004:
1985:
1966:
1947:
1911:
1892:
1852:
1082:29 May
699:ashlar
553:Jersey
472:Mary I
470:Queen
444:porter
427:Solent
419:device
404:Sussex
383:France
269:is an
181:Events
2374:Devon
2124:Essex
1616:(PDF)
1609:(PDF)
754:Notes
651:First
576:Cowes
566:When
342:First
173:Built
148:Owner
2180:Kent
2057:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2019:ISBN
2002:OCLC
1983:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1890:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1645:2015
1624:2015
1599:2015
1557:2015
1530:2015
1493:2015
1427:2015
1393:2015
1362:2015
1333:2015
1319:2015
1282:2015
1253:2015
1219:2015
1205:2015
1166:2015
1084:2015
1058:2015
1020:2015
1006:2015
969:2015
940:2015
691:moat
653:and
636:The
434:and
376:moat
344:and
315:quay
305:. A
176:1547
133:Type
1928:doi
1873:doi
163:Yes
2456::
2376:/
2372:/
2300:/
2182:/
2126:/
1869:25
1867:.
1773:^
1722:^
1707:^
1692:^
1602:;
1560:;
1533:;
1500:^
1430:;
1365:;
1340:^
1322:;
1289:^
1265:^
1256:;
1231:^
1222:;
1208:;
1169:;
1032:^
1023:;
1009:;
988:^
947:^
918:^
771:^
672:.
608:A
44:,
40:,
2108:e
2101:t
2094:v
2065:.
2046:.
2027:.
2008:.
1991:.
1972:.
1953:.
1934:.
1930::
1917:.
1898:.
1879:.
1875::
1858:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
