2472:
2079:
6418:
2488:
2534:
1357:
1820:
2444:
2570:
1631:
1238:
2558:
2460:
2628:
2236:
1938:
6932:
2600:
1643:
2616:
6590:
51:
7374:
1657:
2546:
286:
65:
57:
615:
1682:
561:
432:
396:
378:
648:
579:
543:
310:
2265:
2250:
823:
720:
666:
597:
525:
481:
414:
805:
787:
702:
684:
450:
2260:
279:
2270:
2255:
2275:
358:
6532:
6520:
3773:, 罽賓國), for the most part it is different. The dress is mostly made of fur, cotton, and similar things. From the king and chiefs down to the common people, all use fur as the outer garment. The land has many camels, mules, sheep and grapes. As far as food is concerned, the people are only fond of pastry. The land is cold. There is fog and snow during the winter. The king, the chiefs, and the common people respect the
2471:
2193:
Chinese sources mention a few years later yabghus who sent missions to the Tang court: Ku-tu-lu Tun Ta-tu (Qutluγ Ton Tardu) asked for help against the Arabs in 729 CE, Shih-li-mang-kia-lo (Sri
Mangala) asked for help against the Tibetans in 749 CE, and received this help from the Chinese, and in 758
1844:
in
Chinese sources) again visited the Tang court in 718 and gave an account of the military forces in the Tokharistan region. Puluo described the power of "the Kings of Tokharistan", explaining that "Two hundred and twelve kingdoms, governors and prefects" recognize the authority of the Yabghus, and
1718:) was the son of Tardu Shad, and took over as Tokharistan Yabgu. He was the first Tokharistan Yabghu to mint coins. In these coins, in Sasanian style, his effigy represents him bearing a crown decorated with the bull's head and two wings. In one of the issues, the legend is: šb’lk’ yyp MLK’ (
1741:
After 650 however, the power of the
Yabghus of Tokharistan fragmented, as they came, as least partially, under Tang suzerainty. A Türk yabghu of Tokharistan recorded under the name of "Wu-shih-po of the A-shih-na dynasty" was the first yabghu to be confirmed by the Chinese Emperor.
1845:
that it has been so since the time of his grandfather, that is, probably since the time of the establishment of the
Yabghus of Tokharistan. This account also shows that the Yabghu of Tokharistan ruled a vast area circa 718 CE, formed of the territories north and south of the
2487:
1486:, before being taken over as vassals by the Western Turks. The appearance of the "crown with a bull's head" on the coin portraits of the last rulers of Kapisa-Gandhara Narendra II, can be considered as a sign of recognition of Turk sovereignty, since the title
2533:
2655:"The account herewith quoted as 3.5. shows that this king of Tokhara had political power to control the principalities belonging to the Governors-General to the north and the south of the Hindukush, not to mention the Yuezhi Governor General." in
1259:
In 569–570, the Turks launched an offensive against the
Sasanian Empire, and conquered the Hephthalite principalities south of the Oxus belonging to the Sasanian Empire. At that time the Sasanian Empire was embroiled in a war in the west, with the
2424:
These was a relatively high level of artistic activity in the areas controlled by the
Yabghus of Tokharistan during 7th–8th centuries CE, either as a result of the Sasanian cultural heritage, or as a result of the continued development of
1284:, but the Turks apparently did not permanently occupy the territory south of the Oxus. The Hephthalites aspired to independence from the Turks, and in 581 or 582 CE, they revolted in alliance with the Sasanians against the Turk Kaghan
3023:"The definitive annexation of Tokharistan and Gandhara to the Western Türk Empire was to take place some years later, in c. 625, when Sasanian Iran became involved in the war against Byzantium that ultimately led to its eclipse." in
2443:
2569:
1383:
The Turks definitely intended to take control of the territories south of the Oxus, but were only ready sometime later, and took the opportunity when the
Sasanian Empire again entered into conflict with the Byzantine Empire.
3765:(蒲持山), which is one month's journey from the capital towards the east. It is also under the authority of the Arabs. The language is different from that of other countries. Though it is similar to the language of
3059:. Dani, Ahmad Hasan., Masson, V. M. (Vadim Mikhaĭlovich), 1929–, Harmatta, J. (János), 1917–2004., Puri, Baij Nath., Etemadi, G. F., Litvinskiĭ, B. A. (Boris Anatolʹevich). Paris: Unesco. 1992–2005. pp.
6285:
2078:
3728:又從此犯引國。北行二十日。至吐火羅國。王住城名為縛底那。見今大寔兵馬。在彼鎮押。其王被其王被逼。走向東一月程。在蒲持山。住見屬大寔所管。言音與諸國別。共罽賓國少有相似。多分不同。衣著皮毬㲲布等。上至國王。下及黎庶。皆以皮毬。為上服。土地足駝騾羊馬㲲布蒲桃。食唯愛餅。土地寒冷。冬天霜雪也。國王首領及百姓等。甚敬三寶。足寺足僧。行小乘法。食內及葱蕜等。不事外道。男人並剪鬚髮。女人在髮土地足山
1399:
and took control of all the intervening principalities, replacing
Hepthalite rulers by Turk ones. The Turks were victorious, partly because the Sasanian Empire was into a difficult war with the
4167:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit: 16. The Hindu Shahis in Kabulistan and Gandhara and the Arab conquest"
6417:
2599:
3788:(小乘法) is practised. They eat meat, onions, and leeks. They do not profess any other religions. All men cut their beards and hair, but women keep their hair. The land is mountainous"
1768:
in 657 CE, and most of his territories became protectorates of the Tang Empire, and organized into regional commanderies. Kunduz became the site of the Yuezhi
Commandery (月氏都督府,
3889:
2122:
their Lord sent the Ta-shou-ling of T'u-huo-lo (...) to offer lions and ling-yang , two of each. A few months after, he further sent Ta-te-seng to our court with tribute."
2557:
2058:, the ruler of the Hephthalites of Badghis, led a new revolt in 709 with the support of other principalities as well as his nominal ruler, the Yabghu of Tokharistan. In 710,
3656:
Esin, E. (1977). "Tarkhan Nīzak or
Tarkhan Tirek? An Enquiry concerning the Prince of Badhghīs Who in A. H. 91/A. D. 709–710 Opposed the 'Omayyad Conquest of Central Asia".
1272:
area in 570. The principalities of the Hephthalites, formerly vassals of the Sasanian Empire, accepted Turk supremacy and became vassals of the Western Turk qaghan, and the
2459:
2342:
Nezak Tarkhan, the ruler of the Hephthalites of Badghis, led a revolt against the Arabs in 709 with the support of other principalities as well as his nominal ruler, the
2162:(縛底那). At this time the troops of the Arabs (大寔國) are there and they occupy it. Its King, Wives and Court was forced to flee one month's journey to the east and lives in
4259:
1057:
1043:
1018:
1004:
2511:
is said to have enjoyed a revival under the Turks. Several monasteries of Tokharistan dated to the 7th–8th centuries display beautiful Buddhist works of art, such as
1956:
6292:
2627:
1336:. At that time, the Turkic Khagan sent an army to help the Hephthalites, and was able to bring a great defeat upon the Sasanians, advancing his troops as far as
2184:
2298:(665–850 CE), a probable political extension and vassals of the neighbouring Yabghus of Tokharistan, remained an obstacle to the eastward expansion of the
4075:"Tarkhan Nīzak or Tarkhan Tirek? An Enquiry concerning the Prince of Badhghīs Who in A. H. 91/A. D. 709–710 Opposed the 'Omayyad Conquest of Central Asia"
1356:
4809:
4166:
3979:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit: 13. THE TURK SHAHIS IN KABULISTAN"
1967:
Puluo, writing in 718 CE, finally reaffirmed the loyalty of the Tokhara Yabghus towards the Tang dynasty, probably since the time of the fall of the
3761:縛底那). At present, the place is guarded and oppressed by Arab forces (大寔兵馬). The original king was compelled to leave the capital, and he resided at
6589:
1862:
On the Dingwei day of the eleventh month in the sixth year , Ashi Tegin Puluo writes to the emperor: the Kings of States, Commander-in-chiefs (都督
8098:
7610:
4846:
1614:
1819:
7603:
2615:
2545:
1722:, on the obverse) and pnˇcdh. h. wsp’ (" 15th Khusp", on the reverse). This would date the coin to 645 CE, with a location for the mint at
8248:
7924:
2335:
was killed in the action. A few years later however the Arabs defeated and killed the Kabul Shah and conquered Kabul under Umayyad general
6412:
6004:
4894:
4666:, p. 127:"He received this laudatory epithet because he, like the Byzantines, was successful at holding back the Muslim conquerors."
4627:, p. 127:"He received this laudatory epithet because he, like the Byzantines, was successful at holding back the Muslim conquerors."
1602:
50:
2114:, who in honour of the Byzantine Emperor even named one of their own rulers "Caesar of Rome" (which they rendered phonetically as King "
8258:
6931:
5939:
4528:"Yida is simply Yeda" "Taihan 太汗都督府 or Dahan 大汗" was the "former territory of the Hephthalites (Yeda 嚈噠), the city of Huolu 活路 (modern
4049:
Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633–1055
1214:
1210:
4276:
Buddhist Pilgrim-Monks as Agents of Cultural and Artistic Transmission: The International Buddhist Art Style in East Asia, ca. 645-770
1860:六年十一月丁未阿史特勒僕羅上書訴曰：僕羅克吐火羅葉護部下管諸國王都督刺史總二百一十二人謝芄王統領兵馬二十萬眾潯齬王統領兵馬二十萬眾骨吐國王石汗那國王解蘇國王石匿國王悒達國王護密國王護時健國王範延國王久越德建國王勃特山王各領五萬眾。僕羅祖父已來並是上件諸國之王蕃望尊重。
6157:
1583:
1404:
2429:. The works of art of this period in Afghanistan, with a sophistication and cosmopolitanism comparable to other works of art of the
8243:
8103:
7377:
4681:
1960:
8115:
1304:. The Turks invaded the Sasanian territories south of the Oxus, where they attacked and routed the Sasanian soldiers stationed in
8093:
7416:
6278:
5028:
1952:
1630:
739:
6259:
17:
2412:
minister, possibly named Vakkadeva, in c. 850, signaling the end of the Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty, and the beginning of the
2235:
8238:
4768:
4745:
4648:
4358:
4284:
4242:
3926:
3899:
3843:
3520:
3493:
3458:
3299:
3245:
3232:"The first Türk yabghu (king) of Tokharistan, confirmed by the Chinese emperor, was Wu-shih-po of the A-shih-na dynasty." in
3217:
3036:
2964:
2911:
2884:
2833:
2799:
2772:
1237:
1971:
to China (657), confirming at least nominal control of the Chinese administration over the region for the last sixty years:
1803:
In 705, P’an-tu-ni-li, the yabghu of Tokharistan, is recorded as having sent a mission to the Chinese court. He ruled from
1217:
being transformed into vassal kingdoms and principalities. After this time, a tense Turco-Persian border existed along the
8263:
6214:
4839:
2103:
1605:(麴文泰) to Tardu. Yabgu received him despite being in ill condition. It was Tardu to advise him to make a trip westward to
1951:, including the territory of the Tokhara Yabghus as the "Tokharistan Protectorate", following the campaigns against the
6209:
5210:
4680:
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus (2012–2013).
