99:
1230:
1311:
41:
1604:
1433:
98:
890:
1248:: A recurring being in Chinese folk belief and literature. Said to be able to assume human form, and to have the supernatural ability to poison and inflict disease, to know things at a distance, to bewilder, and to derange. It is also able to take possession of human beings. In literature, it appears in Yue Jun's Hu Hao Hao, where it compels a couple to engage in a forbidden sex act, and as Daji in Fengshenyanyi, where it leads the Shang King astray. The idea of a fox spirit appears to have been drawn in part from the activities of proscribed fox-spirit cults.
546:
749:
1745:
969:
1922:
861:, a term heavily laden with moral and theological implications, the yaoguai are simply a category of creatures with supernatural (or preternatural) abilities and may be amoral rather than immoral, capricious rather than inherently wicked. As described in literature, many of them are capable of falling in love with mortals, repenting, and of exhibiting the full range of human emotions, desires and values.
1764:"How foolish men are, to see nothing but beauty in what is clearly evil! And how benighted to dismiss as absurd what is clearly well-intended! It is folly such as this that obliges the lady Chen to steel herself to eat another man's phlegm, when her husband has fallen prey to lust. Heaven's Way has its inexorable justice, but some mortals remain foolish and never see the light!"
1261:(志怪) genre of literature, and also often blamed for actual missing persons cases in ancient China. Men were sometimes accused of being ravening tigers in human form and killed either by lynch mobs or being delivered up to magistrates to be put to death with state sanction. Sometimes these men had themselves confessed, likely under torture, to consuming other human beings.
1053:(the breath, energy or material force) pervading the natural world, or else from the passive absorption of universal energies of yin and yang over a long period of time. They may also have developed into their current state from engaging in the deliberate cultivation of supernatural power. Finally, they may also result due to disturbances to the moral and cosmic order.
829:). Other translations include "fiend", "monster", "goblin", "evil spirit" or "bogeyman". These creatures blur the boundaries between the natural and the unnatural, the human and the non-human, and their appearance in tales is often related to political portents or as a reflection of the social and cosmopolitical order.
1067:, "when people abandon constancy then this causes the yao to emerge" ("人弃常则妖兴"). In traditional Chinese thought, natural phenomena and human wellbeing and flourishing are correlated to moral conduct. The operative principle can be moral or natural - either Heavenly retribution or the philosophical concept of
844:
The folkloric tradition, their existence derives partly from the general fear of the unknown or the unknowable. General anxiety over social and political undercurrents, as well as psychological escapism may have provided the impetus for the literary tradition. The popular imagining of the yaoguai may
840:
Instances of erratic behaviour or bewilderment, strange disease, eerie sights and sounds, and even unexplained missing persons and unsolvable murders are often attributed to them. This belief has given rise to the folk saying: "Whenever extraordinary things happen, there must have been a yao (acting)
1892:
The terms yao 妖, gui 鬼, mo 魔 and guai 怪 are sometimes used interchangeably in the same text for the same creature, since these tales focus on producing entertaining or thrilling narratives rather than linguistic precision. This is true even though the creature satisfies the classical definition of a
1740:
is often a theme in such literature. In Yue Jun's collection "Hu Hao Hao", a couple is forced to engage in a threesome with a fox spirit against their will, and are powerless to resist the yaoguai. Yue Jun however, publicly disclaimed any didactic purpose in his writing, saying that these tales were
1507:
is an apparition that appears in the mountains and marshes that accosts travelers and that has a taste for human brains, relying on its stealthiness and speed to successfully kill its prey. The wolf demon and tiger demon are ravening beings roaming over wide areas to consume large numbers of people,
1491:
Yaoguai are often depicted as injurious or predatory beings in
Chinese folklore and literature who seek to consume or to drain the life force of living beings. The purpose in consuming human beings is often to obtain immortality or achieve godlike power, but sometimes is attributed to simple hunger.
1287:
A murderous tree demon that develops over the course of long years, taking the form of a tailless dog with a human head. It can be found in deep mountain forests and will attempt to kill passing travelers. It is associated with the essence of the wood element and with camphor trees. Additionally, it
1270:
Occurs sporadically in tales, but less frequently than fox spirits and tiger demons. Some
Chinese writers supposed that the ancient Huns, Turks and Mongols were capable of transforming into wolves at leisure. A tale relates the discovery Wang Han from Taiyuan, whose father was Han Chinese and mother
949:
properties, possessing supernatural powers such as shapeshifting, dwelling in remote wildernesses or at the fringes of civilization, and occasionally intruding into human civilization. It tends towards malevolence and generally has a harmful influence on humankind. They can be of either gender, but
1495:
Many employ sexual seduction as a tactic. Some belong to the "femme fatale" category of antagonists - assuming the form of beautiful women. Others masquerade as Taoist priests and or
Buddhist monks in order to gain the trust of their victims. One example is the tale of the Painted Skin "demon" from
1470:
Folkloric belief and literature are replete with tales of shapeshifting "daemons" with the power to assume human form, to afflict with poison and disease, to bewilder, and to enthrall and seduce. The original form of these shapeshifters can vary widely, and include the fox, the tiger, the wolf, and
1241:
A roving black fog or vapor that inflicts injuries to persons and damage to property wherever it goes. A dog-like or serpentine being, or multiple such beings, can also be seen within the vapor. This demon or group of demons cannot be thwarted through normal weapons and ordinary means. Its presence
1728:
Yaoguai are the antagonists in a genre of literature known as zhiguai literature. Although they were produced principally for entertainment, it is worth noting that the appearance of anomalies in this genre literature is often associated with sociopolitical portents and a reflection of the current
954:
are prominent in the literature. In folklore, their characteristic attributes are strangeness or otherworldliness, seductiveness, and an association with erratic behavior, bewilderment, and with disaster or misfortune. Whatever could not be readily understood by the population and that frightened
907:
In
Chinese texts, specific yao 妖 are sometimes referred to as 鬼 (gui, spectre or ghost), 怪 (guai, strange monster), 魔 (mo, demon close to the Western sense) or 邪 (xie, spiritually deviant or morally corrupt being). Despite the overlapping connotations and senses and their somewhat interchangeable
1903:
Narrowly speaking, "gui (鬼)" are the spirits of the deceased, whereas "mo 魔" are either demons in the religious sense, or fallen immortals that have succumbed to evil or who have elected to take a forbidden path for whatever reason. Meanwhile, "guai (怪)" on a standalone basis maintains a broad
1516:
In
Chinese folklore, supernatural power and immortality can be attained by ordinary mortals and even animals through personal cultivation, often Taoist in nature. This cultivation usually involves some kind of meditative, spiritual, or hygienic practices, the consumption of certain foods, the
1907:
Ultimately the yaoguai (妖怪) are not demons in the religious or the traditional western sense; they are neither archfiends nor fallen angels, neither the inveterate foes of mankind's salvation nor are they hardened rebels against the divine principle. They are often capable of sympathy, love,
1305:
a kind of wilderness demon associated with rivers and marshes, or else with apparitions between rocks and trees, or else a brain-eating sprite, and alternatively a plague-causing being, sometimes appearing in the form of a three-year old child with long hair. It can waylay and kill unwary
817:, folk tales, and literature that are defined by their supernatural (or preternatural) abilities and by being strange, uncanny or weird. A popular translation for them in Western texts is simply "demon", but this label can be very misleading, demons in the religious sense are termed "mo" (
837:, controlling minds, causing disease, clairvoyance, and draining life force. They typically dwell in remote areas or on the fringes of civilization, occasionally interacting with human life and inflicting harm. They are usually malevolent and tend to exert a baleful influence on mankind.
