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their parents killed by the
Japanese, experienced such "wretched" lives in the palace they were the size of 10-year-olds at the age of eighteen. Puyi was obsessed by the fact that the vast majority of Puyi's "loving subjects" hated him, and as Behr observed, it was "the knowledge that he was an object of hatred and derision that drove Puyi to the brink of madness". Puyi always had a strong cruel streak, and he imposed harsh "house rules" on his staff; servants were flogged in the basement for such offences as "irresponsible conversations". The phrase "Take him downstairs" was much feared by Puyi's servants as he had at least one flogging performed a day, and everyone in the Salt Tax Palace was caned at one point or another except the Empress and Puyi's siblings and their spouses. Puyi's experience of widespread theft during his time in the Forbidden City led him to distrust his servants and he obsessively went over the account books for signs of fraud. To further torment his staff of about 100, Puyi drastically cut back on the food allocated for his staff, who suffered from hunger; Big Li told Behr that Puyi was attempting to make everyone as miserable as he was. Besides tormenting his staff, Puyi's life as Emperor was one of lethargy and passivity, which his ghostwriter Li Wenda called "a kind of living death" for him.
1645:, one of the main sources of information about Puyi's life in this period, though Behr cautioned that Johnston painted an idealised picture of Puyi, avoiding all mention of Puyi's sexuality, merely average academic ability, erratic mood swings, and eunuch-flogging. Pujie told Behr of Puyi's moods: "When he was in a good mood, everything was fine, and he was a charming companion. If something upset him, his dark side would emerge." On 21 October 1922, Puyi's wedding to Princess Wanrong began with the "betrothal presents" of 18 sheep, 2 horses, 40 pieces of satin, and 80 rolls of cloth, marched from the Forbidden City to Wanrong's house, accompanied by court musicians and cavalry. Following Manchu traditions where weddings were conducted under moonlight for good luck, an enormous procession of palace guardsmen, eunuchs, and musicians carried the Princess Wanrong in a red sedan chair called the Phoenix Chair within the Forbidden City, where Puyi sat upon the Dragon Throne. Later Wanrong
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empress was symbolic only. The westernised
Wanrong loved to go out dancing, play tennis, wear western clothes and make-up, listen to jazz music, and to socialize with her friends, which the more conservative courtiers all objected to. She resented having to play the traditional role of a Chinese empress, but was unwilling to break with Puyi. Puyi's butler was secretly a Japanese spy, and in a report to his masters, he described Puyi and Wanrong one day spending hours screaming at one another in the gardens with Wanrong repeatedly calling Puyi a "eunuch"; whether she meant that as a reference to sexual inadequacy is unclear. Puyi's sister Yunhe noted in her diary in September 1930, that Puyi had told her that "yesterday the Empress flew into rage saying that she had been bullied by me and she poured out terrible and absurd words". In 1931, Puyi's concubine Wenxiu declared that she had had enough of him and his court and simply walked out, filing for divorce.
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cooks were flogged. One day, when out for a stroll in the gardens, Puyi found that a servant had written in chalk on one of the rocks: "Haven't the
Japanese humiliated you enough?" When Puyi received guests at the Salt Tax Palace, he gave them long lectures on the "glorious" history of the Qing as a form of masochism, comparing the great Qing Emperors with himself, a miserable man living as a prisoner in his own palace. Wanrong, who detested her husband, liked to mock him behind his back by performing skits before the servants by putting on dark glasses and imitating Puyi's jerky movements. During his time in Tianjin, Puyi had started wearing dark glasses at all times. During the interwar period, dark glasses were worn by Tianjin's homosexual "tiny minority" to signify their orientation. Although Puyi likely knew this, surviving members of his court said that he "really was subject to eye strain and headaches from the sun's glare".