3874:
China and the Roman Orient: Researches into their Ancient and Mediaeval Relations as Represented in Old Chinese Records
3801:
3711:
3173:
3123:
3068:
2350:
was able to re-establish Muslim control over Tokharistan and captured Nizak Tarkhan, who was executed on the orders of
2315:. But the Turk Shahi were able to mount a counter-offensive and repulsed the Arabs, taking back the areas of Kabul and
2982:"Early Turks: Male Costume in the Chinese Art Second half of the 6th – first half of the 8th cc. (Images of 'Others')"
5620:
4789:
4721:
4057:
4015:
4682:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit"
4032:
4005:
3952:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit"
4047:
2035:
for a brief period, with Termez as they capital, described by the Arabs as "the headquarters of the Hephthalites" (
2539:
Buddhist mural from Kalai Kafirnigan, Museum of National Antiquities, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. 7th–early 8th century.
2381:
appears to have fought vigorously against the Arabs, and his victories may have forged the Tibetan epic legend of
1870:) under the Yabghu of Tokharistan, the elder brother of Puluo, number two hundred and twelve, in all. The king of
8033:
6219:
5489:
4869:
2576:
2516:
1754:
862:, the capital, and other important cities of the Yabghus of Tokharistan as of 718 CE, after the secession of the
2593:
display male devotees in double-lapel caftans, also attributable to the local sponsorship of the Western Turks.
7354:
6254:
6199:
5449:
4832:
2020:
1112:
4301:
278:
8108:
8061:
6360:
5743:
5205:
2377:
who had defeated their common enemy the Arabs in 717 CE, and sent an embassy through Central Asia in 719 CE.
1613:), to see the Buddhist sites and relics. Xuanzang also witnessed a palace scandal when Tardu's firstborn son
1104:
209:
4174:
3978:
1937:
6204:
3977:
Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus.
2981:
7409:
3395:歐亞學刊 新3辑 (Eurasian Studies III): Records Relevant to the Hephthalites in Ancient Chinese Historical Works
2700:歐亞學刊 新3辑 (Eurasian Studies III): Records Relevant to the Hephthalites in Ancient Chinese Historical Works
2194:
CE Wu-na-to (Udita?) visited in person the Chinese court and participated in the fight against the rebel
1811:
and the central areas of his territory were occupied by the Arabs, including Shuburgan, Khusp and Herat.
1977:
The Yabghus of Tokharistan, for several generations until now, have been sincerely devoted to the great
8013:
7693:
6983:
6744:
5469:
3092:
2062:
was able to re-establish Muslim control over Tokharistan and captured Nizak Tarkan who was executed on
1023:
7842:
7340:
6822:
6756:
6738:
6611:
5705:
4999:
4545:"The state of Humi (Komedae) was located in present-day Sarik-Čaupan and the surrounding area in the
3951:
2119:
1727:
1723:
875:
842:
531:
329:
3794:
The Hye Ch'O Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India (Religions of Asia Series)
3704:
The Hye Ch'O Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India (Religions of Asia Series)
8207:
7628:
7532:
6828:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6783:
6726:
6399:
6152:
5725:
5439:
5429:
5424:
5019:
5009:
4974:
3060:
1761:
92:
81:
4348:
3918:
Persian Christians at the Chinese Court: The Xi'an Stele and the Early Medieval Church of the East
2901:
2369:, probable phonetic transcription of "Caesar of Rome" in honor of "Caesar", the title of the then
1823:
1690:: Sasanian-style fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames. Dated
1642:
8071:
7756:
7363:
6843:
6810:
6786:
6780:
6765:
6608:
6302:
6249:
6137:
6014:
5919:
5763:
5645:
5054:
5004:
4855:
2520:
1483:
1333:
3343:
3139:
8088:
8076:
8066:
7433:
7402:
7200:
6801:
6792:
6735:
6670:
6655:
6229:
5989:
5014:
4949:
2343:
2166:. Now Balkh belongs to the Arabs' domain. (...) The King, the nobles and the people revere the
1301:
4756:
4638:
4232:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3289:
3235:
3207:
3026:
2954:
2928:
2874:
2823:
2789:
8083:
8056:
8023:
8008:
7089:
7080:
6774:
6750:
6605:
6064:
6039:
5949:
5580:
5414:
4711:
4274:
3833:
3510:
3448:
2762:
2354:, while the Yabghus, who had ruled parts of Tokharistan as well as Badakhshan, was exiled to
2047:
1372:
3872:
3052:
2278:). In this realistic portrait, he wears a triple-crescent crown and the Turkic double-lapel
7373:
7086:
5999:
5846:
5381:
5179:
2419:
2374:
2107:
2099:
1878:
is also in charge of two hundred thousand infantry and cavalry. The Kings of the States of
3291:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
3237:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
3209:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
3028:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
2876:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
2825:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
2791:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
2481:(said to have been discovered in northwestern India), Sasanian period, 5th–7th century CE.
2331:. The Arabs again failed to capture Kabul and Zabulistan in 697–698 CE, and their general
1791:
was able to establish some level of control with the help of the yabghu of Tokharistan in
1332:
A war broke out between the Sassanians and the Hephthalites in 606–607 or 616–617 CE, the
8:
8253:
7998:
7988:
7796:
7095:
7092:
7043:
6747:
6602:
6239:
6173:
6029:
5454:
5444:
5174:
5099:
4803:
3053:
2351:
2118:"). The Chinese annals record that "In the first month of the seventh year of the period
2063:
1153:
until 758 CE. Their legacy extended to the southeast where it came into contact with the
266:
Maximum extent of the territory controlled by the Yabghus of Tokharistan circa 625–652 CE
147:
8018:
4685:
4320:
3866:
3410:
3265:
7658:
7575:
7286:
7083:
6628:
6622:
6394:
6189:
6142:
6009:
5924:
5909:
5866:
5821:
5685:
5474:
5260:
5149:
5109:
5034:
4879:
4398:
4303:
ANCIENT IRANIAN METALWORK IN THE ARTHUR M. SACKLER GALLERY AND THE FREER GALLERY OF ART
4102:
3681:
3086:
2740:
2678:
2590:
2450:
2382:
2347:
2336:
2059:
1226:
344:
1656:
8028:
7993:
7931:
7801:
7313:
7074:
6625:
6539:
6430:
6244:
5353:
5195:
5169:
5164:
5064:
5049:
4939:
4934:
4904:
4884:
4813:
4785:
4764:
4741:
4717:
4644:
4390:
4354:
4280:
4238:
4197:
4094:
4053:
4011:
3922:
3895:
3839:
3797:
3766:
3707:
3673:
3537:
3516:
3489:
3454:
3429:
3295:
3241:
3213:
3179:
3169:
3119:
3074:
3064:
3032:
2960:
2907:
2880:
2829:
2795:
2768:
2732:
2670:
2299:
2043:
2024:
1874:
is in charge of infantry and cavalry numbering two hundred thousand, and the king of
1773:
1746:
1376:
1189:. The Sasanians, on the other hand, took control of the area south of the Oxus, with
4529:
1895:
1814:
8120:
7781:
7668:
7663:
7589:
7310:
7128:
6890:
6324:
6234:
6162:
5783:
5670:
5479:
5464:
5313:
5159:
5119:
5074:
5059:
4636:
This is the first mention of the Arab as "Dashi" (大寔 or 大食) in a Chinese text. See
4086:
3858:
3665:
3576:
3355:
3111:
2512:
2370:
2095:
2032:
1701:
1565:
1543:
1502:
1443:
1400:
1261:
220:
167:
7786:
4376:"Kalai-Kafirnigan Problems in the Religion and Art of Early Mediaeval Tokharistan"
2388:
The Turk Shahis eventually weakened against the Arabs in the late 9th century CE.
2365:
was the king of the Turk Shahis. He then abdicated in 739 CE in favour of his son
7885:
7849:
7771:
7766:
7049:
6924:
6768:
6720:
6617:
6545:
6513:
6384:
6380:
6372:
6349:
6270:
6224:
6167:
6107:
6097:
6059:
5801:
5494:
5293:
5250:
5232:
5069:
4944:
4919:
4874:
4779:
4735:
4731:
3916:
2950:
2332:
2287:
2214:
2210:
1478:
had remained independent kingdoms under the easternmost "Hephthalites" (actually
1471:
1455:
1447:
1419:
1186:
1009:
771:
178:
103:
4441:. "The state of Xieyang (Zābulistān) was located between Kabuland and Kandahar."
4375:
3749:(犯引國) I travelled further north and after twenty days arrived at the country of
7919:
7914:
7814:
7648:
7617:
7596:
7498:
7475:
7280:
7240:
7226:
6896:
6597:
6566:
6184:
6147:
5969:
5904:
5778:
5630:
5615:
5585:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5303:
5154:
5144:
5104:
4889:
3607:
3316:
3261:
2218:
2202:
1617:
fallen in love with his new step-mother (also aunt) and poisoned Tardu in 630.
947:
793:
690:
296:
251:
125:
4737:
The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
1351:
1221:, which lasted several decades. The area south of the Oxus contained numerous
8232:
8141:
8003:
7909:
7860:
7791:
7686:
7678:
7582:
7552:
7465:
7425:
7319:
7265:
7220:
7061:
7019:
6884:
6706:
6673:
6569:
6563:
6449:
6376:
6179:
6132:
6024:
5856:
5841:
5773:
5532:
5298:
5270:
5255:
5215:
5114:
4969:
4954:
4909:
4817:
4799:
4394:
4149:
4098:
3677:
3110:. Classiques des sciences sociales. Chicoutimi: J.-M. Tremblay. p. 196.
