861:
1398:
2099:
Mujib and abducting him to West
Pakistan and banning his party, it set about massacring his supporters, with American weapons. Firing squads spread out across East Pakistan, sometimes assisted by local collaborators from Islamist groups that had been humiliated in the elections. In the countryside, where the armed resistance was strongest, the Pakistani military burned and strafed villages, killing thousands and turning many more into refugees. Hindus, who composed more than ten per cent of the population, were targeted, their un-Muslimness ascertained by a quick inspection underneath their lungis. Tens of thousands of women were raped in a campaign of terror.
1383:
1707:
382:
551:
1036:
4418:
1292:
393:
540:
1196:
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3003:
5219:
562:
352:
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proposals. Kissinger noted that she "listened to what was, in fact, one of Nixon's better presentations with aloof indifference" but "took up none of the points." Jayakar pointed out that Gandhi listened to Nixon "without a single comment, creating an impregnable space so that no real contact was possible." She also refrained from assuring Nixon that India would follow
Pakistan's suit if it withdrew from India's borders. As a result, the main agenda was "dropped altogether."
1244:
4824:
364:
417:
4312:
1608:
529:
1370:. However, the dissolution of the One Unit policy did not lead to the positive results that it might have yielded if withdrawn earlier. Yahya also made an attempt to accommodate the East Pakistanis by abolishing the principle of parity, in the hope that a greater share in the assembly would redress their wounded ethnic regional pride and ensure the integrity of Pakistan. Instead of satisfying the
1262:
73:
1779:. Indian journalist Dewan Berindranath argued that Yahya turned to alcohol and womanizing when he gained power, as a coping mechanism to deal with stress, and that when he was a soldier he was known for being morally upright, abstaining from partying unlike other officers and instead preferring to spend time with his family and also practicing
983:
orders directly from the army's GHQ. This idea failed miserably in the 1965 war, and the need to have intermediate corps headquarters in between the GHQ and the fighting combat divisions was recognized as a foremost operational necessity after the 1965 war. In the 1965 war, the
Pakistan Army had only one corps headquarters (the
2061:
operation in order to terrorize the
Bengalis. Yahya's decision to put General Tikka Khan (who had earned the name of "Butcher of Baluchistan" for his earlier brutal suppression of Baluchi nationals in the 1960s) in charge of the military operation in Bangladesh was an overt signal of the regime's intention to launch a genocide.
1726:
was broadcast by West
Pakistani media, the spontaneous and overwhelming public anger over the nation's defeat by Bangladeshi rebels and the Indian Army, and over the breskup of Pakistan into two parts, boiled into street demonstrations throughout Pakistan. Rumors of an impending coup d'état by junior
1697:
to
Pakistan, offering to replenish those countries' weapons stocks later despite Congressional objections. The US used the threat of an aid cut-off to force Pakistan to back down, while its continued military aid to Islamabad prevented India from launching incursions deeper into the country. Pakistan
1329:
and approximately three-fourths Muslim (as of the 1961 Census). In addition, Yahya also inherited the challenge of transforming a country essentially ruled by one man into a democratic country, which was the ideological basis of the anti-Ayub movement of 1968–69. Once in office, Yahya Khan was tasked
2098:
The military junta—led by
General Yahya Khan, who had assumed power in 1969—was reluctant to accept the election results, and Khan postponed convening Pakistan's National Assembly... On March 25, 1971, the Pakistani Army launched a full-scale campaign, known as Operation Searchlight. After arresting
1518:
Violent disorder and chaos accompanied the
Pakistan Army's systematic and deliberate campaign of killing and raping the populace of East Pakistan. The original plan for Operation Searchlight envisioned taking control of the major cities on 26 March 1971 and then eliminating all opposition, political
1010:
series were delivered to
Pakistan in 1965–66. The first batch was displayed in the Joint Services Day Parade on 23 March 1966. The 1965 War had proved that Pakistan Army's tank-infantry ratio was lopsided and more infantry was required. Three more infantry divisions (9, 16 and 17 Divisions) largely
982:
After becoming the commander-in-chief of the army, Yahya energetically started reorganizing the
Pakistan Army in 1966. The post-1965 situation saw major organizational and technical changes in the Pakistan Army. Until 1965, it was thought that army divisions could function effectively while getting
1341:
Yahya Khan has been widely portrayed as a ruthless uncompromising insensitive and grossly inept leader.... While Yahya cannot escape responsibility for these tragic events, it is also on the record that he did not act alone.... All the major actors of the period were creatures of a historic legacy
1684:
borders. Nixon also expressed a wish to fix a time limit with Yahya for political accommodation in East Pakistan. Nixon asserted that India could count on US endeavors to ease the crisis within a short time. But, both Kissinger and Gandhi's aide Jayakar maintained, Gandhi did not respond to these
1688:
On 3 December 1971, Yahya preemptively attacked the Indian Air Force and Gandhi retaliated, pushing into East Pakistan. Nixon issued a statement blaming Pakistan for starting the conflict and blaming India for escalating it. He favored a cease-fire. The United States was secretly encouraging the
1679:
In November 1971, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi met Nixon in Washington. She assured him that she didn't want war with Pakistan, but he did not believe her. Witness accounts presented by Kissinger pointed out that Nixon made specific proposals to Prime Minister Gandhi on a solution for the
1494:
to suppress Bengali dissent and the Bengali nationalist movement. It was seen as the sequel to Operation Blitz, which had been launched in November 1970. The Pakistani government's view was that it had to launch a campaign to neutralise a rebellion in East Pakistan to save the unity of Pakistan.
1075:
and take power. On 24 March 1969, Ayub directed a letter to Yahya inviting him to deal with the crisis, as it was "beyond the capacity of government to deal with the... complex situation." Some sources claim Yahya accepted Ayub's proposal on 25 March. On 26 March 1969, General Yahya appeared on
2060:
The Pakistani government (the Yahya regime) was primarily responsible for the genocide. Not only did it prevent the Awami League and Rahman from forming the federal government, but it opted for a military solution to a constitutional crisis. In doing so, it decided to unleash a brutal military
1482:
While the political deadlock continued between the Awami League, the PPP, and the military government after the general elections in 1970, Yahya Khan began coordinating with his military strategists concerning ongoing dissent in East Pakistan. Both Yahya Khan and Bhutto flew to Dhaka and tried
922:
to modernize the Pakistan Army in 1954–57. Yahya also performed the duties of Chief of General Staff from 1958 to 1962 from where he went on to command two infantry divisions from 1962 to 1965. He played a pivotal role in sustaining the support for President Ayub Khan's campaign in the
1573:
The consequences of the war were mainly that East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh, and that India captured approximately 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) of land previously in West Pakistan. However, the captured territory was given back to Pakistan in the
1965:
sending a handwritten letter to him, stating that "without your personal assistance the profound breakthrough in relations between the USA and the would never have been accomplished... Those who want a more peaceful world in the generations to come will be forever in your debt."
1463:
As a result, Pakistan stood politically divided. A series of bilateral talks between the PPP and Mujibur Rahman produced no results and were unable to come to an agreement regarding any transfer of power from West Pakistan's representatives to East Pakistan's, on the basis of the
1342:
and a psycho-political milieu which did not lend itself to accommodation and compromise, to bargaining and a reasoned settlement. Nurtured on conspiracy theories, they were all conditioned to act in a manner that neglected agreeable solutions and promoted violent judgments.
970:
of the Pakistan Army in March 1966 and took command on the 18th day of September when President Ayub promoted him to full General. At the age of 40, he was the youngest General of Pakistan at the time. At promotion, Yahya Khan superseded two of his seniors:
990:
Soon after the war had started, the United States had imposed an embargo on military aid to both India and Pakistan. This embargo did not affect the Indian Army but produced major changes in the Pakistan Army's technical composition. US Secretary of State
1542:
study by Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Emmanuela Gakidou estimated that up to 269,000 civilians died as a result of the conflict; the authors note that this is far higher than a previous estimate of 58,000 put forward by
1519:
or military within one month. The prolonged Bengali resistance had not been anticipated by Pakistani planners, however. The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid-May.
