429:
1210:
384:
103:
1945:
29:
177:) from the West Point Depository for the duration of the Manhattan Project. Special guards and accountants were assigned to the silver, and their responsible caretaking meant that at the end of the war, less than 0.036% out of more than $ 300 million worth of silver was lost to the process, with the remainder returned to the Treasury.
243:
that the young "hillbilly" girl operators were outproducing his doctorate-holding scientists. They agreed to a production race and
Lawrence lost, a morale boost for the Tennessee Eastman workers and supervisors. The girls were "trained like soldiers not to reason why", while "the scientists could not
343:
Y-12 has a history of providing secure storage of nuclear material for both the United States and other governments. Early efforts focused on securing material from the former Soviet Union; recent activities have included recovery of highly enriched uranium from Chile. Environmental cleanup has been
391:
Since 1988, Oak Ridge
Environmental Peace Alliance has organized non-violent direct action protests at the Y-12 Complex, in an effort to close down the weapons plant. Sister Mary Dennis Lentsch, a Catholic nun, has been arrested many times for protesting at the Oak Ridge facility. She has said, "I
295:, the eight later received additional compensation from the government; Clark collected multiple payments totaling about $ 250,000. Most, if not all, of the eight victims were diagnosed with cancer at some point during their lives. As of 2023, Clark is the only surviving member of the eight.
414:
activists, who got past fences and disabled security sensors before dawn on July 28, spent several hours in the complex, spray-painted peace messages, and prayed and sang before they were stopped by guards. The security breach prompted private experts to criticize the
Department of Energy's
419:
found that all of the defenses for the plant were insufficient and that the security response had "troubling displays of ineptitude." On May 9, 2013, the three were convicted of sabotage. In her testimony, Sister Rice said, "I regret I didn't do this 70 years ago."
340:, support the Naval Reactors program, and provide expertise to other federal agencies. Y-12 is also responsible for the maintenance and production of all uranium parts and "secondary" mechanisms for every nuclear weapon in the United States arsenal.
392:
believe the continuing weapons production at the Y-12 National
Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, is in direct violation of the treaty obligations of the United States and consequently, is a violation of Article 6 of the U.S. Constitution".
410:, and they chose Y-12 because of its crucial role in the production of nuclear weapons. They spray-painted anti-war slogans on the exterior of the Highly Enriched Uranium Materials Facility, a structure for storing weapons-grade uranium. The
238:
to remove bugs and achieve a reasonable operating rate. They were then turned over to trained
Tennessee Eastman operators who had only a high school education. Nichols compared unit production data and pointed out to physicist
275:
occurred in the C-1 Wing of
Building 9212 at the facility, then operating under the management of Union Carbide. In the incident, a solution of highly enriched uranium was mistakenly diverted into a steel drum, causing a
291:. The suit was settled out-of-court. Wilburn, who had received the highest radiation dose, was awarded $ 18,000 (approximately $ 195,000 in 2024). Clark received $ 9,000 (worth approximately $ 97,200 in 2024). Under the
319:
At 9 a.m. on
February 22, 2023, a fire broke out in a uranium processing area of Building 9212. In a statement from the National Nuclear Security Administration, the fire was said to be contained later the same day.
2551:
2537:
216:. However, K-25 did not begin operating until March 1945 and fed slightly enriched uranium to Y-12's Beta Calutrons as the push to obtain enough uranium-235 for Little Boy came in the early summer of 1945. The
2510:
399:, an 84-year-old priest, received a prison sentence of three months for trespassing on federal property at the Y-12 complex. In 2012, there were protests about the new uranium processing facility.
727:
255:
corporation succeeded
Tennessee Eastman as the operating contractor in 1947, remaining until 1984 when Union Carbide relinquished the contract for operating DOE's Oak Ridge facilities, and the
1820:
406:, an 82-year-old Catholic sister of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus, and two military veterans, Gregory Boertje-Obed, and Michael Walli, entered the Y-12 complex. They were all
2693:
2668:
356:
benefited cleanup efforts by funding demolition and decontamination of aging facilities. These efforts work to further the long-term reduction in the size of the Y-12 facility.