1071:
or stimulus-response (also known as "sympathetic resonance"). The latter is a broad connective principle according to which "like-begets-like", as when kindness begets kindness, thorns grow where armies are located, and where the musical analogy of resonating strings is often used.
1280:
Appears as an instrument of divine punishment but sometimes persecutes even the worthy. Occasionally appears as a seducer, shapeshifting into human form to gratify its lusts. Also said to be able to cause diseases, manifesting as horrific skin sores, through supernatural
845:
also have received further stimulus from the activities of suppressed fox-spirit cults and other heterodox religious sects in China, from which their association with sorcery derives, as well as from the beliefs of minority tribes. Today, they are popular staples of the
1517:
absorption of certain natural energies, and mental and physical exercises. Through long perseverance in such practices, animals, plants and even inorganic matter such as rocks and musical instruments may gain supernatural power, immense wisdom, or human form through
1650:, the fox-sprite Daji is sent on a mission by the goddess Nuwa, to corrupt the last king of the Shang and to instigate the fall of his dynasty, as punishment for the latter composing a ribald poem. She is accompanied and aided by two other yaoguai -
1271:
was a
Hunnish woman adept at hunting. As his mother aged, she became unable to maintain her human form and eventually was discovered to be a wolf, escaping into the wilderness. Other tales relate of werewolves during a famine in the Ming dynasty.
995:, a snake, a butterfly, or a tree or a flower), which may have been their original form. They are capable of assuming human, or near-human form, and of wielding either innate supernatural powers or abilities associated with Taoist cultivation.
2065:
In any case, the creatures called "yao*" in the story will basically not be tolerated by human society or the world governed by gods. It is already unwritten that they are arrested, sanctioned, eradicated, or forced into society by humans or
1692:
yearns to consume the flesh of a holy man in order to obtain immortality. Other "yao" were fallen pets or mounts of deities, who, having been expelled from heaven, proceed to make a nuisance of themselves on earth. The text also describes
857:) genre or "cultivation fantasy" genre in movies, books and comics, serving as companions, antagonists, foils to the heroes, and even as protagonists. Yaoguai is often translated as "demon" in English, but unlike the European concept of
1828:
Terms like yaogui (妖鬼; yāoguǐ, 'strange ghost'), yaomo (妖魔; yāomó, 'daemon'), yaojing (妖精; yāojīng, often translated as "sprite" or "faerie"), and yaopo (妖婆; yaopo, "hag" or "witch") are either types of
Yaoguai (妖怪) or related beings.
915:
Guai (怪) means any strange event, object (animate or inanimate) or person ("奇异的事物或人") while guaiwu (怪物) means "strange thing" ("奇异的东西"). Monsters without supernatural powers (hence not yao 妖) may be also referred to as guai 怪 or guaiwu
998:
The existence of these creatures or phenomena associated with them is generally an ill-omen and is described arising due to natural fluctuations in yin and yang, or to human activity which disrupts the moral or normative order.
923:
Xie(邪) carries the connotation of spiritual deviance, heterodoxy, or moral corruption and can even be used to refer to specific deities, as in 邪神, or corrupting devils 邪魔. Sometimes, used to described the yao 妖 in limited
1500:, the white-skeleton spirit, who adopts various disguises an attempt to consume the flesh of a holy man to obtain immortality. The Hundred-Eyed Demon Lord is a centipede who assumes the form of an elderly Taoist priest.
832:
Possession of supernatural power defines the 妖怪 (yāoguài) and distinguishes them from other monsters. They are described as possessing powers beyond the ordinary, such as shapeshifting, enchantment, creating illusions,
1555:. It is also alluded to in the works of the secular and naturalistic philosopher Wang Chong, who denied the existence of an afterlife and of ghosts, but claimed objects could acquire strange powers due to immense age.
2025:, a Yaoguai is the spirit of the music box, which grants seven wishes but kills someone close to the owner every time a wish is granted. If the seventh wish is granted, the Yaoguai will claim the soul of the owner.
908:
use, these words have different core meanings and commonly refer to creatures that are not yao 妖. The narrow sense of each word refers to different kinds of beings that can be distinguished, usually as follows:
1603:
1936:
1330:
a snake demoness that had managed to cultivate a human form, and who falls in love with a man named Xu Xian. Their love is repudiated by a monk, and she is ultimately trapped and sealed beneath a pagoda.
919:
Mo (魔) means demon in the religious sense - i.e. the sense that resembles devils and demons in the
Western tradition. It also refers to fallen deities, immortals and even yao 妖 who have become extremely
1759:
Another theme is the ambivalent nature of beauty, which can mask great evil. This theme was the driving force behind Pu Song Ling's tale the "Painted Skin", as the author himself noted in a postscript:
1149:
tree demon, associated with the element wood and with camphor trees, is said to be formed over the course of long years in remote mountain forests, developing into a human-headed dog with no tail.
871:" is the Japanese transliteration or pronunciation of the Chinese term "yaoguai" and involves similarly strange creatures, with both languages using the same Chinese characters to describe them.
1079:, a kind of injurious wind and vapor demon or group of such demons whose presence indicated the displeasure of Heaven, a disturbance to the moral and social order, and the need for repentance.
1581:
in the heavenly court, some immortals decide to privately descend on their own accord. Many of them are waiters and mounts around the gods, such as the Golden and Silver Horned Kings of the
1503:
Yet others, like the wangliang, the tiger demon, and the wolf demon, are simply opportunistic ambush predators who rely on stealth and speed in order to satisfy their insatiable hunger. The
1294:(魑魅): a kind of wilderness demon born of aberrant qi or strange energy in mountains and forests. It is malevolent and harmful to humans. Etymology suggests the ability to seduce or enthrall.
904:
itself carries strong connotations of supernatural power, usually of the kind that runs contrary to the prescribed order of nature or heaven, and "妖术" (lit. "yao technique") means sorcery.