2058:, who was attached to the commission as its Chinese assessor, received a secret message saying "... a representative of the imperial household in Changchun wanted to see me and had a confidential message for me". The representative, posing as an antique dealer, "... told me he was sent by the Empress: She wanted me to help her escape from Changchun. He said she found life miserable there because she was surrounded in her house by Japanese maids. Every movement of hers was watched and reported". Koo said he was "touched" but could do nothing to help Wanrong escape, which her brother Rong Qi said was the "final blow" to her, leading her into a downward spiral. Right from the start, the Japanese occupation had sparked much resistance by guerrillas, whom the Kwantung Army called "bandits". General Doihara was able in exchange for a multi-million bribe to get one of the more prominent guerrilla leaders, the Hui Muslim general
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that he was in no position to negotiate as
Itagaki had no interest in his opinions on these issues. Unlike Doihara, who was always very polite and constantly stroked Puyi's ego, Itagaki was brutally rude and brusque, barking out orders as if to a particularly dim-witted common soldier. Itagaki had promised Puyi's chief advisor Zheng Xiaoxu that he would be the Manchukuo prime minister, an offer that appealed to his vanity enough that he persuaded Puyi to accept the Japanese terms, telling him that Manchukuo would soon become a monarchy and history would repeat itself as Puyi would conquer the rest of China from his Manchurian base just as the Qing did in 1644. In Japanese propaganda, Puyi was always celebrated both in traditionalist terms as a Confucian "Sage King" out to restore virtue and as a revolutionary who would end the oppression of the common people by a program of wholesale modernization.
2873:. Li recalled in a 1995 interview that: "I found Puyi an honest man, a man who desperately needed my love and was ready to give me as much love as he could. When I was having even a slight case of flu, he was so worried I would die, that he refused to sleep at night and sat by my bedside until dawn so he could attend to my needs". Li also noted like everybody else who knew him that Puyi was an incredibly clumsy man, leading her to say: "Once in a boiling rage at his clumsiness, I threatened to divorce him. On hearing this, he got down on his knees and, with tears in his eyes, he begged me to forgive him. I shall never forget what he said to me: 'I have nothing in this world except you, and you are my life. If you go, I will die'. But apart from him, what did I ever have in the world?". Puyi showed remorse for his past actions, often telling her that "esterday's Puyi is the enemy of today's Puyi".
2241:, chronicling this visit, where he managed to present every banal statement made by Puyi as profound wisdom, and claimed that he wrote an average of two poems per day on his trip to Japan, despite being busy with attending all sorts of official functions. Hayashide had also written a booklet promoting the trip in Japan, which claimed that Puyi was a great reader who was "hardly ever seen without a book in his hand", a skilled calligrapher, a talented painter, and an excellent horseman and archer, able to shoot arrows while riding, just like his Qing ancestors. Hirohito took this claim that Puyi was a hippophile seriously, and presented him with a gift of a horse for him to review the Imperial Japanese Army with; in fact, Puyi was a hippophobe who adamantly refused to get on the horse, forcing the Japanese to hurriedly bring out a carriage for the two emperors to review the troops.
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together." In 1986, Behr interviewed one of Puyi's two surviving eunuchs, an 85-year-old who was reluctant to answer the questions asked of him, but finally said of Puyi's relationship with
Wanrong: "The Emperor would come over to the nuptial apartments once every three months and spend the night there ... He left early in the morning on the following day and for the rest of that day he would invariably be in a very filthy temper indeed." A eunuch who served in the Forbidden City as Wanrong's personal servant later wrote in his memoir that there was a rumour among the eunuchs that Puyi was gay, noting a strange situation where he was asked by Puyi to stand inside Wanrong's room while Puyi groped her. Another eunuch claimed that Puyi preferred the "land-way" of the eunuchs to the "water-way" of the Empress, implying he was gay.