2736:
2674:
2244:
1996:
1968:
1321:
1241:
1130:
756:
498:
189:
4260:"Images of the Crowned Buddha along the Silk Road: Iconography and Ideology"
4198:"The Painting of the "Hunter-King" at Kakrak: Royal Figure or Divine Being?"
4123:, Seventh Series, Vol. III, 1968, pp. 189–224, see extracts in R. T. Mohan,
3359:
3078:
1527:, controlling all the new Turk realm south of the Oxus, from his capital at
64:
56:
8212:
7880:
7745:
7738:
7731:
7673:
7557:
7514:
7485:
7480:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7316:
7304:
7272:
7248:
7232:
7229:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7181:
7031:
6989:
6840:
6831:
6753:
6676:
6667:
6557:
6102:
6069:
6049:
5954:
5861:
5816:
5793:
5710:
5605:
5522:
5512:
5404:
5139:
5134:
5124:
5084:
5024:
4989:
4914:
4499:"The state of Jiesu was simply the state of Yuman (Shūmān) near presentday
4222:
3774:
3348:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
3183:
2426:
2378:
2366:
2206:
2167:
2115:
2055:
1987:
1978:
1942:
1928:
1836:
1765:
1539:
1498:
1411:
1360:
1297:
1245:
1222:
1182:
1036:
933:
156:
7724:
4824:
3732:
2243:
ruler named Sri Ranasrikari "The Lord who brings excellence through war" (
7946:
7895:
7890:
7865:
7776:
7711:
7706:
7643:
7562:
7542:
7444:
7328:
7325:
7277:
7207:
7150:
7046:
7037:
6992:
6977:
6968:
6962:
6837:
6804:
6762:
6732:
6729:
6696:
6664:
6548:
6194:
6127:
6079:
6044:
6019:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5964:
5959:
5914:
5894:
5886:
5715:
5700:
5650:
5640:
5595:
5552:
5328:
5323:
5288:
5089:
5044:
4984:
4684:. Vienna, Austria: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Coin Cabinet. Archived from
4226:
4218:
3750:
2508:
2494:
2478:
2434:
2413:
2405:
2230:
2111:
2008:
1981:, they have without interruption paid their respects and brought tribute.
1883:
1681:
1610:
1431:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1273:
1206:
1174:
1154:
1142:
1134:
1075:
1050:
863:
509:
4402:
3318:
Across the Hindukush of the First Millennium: a collection of the papers
2761:
Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (14 December 2016).
2744:
2720:
2682:
2658:
2493:
Goddess, possibly Nana, seated on a lion, 5th–6th century, Afghanistan,
2420:
Local art at the time of the Yabghus of Tokharistan (7th–8th century CE)
2264:
2249:
1922:
has become king of the above-mentioned states: he is greatly respected."
1324:, who entered the area north of the Oxus and killed the Turkish Khagan.
8038:
7806:
7717:
7701:
7567:
7547:
7505:
7322:
7244:
7187:
7169:
7055:
7052:
7034:
7025:
7016:
7013:
6971:
6959:
6953:
6938:
6905:
6893:
6869:
6848:
6807:
6798:
6795:
6789:
6771:
6741:
6661:
6572:
6479:
6074:
5899:
5831:
5826:
5753:
5735:
5695:
5680:
5660:
5625:
5610:
5572:
5562:
5547:
5537:
5504:
5391:
5318:
5094:
4994:
4924:
4596:
4595:"The state of Jiuyuedejian (Quwādhiyān) was on the lower stream of the
2695:
Detailed list of vassal cities and regions in ancient Chinese sources:
2527:
Buddhism. The Turks were apparently quite tolerant of other religions.
2408:
took over. The last Shahi ruler of Kabul, Lagaturman, was deposed by a
2362:
2316:
2295:
2240:
2195:
2163:
2135:
1915:
1846:
1479:
1463:
1415:
1202:
1190:
1150:
1087:
1083:
811:
567:
5278:
4106:
3685:
3616:
Citing Tangshu XLIII, B, pp. 6–9 and Chavannes, Documents, p. 69, n. 2
2066:'s orders, despite promises of pardon, while the Yabghu was exiled to
1918:
each lead fifty thousand troops. Since the grandfather of Puluo, the
7828:
7821:
7134:
7118:
7064:
7010:
6980:
6974:
6965:
6950:
6944:
6834:
6777:
6759:
6560:
6458:
5994:
5944:
5876:
5811:
5758:
5748:
5720:
5655:
5600:
5590:
5527:
5517:
5363:
5240:
5200:
5129:
4979:
3762:
3115:
2430:
2324:
2274:
2259:
2147:
1853:
was also mentioned among the territories controlled by the Yabghus.
1804:
1788:
1735:
1459:
1368:
1364:
1337:
1146:
879:
438:
402:
384:
7491:
7236:
3393:
2698:
2269:
2254:
2170:(Buddhism). There are many monasteries and monks; they practice the
8156:
7983:
7963:
7835:
7166:
7156:
7138:
7028:
6986:
6947:
6941:
6902:
6899:
6866:
6816:
6699:
6554:
6551:
6467:
6464:
6344:
6329:
6054:
6034:
5635:
5459:
5373:
5308:
5079:
4600:
4500:
4090:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3669:
2524:
2401:
2389:
2355:
2328:
2291:
2179:
2171:
2139:
2087:
2067:
2016:
1911:
1891:
1887:
1784:
1591:
1475:
1435:
1423:
1281:
1269:
1198:
1178:
1079:
911:
901:
654:
585:
231:
6531:
6519:
1830:, and a vassal of the Yabghus of Tokharistan. Coinage date 688 CE.
8191:
8181:
7159:
7067:
7022:
7007:
7001:
6995:
6872:
6690:
6495:
6484:
6455:
6334:
5934:
5929:
5871:
5806:
5690:
5675:
5542:
5419:
5409:
5358:
4964:
4759:. In Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (eds.).
4074:
3746:
2409:
2311:, the Arabs attacked Shahi territory from the west, and captured
2138:
around 723–729 CE, according to the testimony the Korean pilgrim
2012:
1907:
1879:
1815:
Suzerainty over the territories north and south of the Hindu-Kush
1792:
1524:
1467:
1427:
1341:
1313:
1309:
1291:
1158:
867:
632:
549:
316:
242:
4679:
3796:(English and Korean ed.). Asian Humanities Pr. p. 52.
3706:(English and Korean ed.). Asian Humanities Pr. p. 52.
1783:(656–661), the Arabs were expulsed from eastern Iran, as far as
1598:, he also brought a letter from his brother-in-law and ruler of
1327:
1232:
8217:
8176:
8151:
8136:
7973:
7653:
7521:
7283:
7252:
7162:
7131:
7125:
7102:
7004:
6998:
6956:
6860:
6682:
6642:
6507:
6461:
6339:
5836:
5768:
5399:
5333:
5245:
4959:
4546:
2606:
2320:
2279:
2051:
2028:
1903:
1899:
1850:
1827:
1709:
1676:
1648:
1595:
1573:
1561:
1551:
1528:
1520:
1510:
1451:
1439:
1345:
1138:
1120:
891:
859:
829:
726:
708:
672:
603:
365:
200:
114:
72:
4309:. Smithsonian Institution, Washin2;ton, D.C. pp. 148–152.
3865:), ch. 198 (written mid-10th century C.E.), for 618–906 C.E: "
2142:. Huei-chao also mentioned that in 726 CE, the Arabs occupied
2110:
in 719 CE which probably met with the Tokhara Yabghus and the
8186:
8166:
8161:
8146:
7978:
7968:
7638:
7470:
7223:
7058:
7040:
5665:
5557:
5484:
5434:
5283:
4929:
4567:
4483:
4454:
3770:
3758:
2397:
2393:
2312:
2159:
2143:
2083:
2031:
in 689, repelled the Arabs, and occupied the whole region of
2015:
and the Arab rebel Musa ibn Abd Allah ibn Khazim, son of the
1875:
1871:
1808:
1750:
1731:
1672:
1671:: Sasanian-style bust, wearing crown with two crescents, and
1606:
1599:
1587:
1491:
1317:
1305:
1285:
1277:
1265:
871:
621:
487:
420:
4757:"Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet"
3344:"Nouveaux document bactriens du Guzgan (note d'information)"
2959:. British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110.
1749:
conquered the whole of Tokharistan and captured the city of
7394:
6911:
6635:
6501:
6490:
6473:
6089:
5851:
4899:
4563:
2134:) kingdoms were in the territories of Gandhara, Kapisa and
1991:
3.5. Fanyan in Vol. 999 (Claims, Foreign Subjects), 718 CE.
1932:
3.5. Fanyan in Vol. 999 (Claims, Foreign Subjects), 718 CE.
1849:, including the areas of Kabul and Zabul. The territory of
1352:
Occupation of Tokharistan under Tong Yabghu Qaghan (625 CE)
1348:
Kaghan recalled his armies without pressing his advantage.
1218:
1194:
1170:
456:
3639:
3637:
3587:
3553:
3551:
2551:
Female devotee in Kalai Kafirnigan. 7th–early 8th century.
2449:
Buddha wearing a crown and cape. Painting in niche "I" at
1997:
Temporary conquest of Khorasan over the Arabs (689–710 CE)
1300:
entered into a direct conflict with the Sasanians, in the
1229:
destroyed by the alliance of the Turks and the Sasanians.
8171:
4763:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 117–144.
2760:
2563:
Ajina-Tepe Buddhist mural, Tajikistan, 7th–8th century CE
2465:
Male mythological figure, Tokharistan, 7th–8th century CE
1780:
3624:
3622:
2721:"Chinese Records on Bamiyan: Translation and Commentary"
2659:"Chinese Records on Bamiyan: Translation and Commentary"
2609:, left wall of the niche of the 53 meter Buddha. Bamiyan
2523:, around which Turkic nobility and populations followed
1856:
Part of the Chinese entry for this account by Puluo is:
4562:"The state of Hushijian (Gūzgānān) was located between
3976:
3634:
3548:
2854:
2842:
2633:
Devotee in caftan, next to the Buddha. Bamiyan (detail)
4713:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
2185:
Memoir of the pilgrimage to the five kingdoms of India
1169:
The Turks initially occupied the area of north of the
1149:, with some smaller remnants surviving in the area of
3619:
2073:
1320:. But the Turks were defeated by the Sasanians under
4119:
D. W. Macdowall, "The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara"
3792:
Jan, Yun-Hua; Iida, Shotaro; Yang, Han-Sung (1984).