1825:
While both of the words 妖 and 怪 signify and connote strangeness, but 妖 carries the additional connotation of seduction or supernatural enthrallment, whereas 怪 signifies a strange monster.
1684:, who was originally the exposed white skeleton of a maiden that upon absorbing the energies of the sun and moon over long course, transforms into a "yaojing" with shapeshifting powers.
1999:
was the main antagonist. The "tree demon" was able to command the spirits of the dead to do its bidding, and one of the ghosts falls in love and saves the main protagonist, Nie
Huaiqing.
1908:
repentance, and even remorse, and of forming families with human beings. Instead, the word 魔 is used to refer to demons when translating
Buddhist or Christian or other religious texts.
1030:, is described as an adept shapeshifter, taking on the forms of multiple people in an attempt to deceive her opponents. Others are capable of control over elemental forces, as when
2062:. In this genre, various types of yao* are distinguished by whether they have celestial or demonic spiritual roots, but characters with either root may be good, evil, or neutral.
2208:
featured a creature called a Yaoguai in the second-season episode "The Outsider". Here, it was depicted as a large lion-like creature with a mane of fire. Maleficent transformed
2058:. Aside from the typical fox spirits who appear in these creatures, other examples of yao* include animals, plants, and inanimate objects. All three of these series are based on
1223:
In more superstitious times, they were also frequently believed to the culprits of strange occurrences and mysterious accidents, unexplained deaths and other ghastly phenomena.
1932:
1844:
Classical usages of 妖 refer to preternatural phenomena and freakish occurrences where explanation fell outside the limited understanding of observers. These include:
1708:, the Monkey King, uses this term often to insult his adversaries. However, Wukong himself is also referred to as a demon not long after his birth by the narrator of
2042:
3538:
3518:
3498:
2036:
637:
2361:– a malevolent tree spirit in the form of a dog with a human head capable of killing passers-by in deep mountain valleys. Usually associated with camphor trees.
2928:
1159:
was once the exposed skeleton of a maiden who, having absorbed the energies of the sun and moon over a long time, transformed into a shape-shifting daemon.
651:
1900:
and spectres" (鬼, pinyin: gui), "demons and devils" (魔, pinyin: mo), "monsters and aberrations" 怪 (pinyin: guai). The differences may be thus explained:
1798:妖 (yāo) is a word which can mean eldritch, seductive, or sinister and beguiling, or a being with such characteristics, or strange, weird and supernatural.
1343:, whose true form is a centipede and whose eyes radiant brilliant light. He assumes the form of a Taoist priest and is attended to by seven spider demons.
1975:
Yaoguai feature liberally in modern popular culture, including cinema of the xianxia (lit. "immortal hero") genre and in comic books about cultivators.
2266:
1141:, things such as animals, plants, and rocks are said to be endowed a human-like essence and capacities as a result of immense age ("物之老者，其精为人").
880:
779:
347:
31:
1521:. The acquisition of sentience and supernatural power is called "成精 (Chengjing)". A few take their cultivation even further, achieving immortal
1360:
Seven sisters whose true form is that of a spider, and who are able to shoot webs from their navels. They assist the Hundred-Eyed Demon Lord in
900:
Chinese texts and beliefs abound with descriptions of the strange and supernatural, and do not always use consistent terminology. The word "妖"
1569:, some gods were banished to the mortal world and became Yaoguai because they violated the laws of heaven. The most representative ones are
1374:
a shapeshifting demoness whose true form is a white skeleton, and who desires to eat the flesh of a holy man in order to obtain immortality.
1018:
are said to be clairvoyant beings able to poison others through sorcery and to take possession of others. In Yue Jun's tale "Hu Hao Hao", a
2173:, one of the in-game radio stations broadcasts an occasional public service announcement reminding listeners "don't feed the Yao Guai". In
1729:
state of the cosmopolitical order, and that themes of dissatisfaction with the human condition resonate in the texts and lives of authors.
1378:
1229:
912:
Gui (鬼) more properly refers to the spirits of the dead , although it can also refer to specters and daemons such as the yao 妖 generally.
2119:) with additional eyes on its chest and parts of the horse body. It was responsible for corrupting Akiba's Jingshen Forest causing the
644:
2304:(lit. "What the Master Would Not Discuss") – collection of eyewitness and folk accounts in history of uncanny or strange phenomena
2123:
Senlin-Ma (who was the guardian of the Jingshen Forest) to enlist the player for help. The players were able to defeat the Yaomo.
1242:
indicates heaven's displeasure and necessitates the need for repentance on the part of the emperor and the governing bureaucracy.
1011:, the manufacture of illusions, mind control, clairvoyance, the possession of human beings, and the control over natural forces.
931:"妖魔鬼怪" means all varieties of supernatural and strange beings but can be used as a metaphor to refer to all kinds of bad people.
3561:
1095:, a type of malevolent wilderness demon of the mountains and forests, are said to be born from aberrant qi (breath or energy) (
3628:
3586:
2665:
2244:
1551:
1310:
1748:
The Painted Skin, a tale from Pu SongLing, narrates a story of a yaoguai that collects and disguises itself in human skin
545:
772:
2139:
series features mutated bears identified as Yao Guai. These creatures roam many parts of post-War America, appearing in
1880:(lit. spiritual awareness), the ability to assume human or near-human forms, supernatural or magical powers, as well as
991:
of European lore. However, unlike the fae, the "妖" often possess the nature of a specific kind of animal or a plant (a
3105:
3060:
3016:
2725:
2554:
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1836:
is simply the Japanese transliteration or pronunciation of the 妖怪 yāoguài, and involves similarly strange creatures.
1233:
The "Nine Tailed Fox", a kind of fox demon. Fox demons are described as having a large number of supernatural powers.
499:
2686:"From Ancient Zhiguai Tales to Contemporary Animation: A Study of Visual Rhetoric in 'Yao-Chinese Folktales' (2023)"
2182:
1492:
They may also cohabit with human beings, either as a prelude to consuming them, or in order to satisfy their lust.
864:
When demons in a religious sense are being referred to, the proper Chinese term is "mo" (魔) rather than "yao" (妖).
223:
423:
3695:
964:
If (while one) in the midst of the mountain valleys, yaoguai (are found) acting, (then) this is not auspicious.
765:
554:
444:
77:
3618:
2016:
with magical powers masquerades as a Buddhist monk to consume the essence of the ministers of the royal court.
3470:
2280:
2272:
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1955:
1457:
and "any combination of powers, including mind control, shapeshifting and the ability to create illusions."
451:
1351:, sometimes called a "stone monkey demon", who grows powerful enough to challenge the entire Taoist pantheon
2204:
458:
328:
1864:
There is also a classical saying: "when affairs go awry, there must have been a yāo (acting)" ("事出反必有妖").