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growing reputation for being "difficult" and unpredictable led
Amakasu to the conclusion that she could not be trusted to behave. Though submissive in public to the Japanese, Puyi was constantly at odds with them in private. He resented being "Head of State" and then "Emperor of Manchukuo" rather than being fully restored as a Qing Emperor. At his enthronement, he clashed with Japan over dress; they wanted him to wear a military uniform like those used by the Manchukuo military, whereas he considered it an insult to wear anything but traditional Manchu robes. In a typical compromise, he wore a Western military uniform to his enthronement (the only Chinese emperor ever to do so) and a dragon robe to the announcement of his accession at the
1750:, who was secretly working for the Japanese, suggested that Puyi move to Tianjin, which he argued was safer than Beijing, though the real reason was that the Japanese felt that Puyi would be easier to control in Tianjin without the embarrassment of having him live in the Japanese Legation, which was straining relations with China. On 23 February 1925, Puyi left Beijing for Tianjin wearing a simple Chinese gown and skullcap as he was afraid of being robbed on the train. Puyi described his train journey to Tianjin, saying, "At every stop between Beijing and Tianjin several Japanese policeman and special agents in black suits would get on the train so that, by the time we reached Tianjin, my special car was almost half occupied by them."
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2178:. Puyi lived there as a virtual prisoner and could not leave without permission. Shortly after Puyi's coronation, his father arrived at the Xinjing railroad station for a visit, Prince Chun told his son that he was an idiot if he really believed that the Japanese were going to restore him to the Dragon Throne, and warned him that he was just being used. The Japanese embassy issued a note of diplomatic protest at the welcome extended to Prince Chun, stating that the Xinjing railroad station was under the Kwantung Army's control, that only Japanese soldiers were allowed there, and that they would not tolerate the Manchukuo imperial guard being used to welcome visitors at the Xinjing railroad station again.
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the nonsense and futility that surrounds him, I am afraid there is no hope that he will emerge unscathed from the moral dangers through of the next few years of his life (very critical years necessarily for a boy in his early adolescence), unless he can be removed from the influence of the hordes of eunuchs and other useless officials who are now almost his only companions. I am inclined to think that the best course of action to take in the interest of the boy himself would be to remove him from the harmful atmosphere of the "Forbidden City" and send him to the Summer Palace. There it would be possible for him to live a much less artificial and happier life than he can under the present conditions...
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Emperor". At the same time, Doihara informed Puyi that "the Emperor is your father and is represented in Manchukuo as the Kwantung army which must be obeyed like a father". Right from the start, Manchukuo was infamous for its high crime rate, as Japanese-sponsored gangs of Chinese, Korean, and Russian gangsters fought one another for the control of opium houses, brothels, and gambling dens. There were nine different Japanese or Japanese-sponsored police/intelligence agencies operating in Manchukuo, who were all told by Tokyo that Japan was a poor country and that they were to pay for their own operations by engaging in organised crime. The Italian adventurer
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the very end". With that, Yoshioka fled the room, which showed Puyi that the war was lost. At one point, a group of
Japanese soldiers arrived at the Salt Tax Palace, and Puyi believed they had come to kill him, but they merely went away after seeing him stand at the top of the staircase. Most of the staff at the Salt Tax Palace had already fled, and Puyi found that his phone calls to the Kwantung Army HQ went unanswered as most of the officers had already left for Korea, his minder Amakasu killed himself by swallowing a cyanide pill, and the people of Changchun booed him when his car, flying imperial standards, took him to the railroad station.
2022:" of Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, Manchus, and Mongols coming together, which marked nothing less than the birth of a new civilization and a turning point in world history. A press statement issued on 1 March 1932 stated: "The glorious advent of Manchukuo with the eyes of the world turned on it was an epochal event of far-reaching consequence in world history, marking the birth of a new era in government, racial relations, and other affairs of general interest. Never in the chronicles of the human race was any State born with such high ideals, and never has any State accomplished so much in such a brief space of its existence as Manchukuo".