1510:
along with members of the general public, with the goal of launching unconventional and hit-and-run operations. A government-in-exile formed across the border in India and proclaimed the independent state of Bangladesh, appointing
1666:
Nixon urged President Yahya Khan multiple times to exercise restraint. His objective was to prevent a war and safeguard Pakistan's interests, though he feared an Indian invasion of Pakistan that would lead to Indian domination of
3665:
Yahya's energies were also sapped by his hectic social routine. He was excessively fond of the bottle, and his pursuit of a string of liaisons was unblemished by concerns about public opprobrium or professional
1952:
by Pakistan. Khan is viewed largely negatively by Pakistani historians and is considered among the worst of the country's leaders. His rule is widely regarded as the leading cause of the breakup of Pakistan.
1346:
Yahya Khan attempted to solve Pakistan's constitutional and inter-provincial rivalry problems once he took over power from Ayub Khan in March 1969. His earlier initiatives were directed at establishing the
1671:
and strengthen the position of the Soviet Union. Similarly, President Yahya feared that an independent Bangladesh could lead to the disintegration of Pakistan, and said publicly in August 1971 that Indian
1070:
Rather than resigning and allowing a constitutional transfer of power, Ayub Khan requested that Yahya Khan, Commander-in-Chief of the Army, utilize the military's supra-constitutional authority to declare
770:, in the Punjab province. He joined as a head constable and retired as a deputy superintendent. He was posted in Chakwal, Punjab, British India, when Yahya Khan was born. He was rewarded with the title of
1629:, "Nixon liked very few people, but he did like General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan." Personal initiatives of President Yahya had helped to establish the communication channel between the United States and
706:
Khan's short regime was regarded as the leading cause of the breakup of Pakistan. He is viewed negatively in both Bangladesh, being considered the chief-architect of the genocide, and in Pakistan.
891:
in 1947, he had already reached to the rank of major (acting lieutenant-colonel). In this year he was instrumental in not letting the Indian officers shift books from the famous library of the
1787:, eventually quoting Ayub Khan who said that "Give me half a dozen officers of the calibre and moral standards of Yahya Khan and I can show you what can Pakistan do as a great nation of the
860:
966:
as the chief of staff of the army (at that time this appointment was the deputy to the commander-in-chief of the army) and was promoted to lieutenant general. Soon he was appointed as the
903:, where Yahya was posted as an instructor at the time of the partition of India. He renamed the 'Command and Staff College' from 'Army Staff College'. At the age of 34, he was promoted to
778:, as they were executed in secrecy and the British needed to get rid of the corpses without attracting much attention, operations Saadat Ali Khan carried out "efficiently and faithfully."
5298:
4459:
746:
Few Pakistanis knew anything about Yahya Khan when he was vaulted into the presidency two years ago. The stocky, bushy–browed Pathan had been the army chief of staff since 1966...
1088:
was dissolved, and Ayub's civilian officials were dismissed. In his first nationwide address, Yahya maintained, "I will not tolerate disorder. Let everyone remain at his post."
1625:
1011:
equipped with Chinese equipment and popularly referred to by the rank and file as "The China Divisions" were raised by the beginning of 1968. Two more corps headquarters: the
3122:
5318:
2411:
Pashtuns (the community from which hailed the country's first four commanders-in-chief from Ayub Khan to Yahya Khan and Gul Hassan Khan, with the exception of Mohammad Musa)
5353:
1460:'s results reflected the ugly political reality: the Pakistani electorate was deeply polarized along regional lines, particularly between East Pakistan and West Pakistan.
1522:
The total number of people killed in East Pakistan is not known with any degree of accuracy. Bangladeshi authorities claim that 3 million people were killed, while the
1452:, was the only party to have representation from all over the country, but it failed to gain the mandate to run the government. The Awami League had 160 seats in the
1589:
The 1971 war led to increased tensions between Pakistan and India, although Pakistan recognised the independence of Bangladesh following severe pressure from the
1351:(NSC), with Major-General Ghulam Omar as its first advisor. It was formed to analyse and prepare assessments towards issues of political and national security.
4989:
2960:
1566:
within Pakistan. India would eventually be drawn into said war, fighting on behalf of the Bangladeshis against Pakistan; the war would later extend into the
609:
490:
3418:
5418:
5388:
4452:
1865:. The wife of a police officer, Yahya appreciated her company not so much for her looks but mainly because she was fluent in English and could talk about
730:
family on 4 February 1917, according to the references written by Russian sources. His family descended from the elite soldier class of Iranian conqueror
5363:
5348:
4760:
1949:
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1135:
5393:
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1334:
question, and satisfying the frustrations and the sense of exploitation stirring in the "East Wing" (East Pakistan) by government policies since 1948.
1838:
political parties under check", mobilizing the Information Ministry for propaganda and pushing the idea that they put "Islam and Pakistan in danger."
4292:
3905:
3822:
1841:
Towards the end of his life, during and following his imprisonment, Yahya slowly abandoned drinking altogether as he "turned extremely religious."
1660:
3742:
671:, in which around 300,000–3,000,000 Bengalis were killed, and between 200,000 to 400,000 women were raped. In December 1971, Pakistan carried out
4445:
821:, Dehradun on 15 July 1939, his date of commission was later antedated to 28 August 1938. An infantry officer from the 4th/10th Baluch Regiment (
5368:
5288:
4104:
3456:
1750:'s verdict against Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and instead released him, allowing him to fly to London. President Bhutto also issued orders for the
2485:
1284:
1305:
When Yahya Khan assumed the office on 25 March, he inherited a two-decade constitutional problem of inter-provincial ethnic rivalry between
5398:
5328:
3961:
1901:. He stayed out from public events and wrote down his memoirs in the form of notes that remain unpublished. He died on 10 August 1980 in
907:, then the youngest Brigadier of Pakistan. And then he was appointed as commander of the 105th Independent Brigade that was deployed in
3637:
Yahya Khan had a life-long affair with drinking, to a point where he invariably got raucously tipsy. His affairs with women were legion.
4982:
1727:
military officers against President Yahya Khan swept the country. To forestall further unrest, on 20 December 1971, he handed over the
833:, 'Baloch' was spelled as 'Baluch' in Yahya's time), Yahya saw action during World War II in North Africa where he was captured by the
1526:, an official Pakistani Government investigation, put the figure as low as 26,000 civilian casualties. In her widely discredited book
1006:
tanks as the Pakistan Army's MBT (Main Battle Tank) from 1966. 80 tanks, the first batch of T-59s, a low-grade version of the Russian
3488:
822:
430:
1468:. West Pakistan politicians generally felt that the proposed six-point programme was a step towards East Pakistan's full secession.
5268:
5248:
4548:
3775:
3132:
1747:
1698:
forces in East Pakistan surrendered in Dhaka on 16 December 1971, leading to the creation of the independent state of Bangladesh.
5273:
4753:
4171:
1413:
1188:
586:
455:
143:
5413:
5338:
5333:
5308:
4998:
4241:
3341:
3045:
1634:
2682:
Dennis Kux, India and the United States: Estranged Democracies (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1992), 239.
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1348:
963:
924:
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1408:
By 28 July 1969, President Yahya Khan had set a framework for elections that were to be held in December 1970, with Judge
5313:
4902:
3187:
1590:
1047:
spread to East Pakistan and gathered strength, adding to a tense political climate that had worsened following President
995:
well summed it up when he said, "Well if you are going to fight, go ahead and fight, but we're not going to pay for it".
2111:
1873:, among his favourite poets, and she eventually became influential enough to shape the decisions of the foreign office.
950:
During these years, Yahya was also tasked in civil and administrative matters, including being the Administrator of the
5358:
4746:
3073:
2869:
2794:
2706:
2434:
2374:
2347:
2210:
967:
912:
896:
331:
1374:, it intensified their vocalness for separatism, causing a further rise in anti-West Wing sentiment in the East Wing.
612:
and was promoted to major (acting lieutenant-colonel). Following the creation of Pakistan in 1947, he advanced in the
5283:
4146:
4047:
3971:
2736:
2469:
1229:
1048:
944:
680:
629:
466:
3795:
5408:
5383:
5373:
4668:
3293:"Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme"
2583:
2295:
1780:
1457:
1402:
1044:
936:
640:
461:
628:. After being controversially appointed to assume the army command in 1966, Khan succeeded to the presidency from
5403:
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4118:
3624:
3422:
1421:
1417:
1268:
1233:
1217:
1180:
1131:
1077:
719:
644:
1806:
party, hailed Yahya as "the champion of Islam", as there was a general view among Islamists that he would fight
4832:
3992:
3603:
The promotion was all the more remarkable given that Yahya was a Shia in the predominantly Sunni officer corps.