889:
2111:
during its 2014 Akiba's New Year celebration on Yokai Island. It is depicted as a horned half-demon half-
2048:
1007:
Descriptions of the abilities of these beings vary considerably. Typical powers ascribed to them include
1088:
Some yaoguai arise spontaneously in nature due to anomalous or aberrant qi or energy. Examples include:
2879:
2195:
1951:
416:
380:
321:
202:
1049:
Older references to the 妖 regard them as strange phenomena arising due to aberrations or anomalies in
2332:
2221:
2054:
1630:
1539:
474:
3296:
3238:
3680:
2003:
1947:
712:
40:
3690:
3685:
3392:
3153:
2287:
2209:
2186:, the QBZ-83 assault rifle can be upgraded ("pack-a-punched"), giving the gun the name "yaoguai".
1723:
1646:
1636:
1545:
1213:
1203:
136:
129:
17:
2077:
contains 12 different races of yaoguai that the player may choose to be members of their colony.
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1985:
1741:
not to be taken too seriously, implying they were written for the purposes of entertainment.
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the snake, amongst others. These creatures are often denominated by appending the character
2190:
1590:
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430:
141:
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to their essential nature or original form. Accordingly, a fox demon may be denominated a
8:
3475:
2989:
2135:
2092:
2030:
1778:
Yaoguai (妖怪) is a compound word consisting of two Chinese characters often translated as
1710:
1668:
1565:
1533:
719:
375:
3178:
2225:
features the Yaoguai as a demon who is attracted to aggression and gunpowder from a gun.
1022:
compels, through sorcery, a respectable couple to engage in a sexual threesome with it.
2147:
2088:
1496:
Pu Song Ling, a green-skinned demon who wears a mask of human skin. Another example is
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579:
487:
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sudden outbreaks of confused and erratic action, or transgressive behaviour ("胡作非为")
1676:
seek immortality through the abduction and consumption of a holy man (in this case,
3675:
2697:
2293:
1896:
However, in the strict sense, Yao (妖) are usually seen as distinct creatures from "
1518:
1425:
1398:
who seduces the last king of Shang in order to precipitate the fall of his kingdom.
1217:
1207:
1189:
are said to acquire their powers through both deliberate practice and immense age.
1183:
was a serpent who through the cultivation of magical power, attained to human form.
850:
796:
622:
591:
586:
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195:
2382:– transcendent beings who have cultivated immortality and have supernatural powers
2177:
lore, the Yao Guai were named by descendants of Chinese internment camp prisoners.
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1418:, a magical pipa and a nine-headed pheasant who accompany Daji in her mission.
945:
A yao (妖, pinyin: yāo) is an eldritch and potentially predatory creature with
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2952:
2711:
2379:
2153:
2059:
1881:
1522:
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983:
In their capricious tendencies and powers, they have some resemblance to the
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235:
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Harmony Garden: Life, Literary Criticism, and Poetry of Yuan Mei (1716-1798)
2352:
2028:
Yaojing and Yaoguai appear in popular TV series produced in China, such as
1677:
973:
663:
574:
470:
148:
2754:
2095:
shows a wide variety of yaoguai inspired by Chinese traditional mythology.
3209:
2355:– the origin of the Chinese term "mo" (魔) or demon in the religious sense
2230:
1876:
refers to natural objects (animals, plants or rocks) which have acquired
1428:, a ghastly green ghoul with serrated teeth wearing a mask of human skin.
603:
562:
289:
3326:
1631:
Shenmo (lit. "gods and demons") genre of literature or mythic literature
1226:
Classical types in Chinese mythology, literature, and folklore include:
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the ability to cultivate so as to achieve immortality or transcendence
1857:
a sudden loss in verbal fluency or inability to express oneself ("诗妖")
1531:
This category or type of Yao often appears in classic stories such as
3471:"The Mysterious Official Exorcists Of Ancient China | Journal Online"
2499:
Historian of the Strange: Pu Song Ling and the Chinese Classical Tale
2364:
2337:
2284:(lit. "In Search of the Supernatural") – classical Chinese compendium
2159:
2141:
2021:
1877:
1688:
1681:
1651:
1617:
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1570:
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2169:. They attack both the player and various non-player characters. In
2346:
1978:
1744:
1609:
1446:
968:
875:
Distinction between gui (鬼), guai (怪) , yao (妖), mo (魔) and xie (邪)
834:
748:
265:
172:
160:
45:
2391:
2385:
2276:(lit. "Classic of Mountain and Seas") – classical Chinese bestiary
1833:
1654:, a magical instrument who has taken on the form of a maiden, and
2953:"Japanese Yokai Meaning & List with Pictures of these Demons"
2727:
Zuo Tradition Zuozhuan Commentary On The Spring And Autumn Annals
2358:
2323:– legendary creature in European folklore, similar to the yaoguai
2116:
1465:
988:
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846:
686:
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282:
240:
165:
117:
3579:
Chinese Myths: From Cosmology and Folklore to Gods and Immortals
2617:
State and Religion in China: Historical and Textual Perspectives
2467:
State and Religion in China: historical and textual perspectives
1212:
Yaoguai are often the antagonists in both the Shen-Mo 神魔 (lit. "
2370:
1128:
1083:
804:
615:
480:
153:
3620:
China from the Margins: New Narratives of the Past and Present
2317:– evil supernatural being, sometimes used to translate yaoguai
2320:
2314:
2180:
In the "Dark Aether" ("Zombies") storyline of the video game
2120:
2112:
1897:
1673:
1056:
992:
868:
858:
2373: – type of harmful spirit or demon in Mapuche mythology
2084:
has a drummer who wears a metal mask of a black demon mouth.
1658:, a nine-headed pheasant who has also acquired human form.
1387:
1190:
113:
1318:
Specific characters from literature and folklore include:
1794:
Analyzing the compound word into the two separate words:
1454:
693:
2929:"China's TV dramas: exploring the popularity of Xianxia"
1904:
original meaning and can refer to any strange creature.
1714:
and by his adversaries during his conflict with Heaven.
1597:'s Azure Lion and so on. These end up becoming yaoguai.
2905:"Guardian Deities Still Watch over Seafaring Villagers"
2342:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1511:
1050:
124:
2684:
Aiqing, Wang; Whyke, Thomas William (March 19, 2024).
2517:
Encyclopedia of Demons in World Religions and Cultures
2367:– wilderness demons in Chinese mythology and folklore
1110:, wilderness demons associated with rocks and trees (
2375:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1733:
Hu Hao Hao (lit. "what the fox loves to indulge in")
2329:– a shapeshifting yaoguai able to assume human form
2199:, players fight demonic creatures called "Yaoguai".
3617:Williams, Emily; Cesarino, Loredana (2024-07-24).
2394: – Supernatural beings from Japanese folklore
2388: – Spiritlike creature from Japanese folklore
1718:Zhiguai (lit. "strange tales") genre of literature
1701:) that command a number of lesser demon minions.