3702:
Jan, Yun-Hua; Iida, Shotaro; Yang, Han-Sung (1984).
3288:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
3266:"The Western Territories 西域 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
3234:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
3206:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
3025:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
2822:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
2788:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (January 1996).
2764:
Islam and Tibet – Interactions along the Musk Routes
2584:
2437:, are attributable to the sponsorship of the Turks.
1675:-style head of a bull within wings. Tokhara Yabghus
1308:, and then proceeded to conquer the city along with
4761:
Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes
4482:"The state of Shihanna (Čaghaniyān) was located in
3888:Kurian, George Thomas; III, James D. Smith (2010).
1620:
6300:
4221:were incapable of such work" (he conflates the in
3140:"Cefu Yuangui, vol 999 | 冊府元龜/卷0999 – 维基文库，自由的图书馆"
2217:that his grandfather was a missionary-priest from
1534:
1798:
1582:). He was married two times – both a daughter of
8230:
4189:
2929:"Maracanda/Samarkand, une métropole pré-mongole"
1840:, a young brother of Pantu Nili named Puluo (僕羅
1395:principalities to submit. He went as far as the
3163:
614:
4716:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256.
4643:. Seoul Selection. 18 July 2016. p. 782.
3166:On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629–645 A.D
3108:Documents sur les Tou-Kiue (turcs) occidentaux
1292:Second offensive into Tokharistan (588–589 CE)
7410:
6286:
4840:
4740:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press.
3341:
3287:
3233:
3205:
3024:
2821:
2787:
1560:) was installed in Tokharistan, and ruled in
1490:(bull) had been in use from 599, when Khagan
1328:War against the Sassanian Empire (616–617 CE)
1233:First offensive into Tokharistan (569–570 CE)
3877:. Shanghai & Hong Kong: Kelly and Walsh.
3453:. Harvard University Press. pp. 46–47.
2579:. Dushanbe – National Museum of Antiquities.
2027:. The Hepthalites and their allies captured
6593:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
4854:
4353:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 203–204.
3791:
3781:三寶). There are many monasteries and monks.
3701:
3538:"冊府元龜 : 卷九百九十九 – Chinese Text Project"
3430:"冊府元龜 : 卷九百九十九 – Chinese Text Project"
2956:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith
2756:
2754:
2651:
2649:
2647:
1834:According to the chronicles of the Chinese
1185:in 557–565 CE through an alliance with the
7417:
7403:
6293:
6279:
4847:
4833:
4373:
4350:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
4299:
3512:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
2903:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
1497:Tong Yabghu Qaghan then installed his son
6158:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
4784:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4709:
4486:on the upper stream of the Surkhan River"
4195:
3887:
3515:. Columbia University Press. p. 33.
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3168:. Chinese Materials Center. p. 107.
3105:
3019:
2949:
2879:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 369.
2860:
2848:
2621:The Buddha and devotee in caftan. Bamiyan
4700:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4230:
4213:
4211:
4079:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3941:Göbl 1967, 254 ; Vondrovec tyre 254
3891:The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3658:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3557:
3508:
3314:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3055:History of civilizations of Central Asia
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2979:
2751:
2718:
2656:
2644:
2234:
2108:an embassy to China through Central Asia
2077:
1936:
1818:
1355:
1236:
1164:
1141:", who ruled from 625 CE in the area of
7371:
6413:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
6005:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
4895:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
4730:
4156:of Maulana Minhaj-ud-din, Vol. I, p. 82
4030:
4003:
3593:
3391:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2696:
2158:). The home city of the king is called
2146:, and the Turks were forced to flee to
1685:) in crescents along the outer margins.
285:
14:
8231:
7309:
7262:
7197:
7137:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II)
6429:
6391:
6357:
6260:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
4777:
4754:
4663:
4624:
4346:
4257:
4045:
3914:
3757:). The capital city is called Pactra (
3697:
3695:
3643:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3446:
3366:
3328:
2926:
2906:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 243.
2899:
1826:was an Iranian ruler of the region of
1779:During the rule of the Umayyad caliph
1375:. They are recognizable by their long
1363:officers during an audience with king
1225:principalities, remnants of the great
198:
145:
112:
27:625–758 CE dynasty of Turkic sub-kings
7398:
7360:
7337:
7295:
7178:
7147:
7115:
7099:
7071:
6921:
6909:
6881:
6717:
6687:
6680:
6640:
6633:
6529:
6499:
6488:
6471:
6439:
6411:
6409:
6274:
4828:
4331:
4208:
4159:
3970:
3921:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 10.
3870:
3867:開元七年正月，其主遣吐火羅大首領獻獅子、羚羊各二。不數月，又遣大德僧來朝貢
3810:
3276:
3190:
2996:
2575:Buddhist mural from the monastery at
2104:defeated their common enemy the Arabs
1181:) following their destruction of the
249:
240:
229:
218:
187:
154:
134:
123:
90:
70:
7307:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili
4798:
4272:
4234:The Turks in the Early Islamic World
4072:
3655:
3628:
3574:
3535:Paragraph 69 然火罗叶护积代以来于大唐忠赤朝贡不绝。in:
3408:
3260:
2933:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales
2872:
2808:
2714:
2712:
2710:
207:
165:
101:
79:
8249:Former countries in Chinese history
6215:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
4347:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
4300:Gunter, Ann C.; Jett, Paul (1992).
4231:Bosworth, C. Edmund (15 May 2017).
4046:Spuler, Bertold (6 November 2014).
3881:
3869:" quoted in English translation in
3831:
3692:
3599:
3563:
3473:
2900:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
2282:. Late 7th to early 8th century CE.
2023:, allied against the forces of the
176:
24:
6930:
6588:
6530:
6361:Chronology of the Neolithic period
6210:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
5211:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
4805:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia
4273:Wong, Dorothy C. (28 April 2018).
3832:Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015).
3605:
3099:
3045:
2943:
2224:
2125:
2074:Contacts with the Byzantine Empire
1636:Coinage of a Yabghu of Tokharistan
560:
61:
25:
8275:
8259:Ashina house of the Turkic Empire
6935:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
5621:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
3985:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
3958:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
3474:Ven, Hans van de (26 July 2021).
3447:Morgan, Llewelyn (18 June 2012).
2707:
2585:Bamiyan murals and their devotees
2400:were lost to the Arabs, while in
1564:with title of Tokharistan Yabgu (
1405:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
1264:. It seems the Turks reached the
431:
395:
377:
7372:
6518:
6416:
3894:. Scarecrow Press. p. 251.
3342:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2002).
3324:. Kyoto University. p. 139.
2626:
2614:
2598:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2486:
2470:
2458:
2442:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
1680:
1655:
1641:
1629:
1621:Reign of Ishbara Yabgu (630–650)
1055:
1041:
1016:
1002:
821:
803:
785:
718:
700:
682:
664:
647:
646:
613:
595:
578:
577:
559:
541:
523:
479:
448:
430:
412:
394:
376:
356:
308:
284:
277:
63:
55:
49:
8244:Central Asian Buddhist kingdoms
8034:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription
7378:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East
6220:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
5490:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
4657:
4630:
4618:
4606:
4585:
4573:
4552:
4535:
4518:
4506:
4489:
4472:
4460:
4444:
4431:
4419:
4367:
4313:
4293:
4266:
4251:
4143:
4130:
4113:
4066:
4039:
4024:
4004:Marozzi, Justin (13 May 2021).
3997:
3944:
3935:
3908:
3852:
3720:
3649:
3529:
3502:
3467:
3440:
3421:
3402:
3308:
3254:
3226:
3157:
3132:
2973:
2920:
2893:
2154:I arrived in Tokharistan (吐火羅國
1755:Muslim conquests of Afghanistan
1745:In 652–653 CE, the Arabs under
1535:Reign of Tardush Shad (625–630)
542:
309:
7355:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
6255:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
6200:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
4701:Beckwith, Christopher (2009).
3743:Translation from the original:
2866:
2781:
2689:
2346:. In 710, the Umayyad general
2021:Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami
1866:) and Regional Inspectors (刺史
1799:Reign of Pantu Nili (c.705 CE)
1772:) under administration of the
1714:
1578:
1556:
1515:
1125:
1116:
1108:
822:
719:
665:
596:
357:
13:
1:
8057:Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara
5206:Silk Road transmission of art
4705:. Princeton University Press.
4217:Bosworth also says that the "
4031:Mujahid, Abdul Malik (1908).
3838:. Routledge. pp. 58–59.
2638:
2358:and kept there as a hostage.
2305:
2070:and kept there as a hostage.
2001:
1957:Western city-states (640–648)
1945:
1249:
924:
882:had mints for Yabghu coinage.
524:
480:
413:
8239:7th-century monarchs in Asia
7424:
6205:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
4710:Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017).
4321:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
4127:... Appendix –B, pp. 164–68
3411:"The Western Territories 西域"
3212:. UNESCO. pp. 371–375.
3031:. UNESCO. pp. 370–375.
2980:Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2009).
2477:Shallow bowl, probably from
2323:), as well as the region of
1764:itself was destroyed by the
1694:, "Year 15". Probably 645 CE
1414:, these principalities were
1296:In 588–589, the Turks under
804:
786:
701:
683:
449:
7:
8104:Tang Western Turk campaigns
3509:Millward, James A. (2007).
3106:Chavannes, Edouard (2006).
2502:
1941:Major protectorates of the
1387:In 625, Tong Yabgu invaded
10:
8280:
8264:History of Kunduz Province
8094:Tang Eastern Turk campaign
8014:Turks in the Tang military
7694:Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan
7165:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman
6422:
6371:(Eastern migration of the
6370:
4673:
4640:The Silk Road Encyclopedia
4374:Litvinskij, B. A. (1981).
4237:. Routledge. p. 145.
4196:Compareti, Matteo (2008).
3477:Warfare in Chinese History
2873:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1999).