2324:
The promotion was all the more remarkable given that Yahya was a Shia in the predominantly Sunni officer corps.
2200:
1894:
1831:
1318:
1225:
1143:
918:
Later Yahya Khan, as Vice Chief of General Staff, was selected to head of the army's planning board set up by
789:
307:
2784:
2696:
1754:
of Yahya, the man who imprisoned Mujib in the first place. Both actions made news headlines around the world.
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3127:
1630:
1453:
1397:
1280:
1276:
1237:
1184:
845:
617:
4260:
3752:
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As a result of Operation Searchlight, agitation turned into full-scale civil war as Bengali members of the
1221:
1151:
1147:
2424:
2364:
2337:
2137:
1743:. Yahya became the highest-ranking official in what remained of Pakistan to be forced out due to the war.
1536:
said between 50,000 and 100,000 combatants and civilians were killed by both sides during the war. A 2008
5303:
4778:
1827:
1641:
1619:
The United States had been a major sponsor of President Yahya's military government. American journalist
1366:
and returned the provinces of West Pakistan to their pre-1955 configuration. The decree had no effect on
1355:
951:
837:
in June 1942 and interned in a prisoner of war camp in Italy from where he escaped in the third attempt.
1961:
In the United States, he has been appreciated for facilitating the American opening to China, President
581:(4 February 1917 – 10 August 1980) was a Pakistani army officer, who served as the third
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1811:
1706:
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1445:
1387:
1382:
1172:
1081:
1024:
940:
932:
676:
514:
497:
2915:
Sanaullah, M. (1962). "Second and Third Release from the Second Population Census of Pakistan, 1961".
2726:
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crisis, some of which she heard for the first time, including a mutual withdrawal of troops from the
1563:
1433:
793:
664:
509:
3465:
5014:
4692:
2074:
1823:
1819:
1681:
1409:
1139:
594:
4123:
2657:
2494:
1853:, nicknamed General Rani, but they never married. His name was linked with the singer and actress
1771:, but was non-practising and was known to have indulged in activities prohibited in Islam such as
5253:
5190:
5140:
5107:
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2441:
A burly, double chinned, bushy-browed slothful Yahya Khan was, like Ayub Khan, an ethnic Pashtun.
1538:
818:
687:. After the surrender, Khan resigned from the military command and transferred the presidency to
636:
326:
4101:
2626:
1562:, but President Yahya put the verdict into abeyance. Yahya's crackdown, however, had led to the
5201:
5151:
5145:
2538:
1981:
1784:
1740:
1732:
1652:
1437:
1085:
1060:
1059:. Ayub Khan tried to quell the revolt by making concessions to opposition groups including the
767:
672:
20:
3249:
2394:
1994:
The Breaking of Pakistan: Yahya Speaks about the Bhutto-Mujib Interaction which Broke Pakistan
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4203:
4139:
4061:
2954:
2838:
2453:
1723:
1512:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1456:, all won from East Pakistan; the socialist PPP had 81, and the conservative PML had 10. The
1429:
1127:
1115:
1092:
872:
656:
648:
582:
88:
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Massacre: The tragedy at Bangla Desh and the phenomenon of mass slaughter throughout history
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826:
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8:
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4803:
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814:
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to preside over a special tribunal dealing with Mujib's case. Rahimuddin gave Mujib the
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2171:"General Yahya Khan | Former Army Chief of Pakistan enforcing Martial Law in 1969"
1976:
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Since 1960, Pakistan was perceived in the United States as an integral bulwark against
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502:
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negotiations one more time in mid-March 1971, but they ultimately yielded no results.
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3592:
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3069:
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2934:
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2790:
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2732:
2702:
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2430:
2400:
2370:
2343:
2313:
2206:
2082:
2049:
1938:
1931:
1715:
1673:
1656:
1651:. The United States cautiously supported Pakistan during the 1971 conflict, although
1441:
555:
48:
40:
4417:
2658:"Army's top slot: the seniority factor (scroll down to read this section and title)"
550:
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4872:
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4407:
4392:
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3747:
3619:
3529:
Jayakar, Indira Gandhi, p. 232; Kissinger, White House Years, pp. 878 & 881–82.
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2924:
1944:
1924:
1906:
876:
735:
605:
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544:
260:
52:
44:
3188:"It's not the arithmetic of genocide that's important. It's that we pay attention"
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1043:
A sustained anti-regime mass movement began in the fall of 1968 in West Pakistan.
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throughout the entirety of the country. The 1962 constitution was abrogated, the
908:
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830:
752:
438:
200:
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with leading the country, drafting of a provisional constitution, resolving the
5113:
4793:
4788:
4711:
4532:
4363:
3158:
2752:
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1326:
1310:
691:. Khan remained under house surveillance prior to 1979 when he was released by
442:
236:
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General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan: The Rise & Fall of a Soldier, 1947-1971
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2013:
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613:
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397:
356:
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2817:. Translated by Schoch, Cynthia. Oxford University Press. pp. 320–321.
800:, from where he graduated with a B.A. degree, finishing first in his class.
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852:, Italy and North Africa. He was a POW in Italy before returning to India.
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War and secession : Pakistan, India, and the creation of Bangladesh
1746:
Within hours of Yahya Khan stepping down, President Bhutto reversed the
675:
against the Bengali-allied Indian Army, culminating in the start of the
5095:
5074:
4915:
4847:
4842:
4823:
4719:
4684:
3066:
Judging the state : courts and constitutional politics in Pakistan
1902:
1870:
1854:
1835:
1772:
1768:
1449:
1003:
771:
731:
696:
684:
590:
318:
256:
111:
3263:
Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century
2849:(4). Washington D.C.: Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. 1969.
2426:
The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan
4798:
4629:
4402:
4326:
3883:
3308:
3123:"Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971"
1898:
1676:
for Bengali guerrillas could lead to war between India and Pakistan.
1644:
1515:
as its head despite him being in a West Pakistan prison at the time.
992:
904:
727:
692:
416:
123:
3932:
3878:
3849:
2281:
2225:
Democracy, security, and development in India. By Raju G. C. Thomas.
2202:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World a Historical Encyclopedia
2138:"House Resolution1430 - Recognizing the Bangladesh Genocide of 1971"
1818:
in what was East Pakistan and now Bangladesh) and also push for the
998:
Pakistan now turned to China for military aid, and the Chinese tank
766:(published in 1974), Yahya's father, Saadat Ali Khan, worked in the
4727:
4311:
3368:
1803:
1648:
1551:
1371:
1314:
1255:
782:
739:
700:
392:
368:
363:
311:
271:
3953:
3653:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 26.
3591:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 24.
2312:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 24.
1739:, the ambitious leader of the (at that time) powerful and popular
1607:
1444:
in four provinces of West Pakistan but none in East Pakistan. The
774:
for having removed the bodies of many freedom fighters, including
3068:(1st paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1007:
715:
232:
1550:
General Yahya Khan arrested Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on charges of
528:
4124:
Henry Kissinger and PM China discussed Yahya Khan and 1971 loss
2112:"The Past has yet to Leave the Present: Genocide in Bangladesh"
2042:
Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Israel W. (2004).
1909:
and was interred at Circle road graveyard, Peshawar, Pakistan.
1694:
1690:
1309:, which was almost exclusively Muslim and was dominated by the
900:
797:
4063:
The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide
3989:
The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2000: Disenchanted Allies
3008:
Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency
1881:
Yahya and his wife had a son, Ali Yahya Khan, and a daughter.
1626:
The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide
3100:
The National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 79
3059:
3057:
962:
After the '65 war, Maj. Gen. Yahya Khan was appointed in the
667:
in March 1971. Yahya Khan was central to the perpetration of
72:
4768:
3776:"Lest We Forget: Yahya Khan Was Busy Partying As Dhaka Fell"
2268:
Yahya Khan: president of Pakistan on Encyclopedia Britannica
2045:
Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts
1826:. More generally, Yahya used the intelligence services (the
1261:
864:
Lt. Col. Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan presents the crest of the
2778:
2776:
1337:
The American political scientist Lawrence Ziring observed:
954:
Project, "the job for major execution" being given to him.
849:
647:
in 1970, he blocked the power transition to the victorious
4467:
3054:
2759:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 52.