1041:unleashes a supernatural flood against a temple.
935:
3667:
3616:
2880:"In China, the fox cult lives on - Taipei Times"
1979:Modern adaptations in Chinese cinema and culture
2267:List of supernatural beings in Chinese folklore
1854:the unnatural onset of fog and darkness ("夜妖"),
1768:
1197:
881:List of Supernatural Beings in Chinese Folklore
32:List of supernatural beings in Chinese folklore
1466:Shapeshifters causing supernatural afflictions
1121:are wilderness demons that are born of water (
2193:"Nightmare in North Point" of the video game
2060:Chinese e-novels in the Chinese Fantasy genre
1208:Zhiguai ("Records of the Strange") Literature
824:
818:
773:
2308:
2115:creature (with its build being similar to a
1129:Absorption of cosmic energy over a long time
1084:Born from anomalous or aberrant qi or energy
2856:""人不知理定有祸，事出反常必有妖，言不由衷定有鬼，邪乎到家必有诈。"解释_古诗文网"
2806:
2683:
2234:features a legendary troop called Yao Guai.
53:
2294:Zhiguai ("records of the strange") fiction
2290:– a subgenre of Chinese fantasy literature
1585:, Yellow Robe Demon, which was originally
1057:Disturbances to the moral and cosmic order
780:
766:
645:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
2701:
1163:
1743:
1508:assuming human form to evade detection.
1431:
1309:
1228:
967:
888:
39:
3457:The Religious System of China: Volume 5
3439:The Religious System of China, Volume 5
3393:"The Fox in Chinese Culture | Gis Asie"
3356:The Religious System of China, Volume 5
3179:"四大妖魔鬼怪，一个比一个神秘，玉皇大帝和龙王宠爱的是它！_柳毅_狐仙_龙女"
2202:The American fantasy television series
976:, the Black Wind Demon, a yaoguai from
14:
3668:
3450:
3448:
3432:
3430:
3414:
3412:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3367:
3365:
3349:
3347:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3291:
3289:
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3258:
3233:
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3204:
3202:
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3098:
3082:
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3055:
3053:
3051:
3011:
3009:
2850:
2848:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2776:
2774:
2596:
2594:
2538:
2340: – Chinese mythological creatures
2212:into a Yaoguai until it was undone by
2127:
2105:The Yaoguai's Yaomo alias was used in
1394:the thousand-year-old "fox spirit" in
1314:Daji, the fox demon in her human guise
3555:
3553:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2679:
2677:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2604:. Glasgow Collins. 2016. p. 441.
2510:
2508:
2492:
2490:
1911:
1724:Shenmo ("Gods and Demons") literature
1637:Shenmo ("Gods and Demons") literature
1552:Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio
1204:Shenmo ("Gods and Demons") literature
940:
3601:
3581:. London: Amber Books. p. 174.
3454:
3436:
3418:
3371:
3353:
2836:
2780:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2219:An episode of the television series
1915:
1512:Creatures with spiritual cultivation
955:them was generally regarded as "妖".
3445:
3427:
3409:
3380:
3362:
3344:
3314:
3286:
3255:
3226:
3195:
3095:
3077:
3048:
3006:
2845:
2789:
2771:
2653:
2629:
2602:Collins Mandarin Chinese Dictionary
2591:
2541:ABC English-Chinese Chinese-English
2496:
1839:
1809:when used as an adjective, and any
1620:with a retinue of subjugated demons
1486:
1216:") genre and the Zhi-Guai 志怪 (lit.
1193:was a thousand-year-old fox spirit.
24:
3576:
3550:
3086:
3039:
2969:
2825:
2734:
2674:
2638:
2582:
2505:
2487:
2420:
2260:
1946:by removing the content or adding
1616:(13th or 14th century), depicting
1440:
1061:According to the classic text the
893:Ghostly skeletons depicted in the
544:
25:
3707:
2585:Tuttle Concise Chinese dictionary
2571:
2523:
2453:
2405:
1887:
1424:, featured in the Pu Song Ling's
1002:
348:Chinese Folk Temples' Association
2660:. University of Michigan Press.
2632:Pocket Oxford Chinese Dictionary
2514:
2288:Shenmo (gods and demons) fiction
2183:Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War
1920:
1602:
1453:come from "an imbalance in the"
1288:can be killed, boiled and eaten.
747:
329:Lineage associations or churches
224:Chinese spiritual world concepts
97:
3637:
3610:
3595:
3570:
3530:
3510:
3490:
3463:
3171:
3146:
3122:
3089:Xian dai Han yu gui fan ci dian
3042:Xian dai Han yu gui fan ci dian
3033:
2945:
2921:
2897:
2872:
2718:
2623:
2608:
2423:Xian dai Han yu gui fan ci dian
2296:– a genre of Chinese literature
2080:The Taiwanese black metal band
1867:
1563:In the Chinese classical novel
1558:
424:Chinese communal deity religion
27:Creature from Chinese mythology
3559:
3536:
3516:
3496:
2614:
2547:
2473:
2464:
2429:
936:Attributes, powers and origins
813:) are a class of creatures in
809:
465:Main philosophical traditions:
445:Chinese mother goddess worship
13:
1:
3604:The Religious System of China
3421:The Religious System of China
3374:The Religious System of China
2839:The Religious System of China
2783:The Religious System of China
2398:
2074:Amazing Cultivation Simulator
2002:In the 1990 HK film entitled
1984:In the 1987 HK film entitled
1625:
1257:A recurring being in Chinese
452:Northeast China folk religion
3327:"國語 : 魯語下 - 中國哲學書電子化計劃"
1773:
1769:Etymology and disambiguation
1614:Zhongshan Going on Excursion
1593:'s Yellow Brows Great King,
1436:Pipa Jing, or the Pipa Fairy
1383:literally, "bull demon king"
1198:Classical types and examples
555:Salvation churches and sects
459:Traditional Chinese Medicine
63:Amusing Ghost Picture Scroll
7:
2425:(in Chinese). p. 1516.
2349:– Chinese vampire or zombie
2255:
2049:Ten Miles of Peach Blossoms
1848:freakish vegetation ("草妖"),
1460:
959:《孔丛子·执节》“若中山之谷，妖怪之事，非所谓天祥也"
638:Indonesian Confucian Church
500:Folk ritual masters' orders
10:
3712:
3044:(in Chinese). p. 492.
2807:sina_mobile (2020-01-19).
1370:(colloquially "Baigujing")
549:Zhenkong, "Void of Truth".
417:Chinese ancestral religion
322:Associations of good-doing
203:Chinese gods and immortals
29:
2703:10.1177/17468477241236129
2654:Luo, Liang (2021-08-09).
