430:
between people who were native to the locale or were new to the locale; as long as they had settled in the locale, they were registered on the tax rolls. There was no longer a division of young men with mature men ; rather, division was by level of wealth. As for businessmen, they were given the responsibility of paying 1/30 of the tax burden, such that they were no longer able to evade tax responsibilities and would bear similar tax burdens to their farming neighbors. As for taxes on the farmers, they were collected twice a year, during the fall and summer. The field tax, corvée, and head tax, as well as other miscellaneous and harsh taxes were all abolished. The director of finances oversaw the taxes.
677:) the mayor of Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the Luoyang region) to sell Yang's mansion for him—and, at Yan's manipulation, this incident was increased in severity from the lesser charge of conflict of interest to embezzlement. Meanwhile, Lu also secretly told Emperor Dezong that Yang had built his family shrine on land that was said to be greatly blessed, and accused Yang of intending to try to become emperor himself. In winter 781, Emperor Dezong demoted and exiled Yang to the post of military advisor to the prefect of the extremely remove Yai Prefecture (崖州, in modern
579:), in particular, was submitting repeated petitions criticizing the imperial government for executing Liu. Yang, in fear, sent his associates to the circuits to blame Liu's death on Emperor Dezong personally, over Emperor Dezong's resentment for Liu's support of Consort Dugu, and disavowing personal responsibility in Liu's death. When Emperor Dezong became aware that Yang was blaming him, he began to be resentful of Yang and considered killing him, but did not do so immediately. Rather, he promoted
424:, and the poor households were unable to avoid taxes in this manner. Therefore, the rich households became richer, and the poor households became poorer. Corrupt officials further used the opportunity to seize assets and oppress people. They collected taxes every 10 days or half month. The people could not endure this kind of cruel treatment, and often they fled to other locales just to make a living. Those who remained in their homes did not exceed 40% or 50%.
415:, and head tax . Those who had fields paid the field tax. Those who were adults served corvée labor. Those who had household rolls paid head tax. Toward the end of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, the government files were being poorly maintained, and the records were often not matching reality. During the
583:
to also be a chancellor to divide Yang's power. Yang, looking down on Lu, as Lu was known to be ugly in appearance and untalented, would often refuse to have lunch with Lu even though chancellors were, by custom, to have lunches with each other on a regular basis. This thus drew resentment from Lu as
429:
Yang Yan established the Law of the Two Taxes . The prefectural and county expenses were estimated in advance, and added to those expenses were the amounts they were supposed to submit to the central government. Then, that number becomes the overall tax burden for the people. No distinction made
647:
despite Li
Zhongchen's kind treatment of him, and argued that if Li Xilie were successful, he would be so overconfident that the imperial government would no longer be able to control him. Emperor Dezong did not listen to Yang and became increasingly repulsed by Yang due to his opposition. When Li
477:
By spring 780, With Cui Youfu seriously ill at that point and Qiao having been removed by
Emperor Dezong due to incompetence, Yang was solely in charge of the government, and he revived major military projects that Yuan had advocated until his downfall—to rebuild Yuan Prefecture (原州, in modern
419:
era , the state was in war and chaos, and the collections of taxes were both done in an emergency and a haphazard manner. More and more tax collection agencies were created, but none supervised another, and therefore they created new methods and laws for taxation. Before the old tax would be
216:), and he became a colleague of Li's after he came to serve under Lü, and he took the opportunity, on one occasion, to batter Li severely along with his guards, almost causing Li's death. Lü, however, favored his talent and did not punish him. Later, when the major general
648:
Xilie's army was not launched for sometime due to rain, Lu secretly suggested to
Emperor Dezong that it was actually because Li Xilie was resentful of Yang and that Emperor Dezong should remove Yang to placate Li Xilie. Emperor Dezong agreed, and in fall 781, he made Yang
224:. Instead, he returned home to support his mother. After his mother died, he was honored for his filial piety to her—and it was said that it was unprecedented, at that point, that a household would be decorated for three straight generations for their filial piety.
257:
were known for the beautiful language they used in writing edicts—with Chang being known for his ability to cite ancient precedents, and Yang known for the ability to use appropriate praises. When he wrote the text of a monument dedicated to the general Li Kailuo
86:. He was credited with reforming the tax system to reduce burdens on the peasants and to bring merchants into the rank of taxpayers, but was blamed for using his position to take vengeance on political enemies. He was removed in 781 and soon executed.