2718:
287:
In June 1960 the eight workers (Bill
Wilburn, O. C. Collins, Travis Rogers, R. D. Jones, Howard Wagner, T. W. Stinnett, Paul McCurry, and Bill Clark) filed suit against the
2658:
1882:
292:
1142:
2673:
165:, and requested between five and ten thousand tons of silver. Bell's stunned reply was, "Colonel, in the Treasury we do not speak of tons of silver; our unit is the
815:"Type A Accident Investigation of the December 8, 1999, Multiple Injury Accident Resulting from the Sodium-Potassium Explosion in Building 9201-5 at the Y-12 Plant"
244:
refrain from time-consuming investigation of the cause of even minor fluctuations of the dials". The young women that worked in this capacity came to be known as "
2029:
1161:
860:
2663:
263:) won the contract to take over the operation. BWXT Y-12 (name later changed to B&W Y-12) succeeded Lockheed Martin as the Y-12 operator in November 2000.
1186:
598:
372:
2713:
2046:
925:
2168:
1979:
735:
2014:
2703:
2108:
364:
359:
CNS Y-12 currently employs approximately 4,700 people. About 1,500 additional personnel work onsite as employees of organizations that include
63:
for the first atomic bombs. In the years after World War II, it has been operated as a manufacturing facility for nuclear weapons components.
1835:
834:
352:. Today, the Y-12 plant is listed on the DOE's Cleanup Criteria/Decision Document Database (or C2D2 database). An influx of funding from the
1235:
572:
307:
was cleaned up after an accidental spill, inappropriately treated with mineral oil, and inadvertently ignited when the surface coating of
1400:
1262:
1231:
234:, to Y-12 and operated the plant from 1943 to May 1947. The Y-12 electromagnetic plant units were initially operated by scientists from
2619:
2041:
1988:
437:
2708:
1727:
1077:
452:
205:
2133:
2002:
44:
2698:
2678:
2504:
2426:
2406:
2088:
1972:
631:
353:
288:
669:
2723:
2436:
996:"Facing the Second Generation of the Nuclear Weapons Complex: Renewal of the Nuclear Production Base or Economic Conversion?"
964:
948:
702:
227:
2526:
2441:
2138:
2083:
2036:
2019:
2073:
2007:
442:
904:
2572:
2486:
2461:
2024:
416:
235:
41:
1096:
2476:
1965:
1280:
1125:
556:
169:." Thus the Manhattan Engineer District requested and was loaned 395 million troy ounces of silver (13,540
1059:
2688:
2118:
1007:
796:
770:
2264:
1255:
471:
605:
2391:
922:
2683:
2386:
861:"Emergency services respond to uranium fire at National Nuclear Security Administration complex in Tennessee"
756:
521:
67:
52:
2580:
2446:
2411:
2093:
1887:
2531:
2557:
2521:
1855:
2456:
2451:
2401:
1948:
1248:
1220:
2396:
2234:
2128:
1830:
1825:
728:"Nuclear survivor: Bill Clark recalls 1958 criticality accident and his up-and-down life since then"
2123:
1912:
1445:
1304:
217:
2466:
1907:
1804:
1359:
750:
576:
220:
Thermal
Diffusion Plant at the K-25 site also provided feed material for Y-12's Beta Calutrons.
2562:
2173:
1686:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1319:
371:), which holds the security contract for the site. Workers at the site were represented by the
138:
2494:
1115:
2600:
2544:
2299:
1957:
1927:
1752:
1495:
1440:
411:
337:
333:
20:
344:
an ongoing issue for the Department of Energy in Oak Ridge. The Y-12 plant was listed as an
303:
A chemical explosion injured several workers at the Y-12 facility on December 8, 1999, when
2516:
2499:
2178:
2098:
1737:
1732:
1591:
1465:
981:
368:
308:
272:
231:
48:
814:
8:
2143:
1596:
1551:
1511:
1334:
1162:"18 months after security breach, former Y-12 nuclear weapons plant boss tells his story"
797:"Remembering the 1958 Nuclear Criticality Accident | Y-12 National Security Complex"
407:
87:
83:
1209:
2595:
2585:
2319:
2199:
2078:
1661:
1485:
1455:
1395:
835:"Fire contained at Tennessee uranium processing facility, nuclear safety officials say"
396:
349:
281:
158:
146:
130:
94:
in Texas, the primary United States nuclear weapons assembly and disassembly facility.