2333:Ghosts in Chinese culture
2309:Creature-specific entries
2247:, the main antagonist is
1942:Please help Knowledge to
1540:Legend of the White Snake
1044:
854:
825:
819:
800:
3623:. Taylor & Francis.
2933:The University of Sydney
2004:A Chinese Ghost Story II
1137:'s 1st century text the
713:Vietnamese folk religion
316:Institutions and temples
3577:Ni, Xueting C. (2023).
3563:Investiture of the Gods
3397:www.gis-reseau-asie.org
3270:"神话传说中，动物要修炼多久才能成精？_狐狸"
1647:Investiture of the Gods
1640:Investiture of the Gods
1546:Investiture of the Gods
1334:Hundred-Eyed Demon Lord
1220:) genre of literature.
1214:Gods and demons fiction
987:of Irish legend or the
3243:www.chinawriter.com.cn
3239:"狐妖故事要有好趣味--文史--中国作家网"
2657:The Global White Snake
2237:In the 2023 TV series
1872:In later terminology,
1749:
1644:In the literary text,
1577:. In addition, in the
1483:, so on and so forth.
1437:
1315:
1234:
1164:Deliberate cultivation
1028:white skeleton essence
980:
897:
550:
527:Devotional traditions:
69:
44:Creatures depicted in
3696:Mythological monsters
3333:(in Chinese (Taiwan))
3303:(in Chinese (Taiwan))
3087:Li, Xingjian (2004).
3040:Li, XingJian (2004).
2421:Li, Xingjian (2004).
2240:American Born Chinese
2108:AdventureQuest Worlds
1986:A Chinese Ghost Story
1821:as a standalone noun.
1747:
1435:
1313:
1232:
1097:"魑魅 , 山林异气所生 , 为人害")
971:
892:
823:) rather than "yao" (
631:Holy Confucian Church
548:
217:Chinese creation myth
90:Chinese folk religion
43:
3651:(in Chinese (China))
3160:(in Chinese (China))
2243:, based on the 2006
2100:Japanese adaptations
1944:improve this article
1851:eerie sounds ("鼓妖"),
1591:Maitreya Bodhisattva
1519:years of cultivation
1422:"Painted skin demon"
1239:Black Calamity (黑气):
1139:Balanced Discussions
734:Zhuang folk religion
431:Chinese food therapy
412:Major cultural forms
3606:. pp. 179–185.
3540:Journey to the West
3520:Journey to the West
3500:Journey to the West
3376:. pp. 111–132.
2884:www.taipeitimes.com
2755:"人弃常则妖兴。-古文名句--东篱网"
2497:Zeitlin, Judith L.
2128:Western adaptations
2093:Journey to the West
2031:Love and Redemption
1956:independent sources
1738:Repressed sexuality
1711:Journey to the West
1680:). This includes a
1669:Journey to the West
1662:Journey to the West
1579:Journey to the West
1566:Journey to the West
1534:Journey to the West
1479:, a tiger demon as
1362:Journey to the West
1341:Journey to the West
978:Journey to the West
754:Religion portal
720:Qiang folk religion
408:Internal traditions
3358:. pp. 45, 60.
2841:. pp. 7, 321.
2809:"为何狐狸容易修炼成精，化为人形！"
2630:Zhu, Yuan (2003).
2539:De Francis, John.
2148:Fallout: New Vegas
2089:Black Myth: Wukong
2019:In the 2017 movie
1912:In popular culture
1832:The Japanese term
1750:
1438:
1316:
1235:
981:
941:General attributes
898:
706:Miao folk religion
623:Confucian churches
580:Maitreya teachings
551:
494:Ritual traditions:
70:
3630:978-1-040-08703-9
3588:978-1-83886-263-3
3297:"魍魎 - 中國哲學書電子化計劃"
3154:""妖魔鬼怪"字的解释 | 汉典"
2667:978-0-472-03860-2
2583:Li, Dong (2011).
2014:"centipede demon"
2012:in the form of a
1973:
1972:
1656:Jiutou Zhiji Jing
1409:Jiutou Zhiji Jing
1368:Lady White Bones
1275:Snake Demons (蛇妖)
1252:Tiger Demons (虎妖)
1016:nine-tailed foxes
972:The surrender of
885:Chinese mythology
815:Chinese mythology
790:
789:
727:Yao folk religion
676:Related religions
521:Chinese shamanism
514:Nuo folk religion
507:Jitong mediumship
297:Jitong mediumship
210:Chinese mythology
36:Chinese mythology
16:(Redirected from
3703:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3641:
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3634:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3599:
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3528:
3527:
3525:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3476:People's Journal
3467:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3425:
3424:
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3407:
3406:
3404:
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3389:
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3028:
3027:
3013:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2990:""妖魔鬼怪"四者有什么区别？"
2986:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
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2909:www.china.org.cn
2901:
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2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2376:
2343:
2228:The mobile game
2205:Once Upon a Time
1995:n the form of a
1968:
1965:
1959:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1840:Classical usages
1819:unusual creature
1606:
1487:Predatory beings
1426:The Painted Skin
1265:Wolf Demons (狼妖)
1176:
1175:
1171:
856:
828:
827:
822:
821:
811:
802:
782:
775:
768:
752:
751:
652:Phoenix churches
592:Tianxian miaodao
587:Tiandi teachings
438:Chinese geomancy
341:Ancestral shrine
304:Precious scrolls
196:Chinese theology
101:
91:
83:
80:
72:
71:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
21:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3681:Chinese deities
3666:
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3654:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3615:
3611:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3575:
3571:
3560:Xu, Chong Lin.
3558:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3523:
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3503:
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3256:
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3214:baike.sogou.com
3208:
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2826:
2817:
2815:
2805:
2790:
2779:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2759:www.dongliw.com
2753:
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2599:
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2581:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2537:
2524:
2515:Bane, Theresa.
2513:
2506:
2495:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2441:baike.sogou.com
2435:
2434:
2430:
2419:
2406:
2401:
2374:
2341:
2311:
2263:
2261:Broader entries
2258:
2130:
2087:The video game
2071:The video game
1981:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1941:
1937:popular culture
1925:
1921:
1914:
1890:
1870:
1842:
1801:怪 (guài) means
1776:
1771:
1735:
1720:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1607:
1583:Taishang Laojun
1561:
1514:
1489:
1468:
1463:
1443:
1441:Taoist folklore
1246:Fox Demons (狐妖)
1218:"Strange tales"
1200:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1153:Lady White Bone
1131:
1119:Wangxiang (罔象")
1086:
1059:
1047:
1005:
943:
938:
929:yao mo gui guai
877:
786:
746:
739:
738:
677:
669:
668:
540:Wang Ye worship
409:
401:
400:
361:
353:
352:
317:
309:
308:
261:
253:
252:
230:Model humanity:
191:
183:
182:
109:
89:
78:
75:
65:
62:
59:
56:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3691:Chinese ghosts
3688:
3686:Chinese demons
3683:
3678:
3662:
3661:
3645:""妖"字的解释 | 汉典"
3636:
3629:
3609:
3594:
3587:
3569:
3549:
3546:. p. 358.