542:) as an emissary to Tufan. When Wei requested that Emperor Dezong personally sign a letter offering peace addressed to the king of Tufan, Yang believed that this would overly dignify the Tufan king, and therefore requested that the senior general
522:) opposed the projects on account that it would provoke a Tufan attack, Yang, angered by Duan's opposition, had Duan recalled to the capital to serve in the relatively powerless post as minister of agriculture. When the disciplinarian general
456:, Emperor Dezong did not, for the time being, investigate Liu. Still, at Yang's urging, he removed Liu from his various posts as directors of specialized financial agencies and returned the responsibilities to the executive bureau (尚書省,
275:
and was fostered by Yuan to be his successor. After Yuan was executed for corruption in 777, Emperor
Daizong initially wanted to execute Yang and some other close associates of Yuan's as well, but Emperor Daizong's uncle Wu Cou
372:), who had controlled the circuit semi-independently from the imperial government, at Chang'an when Cui arrived at Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Dezong, thus allowing the imperial government to take back control of Sichuan.
567:, and of preparing to commit treason. Yang "confirmed" Yu's accusations, and Emperor Dezong had Liu put to death—drawing mourning from throughout the realm over the unfair treatment of the well-respected Liu. The warlord
172:
Yang Yan was known in his youth for his handsome eyebrows and beard, his ability to stand up against monetary enticements, and his beautiful writing. In his home region, he became known as the younger Yang
535:
Notwithstanding these projects, one of the agendas that
Emperor Dezong had early in his reign was peace with Tufan, and he ordered a general release of Tufan captives. He also sent the official Wei Lun
460:). (Subsequently, however, with the executive bureau agencies unable to handle these financial matters, the specialized agencies were restored, although the responsibilities were given to Han Hui (
643:), and Emperor Dezong put Li Xilie in charge of the campaign against Liang. Yang objected—pointing out that Li Xilie was himself disobedient of imperial edicts and had expelled his predecessor
438:, one of the judges that adjudicated Yuan Zai's guilt, for Yuan's death and for his own demotion, he accused Liu of having encouraged Emperor Daizong to make his favorite concubine
452:) the Prince of Han. At Cui Youfu's urging, who argued that such matters should no longer be considered since Emperor Dezong had issued a general pardon when he declared the
667:) the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) because he disliked Yan Ying. Lu, knowing this, had Yan Ying made the chief imperial censor (御史大夫,
302:. Emperor Dezong, wanting to reform government, was willing to promote people in exceptional manners, and in fall 779, based on the recommendation of the chancellor
420:
abolished, the new tax would already be implemented, without ceasing. The rich households had many men, but they avoided taxes by becoming officials or becoming
264:), the writing was so beautiful that the scholars at the time all took pains to memorize it. He later became the deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎,
532:). While Liu was quickly killed by his own subordinates, and the rebellion dissipated, neither Yuan Prefecture nor Lingyang Aquedate was actually ever rebuilt.
494:, as a forward advance base for a campaign to recapture lands lost to Tufan; and to conscript labor from the regions of the two capitals (Chang'an and
393:
What Yang became most known for, however, was his reform of the taxation system, introduced in an edict by
Emperor Dezong in 780. As described by the
1339:
947:
526:
was subsequently named to succeed Duan, Duan's soldiers, fearing Li
Huaiguang's harshness, rebelled under the leadership of the officer Liu Wenxi (
160:
but then declined official offices to support his parents, an act for which he was honored by both
Emperor Xuanzong and Emperor Xuanzong's son
1349:
220:
invited him to serve as an assistant, he declined, and he also declined a promotion to serve as an imperial chronicler at the capital
631:), thereafter prepared for war against the imperial government. One of the main advocates for an immediate attack against Liang was
282:) persuaded him not to do so. Instead, Yang was demoted to be the military advisor to the prefect of Dao Prefecture (道州, in modern
1334:
375:
Convincing
Emperor Dezong to return the responsibility of collecting and storing money and silk revenues from Daying Storage (
940:
725:
351:) the Prince of Cao, a capable official of imperial descent who had been demoted due to false accusations by Xin Jinggao (
341:
As chancellor, Yang quickly carried out a number of actions that were praised by contemporaries and/or later historians:
685:). However, even before Yang reached Yai Prefecture, Emperor Dezong sent executioners to intercept him and execute him.