2298:
Family house of Yahya Khan (May 2014) The Express Tribune
1019:
Headquarters (Ravi-Sutlej Corridor) were raised, also in
762:
According to Indian journalist Dewan Barindranath's book
5299:
Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College
4022:"Crush India"--Gen. Yahya Khan Or, Pakistan's Death Wish
3004:"The Evolution of National Security Council in Pakistan"
2773:
829:, later amalgamated with the modern and current form of
681:
surrender of the Pakistani armed forces in East Pakistan
4013:
Yahya Khan's "Final War": India Meets Pakistan's Threat
3096:"The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971"
3963:
1971: The Global History of Creation of the Bangladesh
3796:"Yahya Khan Was Busy Having a Good Time as Dhaka Fell"
3290:
3248:, pp. 350–351 reviews the various estimates here
3089:
3087:
3085:
2815:
The Pakistan paradox : instability and resilience
2690:
2688:
2366:
India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation?
1424:
were held all over the country. In East Pakistan, the
808:
2862:
Prepare or perish : a study of national security
2786:
Emergency powers and the courts in India and Pakistan
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
5319:
Military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
3651:
1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh
3589:
1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh
3268:
2310:
1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh
939:
of the Pakistan Army, which he commanded during the
5354:
Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War
3082:
2685:
2584:"A chapter from history: Yahya Khan's quick action"
2041:
1529:
Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War
1390:visiting East Pakistan on 20 November 1970 for the
3464:
3159:"Bangladesh war: The article that changed history"
2731:. University of California Press. pp. 21–22.
2493:
2148:
1611:President Yahya Khan with United States President
4997:
3737:
2959:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2615:. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. pp. 22–24.
1893:until 1979, when he was released from custody by
1857:as well. He also had a brief relationship with a
1095:featured several active duty military officials:
1023:a corps-sized formation (which was titled as the
5230:
3489:"World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal"
2839:"Martial Law Proclaimed, President Ayub Resigns"
2396:The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience
2194:
2192:
3608:
3369:"A leaf from history: Simla Agreement, at last"
3216:. Dhaka: University Press. pp. 63, 228–9.
3102:. The National Security Archive (United States)
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
593:, he was considered the chief architect of the
3181:
3179:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
2369:. University of California Press. p. 35.
1861:woman called Shamim K. Hussain, also known as
1849:Yahya is said to have had a relationship with
1432:, held almost all seats but no seat in any of
1354:In 1969, President Yahya also promulgated the
855:
4983:
4754:
4453:
4286:
3463:. 17 January 1972. p. 17. Archived from
3449:
2976:Pakistan: The Enigma of Political Development
2526:. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. p. 20.
2399:. Oxford University Press. pp. 226–227.
2296:Past glory: Crumbling heritage in Walled City
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2189:
156:18 September 1966 – 20 December 1971
4028:
3681:. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. pp. 24–25.
3642:
3614:
3156:
2891:
2878:
2853:
2655:
2608:
2519:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
1015:Headquarters (Jhelum-Ravi Corridor) and the
5419:People from Punjab Province (British India)
5389:World War II prisoners of war held by Italy
3254:
3236:Pakistan Defence Journal, 1977, Vol 2, p2-3
3176:
3022:
2651:
2649:
2581:
2492:. 2 August 1971. p. 32. Archived from
2342:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 248.
2198:
1401:President Yahya Khan casts his vote in the
709:
5364:Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
5349:Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
4990:
4976:
4761:
4747:
4460:
4446:
4300:
4293:
4279:
3291:Obermeyer, Ziad; et al. (June 2008).
2859:
2721:
2018:
1996:, Lahore: Liberty Publishers, 1997, 184 p.
1689:shipment of military equipment from Iran,
1547:and the Peace Research Institute in Oslo.
1325:, whose population was largely ethnically
943:and in the same war he also commanded the
71:
62:
5394:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni
5344:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War
5294:Indian military personnel of World War II
4102:Official profile at Pakistan Army website
3906:"Gen. Yahya Khan, 63; Ex-Pakistani Ruler"
3823:"Gen. Yahya Khan, 63; Ex-Pakistani Ruler"
3728:. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. p. 121.
3419:"Personal Prejudice Makes Foreign Policy"
3316:
2928:
2914:
2908:
2809:
2389:
2228:
1030:
844:as a lieutenant and later captain in the
585:from 1969 to 1971. He also served as the
101:25 March 1969 – 20 December 1971
4080:
4019:
4010:
3959:
3930:
3876:
3847:
3812:. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. p. 63.
3648:
3586:
3416:
3342:"When Pakistan put Bangabandhu on trial"
3185:
3046:From disunion through the Zia al-Huq era
2997:
2995:
2646:
2545:. Vol. 3. Routledge. p. 1745.
2307:
1705:
1606:
1554:and appointed Brigadier (later General)
1396:
1381:
1377:
1034:
859:
3421:. Asiaticsociety.org.bd. Archived from
3063:
2751:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
1956:
587:Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army
144:Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army
16:President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971
5231:
4469:Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan
3773:
3743:"The fascinating tale of General Rani"
3152:
3150:
3093:
2973:
2536:
2362:
2335:
2072:
2048:. Psychology Press. pp. 295–303.
1663:with the Soviet Union in August 1971.
792:in Dehradun and later enrolled at the
620:of 1965, Khan helped in executing the
77:Yahya Khan's official portrait in 1966
5369:1971 Bangladesh genocide perpetrators
5289:Indian Army personnel of World War II
4971:
4742:
4441:
4274:
4037:
3931:Cowasjee, Ardeshir (27 August 2000).
3877:Cowasjee, Ardeshir (27 August 2020).
3848:Cowasjee, Ardeshir (27 August 2000).
3709:
3690:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3517:
3443:
3361:
3339:
3211:
2992:
2789:. England: Kluwer Law International.
2694:
2515:
2513:
2452:
1969:
1067:(AL), but demonstrations continued.
813:Yahya Khan was commissioned into the
714:Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan was born in
643:in 1969. Holding the country's first
4056:
3710:Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narayan (2008).
3393:
3340:Ahsan, Syed Badrul (8 August 2019).
3245:
3120:
2782:
2566:
2543:Encyclopedia of the Developing World
2478:
2422:
2199:Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011).
2073:Mishra, Pankaj (16 September 2013).
1710:Yahya Khan is handing over power to
1633:, which would be used to set up the
5399:Prisoners and detainees of Pakistan
3986:
3731:
3147:
2017:
1794:During his rule from 1969 to 1971,
1655:kept an arms embargo in place. The
1591:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
975:Altaf Qadir and Lieutenant-General
809:Career before Pakistan's separation
803:
781:Yahya's father was originally from
13:
5329:Commanders-in-Chief, Pakistan Army
3933:"General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan"
3879:"General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan"
3870:
3850:"General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan"
3774:Naveed, Ahmed (14 December 2021).
3094:Gandhi, Sajit (16 December 2002).
2701:. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
2510:
1701:
1486:On 25 March 1971, Yahya initiated
695:. Khan died the following year in
14:
5430:
4095:
3714:. Lancer Publishers. p. 230.
3620:"The rise and fall of Yahya Khan"
3275:Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report
3157:Mark Dummett (16 December 2011).
3001:
2205:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIOm 2011.
1471:
788:Yahya studied in the prestigious
5217:
4822:
4477:Chief Martial Law Administrators
4416:
4310:
4040:Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full
3406:Kissinger's Secret Trip to China
3121:Bose, Sarmila (8 October 2005).
2582:Shaikh Aziz (25 December 2011).
2282:General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan
1844:
1757:
1603:Pakistan–United States relations
1436:of West Pakistan. The socialist
1290:
1260:
1242:
1194:
1157:
1055:and sacking of Foreign Minister
1039:President Yahya Khan, circa 1971
635:Yahya Khan's presidency oversaw
560:
549:
538:
527:
415:
391:
380:
362:
350:
5269:University of the Punjab alumni
5249:Anti-Hindu violence in Pakistan
4223:Chief Martial Law Administrator
4003:
3980:
3924:
3898:
3841:
3815:
3802:
3788:
3767:
3718:
3712:The Military Factor in Pakistan
3703:
3684:
3671:
3580:
3568:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3523:
3511:
3495:. 2 August 1971. Archived from
3481:
3437:
3410:
3399:
3387:
3333:
3284:
3239:
3230:
3205:
3114:
2967:
2917:The Pakistan Development Review
2831:
2803:
2745:
2715:
2676:
2619:
2602:
2541:. In Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.).