3537:Wu, Cheng En.
3529:
3526:. p. 960.
3517:Wu, Cheng En.
3509:
3506:. p. 963.
3497:Wu, Cheng En.
3489:
3462:
3459:. p. 103.
3444:
3441:. p. 102.
3426:
3408:
3379:
3361:
3343:
3313:
3285:
3254:
3225:
3194:
3170:
3145:
3130:"邪字的解释-在线新华字典"
3121:
3106:"魔字的解释-在线新华字典"
3094:
3091:. p. 477.
3076:
3061:"怪字的解释-在线新华字典"
3047:
3032:
3017:"鬼字的解释-在线新华字典"
3005:
2968:
2944:
2920:
2896:
2871:
2860:so.gushiwen.cn
2844:
2824:
2788:
2785:. p. 121.
2770:
2733:
2717:
2673:
2666:
2637:
2622:
2607:
2590:
2587:. p. 204.
2570:
2555:"魔字的解释-在线新华字典"
2546:
2543:. p. 996.
2522:
2519:. p. 332.
2504:
2501:. p. 254.
2486:
2483:. p. 452.
2472:
2452:
2428:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2210:Prince Phillip
2200:
2187:
2178:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2026:
2017:
2000:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1935:references to
1928:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1889:
1888:Disambiguation
1886:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1841:
1838:
1823:
1822:
1799:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1754:"Painted Skin"
1734:
1731:
1719:
1716:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1601:
1560:
1557:
1513:
1510:
1488:
1485:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1442:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1415:Fengshen Yanyi
1399:
1396:Fengshen Yanyi
1384:
1375:
1365:
1352:
1344:
1331:
1308:
1307:
1299:Wangliang (魍魎)
1295:
1289:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1249:
1243:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1112:"木石之怪曰夔 , 魍魎")
1100:
1099:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:Black Calamity
1058:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1004:
1003:Typical powers
1001:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
925:
921:
917:
913:
876:
873:
788:
787:
785:
784:
777:
770:
762:
759:
758:
757:
756:
741:
740:
737:
736:
730:
729:
723:
722:
716:
715:
709:
708:
702:
701:
696:
690:
689:
684:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
660:
659:
654:
648:
647:
641:
640:
634:
633:
619:
618:
613:
611:Zaili teaching
607:
606:
601:
595:
594:
589:
583:
582:
577:
571:
570:
565:
543:
542:
536:
535:
524:
523:
517:
516:
510:
509:
503:
502:
491:
490:
484:
483:
478:
462:
461:
455:
454:
448:
447:
441:
440:
434:
433:
427:
426:
420:
419:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
344:
343:
338:
336:Chinese temple
332:
331:
325:
324:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
300:
299:
293:
292:
286:
285:
280:
274:
273:
268:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
244:
243:
238:
227:
226:
220:
219:
213:
212:
206:
205:
199:
198:
192:
189:
188:
185:
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180:
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169:
168:
163:
157:
156:
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145:
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139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
94:
93:
85:
84:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3708:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3598:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3564:
3556:
3554:
3542:
3541:
3533:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3458:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3423:. p. 83.
3422:
3415:
3413:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3350:
3348:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3215:
3211:
3210:"魍魉魑魅 - 搜狗百科"
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3135:
3134:zd.hwxnet.com
3131:
3125:
3111:
3110:zd.hwxnet.com
3107:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3066:
3065:zd.hwxnet.com
3062:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3043:
3036:
3022:
3021:zd.hwxnet.com
3018:
3012:
3010:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2983:
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2979:
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2975:
2973:
2958:
2954:
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2910:
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2885:
2881:
2875:
2861:
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2840:
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2814:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
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2793:
2784:
2777:
2775:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2633:
2626:
2619:. p. 56.
2618:
2615:Yu, Anthony.
2611:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2560:
2559:zd.hwxnet.com
2556:
2550:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2476:
2469:. p. 56.
2468:
2465:Yu, Anthony.
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
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2348:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
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2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2250:
2246:
2245:graphic novel
2242:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:Sleepy Hollow
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:Sleeping Dogs
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:Honest Hearts
2150:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2055:Ashes of Love
2051:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1929:This article
1927:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1865:
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1707:
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1554:
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1541:
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1535:
1529:
1527:
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1520:
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1427:
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1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:Spider Demons
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1285:Penghou (彭侯):
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1123:"水之怪曰龍 , 罔象")
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1054:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:For example,
1012:
1010:
1009:shapeshifting
1000:
996:
994:
990:
986:
979:
975:
970:
966:
965:
961:
960:
956:
953:
952:femme fatales
948:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
911:
910:
909:
905:
903:
896:
891:
887:
886:
882:
872:
870:
865:
862:
860:
852:
848:
842:
838:
836:
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816:
812:
806:
798:
794:
783:
778:
776:
771:
769:
764:
763:
761:
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743:
742:
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731:
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661:
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584:
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569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
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558:
556:
547:
541:
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534:
531:
530:
529:
528:
522:
519:
518:
515:
512:
511:
508:
505:
504:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
489:
488:Other schools
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
469:
468:
467:
466:
460:
457:
456:
453:
450:
449:
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115:
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111:
105:
104:
100:
96:
95:
92:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
51:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3653:. Retrieved
3649:www.zdic.net
3648:
3639:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3597:
3578:
3572:
3566:. p. 8.
3562:
3539:
3532:
3519:
3512:
3499:
3492:
3481:. Retrieved
3479:. 2022-02-15
3474:
3465:
3456:
3438:
3420:
3400:. Retrieved
3396:
3373:
3355:
3335:. Retrieved
3330:
3305:. Retrieved
3300:
3277:. Retrieved
3274:www.sohu.com
3273:
3246:. Retrieved
3242:
3217:. Retrieved
3213:
3186:. Retrieved
3182:
3173:
3162:. Retrieved
3158:www.zdic.net
3157:
3148:
3137:. Retrieved
3133:
3124:
3113:. Retrieved
3109:
3088:
3068:. Retrieved
3064:
3041:
3035:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:
2997:. Retrieved
2994:www.sohu.com
2993:
2960:. Retrieved
2957:Japan Avenue
2956:
2947:
2936:. Retrieved
2932:
2923:
2912:. Retrieved
2908:
2899:
2888:. Retrieved
2886:. 2006-03-05
2883:
2874:
2863:. Retrieved
2859:
2838:
2816:. Retrieved
2812:
2782:
2762:. Retrieved
2758:
2726:
2720:
2696:(1): 58–75.