904:
900:
896:
855:
818:
783:
933:
1344:
249:). While serving at the ministry of rites, he became one of the main drafters of edicts for Emperor Suzong's son
884:
708:
79:
38:
470:, not back to Liu.) Liu was also soon demoted and exiled to be the prefect of Zhong Prefecture (忠州, in modern
1354:
30:
1359:
439:
407:, of the problems of the taxation system at the time and what Yang's reforms were intended to address:
269:
920:
268:) and was put in charge of editing the imperial history. He also became well regarded by the powerful
1263:
95:
1288:
1258:
1248:
1208:
250:
546:
sign the letter, with
Emperor Dezong writing, "approved," on the letter. Emperor Dezong agreed.
126:
dynasties, although the lineage was not completely traceable. His great-grandfather Yang Dabao (
1143:
435:
299:
161:
83:
19:
This article is about the Tang dynasty chancellor. For the Jin dynasty (266–420) empress, see
137:
107:
915:
671:). At Lu's direction, Yan Ying soon exposed an incident in which Yang had asked Zhao Huibo (
600:
580:
157:
111:
8:
1329:
1324:
1113:
1073:
1153:
1138:
20:
607:, respectively) to inherit their posts. Li Na and Li Weiyue, along with their allies
144:
the Dingyang Khan, and therefore was posthumously honored. His grandfather Yang Zhe (
434:
Meanwhile, though, Yang was also said to be vindictive. Blaming the senior official
1083:
879:
867:
757:
702:
487:
729:
190:. Later, he took off his hermit robes and served as a secretary under Lü Chongbi (
446:
since he was not Consort Dugu's son, and Consort Dugu had her own son, Li Jiong (
411:
Early in Tang Dynasty, the taxes and duties included the following: field tax ,
891:
778:
507:
491:
403:
56:
563:), accused Liu of complaining about Emperor Dezong in a letter to the general
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1218:
1173:
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the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern
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514:, the military governor of Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern
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221:
123:
119:
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591:, the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern
555:) the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern
364:, the military governor of Sichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern
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1238:
1178:
1133:
1108:
1103:
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658:), one of the heads of the executive bureau, but no longer chancellor.
635:, the military governor of Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern
588:
571:, the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern
568:
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141:
237:), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部,
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the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern
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empress—which would have endangered Emperor Dezong's position as
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In fall 780, at Yang's direction, Liu Yan's superior Yu Zhun (
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486:), formerly Tang territory but which had become part of the
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In 779, Emperor Daizong died and was succeeded by his son
661:
While Yang Yan was chancellor, he had demoted Yan Ying (
132:) served as a county magistrate during the reign of the
227:
After Yang completed his period of mourning, he became
150:) was known for his filial piety. His father, Yang Bo (
78:), was a Chinese historian and politician serving as a
241:), and later served at the ministries of defense (兵部,
921:
Article on foreign relations during the Tang dynasty
306:, Emperor Dezong promoted Yang from exile to be the
599:), died, Emperor Dezong refused to let their sons (
210:). He had previously been humiliated by Li Dajian (
502:to reopen Lingyang Aqueduct (陵陽渠, flowing through
1316:
293:
106:) and claimed ancestry through officials of the
202:) of Hexi Circuit (河西, headquartered in modern
98:. His family was from Fengxiang (鳳翔, in modern
94:Yang Yan was born in 727, during the reign of
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1350:Tang dynasty historians from Shaanxi
911:A history of China from 7 BC to 1279
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381:), inside the palace and managed by
385:, to the ministry of storage (太府寺,
156:), was known for having passed the
13:
14:
1371:
389:), thus restoring accountability.
322:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
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16:Chinese historian and politician
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294:During Emperor Dezong's reign
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334:, serving alongside Cui and
253:. Both he and his colleague
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916:Chinaknowledge.de article
709:"漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十一‧表第十一"
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108:Warring States period
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689:Notes and references
360:Keeping the general
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31:simplified Chinese
21:Yang Yan (empress)
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1129:Lu Xiangxian
1094:Linghu Defen
989:Chu Suiliang
957:Tang dynasty
890:
878:
866:
851:
833:
814:
777:
756:
734:. Retrieved
730:the original
717:. Retrieved
713:the original
701:
697:
668:
660:
649:
645:Li Zhongchen
593:Shijiazhuang
586:
548:
534:
524:Li Huaiguang
476:
457:
453:
444:crown prince
440:Consort Dugu
433:
428:
416:
410:
402:
395:Song dynasty
392:
386:
340:
331:
321:
318:Menxia Sheng
317:
307:
297:
266:Libu Shilang
265:
246:
242:
238:
228:
226:
197:
174:
171:
168:Early career
136:'s founder,
134:Tang dynasty
93:
69:
65:; 727–781),
60:
50:
26:
25:
1304:Zhu Qinming
1224:Xu Jingzong
1149:Pei Yanling
1064:Li Chunfeng
1004:Cui Shenyou
994:Cui Guicong
984:Chen Yixing
839:, vol. 54 .