2851:, so many Westerners are surprised that Puyi was released from prison after only nine years to start a new life. Behr wrote that the Communist ideology explained this difference, writing: "In a society where all landlord and 'capitalist-roaders' were evil incarnate, it did not matter so much that Puyi was also a traitor to his country: he was, in the eyes of the Communist ideologues, only behaving true to type. If all capitalists and landlords were, by their very nature, traitors, it was only logical that Puyi, the biggest landlord, should also be the biggest traitor. And, in the last resort, Puyi was far more valuable alive than dead".
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powers by being associated with the god-emperor. Puyi's elevation to a god was due to the Sino-Japanese war, which caused the
Japanese state to begin a program of totalitarian mobilization of society for total war in Japan and places ruled by Japan. His Japanese handlers felt that ordinary people in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan were more willing to bear the sacrifices for total war because of their devotion to their god-emperor, and it was decided that making Puyi a god-emperor would have the same effect in Manchukuo. After 1938, Puyi was hardly ever allowed to leave the Salt Tax Palace, while the creation of the puppet regime of President
1778:. A British journalist, Henry Woodhead, called Puyi's court a "doggy paradise" as both Puyi and Wanrong were dog lovers who owned several very spoiled dogs while Puyi's courtiers spent an inordinate amount of time feuding with one another. Woodhead stated that the only people who seemed to get along at Puyi's court were Wanrong and Wenxiu, who were "like sisters". Tianjin was, after Shanghai, the most cosmopolitan Chinese city, with large British, French, German, Russian and Japanese communities. As an emperor, Puyi was allowed to join several social clubs that normally only admitted whites. During this period, Puyi and his advisers
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2206:"In theory, as 'Supreme Commander', he thus bore full responsibility for Japanese atrocities committed in his name on anti-Japanese 'bandits' and patriotic Chinese citizens." Behr further noted the "Empire of Manchukuo", billed as an idealistic state where the "five races" of the Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Manchus, and Mongols had come together in Pan-Asian brotherhood, was in fact "one of the most brutally run countries in the world – a textbook example of colonialism, albeit of the Oriental kind". Manchukuo was a sham, and was a Japanese colony run entirely for Japan's benefit. American historian
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1738:, and then temporarily resided in the Japanese embassy in Beijing. Puyi left his father's house together with Johnston and his chief servant Big Li without informing Prince Chun's servants, slipped his followers, and went to the Japanese legation. Puyi had originally wanted to go to the British Legation, but Johnston had insisted that he would be safer with the Japanese. For Johnston, the system where the Japanese people worshipped their emperor as a living god was much closer to his ideal than the British constitutional monarchy, and he constantly steered Puyi in a pro-Japanese direction.
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2858:, who told him: "You weren't responsible for becoming Emperor at the age of three or the 1917 attempted restoration coup. But you were fully to blame for what happened later. You knew perfectly well what you were doing when you took refuge in the Legation Quarter, when you travelled under Japanese protection to Tianjin, and when you agreed to become Manchukuo Chief Executive." Puyi responded by merely saying that though he did not choose to be an emperor, he had behaved with savage cruelty as boy-emperor and wished he could apologize to all the eunuchs he had flogged during his youth.
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1289:, as his chief of staff to help with the reforms. But on 27 June 1923, a fire destroyed the area around the Palace of Established Happiness, just at the moment when the emperor had ordered to carry out the inventory of one of the imperial warehouses. Puyi suspected it was arson to cover theft. The emperor overheard conversations among the eunuchs that made him fear for his life. In response, a month after the fire, he evicted the eunuchs from the palace with the support of the Beiyang Army. The reform efforts did not last long before Puyi was forced out of the Forbidden City by
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told him "It's all over now, let's not talk about it", causing him to break down in tears. At another meeting, a woman described the mass execution of people from her village by the
Japanese Army, and then declared that she did not hate the Japanese and those who had served them as she retained her faith in humanity, which greatly moved Puyi. On another occasion, Jin confronted Puyi with his former concubine Li in meetings in his office, where she attacked him for seeing her only as a sex object, and saying she was now pregnant by a man who loved her.