1031:"Nun sentenced for protesting nuke plant - US news - Crime & courts - NBCNews.com"
428:
2590:
2431:
2416:
2349:
2148:
2113:
1876:
1865:
1772:
1631:
1626:
1576:
1425:
1420:
1410:
1271:
1121:
1003:
552:
230:
to manage Y-12 during the Manhattan Project. The company transferred scientists from
223:
213:
142:
107:
56:
1676:
2421:
2364:
2359:
2249:
2068:
1897:
1696:
1681:
1646:
1621:
1475:
1430:
1225:
134:
60:
2552:
Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System
945:
699:
280:
of 15–20 minutes duration. Eight workers were hospitalized for moderate to severe
196:
to perform electromagnetic isotope separation. Y-12 separated the uranium-235 for
2289:
2244:
2214:
2194:
1902:
1742:
1706:
1636:
1571:
1561:
1536:
1435:
1415:
1390:
1078:"Rev. Bill Bichsel of Tacoma sentenced to 3 months for Y-12 protest in Tennessee"
995:
952:
929:
706:
277:
260:
256:
240:
185:
2538:
Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant
1651:
2344:
2224:
2219:
2204:
2153:
1845:
1840:
1611:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1460:
1385:
1314:
245:
201:
162:
2652:
2634:
2621:
2314:
2294:
2269:
2229:
2158:
1860:
1722:
1691:
1671:
1616:
1606:
1516:
1405:
1380:
1324:
1117:
Transform Now Plowshares: Megan Rice, Gregory Boertje-Obed, and Michael Walli
252:
127:
472:"A Visit to the Secret Town in Tennessee That Gave Birth to the Atomic Bomb"
387:
April 2011 Oak Ridge Environmental Peace Alliance rally at the Y-12 entrance
2354:
2339:
2329:
2324:
2284:
2279:
2239:
2209:
1917:
1799:
1656:
1601:
1581:
1566:
1470:
1294:
383:
123:
1030:
153:, the massive electromagnetic coils were made with 14,700 tons of coinage
2309:
2304:
2274:
2259:
2254:
2163:
1747:
1701:
1666:
1641:
1586:
1490:
1480:
1364:
360:
189:
181:
115:
102:
79:
982:
Officials Say Uranium Processing Facility Supporters Outnumber Opponents
763:
2334:
2103:
1850:
1794:
1531:
1521:
1450:
1002:. Peace Research Monograph. Vol. 19. Pergamon Press. p. 115.
403:
197:
166:
1226:
A map of Oak Ridge, Tennessee during the time of the Manhattan Project
2511:
Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978
1892:
1758:
1526:
1329:
345:
170:
1240:
1230:
Digitized historical technical reports from Oak Ridge Y-12 from the
2605:
1932:
1765:
1299:
1035:
329:
193:
111:
713:, Vol. 2, No. 6 (January 10, 2002). Retrieved: February 14, 2013.
525:
1922:
1789:
447:
212:, another facility in Oak Ridge, produced enriched uranium using
71:
1308:
180:
The Y-12 facility began operating in November 1943, separating
154:
150:
91:
75:
1987:
145:. Construction began in February 1943 under the management of
28:
1143:"Security Questions Are Raised by Break-In at a Nuclear Site"
174:
1870:
1339:
209:
496:
367:, UCOR, and WSI Oak Ridge (an American-controlled unit of
293:
Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program
1203:
1000:
Making Peace Possible: The Promise of Economic Conversion
885:
304:
2545:
Making a Real Killing: Rocky Flats and the Nuclear West
32:
Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
2694:
Isotope separation facilities of the Manhattan Project
2669:
Buildings and structures in Anderson County, Tennessee
2500:
Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon
1215:
2719:
Nuclear accidents and incidents in the United States
1097:"Protesters rally against new Y-12 uranium facility"
984:," November 30, 2009. Retrieved: February 14, 2013.
632:"Tennessee Eastman Company/Eastman Chemical Company"
373:
Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union
114:
control panels at Y-12, in a US government photo by
2659:
Nuclear weapons infrastructure of the United States
771:"Remembering the 1958 Nuclear Criticality Accident"
629:
546:
284:or exposure, but all eventually returned to work.
157:from U.S. government vaults at West Point. Colonel
90:as a teaming subcontractor. CNS also operates the
971:, August 18, 2010. Retrieved: February 14, 2013.
965:Y-12 Stimulus Fund Grows, New Projects May Follow
2674:Industrial buildings and structures in Tennessee
2650:
2109:Institute for Energy and Environmental Research
1140:
936:, April 8, 2010. Retrieved: February 14, 2013.