669:Yushi Daifu
512:Duan Xiushi
454:Liangshuifa
1330:781 deaths
1325:727 births
1319:Categories
1299:Zhu Jingze
1274:Zheng Lang
1239:Yao Silian
1179:Wei Chuhou
1134:Niu Sengru
1109:Liu Congyi
1104:Liu Youqiu
1099:Linghu Tao
1034:Jiang Shen
1009:Fan Lübing
999:Cui Renshi
974:Cen Wenben
959:historians
736:2011-10-22
719:2010-05-03
706:, vol. 71.
589:Li Baochen
569:Li Zhengji
399:Sima Guang
397:historian
270:chancellor
218:Li Guangbi
142:Liu Wuzhou
90:Background
80:chancellor
57:Wade–Giles
1289:Zheng Yin
1284:Zheng Tan
1264:Zhang Yue
1214:Xiao Song
1199:Wei Zhiyi
1194:Wei Zhigu
1189:Wei Zheng
1164:Sima Zhen
1159:Quan Deyu
1119:Liu Zhiji
1059:Li Baiyao
650:Zuo Pushe
637:Zhumadian
605:Li Weiyue
516:Pingliang
504:Bayan Nur
500:Guanzhong
472:Chongqing
304:Cui Youfu
255:Chang Gun
1294:Zhou Chi
1279:Zheng Su
1259:Zhang Yi
1249:Zhang Xi
1244:Yuan Zai
1234:Yang Wan
1229:Yang Yan
1209:Xiao Hua
1204:Wu Sansi
1069:Li Dashi
1044:Li Linfu
895:, vols.
885:vol. 145
873:vol. 118
856:vol. 227
819:vol. 226
784:vol. 225
763:vol. 118
633:Li Xilie
625:Xiangfan
609:Tian Yue
577:Shandong
557:Jingzhou
544:Guo Ziyi
387:Taifu Si
362:Cui Ning
336:Qiao Lin
332:de facto
327:同中書門下平章事
284:Yongzhou
273:Yuan Zai
222:Chang'an
199:Jiedushi
62:Yang Yen
52:Yáng Yán
27:Yang Yan
1154:Qi Kang
1144:Pei Xiu
1114:Liu Zhi
1089:Li Yifu
1084:Li Xian
1054:Li Anqi
1049:Li Shen
1039:Li Jifu
1019:Guan Bo
969:Cao Que
835:Bo Yang
496:Luoyang
484:Ningxia
436:Liu Yan
401:in his
383:eunuchs
370:Sichuan
366:Chengdu
175:Shanren
104:Shaanxi
70:Gongnan
1184:Wei Mo
1169:Su Gui
1139:Pei Ji
1124:Lu Sui
1074:Li Kui
1029:Jia Su
1024:Han Yu
979:Cen Xi
683:Hainan
619:) and
613:Handan
584:well.
573:Tai'an
565:Zhu Ci
498:) and
480:Guyuan
468:Du You
466:) and
413:corvée
243:Bingbu
188:hermit
185:Taoist
122:, and
110:state
59::
49::
47:pinyin
41::
33::
1079:Li Bi
679:Sanya
641:Henan
629:Hubei
617:Hebei
601:Li Na
597:Hebei
581:Lu Qi
561:Hubei
520:Gansu
492:Tufan
417:Zhide
288:Hunan
234:司勳員外郎
208:Gansu
204:Wuwei
100:Baoji
603:and
313:門下侍郎
247:Libu
239:Libu
905:227
901:226
897:225
674:趙惠伯
655:左僕射
529:劉文喜
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378:大盈庫
354:辛京杲
290:).
261:李楷洛
213:李大簡
193:呂崇賁
129:楊大寶
124:Sui
120:Han
116:Qin
114:),
112:Han
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899:,
883:,
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286:,
279:吳湊
206:,
180:山人
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153:楊播
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75:公南
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