2815:, when millions of people starved to death in China, Jin chose to cancel Puyi's visits to the countryside lest the scenes of famine undo his growing faith in communism. Behr wrote that many are surprised that Puyi's "remodelling" worked, with an Emperor brought up as almost a god becoming content to be just an ordinary man, but he noted that "... it is essential to remember that Puyi was not alone in undergoing such successful 'remolding'. Tough KMT generals, and even tougher Japanese generals, brought up in the samurai tradition and the
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Changchun citizens, silent from terror and hatred, were giving me". Puyi's friend, the British journalist Woodhead wrote, "outside official circles, I met no Chinese who felt any enthusiasm for the new regime", and that the city of Harbin was being terrorised by Chinese and Russian gangsters working for the Japanese, making Harbin "lawless ... even its main street unsafe after dark". In an interview with Woodhead, Puyi said he planned to govern Manchukuo "in the Confucian spirit" and that he was "perfectly happy" with his new position.
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2248:, in which Rea castigated China under the Kuomintang as hopelessly corrupt, and praised Puyi's wise leadership of Manchukuo, writing Manchukuo was "... the one step that the people of the East have taken towards escape from the misery and misgovernment that have become theirs. Japan's protection is its only chance of happiness". Rea continued to work for Puyi until the bombing of Pearl Harbor, but he ultimately failed in lobbying Washington to recognize Xinjing. At the second trial relating to the long-running
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soldiers killed fighting the "bandits"—as the Japanese called all the guerrillas fighting against their rule of Manchuria. Following the example in Japan, schoolchildren in Manchukuo at the beginning of every school day kowtowed first in the direction of Tokyo and then to a portrait of Puyi in the classroom. Puyi found this "intoxicating". He visited a coal mine and in his rudimentary Japanese thanked the Japanese foreman for his good work, who burst into tears as he thanked the emperor; Puyi later wrote that "
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learned of Yuan's plans to become emperor when he brought in army bands to serenade him whenever he had a meal, and he started on a decidedly imperial take on the presidency. Puyi spent hours staring at the Presidential Palace across from the Forbidden City and cursed Yuan whenever he saw him come and go in his car. Puyi loathed Yuan as a "traitor" and decided to sabotage his plans to become emperor by hiding the Imperial Seals, only to be told by his tutors that he would just make new ones. In 1915, Yuan
2792:, the chemical and biological warfare unit in the Japanese Army, had conducted gruesome experiments on people. Puyi noted in shame and horror: "All the atrocities had been carried out in my name". Puyi by the mid-1950s was overwhelmed with guilt and often told Jin that he felt utterly worthless to the point that he considered suicide. Jin told Puyi to express his guilt in writing. Puyi later recalled he felt "that I was up against an irresistible force that would not rest until it found out everything".
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1635:, the daughter of one of Manchuria's richest aristocrats, who had been educated in English by American missionaries in Tianjin, who was considered to be an acceptable empress by the Dowager Consorts. On 15 March 1922, the betrothal of Puyi and Wanrong was announced in the newspapers. On 17 March, Wanrong took the train to Beijing, and on 6 April, Puyi went to the Qing family shrine to inform his ancestors that he would be married to her later that year. Puyi did not meet Wanrong until their wedding.
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2936:'The First Half of My Life') together with Li Wenda, an editor at the People's Publishing Bureau. The ghostwriter Li had initially planned to use Puyi's "autocritique" written in Fushun as the basis of the book, expecting the job to take only a few months, but it used such wooden language as Puyi confessed to a career of abject cowardice, that Li was forced to start anew. It took four years to write the book. Puyi said of his testimony at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal:
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1479:. But he disregarded the rules, and taught Puyi about world history with a special focus on British history. Besides history, Johnston taught Puyi philosophy and about what he saw as the superiority of monarchies to republics. Puyi remembered that his tutor's piercing blue eyes "made me feel uneasy ... I found him very intimidating and studied English with him like a good boy, not daring to talk about other things when I got bored ... as I did with my other Chinese tutors".