2693:
2689:
2656:
2631:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2601:
2584:
2562:. Retrieved
2558:
2549:
2540:
2516:
2498:
2480:
2475:
2466:
2444:. Retrieved
2440:
2431:
2422:
2299:
2279:
2271:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2203:
2194:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2072:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2007:
1997:"tree demon"
1996:
1990:
1989:
1974:
1964:January 2023
1961:
1931:may contain
1930:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1873:
1871:
1868:Later usages
1863:
1843:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1785:
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1777:
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1762:
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1753:
1752:
1751:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1686:
1678:Tang Sanzang
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1613:
1578:
1564:
1562:
1559:Demoted gods
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1502:
1494:
1490:
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1186:
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1146:
1138:
1132:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1048:
1038:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1013:
1006:
997:
984:
982:
977:
974:Heifeng Guai
963:
962:
958:
957:
951:
944:
928:
906:
901:
899:
894:
878:
866:
863:
843:
839:
831:
808:
792:
791:
664:Taigu school
621:
620:
599:Xia teaching
575:Luo teaching
553:
552:
526:
525:
493:
492:
471:Confucianism
464:
463:
411:
290:Wu shamanism
229:
228:
49:
2437:"妖怪 - 搜狗百科"
2273:Shanhaijing
2231:Gems of War
2043:Three Loves
2037:Three Lives
1786:, bogeyman,
1339:a demon in
1104:Wangliang (
1093:Chimei (魑魅)
1036:white snake
927:The phrase
841:(出反常必有妖)".
657:Xuanyuanism
604:Xiantiandao
563:De teaching
475:state rites
3670:Categories
3655:2024-07-13
3602:De Groot.
3483:2024-07-10
3455:De Groot.
3437:De Groot.
3419:De Groot.
3402:2024-07-10
3372:De Groot.
3354:De Groot.
3337:2024-07-13
3307:2024-07-13
3279:2024-07-13
3248:2024-07-13
3219:2024-07-13
3188:2024-07-13
3183:m.sohu.com
3164:2024-07-13
3139:2024-07-13
3115:2024-07-13
3070:2024-07-13
3026:2024-07-13
2999:2024-07-13
2962:2024-07-19
2938:2024-07-10
2914:2024-07-10
2890:2024-07-10
2865:2024-07-13
2837:De Groot.
2818:2024-07-13
2781:De Groot.
2764:2024-07-10
2564:2024-07-13
2446:2024-07-13
2399:References
2327:Fox spirit
2249:Niu Mowang
2166:Fallout 76
2091:rooted in
1933:irrelevant
1722:See also:
1706:Sun Wukong
1635:See also:
1626:Literature
1587:Kui Mulang
1575:Sha Wujing
1445:In Taoist
1348:Sun Wukong
1324:Bai Suzhen
1306:travelers.
1202:See also:
1187:Fox demons
1181:Bai Suzhen
1135:Wang Chong
1032:Bai Suzhen
1020:fox spirit
879:See also:
867:Japanese "
625:and sects:
568:Jiugongdao
381:Jiuhuangye
248:Wen and wu
30:See also:
3331:ctext.org
3301:ctext.org
2813:k.sina.cn
2712:1746-8477
2690:Animation
2365:Wangliang
2338:Huli jing
2281:Soushenji
2171:Fallout 3
2160:Fallout 4
2142:Fallout 3
2022:Wish Upon
1948:citations
1878:sentience
1774:Etymology
1704:Notably,
1689:Baigujing
1682:baigujing
1652:Pipa Jing
1618:Zhong Kui
1595:Manjushri
1571:Zhu Bajie
1505:Wangliang
1498:Baigujing
1403:Pipa Jing
1379:Niumowang
1157:Baigujing
1064:Zuo Zhuan
1024:Baigujing
924:contexts.
895:Gui Qu Tu
699:Dongbaism
682:Benzhuism
371:Zhongyuan
360:Festivals
278:Feng shui
271:Jingxiang
260:Practices
142:Xian ling
50:Gui Qu Tu
2347:Jiangshi
2256:See also
2082:Chthonic
1952:reliable
1893:Yao 妖.
1610:Gong Kai
1528:status.
1461:Typology
1447:folklore
1069:gan-ying
835:hypnosis
376:Zhongqiu
366:Qingming
266:Fenxiang
108:Concepts
79:a series
76:Part of
46:Luo Ping
3676:Yaoguai
2359:Penghou
2321:Faeries
2189:In the
2175:Fallout
2136:Fallout
2117:centaur
2009:yaoguai
1991:yaoguai
1815:strange
1811:monster
1807:unusual
1803:strange
1790:demon.
1783:, fiend
1780:monster
1697:kings (
1695:yaoguai
1672:, many
1451:yaoguai
1259:zhiguai
1147:Penghou
989:fairies
947:uncanny
920:wicked.
851:Chinese
847:xianxia
810:yāoguài
797:Chinese
793:Yaoguai
687:Bimoism
533:Mazuism
283:Miaohui
241:Zhenren
173:Baoying
166:Yuanfen
161:Mingyun
149:Yinyang
118:Shangdi
57:
18:Yaojing
3627:
3585:
2710:
2664:
2371:Wekufe
2301:Zibuyu
2163:, and
2145:, the
2052:, and
1898:ghosts
1699:mówáng
1674:demons
1524:"Xian"
1292:Chimei
1281:power.
1168:": -->
1045:Origin
859:demons
853::
807::
805:pinyin
799::
616:Qigong
481:Taoism
391:Duanwu
190:Theory
154:Hundun
52:(鬼趣图;
3544:(PDF)
3524:(PDF)
3504:(PDF)
2392:Yōkai
2386:Yōsei
2315:Demon
2214:Belle
2121:Qilin
2113:horse
2066:gods.
1834:yokai
1039:fairy
993:vixen
869:yokai
3625:ISBN
3583:ISBN
2708:ISSN
2662:ISBN
2380:Xian
2353:Mara
2151:DLC
2133:The
1954:and
1817:and
1573:and
1549:and
1406:and
1388:Daji
1191:Daji
1170:edit
1145:The
1034:, a
1026:, a
396:Nian
386:Qixi
236:Xian
137:Ling
130:Shen
114:Tian
54:lit.
34:and
2698:doi
2191:DLC
1950:to
1874:yāo
1813:or
1805:or
1788:or
1666:In
1612:'s
1526:(仙)
1455:Tao
1412:in
1155:or
1133:In
985:fae
916:怪物.
902:yao
694:Bon
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2157:,
2046:,
2040:,
2034:,
2006:a
1988:a
1884:.
1589:,
1543:,
1537:,
1481:虎妖
1477:狐妖
1449:,
1206:,
1106:魍魎
1051:qi
883:,
855:仙侠
803:;
801:妖怪
178:Wu
125:Qi
82:on
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1962:(
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1473:妖
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1337::
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826:妖
820:魔
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116:—
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