2530:
2446:
2416:
2383:
2356:
2329:
2301:
2288:
2273:
1490:, a genocidal crackdown by the
1418:Election Commission of Pakistan
1132:Chief Martial Law Administrator
683:, and East Pakistan seceded as
600:Khan was commissioned into the
5274:Indian Military Academy alumni
4081:Siddiqui, Brig. A. R. (2020).
3993:Johns Hopkins University Press
3691:Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2020).
2933:(inactive 12 September 2024).
2698:Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif
2656:A.R. Siddiqi (25 April 2004).
2219:
2130:
2104:
2066:
2035:
2007:
1917:
1578:signed on 2 July 1972 between
1051:'s implementation of the 1966
790:Colonel Brown Cambridge School
655:. In March 1971, Khan ordered
632:, who resigned in March 1969.
589:from 1966 to 1971. Along with
308:Colonel Brown Cambridge School
19:For the Afghan cricketer, see
1:
5414:10th Baluch Regiment officers
5339:Defence ministers of Pakistan
5334:Foreign ministers of Pakistan
5309:20th-century Pakistani people
4999:Foreign ministers of Pakistan
4066:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
4024:. Indian School Supply Depot.
3375:. Pakistan. 23 September 2012
3128:Economic and Political Weekly
2894:"Pakistan's Smallest Cabinet"
2429:. Nation Books. p. 183.
2294:Hidayat Khan, Muhammad Iqbal
2028:
1810:elements of the country (the
1748:Judge Advocate General Branch
1718:is watching, 20 December 1971
957:
846:4th Infantry Division (India)
5279:British Indian Army officers
5264:People from Chakwal District
4029:Berindranath, Dewan (1974).
3966:. Harvard University Press.
3808:Berindranath, Dewan (2006).
3724:Berindranath, Dewan (2006).
3693:Islam in Pakistan: A History
3677:Berindranath, Dewan (2006).
2892:Dr. GN. Kazi (21 May 2008).
2609:Berindranath, Dewan (2006).
2520:Berindranath, Dewan (2006).
2116:Harvard International Review
1798:, a prominent leader of the
1722:When the news of Pakistan's
1136:Information and Broadcasting
738:. He and his family were of
7:
4769:Chiefs of the Staff of the
4242:Minister of Foreign Affairs
4172:C-in-C of the Pakistan Army
4042:. New York: PublicAffairs.
2757:Between Mosque and Military
2339:South Asia: A Short History
1762:
1414:Chief Election Commissioner
1358:, which disestablished the
1356:Legal Framework Order, 1970
925:1965 presidential elections
893:Pakistan Army Staff College
856:After the birth of Pakistan
679:. The wars resulted in the
626:Indian-administered Kashmir
10:
5435:
5314:Pakistani military leaders
4622:Khwaja Mohammad Azhar Khan
4430:indicate acting Presidents
4031:Private Life of Yahya Khan
3960:Raghavan, Srinath (2013).
3810:Private Life of Yahya Khan
3726:Private Life of Yahya Khan
3697:Princeton University Press
3679:Private Life of Yahya Khan
3649:Raghavan, Srinath (2013).
3587:Raghavan, Srinath (2013).
3064:Newberg, Paula R. (2002).
2864:. New Delhi: Lancer Publ.
2627:"Khan, Aga Mohammad Yahya"
2612:Private Life of Yahya Khan
2539:"Yahya Khan, Aga Muhammad"
2523:Private Life of Yahya Khan
2308:Raghavan, Srinath (2013).
1600:
1596:
1568:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
1524:Hamoodur Rahman Commission
1475:
1111:Ministries and departments
1099:Yahya Khan administration
764:Private Life of Yahya Khan
604:in 1939. He fought in the
515:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
498:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
18:
5359:Pakistani anti-communists
5215:
5005:
4949:
4901:
4831:
4820:
4777:
4701:
4644:
4611:
4588:
4547:
4522:
4475:
4425:
4414:
4317:
4308:
4258:
4250:
4239:
4231:
4220:
4210:
4201:
4193:
4188:
4178:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4144:
4136:
4131:
4114:YAHYA KHAN AND BANGLADESH
2974:Ziring, Lawrence (1980).
2860:KrishnaRao, K.V. (1991).
2486:"Good Soldier Yahya Khan"
2175:Story of Pakistan website
1948:but then stripped of his
1912:
1876:
1814:in West Pakistan and the
1564:Bangladesh Liberation War
1386:Gen. Yahya Khan and Gen.
1349:National Security Council
1080:and announced a state of
1002:started replacing the US
897:Command and Staff College
887:, he decided to join the
665:Bangladesh Liberation War
659:in an effort to suppress
618:Second India–Pakistan War
572:
523:
478:
471:105th Independent Brigade
449:
426:
411:
403:
375:
345:
340:
317:
303:
291:
278:
267:
246:
215:
210:
206:
194:
182:
172:
160:
149:
141:
129:
117:
105:
94:
86:
82:
70:
59:
30:
5284:Baloch Regiment officers
4903:Vice Chief of Army Staff
4011:Mukerjee, Dilip (1972).
3186:Ian Jack (21 May 2011).
3051:. Retrieved 22 July 2020
2363:Wolper, Stanley (2010).
2000:
1974:In the 2023 Indian film
1884:
794:University of the Punjab
710:Early life and education
677:Third India–Pakistan War
595:1971 Bangladesh genocide
579:Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan
220:Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan
60:
5409:Politicide perpetrators
5384:Indian prisoners of war
5374:Pakistani war criminals
5191:Abdullah Hussain Haroon
4087:Oxford University Press
4020:Bhargava, G.S. (1972).
3297:British Medical Journal
3049:Encyclopædia Britannica
2978:. Dawson. p. 104.
2930:10.30541/v2i1pp.106-113
2725:; Rose, Leo E. (1990).
2537:Kassim, Husain (2006).
1987:
1980:, Khan is portrayed by
1922:Yahya Khan was awarded
1812:Pakistan People's Party
1775:and the consumption of
1539:British Medical Journal
819:Indian Military Academy
327:Indian Military Academy
5404:Pakistani Shia Muslims
5379:People of the Cold War
5324:Presidents of Pakistan
5202:Bilawal Bhutto Zardari
5146:Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri
4702:West Pakistan (former)
4645:East Pakistan (former)
4302:Presidents of Pakistan
4147:Chief of General Staff
4119:Chronicles Of Pakistan
4038:Black, Conrad (2007).
4033:. Sterling Publishers.
3212:Salik, Siddiq (1997).
2270:Retrieved 22 July 2020
2142:United States Congress
1982:Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub
1897:administrator General
1719:
1657:economically-socialist
1616:
1506:mutinied, forming the
1446:Pakistan Muslim League
1438:Pakistan Peoples Party
1405:
1394:
1344:
1285:Science and Technology
1061:Pakistan Peoples Party
1040:
1031:Presidency (1969–1971)
945:12th Infantry Division
880:
768:Indian Imperial Police
760:
467:12th Infantry Division
21:Yahya Khan (cricketer)
5180:Khawaja Muhammad Asif
5025:Hamidul Huq Choudhury
4204:President of Pakistan
4140:Sher Ali Khan Pataudi
2811:Jaffrelot, Christophe
2783:Omar, Imtiaz (2002).
2391:Jaffrelot, Christophe
2336:Tinker, Hugh (1990).
1889:Yahya remained under
1802:, the country's main
1709:
1659:India entered into a
1610:
1513:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
1500:Pakistan Armed Forces
1492:Pakistan Armed Forces
1488:Operation Searchlight
1430:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
1420:. On 7 December, the
1400:
1385:
1378:1970 general election
1339:
1038:
937:7th Infantry Division
873:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
863:
840:Yahya Khan served in
744:
657:Operation Searchlight
649:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
610:Mediterranean theatre
583:president of Pakistan
491:Mediterranean Theatre
462:7th Infantry Division
456:C-in-C, Pakistan Army
404:Years of service
332:Staff College, Quetta
287:Pakistani (1947–1980)
89:President of Pakistan
5259:People from Peshawar
5197:Shah Mahmood Qureshi
5185:Khurram Dastgir Khan
5169:Mir Hazar Khan Khoso
5158:Shah Mahmood Qureshi
5125:Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
5090:Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
5080:Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
4833:Chiefs of Army Staff
3987:Kux, Dennis (2001).
3457:"The Kissinger Tilt"
3214:Witness to surrender
2695:Akbar, M.K. (1997).