66:Y-12 is managed and operated under contract by
16:US Energy Dept facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee
946:Cleanup Criteria / Decision Document Database
700:Y-12 Receives 'Good' Award Fee Rating from DOE
680:. National World War II Museum. March 25, 2020
365:Science Applications International Corporation
161:met with the Under Secretary of the Treasury,
2664:United States Department of Energy facilities
1973:
1256:
1094:
636:Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
328:Y-12's primary missions since the end of the
70:(CNS), which is composed of member companies
1057:
905:"Half a Ton of Uranium -- and a Long Flight"
266:
820:. U.S. Department of Energy. February 2000.
332:have been to support defense needs through
2714:Anti-nuclear protests in the United States
1989:Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
1980:
1966:
1263:
1249:
1208:
998:. In Dumas, Lloyd J.; Thee, Marek (eds.).
438:Anti-nuclear protests in the United States
323:
923:Three from Y-12 Helped Secure Chile's HEU
721:
719:
573:"Eastman at Oak Ridge - Dr. Howard Young"
453:Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack
2134:Nuclear Information and Resource Service
1221:National Nuclear Security Administration
903:Hoffman, David E. (September 21, 2009).
501:CNS – Consolidated Nuclear Security, LLC
427:
382:
378:
141:in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, as part of the
101:
45:National Nuclear Security Administration
27:
1113:
1084:. Associated Press. September 13, 2011.
993:
902:
858:
415:safeguarding of nuclear materials. The
2704:Military research of the United States
2651:
2505:Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power
2089:Corporate Accountability International
1159:
1060:"Y-12 protests nets dozens of arrests"
725:
716:
354:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
348:site in the 1990s for groundwater and
1961:
1270:
1244:
987:
829:
827:
662:
2527:Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy
2139:Physicians for Social Responsibility
2084:Committee for Nuclear Responsibility
2020:Nuclear history of the United States
1114:Sargent, Carole (February 2, 2021).
2074:Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility
2030:Canceled nuclear reactors in the US
1160:Munger, Frank (February 17, 2014).
859:Blitzer, Ronn (February 22, 2023).
443:COLEX process (isotopic separation)
149:. Because of a wartime shortage of
13:
1728:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1216:United States Department of Energy
1141:Matthew L. Wald (August 7, 2012).
824:
42:United States Department of Energy
14:
2735:
1195:
489:
298:
2709:1943 establishments in Tennessee
2119:Musicians United for Safe Energy
2047:Anti-nuclear advocates in the US
1944:
1943:
1095:Lance Coleman (April 21, 2012).
886:"Y-12 National Security Complex"
1180:
1168:. Knoxville News-Sentinel, Tenn
1153:
1134:
1107:
1088:
1070:
1051:
1023:
974:
957:
939:
915:
896:
878:
852:
807:
789:
726:Munger, Frank (June 14, 2014).
692:
599:"14,700 tons of silver at Y-12"
522:"The CNS team – key leadership"
311:was scratched by a metal tool.
271:At 11 p.m. on June 16, 1958, a
775:Y-12 National Security Complex
649:
623:
591:
565:
540:
514:
464:
55:. It was built as part of the
38:Y-12 National Security Complex
1:
2699:Military history of Tennessee
2679:Isotope separation facilities
2003:Anti-nuclear groups in the US
1058:Frank Munger (July 5, 2010).
458:
68:Consolidated Nuclear Security
53:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2724:Superfund sites in Tennessee
2581:Atomic Ed and the Black Hole
2495:Carbon-Free and Nuclear-Free
2094:Critical Mass Energy Project
1888:Oppenheimer security hearing
630:Martha Avaleen Egan (2009).
547:Nichols, Kenneth D. (1987).
314:
7:
2558:Nuclear Politics in America
2522:The Doomsday Machine (book)
951:September 23, 2006, at the
423:
206:dropped on Hiroshima, Japan
10:
2740:
2037:Nuclear weapons and the US
97:
18:
2571:
2485:
2373:
2235:Carrie Barefoot Dickerson
2187:
2129:Nuclear Control Institute
2055:
1995:
1941:
1831:Bismuth phosphate process
1826:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
1813:
1782:
1715:
1504:
1373:
1287:
1278:
338:nuclear non-proliferation
267:1958 criticality incident
2124:Nevada Desert Experience
672:The Girls of Atomic City
289:Atomic Energy Commission
2689:Manhattan Project sites
2467:White House Peace Vigil
2169:Three Mile Island Alert
2025:Nuclear power in the US
1908:S-1 Executive Committee
1856:Einstein–Szilard letter
969:Knoxville News Sentinel
751:Knoxville News Sentinel
732:Atomic City Underground
324:Facilities and missions
228:Army Corps of Engineers
2563:We Almost Lost Detroit
2174:Women Strike for Peace
1350:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
994:Bischak, Greg (1989).