2719:Kuwayama, Shoshin (2005).
2657:Kuwayama, Shoshin (2005).
2228:
2082:Account of Tokharistan by
1161:until the 9th century CE.
1137:sub-kings with the title "
1024:Hephthalite principalities
8200:
8129:
8047:
7956:
7859:
7755:
7627:
7531:
7432:
7351:
7341:Muslim conquest of Persia
7292:
7259:
7194:
7175:
7144:
7112:
6918:
6878:
6857:
6854:
6847:
6652:
6581:
6526:
6446:
6393:
6367:
6355:
6343:
6338:
6309:
6120:
6088:
5885:
5792:
5734:
5706:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
5571:
5503:
5390:
5372:
5269:
5231:
5224:
5188:
4862:
4810:The Royal Asiatic Society
4279:. NUS Press. p. 78.
4202:Studio Editoriale Gordini
4140:, II, pp. 83 and 183-84.
2767:. Routledge. p. 55.
2205:, erected in 781 CE, the
1705:
1569:
1547:
1506:
1255:manuscript, Shiraz, Iran.
1244:fighting the Turk Yabghu
1071:
981:
977:
967:
957:
953:
943:
939:
921:
917:
907:
897:
887:
272:
44:
39:
32:
7629:Western Turkic Khaganate
7533:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
6153:Mogao Christian painting
5726:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
5440:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
5430:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
4703:Empires of the Silk Road
4457:depending on the source.
4412:
4136:Raizada Harichand Vaid,
3915:Godwin, R. Todd (2018).
3164:Watters, Thomas (1975).
2605:Devotee in double-lapel
2203:Nestorian Stele of Xi'an
2037:dār mamlakat al-Hayāṭela
1762:Western Turkic Khaganate
1730:. Other known mints are
1494:united the Turk Empire.
820:
802:
784:
717:
699:
681:
663:
645:
612:
594:
576:
558:
540:
522:
478:
447:
429:
411:
393:
375:
355:
307:
283:
7757:Second Turkic Khaganate
7364:Second Turkic Khaganate
6250:Saksanokhur gold buckle
6138:Hephthalite silver bowl
6015:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
5055:Second Turkic Khaganate
4856:History of Central Asia
4781:The ʿAbbāsid Revolution
3392:Taishan, Y. U. (2012).
3360:10.3406/crai.2002.22500
3294:. UNESCO. p. 372.
3240:. UNESCO. p. 372.
2927:Grenet, Frantz (2004).
2828:. UNESCO. p. 368.
2794:. UNESCO. p. 367.
2697:Taishan, Y. U. (2012).
2589:The mural paintings of
1334:Second Perso-Turkic War
1145:north and south of the
623:Kabul
7434:First Turkic Khaganate
7201:First Turkic Khaganate
6936:
6656:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
6594:
6535:
6345:Trans-Jaxartes steppes
6230:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
5990:Alexandria Prophthasia
5015:First Turkic Khaganate
4950:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
4778:Shaban, M. A. (1970).
3450:The Buddhas of Bamiyan
3091:: CS1 maint: others (
2283:
2191:
2091:
1994:
1964:
1935:
1831:
1482:) under kings such as
1380:
1302:First Perso-Turkic War
1256:
1101:Yabghus of Tokharistan
969:• Disestablished
18:Yabghus of Tokharistan
8024:Tonyukuk inscriptions
8009:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
6934:
6592:
6534:
6040:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
5415:Karsakpay inscription
4870:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
4125:AFGHANISTAN REVISITED
3612:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3581:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3415:www.chinaknowledge.de
3315:Kuwayama, S. (2002).
3270:www.chinaknowledge.de
2344:Yabghu of Tokharistan
2238:
2152:
2081:
2048:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
2019:governor of Khurasan
1975:然火羅葉護積代已來，於大唐忠赤，朝貢不絕。
1973:
1940:
1858:
1822:
1359:
1276:continued to rule in
1240:
1165:Territorial expansion
8062:Göktürk–Persian wars
7902:Mengchi Protectorate
7873:Kunling Protectorate
6303:Ancient Central Asia
5847:Kutlug Timur Minaret
5382:Noin-Ula burial site
5180:Chinese Central Asia
4755:Martin, Dan (2011).
4258:Huntington, John C.
4171:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
4121:Numismatic Chronicle
3983:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
3956:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
3733:"徃五天竺國傳 CBETA 漢文大藏經"
3398:. 中華書局. p. 250.
2703:. 中華書局. p. 250.
2375:Leo III the Isaurian
2100:Leo III the Isaurian
1129:) were a dynasty of
8208:Göktürk family tree
7999:Orkhon inscriptions
7989:Old Turkic language
7797:Kutluk Yabgu Khagan
7044:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
6240:Siberian Ice Maiden
6030:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
5445:Petrovka settlement
5175:Soviet Central Asia
5100:Great Seljuq Empire
4688:on 25 November 2020
4599:, near present-day
3737:tripitaka.cbeta.org
3596:, pp. 243–254.
2352:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
1961:Western Turks (657)
1953:Eastern Turks (629)
1113:traditional Chinese
959:• Established
7843:Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun
7659:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
7576:Ashina Jiesheshuai
7287:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
6937:
6595:
6584:Hellenistic Period
6536:
6395:Afanasievo culture
6190:Buddhas of Bamiyan
6143:Chilek silver bowl
6010:Buddhas of Bamiyan
5686:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
5475:Talapty Settlement
5261:Filippovka kurgans
5150:Khanate of Bukhara
5110:Khwarazmian Empire
5035:Ikhshids of Sogdia
4880:Afanasievo culture
4007:The Arab Conquests
3871:Hirth, F. (1885).
3409:Theobald, Ulrich.
2416:dynasty of Kabul.
2348:Qutayba ibn Muslim
2337:Qutayba ibn Muslim
2284:
2092:
2060:Qutaiba ibn Muslim
1965:
1832:
1381:
1257:
1227:Hephthalite Empire
1105:simplified Chinese
8226:
8225:
8089:Göktürk civil war
8084:Goguryeo–Tang War
8029:Ongin inscription
7994:Old Turkic script
7932:Anxi Protectorate
7392:
7391:
7387:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7314:Irbis Bolun Cabgu
7075:Kushano-Sasanians
6540:Achaemenid Empire
6431:Andronovo Culture
6268:
6267:
6245:Ai-Khanoum plaque
6116:
6115:
5920:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
5196:Central Asian art
5170:Russian Turkestan
5165:Chinese Turkestan
5065:Abbasid Caliphate
5029:Anxi Protectorate
4975:Kushano-Sasanians
4940:Macedonian Empire
4935:Achaemenid Empire
4905:Andronovo culture
4885:Sintashta culture
4770:978-0-7546-6956-2
4747:978-0-306-81740-3
4650:978-1-62412-076-3
4360:978-1-83860-868-2
4325:www.metmuseum.org
4286:978-981-4722-59-9
4244:978-1-351-88087-9
4177:on March 10, 2021
4073:Esin, E. (1977).
3928:978-1-78673-316-0
3901:978-0-8108-7283-7
3845:978-1-317-34090-4
3646:, pp. 66–67.
3631:, pp. 36–38.
3522:978-0-231-13924-3
3495:978-90-04-48294-4
3480:. BRILL. p.
3460:978-0-674-06538-3
3427:Paragraph 69 in:
3301:978-92-3-103211-0
3247:978-92-3-103211-0
3219:978-92-3-103211-0
3144:zh.wikisource.org
3038:978-92-3-103211-0
2966:978-1-932476-13-2
2913:978-1-83860-868-2
2886:978-81-208-1540-7
2835:978-92-3-103211-0
2801:978-92-3-103211-0
2774:978-1-351-92605-8
2669:(1/4): 153, 3–5.
2519:, Khisht Tepe or
2497:or Turkic period.
2453:, 7th century CE.
2433:such as those of
2383:King Phrom Ge-sar
2300:Abbasid Caliphate
2086:Buddhist pilgrim
2044:Umayyad Caliphate
2042:The Arabs of the
2025:Umayyad Caliphate
1807:, as the area of
1787:and the Sasanian
1774:Anxi Protectorate
1753:, as part of the
1747:Abdallah ibn Amir
1720:Išbara Jeb ˇ šah
1586:(麴伯雅) – ruler of
1093:
1092:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1029:
1028:
16:(Redirected from
8271:
8121:Battle of Bolchu
8116:Li-Sun rebellion
7669:Sy Yabghu Khagan
7419:
7412:
7405:
7396:
7395:
7376:
7190:Kun-khi Ghadfar
7020:Bahram VI Chobin
6891:Kujula Kadphises
6522:
6420:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6272:
6271:
6235:Seal of Khingila
6163:Penjikent murals
5784:Kalai Kafirnigan
5671:Koi Krylgan Kala
5480:Turkistan (city)
5465:Steppe Geoglyphs
5229:
5228:
5160:Khanate of Khiva
5120:Chagatai Khanate
5075:Saffarid dynasty
5060:Uyghur Khaganate
4849:
4842:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4795:
4774:
4751:
4727:
4706:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4597:Kafirnihan River
4593:Jiuyuedejian-guo
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4556:
4550:
4539:
4533:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4493:
4487:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4448:
4442:
4435:
4429:
4427:Yehu of Tuhuoluo
4423:
4407:
4406:
4380:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4344:
4329:
4328:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4215:
4206:
4205:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4173:. Archived from
4163:
4157:
4154:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
4147:
4141:
4138:Gulshane Mohyali
4134:
4128:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4010:. Head of Zeus.
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3859:Old Book of Tang
3856:
3850:
3849:
3829:
3808:
3807:
3740:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3632:
3626:
3617:
3615:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3572:
3561:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3364:
3363:
3339:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3285:
3274:
3273:
3262:Theobald, Ulrich
3258:
3252:
3251:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3203:
3188:
3187:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3116:10.1522/24885129
3103:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3082:
3058:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3021:
2994:
2993:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2951:Whitfield, Susan
2947:
2941:
2940:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2819:
2806:
2805:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2731:(1/4): 143–144.
2716:
2705:
2704:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2653:
2630:
2618:
2602:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2513:Kalai Kafirnigan
2490:
2474:
2462:
2446:
2310:
2307:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2221:in Tokharistan.