2462:Macmillan Publishers
2423:Hiro, Dilip (2015).
1957:In the United States
1796:Mian Tufail Mohammad
911:ceasefire region in
827:10th Baluch Regiment
439:11th Baloch Regiment
435:10th Baluch Regiment
5065:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
5055:Mian Arshad Hussain
5050:Sharifuddin Pirzada
5040:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
4503:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
4497:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
4261:Minister of Defence
4235:Mian Arshad Hussain
4214:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
4107:23 May 2013 at the
3798:. 18 December 2019.
3303:(7659): 1482–1486.
1777:alcoholic beverages
1767:He was nominally a
1737:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
1712:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
1584:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
1478:Bangladesh genocide
1466:six-point programme
1226:Planning Commission
1210:Syed Mohammad Ahsan
1100:
1093:military government
1078:national television
1057:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
941:1965 war with India
879:watches, March 1950
815:British Indian Army
734:. Yahya Khan spoke
689:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
673:pre-emptive strikes
669:Bangladesh genocide
661:Bengali nationalism
622:covert infiltration
602:British Indian Army
387:British Indian Army
136:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
5304:Pakistani generals
5208:Jalil Abbas Jilani
5045:Mohammad Ali Bogra
5020:Mohammad Ali Bogra
4779:Commander-in-Chief
4612:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
4580:Abdul Qadir Baloch
4540:Ghulam Jilani Khan
4189:Political offices
4156:Malik Sher Bahadur
3910:The New York Times
3827:The New York Times
3625:The Daily Observer
3616:Badrul Ahsan, Syed
3520:, pp. 751–752
3469:on 6 November 2012
2279:Cowasjee, Areshir
2075:"Unholy Alliances"
2019:آغا محمد یحیٰی خان
1970:In popular culture
1720:
1682:Indo-East Pakistan
1617:
1545:Uppsala University
1440:(PPP) had won the
1406:
1395:
1298:Pakistan Air Force
1122:General Yahya Khan
1098:
1053:Tashkent Agreement
1041:
973:Lieutenant-General
968:commander-in-chief
885:partition of India
881:
875:as Prime Minister
699:and was buried in
663:. This led to the
639:by suspending the
510:Pakistan Civil War
503:Battle of Chawinda
5226:
5225:
5163:Hina Rabbani Khar
5119:Aseff Ahmad Daula
5102:Siddiq Khan Kanju
4965:
4964:
4736:
4735:
4515:
4435:
4434:
4352:Ghulam Ishaq Khan
4269:
4268:
4254:Afzal Rahman Khan
4211:Succeeded by
4179:Succeeded by
4154:Succeeded by
4132:Military offices
4073:978-0-307-70020-9
4015:. Times of India.
3741:(28 March 2014).
3739:Nadeem F. Paracha
3660:978-0-674-72864-6
3618:(15 March 2016).
3598:978-0-674-72864-6
3223:978-984-05-1373-4
2985:978-0-7129-0954-9
2824:978-0-19023-518-5
2766:978-0-670-08856-0
2552:978-0-415-97664-0
2406:978-0-19023-518-5
2319:978-0-674-72864-6
2177:. 26 October 2013
2118:. 1 February 2023
2055:978-0-415-94430-4
1716:Ghulam Ishaq Khan
1458:general elections
1454:National Assembly
1442:exclusive mandate
1422:general elections
1303:
1302:
1091:Yahya Khan's new
952:Islamabad Capital
913:Jammu and Kashmir
576:
575:
556:Sitara-e-Pakistan
5426:
5221:
5220:
5010:Liaquat Ali Khan
4992:
4985:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4826:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4511:
4509:Pervez Musharraf
4462:
4455:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4420:
4314:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4251:Preceded by
4232:Preceded by
4194:Preceded by
4162:Preceded by
4137:Preceded by
4129:
4128:
4090:
4077:
4053:
4034:
4025:
4016:
3997:
3996:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3912:. 10 August 1980
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3829:. 10 August 1980
3819:
3813:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3781:The Friday Times
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3751:. Archived from
3748:The Friday Times
3735:
3729:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3688:
3682:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3499:on 11 March 2007
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3414:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3309:10.1136/bmj.a137
3288:
3282:
3272:
3266:
3260:White, Matthew,
3258:
3252:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3131:. Archived from
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3091:
3080:
3079:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2950:
2932:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2889:
2876:
2875:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2843:Pakistan Affairs
2835:
2829:
2828:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2692:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2579:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2167:
2146:
2145:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2039:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2011:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1674:military support
1669:the subcontinent
1388:Abdul Hamid Khan
1362:that had formed
1296:
1294:
1293:
1264:
1246:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1173:Abdul Hamid Khan
1163:
1161:
1160:
1101:
1097:
877:Liaquat Ali Khan
804:Military service
758:
645:general election
606:Second World War
567:Order of Pahlavi
564:
553:
545:Hilal-e-Pakistan
542:
531:
419:
396:
395:
385:
384:
367:
366:
355:
354:
341:Military service
253:
229:
227:
211:Personal details
197:
185:
175:
154:
132:
120:
108:
99:
75:
65:
64:
28:
27:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5131:Gohar Ayub Khan
5030:Feroz Khan Noon
5015:Zafarullah Khan
5001:
4996:
4966:
4961:
4945:
4897:
4835:
4827:
4818:
4781:
4773:
4767:
4737:
4732:
4697:
4640:
4607:
4584:
4567:F.S. Khan Lodhi
4560:Rahimuddin Khan
4543:
4518:
4471:
4466:
4436:
4431:
4421:
4412:
4315:
4304:
4299:
4264:
4256:
4245:
4237:
4226:
4216:
4207:
4199:
4184:
4182:Gul Hassan Khan
4175:
4167:
4157:
4150:
4142:
4109:Wayback Machine
4098:
4093:
4074:
4050:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3807:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3736:
3732:
3723:
3719:
3708:
3704:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3672:
3661:
3647:
3643:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3338:
3334:
3289:
3285:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3255:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3184:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3155:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3135:on 1 March 2007
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3092:
3083:
3076:
3062:
3055:
3044:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2972:
2968:
2952:
2951:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2879:
2872:
2858:
2854:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2753:Haqqani, Husain
2750:
2746:
2739:
2723:Sisson, Richard
2720:
2716:
2709:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2654:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2580:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2535:
2531:
2518:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2498:on 8 April 2008
2484:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2285:(Aug 2000) DAWN
2278:
2274:
2266:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2091:
2089:
2071:
2067:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1990:
1972:
1959:
1950:service honours
1943:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1887:
1879:
1847:
1800:Jamaat-e-Islami
1785:fast of Ramadan
1781:Islamic rituals
1765:
1760:
1704:
1702:Fall from power
1661:formal alliance
1615:in October 1970
1605:
1599:
1576:Simla Agreement
1556:Rahimuddin Khan
1480:
1474:
1380:
1360:One Unit Scheme
1291:
1289:
1279:
1271:
1228:
1220:
1195:
1193:
1189:Kashmir Affairs
1183:
1158:
1156:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1033:
1027:) was created.
1025:Eastern Command
960:
866:Baloch Regiment
858:
848:. He served in
831:Baloch Regiment
811:
806:
759:
757:, 2 August 1971
750:
712:
559:
558:
548:
547:
537:
536:
519:
474:
390:
389:
379:
361:
360:
349:
336:
292:Political party
286:
255:
251:
231:
230:4 February 1917
225:
223:
222:
221:
195:
183:
173:
165:
155:
150:
130:
118:
106:
100:
95:
78:
66:
61:
55:
38:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5432:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5254:Pashtun people
5251:
5246:
5241:
5224:
5223:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5121:
5116:
5114:Farooq Leghari
5111:
5104:
5099:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4972:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4836:(1972-present)
4829:
4828:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4775:
4774:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4743:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4712:Attiqur Rahman
4705:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4693:A.A. Khan Nazi
4687:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4657:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4637:Jahan Dad Khan
4632:
4624:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4599:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4533:Attiqur Rahman
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4505:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4361:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4266:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4209:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4097:
4096:External links
4094:
4092:
4091:
4078:
4072:
4054:
4048:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3995:. p. 195.
3979:
3972:
3952:
3923:
3897:
3869:
3840:
3814:
3801:
3787:
3766:
3755:on 29 May 2021
3730:
3717:
3702:
3699:. p. 158.