928:July 19, 2010, at the
433:
388:
336:, assist on issues of
139:Clinton Engineer Works
119:
33:
2635:35.98833°N 84.25472°W
2601:Nuclear Tipping Point
2300:Hermann Joseph Muller
1928:X-10 Graphite Reactor
1883:Nobel Prize laureates
1753:509th Composite Group
678:nationalww2museum.org
528:on September 10, 2014
431:
386:
379:Anti-nuclear protests
334:stockpile stewardship
105:
31:
21:Y-12 (disambiguation)
2684:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
2517:The Cult of the Atom
2179:Kings Bay Plowshares
2099:Friends of the Earth
1836:British contribution
1738:Operation Peppermint
1733:Operation Crossroads
1592:Maria Goeppert Mayer
1120:. Liturgical Press.
655:Nichols, Kenneth D.
408:Plowshares activists
369:G4S Secure Solutions
309:potassium superoxide
273:criticality accident
232:Kingsport, Tennessee
49:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
47:facility located in
19:For other uses, see
2640:35.98833; -84.25472
2631: /
2144:Plowshares movement
2008:California movement
1597:George Kistiakowsky
1552:Charles Critchfield
1234:project, hosted at
909:The Washington Post
738:on February 8, 2023
611:on October 27, 2014
549:The Road to Trinity
259:corporation (later
208:on August 6, 1945.
147:Stone & Webster
88:Booz Allen Hamilton
59:for the purpose of
2586:The China Syndrome
2472:Y-12 Weapons Plant
2407:Lawrence Livermore
2320:Eugene Rabinowitch
2200:William J. Bichsel
2079:Clamshell Alliance
2042:Protests in the US
1662:Henry DeWolf Smyth
1441:Robert Oppenheimer
1396:Priscilla Duffield
1147:The New York Times
748:also published in
705:2007-02-08 at the
674:by Denise Kiernan"
670:"A Book Review of
434:
397:William J. Bichsel
395:In 2011, the Rev.
389:
350:soil contamination
282:radiation sickness
159:Kenneth D. Nichols
131:isotope separation
126:code name for the
120:
34:
2614:
2613:
2591:Countdown to Zero
2452:Three Mile Island
2417:Naval Base Kitsap
2149:Ploughshares Fund
2114:Mothers for Peace
2015:Great Peace March
1955:
1954:
1877:Los Alamos Primer
1866:Interim Committee
1821:African Americans
1773:The Great Artiste
1632:Isidor Isaac Rabi
1627:Norman Ramsey Jr.
1426:Franklin Matthias
1365:Heavy water sites
1272:Manhattan Project
757:Stars and Stripes
579:on March 18, 2011
226:was hired by the
224:Tennessee Eastman
214:gaseous diffusion
188:, which is 99.3%
143:Manhattan Project
108:Manhattan Project
106:Employees of the
61:enriching uranium
57:Manhattan Project
2731:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2513:
2422:Nevada Test Site
2365:Victor Weisskopf
2360:Harvey Wasserman
2250:Randall Forsberg
2069:Abalone Alliance
1982:
1975:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1946:
1898:Quebec Agreement
1682:John von Neumann
1622:George B. Pegram
1431:Dorothy McKibbin
1265:
1258:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1204:Official website
1190:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:The News Tribune
1074:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1039:. August 8, 2007
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
991:
985:
978:
972:
961:
955:
943:
937:
919:
913:
912:
900:
894:
893:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
856:
850:
849:
847:
845:
831:
822:
821:
819:
811:
805:
804:
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
767:
761:
747:
745:
743:
734:. Archived from
723:
714:
696:
690:
689:
687:
685:
666:
660:
653:
647:
646:
644:
642:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
610:
604:. Archived from
603:
595:
589:
588:
586:
584:
575:. Archived from
569:
563:
562:
544:
538:
537:
535:
533:
524:. Archived from
518:
512:
511:
509:
507:
493:
487:
486:
484:
482:
468:
278:fission reaction
135:enriched uranium
133:plant producing
2739:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2649:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2567:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2532:Killing Our Own
2509:
2481:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2369:
2290:Arjun Makhijani
2245:Bernard T. Feld
2215:Helen Caldicott
2195:Daniel Berrigan
2183:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2051:
1991:
1986:
1956:
1951:
1937:
1903:RaLa Experiment
1809:
1778:
1743:Project Alberta
1711:
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1572:Richard Feynman
1562:John R. Dunning
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299:1999 explosion
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246:Calutron Girls
202:nuclear weapon
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2402:Indian Point
2355:Louis Vitale
2340:Martin Sheen
2330:Bonnie Raitt
2325:Phil Radford
2285:Bernard Lown
2280:Amory Lovins
2240:Paul M. Doty
2210:Larry Bogart
1933:Y-12 Project
1918:Smyth Report
1913:S-50 Project
1875:
1871:K-25 Project
1800:Pumpkin bomb
1771:
1764:
1757:
1687:John Wheeler
1657:Louis Slotin
1652:Emilio Segrè
1602:George Koval
1582:James Franck
1567:Enrico Fermi
1512:Luis Alvarez
1471:Paul Tibbets
1446:Deak Parsons
1187:(Rice quote)
1182:
1172:February 17,
1170:. Retrieved
1165:
1155:
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1109:
1100:
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1041:. Retrieved
1034:
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1013:. Retrieved
1009:0-08-037252X
999:
989:
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959:
941:
934:Knoxnews.com
933:
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870:February 22,
868:. Retrieved
864:
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844:February 22,
842:. Retrieved
838:
809:
800:
791:
779:. Retrieved
774:
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755:
749:
740:. Retrieved
736:the original
731:
710:
694:
684:September 9,
682:. Retrieved
677:
671:
664:
656:
651:
641:February 14,
639:. Retrieved
635:
625:
613:. Retrieved
606:the original
593:
581:. Retrieved
577:the original
567:
548:
542:
530:. Retrieved
526:the original
516:
506:September 9,
504:. Retrieved
500:
491:
481:November 15,
479:. Retrieved
476:New Republic
475:
466:
412:anti-nuclear
401:
394:
390:
358:
342:
327:
318:
302:
286:
270:
250:
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124:World War II
122:Y-12 is the
121:
65:
37:
35:
25:
2638: /
2596:Dark Circle
2477:Yankee Rowe
2432:Rocky Flats
2427:Rancho Seco
2310:Graham Nash
2305:Ralph Nader
2275:Sam Lovejoy
2260:Paul Gunter
2255:John Gofman
2164:Sierra Club
1748:Silverplate
1702:Leona Woods
1667:Leo Szilard
1642:Bruno Rossi
1587:Klaus Fuchs
1491:Ed Westcott
1481:Harold Urey
615:December 9,
361:UT-Battelle
236:UC Berkeley
192:, by using
190:uranium-238
182:uranium-235
116:Ed Westcott
80:Orbital ATK
51:, near the
2653:Categories
2626:84°15′17″W
2623:35°59′18″N
2437:San Onofre
2392:Bodega Bay
2335:Carl Sagan
1851:Demon core
1795:Little Boy
1716:Operations
1532:Niels Bohr
1522:Hans Bethe
1505:Scientists
1451:Boris Pash
1330:Los Alamos
1236:HathiTrust
1043:August 28,
659:, page 131
583:January 6,
459:References
404:Megan Rice
198:Little Boy
171:short tons
167:troy ounce
110:operating
2387:Black Fox
2265:John Hall
1893:Plutonium
1759:Enola Gay
1577:Val Fitch
1527:Aage Bohr
1476:Bud Uanna
1345:Oak Ridge
1101:Knox News
1064:Knox News
1015:March 20,
839:USA Today
781:March 25,
711:BWX Times
432:Y-12 Logo
315:2023 fire
204:that was
194:calutrons
2606:Silkwood
2447:Shoreham
2442:Seabrook
2412:Montague
1949:Category
1805:Thin Man
1766:Bockscar
1360:Wendover
1340:New York
1335:Montreal
1325:Inyokern
1300:Berkeley
1281:Timeline
1036:NBC News
949:Archived
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872:2023
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783:2024
754:and
744:2015
686:2021
657:Ibid
643:2013
617:2009
585:2017
553:ISBN
534:2014
508:2017
483:2017
251:The
218:S-50
210:K-25
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967:,"
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