2189:
2106:in 717 CE, sent
2006:
2003:
1992:
1950:
1947:
1933:
1824:Zhulād of Gōzgān
1716:
1707:
1684:
1659:
1645:
1633:
1580:
1571:
1558:
1549:
1519:), as the first
1517:
1508:
1401:Byzantine Empire
1373:Afrasiyab murals
1262:Byzantine Empire
1254:
1251:
1127:
1118:
1110:
1059:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1020:
1019:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
983:
982:
929:
926:
847:
832:
825:
824:
814:
807:
806:
796:
789:
788:
776:
759:
744:
729:
722:
721:
711:
704:
703:
693:
686:
685:
675:
668:
667:
657:
650:
649:
637:
624:
617:
616:
606:
599:
598:
588:
581:
580:
570:
563:
562:
552:
545:
544:
534:
527:
526:
514:
501:
490:
483:
482:
471:
459:
452:
451:
441:
434:
433:
423:
416:
415:
405:
398:
397:
387:
380:
379:
368:
360:
359:
347:
332:
319:
312:
311:
299:
288:
287:
281:
258:
256:
247:
245:
238:
236:
227:
225:
216:
214:
205:
203:
196:
194:
185:
183:
174:
172:
163:
161:
152:
150:
143:
141:
132:
130:
121:
119:
110:
108:
99:
97:
96:TURKIC KHAGANATE
88:
86:
85:TURKIC KHAGANATE
77:
75:
68:
67:
59:
53:
30:
29:
21:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8222:
8196:
8125:
8049:
8043:
7957:Göktürk culture
7952:
7941:Tokhara Yabghus
7886:Ashina Yuanqing
7863:
7855:
7850:El Bilga Khatun
7772:Qapaghan Qaghan
7767:Ilterish Qaghan
7759:
7751:
7631:
7623:
7535:
7527:
7436:
7428:
7423:
7393:
7388:
7366:
7357:
7343:
7303:
7301:
7299:Tokhara Yabghus
7276:
7271:(vassal of the
7270:
7268:
7205:
7203:
7186:
7184:
7155:
7153:
7123:
7121:
7107:
7105:
7079:
7077:
7050:Farrukh Hormizd
6929:
6927:
6925:Sasanian Empire
6889:
6887:
6865:
6863:
6745:Mithridates III
6725:
6723:
6721:Parthian Empire
6709:
6703:
6702:
6695:
6693:
6660:
6658:
6618:Seleucid Empire
6614:
6587:
6585:
6544:
6542:
6517:
6514:Pazyryk Culture
6511:
6505:
6494:
6483:
6477:
6454:
6452:
6415:
6400:Proto-Tocharian
6397:
6383:,as far as the
6381:Eurasian Steppe
6373:Yamnaya culture
6350:Altai Mountains
6320:
6305:
6299:
6269:
6264:
6225:Afrasiab murals
6168:Sampul tapestry
6112:
6108:Shahr-e Sukhteh
6098:Bandian complex
6084:
6060:Musalla Complex
5940:Tapa-i Kafariha
5881:
5802:Cave of Dzhebel
5788:
5730:
5567:
5499:
5495:Araltobe kurgan
5386:
5368:
5294:Kizilgaha caves
5265:
5251:Pazyryk burials
5233:Southern Russia
5220:
5184:
5070:Tahirid dynasty
5040:Tokhara Yabghus
4945:Seleucid Empire
4920:Pazyryk culture
4875:Yamnaya culture
4858:
4853:
4792:
4771:
4748:
4724:
4691:
4689:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4557:
4553:
4540:
4536:
4532:, Afghanistan)"
4523:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4494:
4490:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4449:
4445:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4378:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4345:
4332:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4271:
4267:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4216:
4209:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4178:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4131:
4118:
4114:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4044:
4040:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3886:
3882:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3830:
3811:
3804:
3789:
3744:
3742:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3700:
3693:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3620:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3575:Bosworth, C.E.
3573:
3564:
3556:
3549:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3445:
3441:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3407:
3403:
3390:
3367:
3340:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3286:
3277:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3204:
3191:
3176:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3104:
3100:
3084:
3083:
3071:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3022:
2997:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2948:
2944:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2820:
2809:
2802:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2759:
2752:
2717:
2708:
2694:
2690:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2622:
2619:
2610:
2603:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2561:
2552:
2549:
2540:
2537:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2475:
2466:
2463:
2454:
2447:
2422:
2333:Yazid ibn Ziyad
2308:
2286:In the area of
2233:
2227:
2225:Kapisa-Gandhara
2190:
2178:
2128:
2126:Chinese sources
2076:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1948:
1934:
1926:
1861:
1817:
1801:
1715:Ashina Shaboluo
1700:Ishbara Yabgu (
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1623:
1537:
1466:. The areas of
1391:and forced the
1354:
1330:
1294:
1252:
1248:in 588–589 CE.
1235:
1187:Sasanian Empire
1167:
1097:Tokhara Yabghus
1086:
1082:
1078:
1056:
1042:
1017:
1010:Sasanian Empire
1003:
970:
960:
930:
927:
883:
857:
856:
855:
854:
853:
852:
851:
845:
843:
836:
835:
834:
830:
826:
818:
817:
816:
812:
808:
800:
799:
798:
794:
790:
782:
781:
780:
774:
772:
765:
764:
763:
757:
750:
749:
748:
742:
740:
733:
732:
731:
727:
723:
715:
714:
713:
709:
705:
697:
696:
695:
691:
687:
679:
678:
677:
673:
669:
661:
660:
659:
655:
651:
643:
642:
641:
635:
628:
627:
626:
622:
618:
610:
609:
608:
604:
600:
592:
591:
590:
586:
582:
574:
573:
572:
568:
564:
556:
555:
554:
550:
546:
538:
537:
536:
532:
528:
520:
519:
518:
512:
505:
504:
503:
499:
494:
493:
492:
488:
484:
476:
475:
474:
470:TOKHARA YABGHUS
469:
463:
462:
461:
457:
453:
445:
444:
443:
439:
435:
427:
426:
425:
421:
417:
409:
408:
407:
403:
399:
391:
390:
389:
385:
381:
373:
372:
371:
366:
361:
353:
352:
351:
345:
338:
337:
336:
330:
323:
322:
321:
317:
313:
305:
304:
303:
297:
290:
289:
268:
267:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
254:
252:
250:
248:
243:
241:
239:
234:
232:
230:
228:
221:
219:
217:
212:Paleo-Siberians
210:
208:
206:
201:
199:
197:
190:
188:
186:
181:
179:
177:
175:
170:
168:
166:
164:
159:
157:
155:
153:
148:
146:
144:
139:
137:
135:
133:
126:
124:
122:
117:
115:
113:
111:
106:
104:
102:
100:
95:
93:
91:
89:
84:
82:
80:
78:
73:
71:
69:
62:
60:
35:
34:Tokhara Yabghus
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8277:
8267:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8133:
8131:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8059:
8053:
8051:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7960:
7958:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7950:
7944:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7922:
7920:Ashina Huaidao
7917:
7915:Ashina Huseluo
7912:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7868:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7815:Ashina Duoxifu
7810:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7763:
7761:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7749:
7742:
7735:
7728:
7721:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7690:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7649:Heshana Qaghan
7646:
7641:
7635:
7633:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7618:Ashina Shibobi
7614:
7607:
7600:
7597:Ashina Nishufu
7593:
7586:
7579:
7571:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7539:
7537:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7518:
7510:
7509:
7502:
7499:Empress Ashina
7495:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7476:Ishbara Qaghan
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7440:
7438:
7430:
7429:
7422:
7421:
7414:
7407:
7399:
7390:
7389:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7369:
7368:
7362:
7359:
7353:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7331:
7308:
7297:
7294:
7293:625 CE–651 CE
7290:
7289:
7281:Heshana Khagan
7264:
7261:
7260:560 CE–625 CE
7257:
7256:
7241:Empress Ashina
7227:Ishbara Qaghan
7199:
7196:
7195:560 CE–651 CE
7192:
7191:
7180:
7177:
7176:440 CE–560 CE
7173:
7172:
7149:
7146:
7145:370 CE–540 CE
7142:
7141:
7117:
7114:
7113:320 CE–467 CE
7110:
7109:
7101:
7098:
7073:
7070:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6915:
6908:
6897:Vima Kadphises
6883:
6880:
6876:
6875:
6859:
6856:
6855:141 BCE–30 CE
6852:
6851:
6846:
6823:Parthamaspates
6757:Mithridates IV
6739:Mithridates II
6719:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6705:
6689:
6686:
6679:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6646:
6639:
6632:
6598:Argead dynasty
6583:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6567:Artaxerxes III
6538:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6508:Arzhan culture
6498:
6487:
6470:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6427:2000–1900 BCE
6424:
6423:
6421:
6410:
6408:
6407:2400–2000 BCE
6404:
6403:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6369:
6368:3500–2500 BCE
6365:
6364:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6298:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6275:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6185:Bimaran Casket
6182:
6177:
6174:Sogdian Daēnās
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6148:Gardez Ganesha
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5970:Takht-e Rostam
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5905:Dilberjin Tepe
5902:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5798:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5779:Takht-i Sangin
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5631:Guldursun-Kala
5628:
5623:
5618:
5616:Dalverzin Tepe
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5586:Akchakhan-Kala
5583:
5577:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5344:Dunhuang Caves
5341:
5339:Bezeklik Caves
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5304:Subashi Temple
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5155:Durrani Empire
5152:
5147:
5145:Timurid Empire
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4890:Vakhsh culture
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4852:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4800:Gibb, H. A. R.
4796:
4790:
4775:
4769:
4752:
4746:
4728:
4722:
4707:
4698:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4656:
4649:
4629:
4617:
4605:
4584:
4572:
4551:
4534:
4530:Mazār-e Sherif
4517:
4505:
4488:
4471:
4459:
4443:
4430:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4389:(1/4): 35–66.
4366:
4359:
4330:
4312:
4292:
4285:
4265:
4250:
4243:
4207:
4188:
4158:
4142:
4129:
4112:
4091:10.2307/600737
4065:
4058:
4038:
4033:"Golden Words"
4023:
4016:
3996:
3969:
3943:
3934:
3927:
3907:
3900:
3880:
3851:
3844:
3809:
3803:978-0895810243
3802:
3726:Original text:
3719:
3713:978-0895810243
3712:
3691:
3670:10.2307/600737
3648:
3633:
3618:
3598:
3586:
3562:
3560:, p. 132.