3683:
3670:
3659:
3641:
3607:
3597:
3579:
3567:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3522:
3510:
3480:
3448:
3436:
3425:on 6 July 2011
3417:Mosleh Uddin.
3409:
3398:
3386:
3360:
3332:
3283:
3281:, paragraph 33
3267:
3253:
3238:
3229:
3222:
3204:
3175:
3146:
3113:
3081:
3075:978-0521894401
3074:
3053:
3021:
2991:
2984:
2966:
2923:(1): 106–113.
2907:
2896:. Dr. GN. Kazi
2877:
2871:978-8172120016
2870:
2852:
2830:
2823:
2802:
2796:978-9041117755
2795:
2772:
2765:
2744:
2737:
2714:
2708:978-8170996743
2707:
2684:
2675:
2645:
2618:
2601:
2565:
2551:
2529:
2509:
2477:
2470:
2464:. p. 13.
2445:
2436:978-1568585031
2435:
2415:
2405:
2382:
2376:978-0520948006
2375:
2355:
2349:978-0824812874
2348:
2328:
2318:
2300:
2287:
2272:
2227:
2218:
2212:978-1598843378
2211:
2188:
2147:
2129:
2103:
2079:The New Yorker
2065:
2054:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1986:
1971:
1968:
1958:
1955:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1846:
1843:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1741:People's Party
1703:
1700:
1598:
1595:
1560:death sentence
1473:
1472:Bangladesh War
1470:
1448:(PML), led by
1434:four provinces
1379:
1376:
1301:
1300:
1287:
1273:Communications
1265:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1214:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1191:
1177:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1154:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1116:Inter-services
1113:
1108:
1105:
1063:(PPP) and the
1032:
1029:
959:
956:
931:. He was made
915:in 1951–1952.
857:
854:
810:
807:
805:
802:
748:
711:
708:
574:
573:
570:
569:
525:
521:
520:
518:
517:
512:
507:
506:
505:
495:
494:
493:
482:
480:
476:
475:
473:
472:
469:
464:
453:
451:
447:
446:
428:
424:
423:
413:
409:
408:
405:
401:
400:
377:
376:Branch/service
373:
372:
347:
343:
342:
338:
337:
335:
334:
329:
323:
321:
315:
314:
305:
301:
300:
293:
289:
288:
283:British Indian
280:
276:
275:
269:
265:
264:
254:(aged 63)
250:10 August 1980
248:
244:
243:
219:
217:
213:
212:
208:
207:
204:
203:
198:
192:
191:
186:
180:
179:
176:
174:Prime Minister
170:
169:
162:
158:
157:
147:
146:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
109:
107:Prime Minister
103:
102:
92:
91:
84:
83:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
57:
56:
39:
36:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5431:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4771:Pakistan Army
4764:
4759:
4757:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4662:Muzaffaruddin
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4263:
4262:
4255:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4166:
4165:Muhammad Musa
4160:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4058:Bass, Gary J.
4055:
4051:
4049:9781586486747
4045:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4008:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3973:9780674731271
3969:
3965:
3964:
3956:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3927:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3873:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3844:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3811:
3805:
3797:
3791:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3727:
3721:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3577:, p. 757
3576:
3571:
3565:, p. 756
3564:
3559:
3553:, p. 755
3552:
3547:
3541:, p. 753
3540:
3535:
3526:
3519:
3514:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3446:, p. 751
3445:
3440:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3349:
3348:
3347:Dhaka Tribune
3343:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3233:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3058:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2740:
2738:0-520-07665-6
2734:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2679:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2473:
2471:9780025952409
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:Payne, Robert
2449:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2193:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2015:
2010:
2006:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1967:
1964:
1963:Richard Nixon
1954:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:Akleem Akhtar
1845:Relationships
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1789:Islamic world
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1758:Personal life
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1613:Richard Nixon
1609:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:Indira Gandhi
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:appointed as
1411:
1404:
1403:1970 election
1399:
1393:
1392:Bhola cyclone
1389:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:East Pakistan
1365:
1364:West Pakistan
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1323:East Pakistan
1321:peoples, and
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:West Pakistan
1299:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:Pakistan Navy
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1208:Vice-Admiral
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:Pakistan Army
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:Pakistan Army
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1021:East Pakistan
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
988:
986:
980:
978:
977:Bakhtiar Rana
974:
969:
965:
964:GHQ, Pakistan
955:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:Fatima Jinnah
926:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:Pakistan Army
886:
878:
874:
871:
867:
862:
853:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:4th Battalion
820:
816:
801:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
779:
777:
776:Bhaghat Singh
773:
769:
765:
756:
755:
747:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:British India
721:
717:
707:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:East Pakistan
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:. During the
615:
614:Pakistan Army
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
571:
568:
563:
557:
552:
546:
541:
535:
534:Hilal-e-Jurat
530:
526:
522:
516:
513:
511:
508:
504:
501:
500:
499:
496:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
483:
481:
477:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
458:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:4th Battalion
429:
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
399:
398:Pakistan Army
394:
388:
383:
378:
374:
370:
365:
358:
357:British India
353:
348:
344:
339:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
322:
320:
316:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
284:
281:
277:
273:
270:
268:Resting place
266:
262:
258:
249:
245:
242:
241:British India
238:
234:
218:
214:
209:
205:
202:
199:
193:
190:
189:Muhammad Musa
187:
181:
177:
171:
168:
163:
159:
153:
148:
145:
140:
137:
134:
128:
125:
122:
116:
113:
110:
104:
98:
93:
90:
85:
81:
74:
69:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
29:
26:
22:
5206:
5189:
5175:Nawaz Sharif
5167:
5150:
5141:Abdul Sattar
5123:
5108:Abdul Sattar
5106:
5094:
5084:
5059:
5035:Manzur Qadir
4957:Malacca Cane
4808:
4512:
4491:
4427:
4385:
4368:
4356:
4331:
4259:
4240:
4221:
4202:
4170:
4145:
4082:
4062:
4039:
4030:
4021:
4012:
4004:Bibliography
3988:
3982:
3962:
3955:
3943:. Retrieved
3936:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3909:
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3882:
3872:
3860:. Retrieved
3853:
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3826:
3817:
3809:
3804:
3790:
3779:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3753:the original
3746:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3711:
3705:
3692:
3686:
3678:
3673:
3664:
3650:
3644:
3636:
3629:. Retrieved
3623:
3610:
3602:
3588:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3525:
3513:
3501:. Retrieved
3497:the original
3492:
3483:
3473:30 September
3471:. Retrieved
3466:the original
3460:
3451:
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3423:the original
3412:
3401:
3389:
3377:. Retrieved
3372:
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3345:
3335:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3270:
3261:
3256:
3241:
3232:
3213:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3192:The Guardian
3191:
3166:. Retrieved
3162:
3137:. Retrieved
3133:the original
3126:
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3099:
3065:
3048:
3012:. Retrieved
3007:
2975:
2969:
2955:cite journal
2920:
2916:
2910:
2898:. Retrieved
2861:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2814:
2805:
2785:
2756:
2747:
2727:
2717:
2697:
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2661:
2636:. Retrieved
2630:
2621:
2611:
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2587:
2556:. Retrieved
2542:
2532:
2522:
2500:. Retrieved
2495:the original
2489:
2480:
2457:
2448:
2440:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2395:
2385:
2365:
2358:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2309:
2303:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2221:
2201:
2179:. Retrieved
2174:
2141:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2097:
2090:. Retrieved
2078:
2068:
2059:
2044:
2037:
2009:
1993:
1975:
1973:
1960:
1921:
1891:house arrest
1888:
1880:
1863:Black Beauty
1862:
1848:
1840:
1824:Constitution
1820:Islamization
1816:Awami League
1793:
1783:such as the
1766:
1752:house arrest
1745:
1721:
1687:
1678:
1665:
1639:
1635:Nixon's trip
1624:
1618:
1588:
1572:
1549:
1537:
1534:Sarmila Bose
1527:
1521:
1517:
1508:Mukti Bahini
1497:
1485:
1481:
1462:
1426:Awami League
1410:Abdus Sattar
1407:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1304:
1254:Air-Marshal
1090:
1069:
1065:Awami League
1045:The uprising
1042:
997:
989:
981:
961:
949:
917:
892:
882:
870:Shah of Iran
842:World War II
839:
812:
787:
780:
763:
761:
753:
745:
713:
705:
641:constitution
634:
599:
578:
577:
486:World War II
479:Battles/wars
454:
252:(1980-08-10)
196:Succeeded by
166:
151:
131:Succeeded by
96:
25:
5244:1980 deaths
5239:1917 births
5152:Inam-ul-Haq
5136:Sartaj Aziz
4782:(1947-1972)
4604:S.M. Abbasi
4598:Rakhman Gul
4573:K.K. Afridi
4549:Balochistan
3396:, p. 7
2632:Banglapedia
2122:3 September
2092:3 September
1977:Sam Bahadur
1918:In Pakistan
1895:martial law
1867:Shakespeare
1834:) "to keep
1769:Shia Muslim
1082:martial law
1073:martial law
835:Axis Forces
751:Editorial,
637:martial law
297:martial law
285:(1917–1947)
279:Nationality
184:Preceded by
119:Preceded by
5233:Categories
5096:Akram Zaki
5075:Agha Shahi
5070:Aziz Ahmed
5060:Yahya Khan
4848:Zia-ul-Haq
4814:G. H. Khan
4720:Tikka Khan
4685:Tikka Khan
4677:Yacob Khan
4669:Syed Ahsan
4513:(unstyled)
4492:Yahya Khan
4347:Zia-ul-Haq
4332:Yahya Khan
4265:1969–1971
4246:1969–1971
4227:1969–1971
4208:1969–1971
4176:1966–1971
4151:1957–1962
3575:Black 2007
3563:Black 2007
3551:Black 2007
3539:Black 2007
3518:Black 2007
3444:Black 2007
2664:. Pakistan
2590:. Pakistan
2558:8 December
2029:References
1903:Rawalpindi
1871:Lord Byron
1855:Noor Jehan
1773:womanizing
1733:government
1729:presidency
1601:See also:
1476:See also:
1450:Nurul Amin
1230:Statistics
1086:parliament
958:The C-in-C
883:After the
772:Khan Sahib
732:Nader Shah
697:Rawalpindi
685:Bangladesh
591:Tikka Khan
346:Allegiance
319:Alma mater
274:, Pakistan
263:, Pakistan
257:Rawalpindi
226:1917-02-04
201:Gul Hassan
178:Nurul Amin
112:Nurul Amin
37:Yahya Khan
4931:M.Y. Khan
4911:A.H. Khan
4873:Musharraf
4655:Azam Khan
4630:Fazle Haq
4486:Ayub Khan
4381:Musharraf
4327:Ayub Khan
4197:Ayub Khan
3941:. Karachi
3890:17 August
3884:Dawn News
3858:. Karachi
3394:Bass 2013
3353:17 August
3279:chapter 2
3246:Bass 2013
2939:0030-9729
2638:17 August
2087:0028-792X
1899:Fazle Haq
1724:surrender
1645:Communism
1637:in 1972.
1623:notes in
1621:Gary Bass
1428:, led by
1128:President
1104:Ministers
1049:Ayub Khan
993:Dean Rusk
920:Ayub Khan
905:Brigadier
817:from the
728:Qizilbash
693:Fazle Haq
630:Ayub Khan
407:1939–1971
371:(1947-71)
359:(1939-47)
304:Education
164:Ayub Khan
161:President
152:In office
124:Ayub Khan
97:In office
63:یحییٰ خان
4789:Messervy
4728:Nur Khan
4725:Air Mshl
4105:Archived
4060:(2013).
3503:28 March
3327:18566045
3163:BBC News
2947:41258062
2813:(2015).
2755:(2005).
2502:17 April
2456:(1973).
2393:(2015).
1830:and the
1804:Islamist
1763:Religion
1653:Congress
1649:Cold War
1552:sedition
1502:and the
1372:Bengalis
1332:One Unit
1256:Nur Khan
1238:Industry
1234:Commerce
1185:Interior
1171:General
1107:Portrait
927:against
783:Peshawar
749:—
742:origin.
701:Peshawar
450:Commands
369:Pakistan
312:Dehradun
272:Peshawar
142:5th
5085:Noorani
4950:Related
4916:S. Khan
4868:Karamat
4843:T. Khan
4809:Y. Khan
4804:M. Khan
4799:A. Khan
4428:Italics
4408:Zardari
4398:Mamnoon
4393:Zardari
4364:Leghari
3945:23 July
3916:23 July
3862:23 July
3833:23 July
3759:23 July
3666:ethics.
3429:22 July
3379:20 July
3318:2440905
3197:19 July
3168:19 July
3139:17 July
3106:20 July
3014:2 March
3010:. PILDT
3002:PILDT.
2900:20 July
2668:20 July
2594:19 July
2181:17 July
1859:Bengali
1836:secular
1822:of the
1808:leftist
1647:in the
1597:US role
1416:of the
1327:Bengali
1319:Mohajir
1315:Pashtun
1311:Punjabi
1267:Deputy
1222:Finance
1216:Deputy
1179:Deputy
1152:Defence
1148:Foreign
1144:Justice
1017:4 Corps
1013:2 Corps
1008:T-54/55
1004:M-47/48
985:1 Corps
935:of the
868:to the
740:Pashtun
736:Persian
726:, in a
716:Chakwal
608:in the
565:
554:
543:
532:
421:General
233:Chakwal
167:Himself
51:
47:
43:
33:General
4941:Kayani
4883:Sharif
4878:Kayani
4858:Janjua
4794:Gracey
4523:Punjab
4387:Soomro
4370:Sajjad
4358:Sajjad
4337:Bhutto
4070:
4046:
3970:
3657:
3631:30 May
3595:
3325:
3315:
3220:
3072:
2982:
2945:
2937:
2868:
2821:
2793:
2763:
2735:
2705:
2549:
2468:
2433:
2403:
2373:
2346:
2316:
2209:
2085:
2052:
1913:Legacy
1907:Punjab
1877:Family
1695:Jordan
1693:, and
1691:Turkey
1642:global
1504:police
1295:
1281:Labour
1277:Health
1236:, and
1199:
1162:
901:Quetta
798:Lahore
720:Punjab
524:Awards
445:PA–98)
295:None (
261:Punjab
237:Punjab
4936:Hayat
4893:Munir
4888:Bajwa
4863:Kakar
4589:Sindh
4376:Tarar
4342:Ilahi
4322:Mirza
2943:JSTOR
2001:Notes
1937:
1935:,
1930:
1928:,
1885:Death
1631:China
899:) at
895:(now
651:from
443:S/No.
4921:Arif
4717:LGen
4709:LGen
4690:LGen
4682:LGen
4674:LGen
4666:VAdm
4660:MGen
4652:LGen
4635:LGen
4627:LGen
4619:LGen
4602:LGen
4596:LGen
4577:LGen
4571:LGen
4565:LGen
4557:LGen
4538:LGen
4530:LGen
4507:Gen
4501:Gen
4490:Gen
4484:Gen
4403:Alvi
4068:ISBN
4044:ISBN
3968:ISBN
3947:2024
3938:Dawn
3918:2024
3892:2023
3864:2024
3855:Dawn
3835:2024
3761:2024
3655:ISBN
3633:2022
3593:ISBN
3505:2011
3493:Time
3475:2008
3461:Time
3431:2020
3381:2020
3373:Dawn
3355:2023
3323:PMID
3218:ISBN
3199:2020
3170:2020
3141:2020
3108:2020
3070:ISBN
3016:2013
2980:ISBN
2961:link
2935:ISSN
2902:2020
2866:ISBN
2819:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2733:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2670:2020
2662:Dawn
2640:2023
2596:2020
2588:Dawn
2560:2023
2547:ISBN
2504:2014
2490:Time
2466:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2371:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2314:ISBN
2207:ISBN
2183:2020
2124:2023
2094:2023
2083:ISSN
2050:ISBN
2014:Urdu
1988:Book
1945:NePl
1869:and
1731:and
1582:and
1283:and
1275:and
1269:CMLA
1224:and
1218:CMLA
1187:and
1181:CMLA
1150:and
1142:and
1130:and
1000:T-59
850:Iraq
754:Time
437:Now
427:Unit
412:Rank
247:Died
216:Born
87:3rd
53:NePl
4926:Beg
4853:Beg
3313:PMC
3305:doi
3301:336
2925:doi
1939:SPk
1925:HPk
1828:ISI
1791:."
1735:to
1140:Law
987:).
933:GOC
909:LoC
825:of
796:in
624:in
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