3547:
3528:
3521:
3501:
3494:
3466:
3459:
3439:
3420:
3401:
3365:
3327:
3307:
3300:
3275:
3253:
3246:
3225:
3218:
3189:
3175:978-1406713879
3174:
3156:
3131:
3125:978-9781412356
3124:
3098:
3070:978-9231027192
3069:
3044:
3037:
2995:
2972:
2965:
2942:
2919:
2912:
2892:
2885:
2865:
2863:, p. 178.
2861:Rezakhani 2017
2853:
2851:, p. 177.
2849:Rezakhani 2017
2841:
2834:
2807:
2800:
2780:
2773:
2750:
2706:
2688:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2531:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2421:
2418:
2229:Main article:
2226:
2223:
2176:
2127:
2124:
2075:
2072:
1998:
1995:
1983:
1924:
1816:
1813:
1800:
1797:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1536:
1533:
1523:(sub-king) of
1371:. 648–651 CE,
1353:
1350:
1329:
1326:
1293:
1290:
1234:
1231:
1166:
1163:
1091:
1090:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1007:
995:
994:
989:
979:
978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
948:Early Medieval
945:
944:Historical era
941:
940:
937:
936:
931:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
909:
905:
904:
899:
895:
894:
889:
885:
884:
858:
839:
838:
837:
828:
827:
819:
810:
809:
801:
792:
791:
783:
768:
767:
766:
753:
752:
751:
736:
735:
734:
725:
724:
716:
707:
706:
698:
689:
688:
680:
671:
670:
662:
653:
652:
644:
631:
630:
629:
620:
619:
611:
602:
601:
593:
584:
583:
575:
566:
565:
557:
548:
547:
539:
530:
529:
521:
508:
507:
506:
497:
496:
495:
486:
485:
477:
466:
465:
464:
455:
454:
446:
437:
436:
428:
419:
418:
410:
401:
400:
392:
383:
382:
374:
363:
362:
354:
341:
340:
339:
326:
325:
324:
315:
314:
306:
293:
292:
291:
282:
276:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
265:
264:
54:
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8276:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8046:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8004:Orkhon Valley
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7955:
7948:
7945:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7910:Ashina Buzhen
7908:
7907:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7862:
7861:Western Turks
7858:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7840:
7837:
7833:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7819:
7816:
7812:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7792:Tengri Qaghan
7790:
7788:
7787:Yollıg Khagan
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7747:
7743:
7740:
7736:
7733:
7729:
7726:
7722:
7719:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7688:
7687:El Kulug Shad
7684:
7683:
7680:
7679:Ishbara Tolis
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7611:Ashide Fengji
7608:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7590:Ashina She'er
7587:
7584:
7583:Ashina Funian
7580:
7577:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7563:Qilibi Qaghan
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7523:
7519:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7500:
7496:
7493:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7466:Taspar Qaghan
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7446:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7420:
7415:
7413:
7408:
7406:
7401:
7400:
7397:
7379:
7375:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7358:
7356:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7334:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7320:Ishbara Tolis
7318:
7315:
7312:
7306:
7302:
7300:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7267:
7266:Western Turks
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7221:Taspar Qaghan
7219:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7204:
7202:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7183:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7152:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7122:
7120:
7111:
7106:
7104:
7097:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7076:
7069:
7066:
7063:
7062:Yazdegerd III
7060:
7057:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6933:
6928:
6926:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6888:
6886:
6885:Kushan Empire
6877:
6874:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6862:
6853:
6850:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6829:Mithridates V
6827:
6826:Sinatruces II
6824:
6821:
6820:Vologases III
6818:
6815:
6814:Artabanus III
6812:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6784:Tiridates III
6782:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6727:Mithridates I
6724:
6722:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6707:Hunnic tribes
6701:
6698:
6694:
6692:
6685:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6674:Euthydemus II
6672:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6659:
6657:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6619:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6591:
6586:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6570:Artaxerxes IV
6568:
6565:
6564:Artaxerxes II
6562:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6541:
6533:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6504:
6503:
6497:
6493:
6492:
6486:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6475:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6453:
6451:
6450:Median Empire
6443:
6442:
6437:2000–900 BCE
6436:
6435:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6419:
6414:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6396:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6377:Pontic steppe
6374:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6359:Preceded by:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6304:
6296:
6291:
6289:
6284:
6282:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6180:Oxus Treasure
6178:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6133:Orlat plaques
6131:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6025:Dasht-e Nawar
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5857:Monjukli Depe
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5842:Konye-Urgench
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5774:Takht-i Kuwad
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5533:Koshoy Korgon
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:Kumtura Caves
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5271:Western China
5268:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5256:Salbyk kurgan
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:Arzhan kurgan
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5216:Serindian art
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5115:Mongol Empire
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Ghurid Empire
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5020:Western Turks
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:Kushan Empire
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:Guiyi Circuit
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Median Empire
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:Tagar culture
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4791:0-521-29534-3
4787:
4783:
4782:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4732:Kennedy, Hugh
4729:
4725:
4723:9781474400305
4719:
4715:
4714:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4665:
4660:
4652:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4633:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4560:Hushijian-guo
4555:
4548:
4547:Wakhan valley
4544:
4538:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4383:East and West
4377:
4370:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4305:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4155:
4151:
4150:H. G. Raverty
4146:
4139:
4133:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4059:9789004282094
4055:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4017:9781838933418
4013:
4009:
4008:
4000:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3938:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3847:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3790:Adapted from
3787:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3734:
3723:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3558:Beckwith 2009
3554:
3552:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2725:East and West
2722:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:East and West
2660:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:From 719 CE,
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309: 650 CE
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2245:Brahmi script
2242:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:mentioned in
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005: 689 CE
1990:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1969:Western Turks
1962:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:Yuèzhī Dūdùfû
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1658:
1650:
1644:
1632:
1618:
1616:
1615:Ishbara Tegin
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1579:Tǔhuǒluó Yèhù
1575:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:According to
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1322:Bahram Chobin
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1247:
1243:
1242:Bahram Chobin
1239:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1126:Tǔhuǒluó Yèhù
1122:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:Today part of
1070:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
980:
976:
972:
966:
962:
956:
952:
949:
946:
942:
938:
935:
932:
928: 625 CE
920:
916:
913:
910:
906:
903:
900:
896:
893:
890:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
850:
849:
848:
833:
815:
797:
779:
778:
777:
762:
761:
760:
758:PATOLA SHAHIS
747:
746:
745:
730:
712:
694:
676:
658:
640:
639:
638:
625:
607:
589:
571:
553:
535:
517:
516:
515:
502:
491:
473:
472:
460:
442:
424:
406:
388:
370:
369:
350:
349:
348:
335:
334:
333:
320:
302:
301:
300:
280:
271:
257:
246:
237:
226:
224:
215:
213:
204:
195:
193:
184:
173:
162:
151:
142:
131:
129:
120:
109:
98:
87:
76:
66:
58:
52:
43:
40:625 CE–758 CE
38:
31:
19:
8213:Ashina tribe
8048:Göktürk wars
7940:
7881:Ashina Mishe
7802:Özmiş Khagan
7746:Ashina Tuizi
7739:Tardush Shad
7732:Ashina Duzhi
7674:Duolu Qaghan
7604:Ashide Wenfu
7568:Chebi Qaghan
7558:Illig Qaghan
7553:Chulo Qaghan
7548:Shibi Qaghan
7515:Yangsu Tegin
7486:Tulan Qaghan
7481:Bagha Qaghan
7471:Ashina Anluo
7461:Muqan Qaghan
7456:Issik Qaghan
7451:Bumin Qaghan
7361:
7352:
7349:673–751 CE
7338:
7335:651–673 CE
7317:Duolu Qaghan
7305:Tardush Shad
7298:
7296:
7273:Tang dynasty
7263:
7249:Yangsu Tegin
7233:Tulan Qaghan
7230:Bagha Qaghan
7224:Ashina Anluo
7218:Muqan Qaghan
7215:Issik Qaghan
7212:Bumin Qaghan
7198:
7182:Hephthalites
7179:
7148:
7116:
7100:
7072:
7032:Ardashir III
6990:Yazdegerd II
6922:
6910:
6882:
6858:
6844:Artabanus IV
6841:Vologases VI
6832:Vologases IV
6811:Vologases II
6787:Artabanus II
6781:Artabanus II
6766:Tiridates II
6754:Phraates III
6718:
6715:160–141 BCE
6704:
6688:
6681:
6677:Antimachus I
6668:Euthydemus I
6653:
6650:256–160 BCE
6641:
6634:
6629:Antiochus II
6616:
6615:
6609:Alexander II
6596:
6582:
6579:331–256 BCE
6558:Artaxerxes I
6537:
6527:539–331 BCE
6500:
6489:
6478:
6472:
6447:
6444:626–539 BCE
6379:through the
6358:
6319:Territories/
6172:
6103:Mount Khajeh
6070:Qala-i-Jangi
6050:Khair Khaneh
5955:Khair Khaneh
5862:Namazga-Tepe
5817:Anau culture
5794:Turkmenistan
5711:Tavka Kurgan
5606:Balalyk Tepe
5523:Burana Tower
5513:Aigyr-Zhal 2
5405:Issyk kurgan
5140:Kart dynasty
5135:Sufi dynasty
5125:Golden Horde
5050:Oghuz Yabgus
5039:
5025:Tang dynasty
4990:Hephthalites
4915:Uyuk culture
4804:
4780:
4760:
4736:
4712:
4702:
4690:. Retrieved
4686:the original
4659:
4639:
4632:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4592:
4587:
4580:
4575:
4559:
4554:
4542:
4537:
4525:
4520:
4513:
4508:
4496:
4491:
4480:Shihanna-guo
4479:
4474:
4467:
4462:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4421:
4386:
4382:
4369:
4349:
4324:
4315:
4302:
4295:
4275:
4268:
4253:
4233:
4223:Hephthalites
4201:
4191:
4179:. Retrieved
4175:the original
4170:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4048:
4041:
4026:
4006:
3999:
3987:. Retrieved
3982:
3972:
3960:. Retrieved
3955:
3946:
3937:
3917:
3910:
3890:
3883:
3873:
3862:
3854:
3834:
3793:
3775:Three Jewels
3755:Tuhuoluo-guo
3754:
3736:
3722:
3703:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3611:
3601:
3594:Kennedy 2007
3589:
3580:
3541:
3531:
3511:
3504:
3486:p.131, map 3
3476:
3469:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3423:
3414:
3404:
3394:
3351:
3347:
3317:
3310:
3290:
3269:
3256:
3236:
3228:
3208:
3165:
3159:
3148:. Retrieved
3146:(in Chinese)
3143:
3134:
3107:
3101:
3054:
3047:
3027:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2955:
2945:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2902:
2895:
2875:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2824:
2790:
2783:
2763:
2728:
2724:
2699:
2691:
2666:
2662:
2588:
2507:Buddhism in
2506:
2427:Buddhist art
2423:
2387:
2379:Fromo Kesaro
2367:Fromo Kesaro
2360:
2341:
2304:
2285:
2200:
2192:
2183:
2168:Three Jewels
2156:Tuhuoluo-guo
2155:
2153:
2131:
2129:
2116:Fromo Kesaro
2093:
2056:Nezak Tarkan
2050:re-captured
2041:
2036:
2000:
1988:Cefu Yuangui
1986:
1979:Tang dynasty
1974:
1966:
1943:Tang dynasty
1929:Cefu Yuangui
1927:
1920:Yehu Tuhuolo
1919:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1841:
1837:Cefu Yuangui
1835:
1833:
1802:
1778:
1769:
1766:Tang dynasty
1759:
1744:
1740:
1719:
1713:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1668:
1577:
1555:
1540:Tardush Shad
1538:
1514:
1499:Tardush Shad
1496:
1487:
1412:Cefu Yuangui
1409:
1386:
1382:
1361:Western Turk
1331:
1298:Bagha Qaghan
1295:
1258:
1246:Bagha Qaghan
1223:Hephthalites
1183:Hephthalites
1168:
1131:Western Turk
1124:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1037:Tang dynasty
992:Succeeded by
991:
986:
934:Tardush Shad
841:
840:
770:
769:
755:
754:
738:
737:
634:
633:
511:
510:
468:
467:
364:
343:
342:
328:
327:
295:
294:
222:
211:
191:
149:PUSHYABHUTIS
136:
127:
8050:and battles
8019:Ülüş system
7947:Turk Shahis
7896:Ashina Zhen
7891:Ashina Xian
7866:Jimi system
7782:Bilgä Qaǧan
7777:Inel Qaghan
7707:Irbis Seguy
7664:Külüg Sibir
7644:Niri Qaghan
7543:Yami Qaghan
7445:Ashina Tuwu
7329:Ashina Helu
7326:Irbis Seguy
7311:Külüg Sibir
7278:Niri Qaghan
7208:Ashina Tuwu
7151:Alchon Huns
7047:Azarmidokht
7038:Khosrow III
6993:Hormizd III
6978:Yazdegerd I
6969:Ardashir II
6963:Adur Narseh
6919:224–350 CE
6879:30 –224 CE
6838:Vologases V
6805:Vardanes II
6802:Vologases I
6793:Gotarzes II
6763:Phraates IV
6733:Hyspaosines
6697:Modu Chanyu
6671:Demetrius I
6665:Diodotus II
6626:Antiochus I
6603:Alexander I
6195:Kabul hoard
6128:Sokh snakes
6080:Surkh Kotal
6045:Haji Piyada
6020:Darra-e Kur
5985:Yemshi Tepe
5980:Tillya Tepe
5975:Tepe Fullol
5965:Tepe Narenj
5960:Tapa Sardar
5950:Fondukistan
5915:Tapa Shotor
5895:Tepe Fullol
5887:Afghanistan
5716:Toprak-Kala
5701:Shahrukhiya
5651:Kampir Tepe
5641:Itchan Kala
5596:Ancient Pap
5553:Shakh Fazil
5425:Krasnyi Yar
5329:Mogao Caves
5289:Kizil Caves
5225:Archaeology
5090:Farighunids
5045:Turk Shahis
4985:Alchon Huns
4664:Martin 2011
4625:Martin 2011
4453:, Kabul or
4227:Alchon Huns
4219:Ephthalites
3863:Jiu Tangshu
3751:Tokharistan
3644:Shaban 1970
3606:Grenet, F.
3354:(3): 1057.
2986:Transoxiana
2509:Tokharistan
2495:Hephthalite
2479:Afghanistan
2414:Hindu Shahi
2406:Hindu Shahi
2231:Turk Shahis
2132:"T’u-chüeh"
2112:Turk Shahis
2009:Hephthalite
1611:Afghanistan
1525:Tokharistan
1432:Chaghaniyan
1397:Indus river
1389:Tokharistan
1274:Alchon Huns
1253: 1560
1207:Tokharistan
1175:Transoxonia
1155:Turk Shahis
1143:Tokharistan
1076:Afghanistan
1051:Turk Shahis
987:Preceded by
864:Turk Shahis
513:TURK SHAHIS
8254:630 deaths
8233:Categories
8039:Qara bodun
7925:Ashina Xin
7807:Ashina Shi
7718:Bagha Shad
7702:Yukuk Shad
7506:Apa Qaghan
7323:Yukuk Shad
7245:Apa Qaghan
7188:Akhshunwar
7170:Mihirakula
7108:Wanunkhur
7090:Hormizd II
7081:Ardashir I
7056:Khosrow IV
7053:Hormizd VI
7035:Shahrbaraz
7026:Khosrow II
7017:Khosrow II
7014:Hormizd IV
6972:Shapur III
6960:Hormizd II
6954:Bahram III
6939:Ardashir I
6906:Vasudeva I
6900:Kanishka I
6894:Vima Takto
6870:Sapadbizes
6849:Eucratides
6808:Pacorus II
6799:Vonones II
6796:Meherdates
6790:Vardanes I
6775:Orodes III
6772:Phraates V
6751:Sinatruces
6662:Diodotus I
6623:Seleucus I
6573:Darius III
6480:Massagetae
6301:Rulers of
6075:Rag-i-Bibi
5900:Ai-Khanoum
5832:Gonur Depe
5827:Dev-Kesken
5764:Kafir-kala
5754:Ajina tepe
5736:Tajikistan
5696:Sarmishsay
5681:Kyzyl-Kala
5661:Khalchayan
5646:Kafir-kala
5626:Fayaz Tepe
5611:Burchmulla
5573:Uzbekistan
5563:Tash Rabat
5538:Manas Ordo
5505:Kyrgyzstan
5392:Kazakhstan
5095:Ghaznavids
5000:Ustrushana
4995:Tocharians
4925:Massagetae
4808:. London:
4692:1 November
4581:Fanyan-guo
4085:(3): 330.
3664:(3): 330.
3482:119, map 2
3150:2018-08-21
2639:References
2577:Ajina Tepe
2521:Kafyr Kala
2517:Ajina Tepe
2371:East Roman
2363:Tegin Shah
2327:as far as
2317:Zabulistan
2296:Turk Shahi
2241:Turk Shahi
2196:An Lu-shan
2174:teachings.
2164:Badakhshan
2136:Zabulistan
2090:in 726 CE.
1949: 660
1916:Badakhshan
1912:Quwādhiyān
1884:Chaghanian
1847:Hindu Kush
1480:Alchon Hun
1464:Badakhshan
1416:Zabulistan
1393:Hephtalite
1203:Zabulistan
1191:Chaganiyan
1151:Badakhshan
1147:Oxus River
1135:Hephtalite
1088:Tajikistan
1084:Uzbekistan
908:Government
569:Badakhshan
8099:Xueyantuo
7949:(665–870)
7943:(625-758)
7829:Kul Tigin
7822:Kulun Beg
7760:(682–744)
7725:Böri Shad
7632:(581–657)
7536:(581–630)
7437:(552–581)
7135:Grumbates
7119:Kidarites
7087:Hormizd I
7065:Peroz III
7011:Khosrow I
6981:Shapur IV
6975:Bahram IV
6966:Shapur II
6951:Bahram II
6945:Hormizd I
6835:Osroes II
6778:Vonones I
6760:Orodes II
6736:Artabanus
6612:Antigonus
6561:Darius II
6459:Phraortes
6375:from the
6121:Artifacts
5995:Aq Kupruk
5945:Mes Aynak
5877:Ulug Depe
5812:Altyndepe
5759:Cyropolis
5749:Penjikent
5721:Varakhsha
5656:Kara Tepe
5601:Ayaz-Kala
5591:Akhsikath
5581:Afrasiyab
5528:Issyk-Kul
5518:Balasagun
5364:Beshbalik
5241:Sintashta
5201:Silk Road
5130:Ilkhanate
5085:Ma'munids
4980:Kidarites
4818:499987512
4497:Jiesu-guo
4468:Gutuo-guo
4395:0012-8376
4099:0003-0279
4052:. BRILL.
3763:Badakshan
3678:0003-0279
3629:Gibb 1923
3542:ctext.org
3434:ctext.org
3087:cite book
2992:: Fig.25.
2939:: Fig. B.
2737:0012-8376
2675:0012-8376
2431:Silk Road
2325:Arachosia
2239:An early
2207:Nestorian
2188:, 726 CE.
2148:Badakshan
2096:Byzantine
2064:al-Hajjaj
2011:ruler of
1805:Badakshan
1789:Peroz III
1736:Shuburgan
1603:Qu Wentai
1557:Dátóu Shè
1516:Dátóu Shè
1460:Kobadiyan
1369:Samarkand
1365:Varkhuman
898:Religion
880:Shuburgan
440:Shuburgan
404:Chaganian
386:Samarkand
182:KHAGANATE
169:BYZANTINE
8109:Conquest
7984:Kurultai
7964:Tengrism
7836:Tonyukuk
7426:Göktürks
7275:657–742)
7167:Toramana
7157:Khingila
7139:Goboziko
7096:Varahran
7093:Peroz II
7029:Kavad II
6987:Bahram V
6948:Bahram I
6942:Shapur I
6903:Huvishka
6867:Arseiles
6817:Osroes I
6748:Orodes I
6742:Gotarzes
6730:Phraates
6700:Laoshang
6552:Darius I
6549:Cambyses
6468:Astyages
6465:Cyaxares
6387:region)
6330:Margiana
6325:Khorasan
6055:Mundigak
6035:Firozkoh
5925:Shotorak
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