1220:, who successfully conspired to have Puyi's beloved wet nurse Wang expelled from the Forbidden City when he was 8 on the grounds that Puyi was too old to be breast-fed. Puyi especially hated Longyu for that. Puyi later wrote, "Although I had many mothers, I never knew any motherly love." Empress dowager Longyu ruled with paramount authority over the Qing imperial court, and though she was not the de jure "regent", she was the de facto ruler of the Qing empire.
1577:, as he was extremely near-sighted, and after much argument with Prince Chun, who thought it was undignified for an emperor, finally prevailed. Johnston, who spoke fluent Mandarin, closely followed the intellectual scene in China, and introduced Puyi to the "new-style" Chinese books and magazines, which so inspired Puyi that he wrote several poems that were published anonymously in "New China" publications. In 1922, Johnston had his friend, the writer
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colonists attempted to board his train; Puyi remembered them weeping and begging Japanese gendarmes to let them pass, and at several stations, Japanese soldiers and gendarmes fought one another. General Yamada boarded the train as it meandered south and told Puyi "the Japanese Army was winning and had destroyed large numbers of tanks and aircraft", a claim that nobody aboard the train believed. On 15 August 1945, Puyi heard on the radio
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see his family, this happened rarely, and always under the stifling rules of imperial etiquette. The consequence was that the relationship of the emperor with his parents was distant and he found himself more attached to his nurse, Miss Wang (who had accompanied him to the Forbidden City). Later, Puyi began to receive visits from his brothers and cousins, who provided a certain air of normality to his unique childhood.
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told Puyi that the Soviets would keep him in Siberia forever because "this is the part of the world you come from". The Soviets had promised the Chinese Communists that they would hand over the high value prisoners when the CCP won the civil war, and wanted to keep Puyi alive. Puyi's brother-in-law Rong Qi and some of his servants were not considered high value, and were sent to work at a Siberian rehabilitation camp.
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led him to tell astonished passers-by: "I'm Puyi, the last Emperor of the Qing dynasty. I'm staying with relatives and can't find my way home". One of Puyi's first acts upon returning to Beijing was to visit the Forbidden City as a tourist; he pointed out to other tourists that many of the exhibits were the things he had used in his youth. He voiced his support for the Communists and worked as a gardener at the
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visit numerous times to convince her to go to Manchuria. Behr commented that if Wanrong had been a stronger woman, she might have remained in Tianjin and filed for divorce, but ultimately she accepted Eastern Jewel's argument that it was her duty as a wife to follow her husband, and six weeks after the Tientsin incident, she too crossed the East China Sea to Port Arthur with Eastern Jewel to keep her company.
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Emperor before leaving for Oxford. The escape attempt failed when Johnston vetoed it and refused to call a taxi, and Puyi was too frightened to live on the streets of Beijing on his own. Pujie said of Puyi's escape attempt: "Puyi's decision had nothing to do with the impending marriage. He felt cooped up, and wanted out." Johnston later recounted his time as Puyi's tutor between 1919 and 1924 in his 1934 book
2152:. Puyi was driven to his coronation in a Lincoln limousine with bulletproof windows followed by nine Packards, and during his coronation scrolls were read out while sacred wine bottles were opened for the guests to celebrate the beginning of a "Reign of Tranquillity and Virtue". The invitations for the coronation were issued by the Kwantung Army and 70% of those who attended Puyi's coronation were Japanese.
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that the next day, he "found the Emperor and Empress standing on a heap of charred wood, sadly contemplating the spectacle". The treasures reported lost in the fire included 2,685 golden statues of Buddha, 1,675 golden altar ornaments, 435 porcelain antiques, and 31 boxes of sable furs, though it is likely that most if not all of these had been sold on the black market before the fire.
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daughter was being raised by a nanny, and she never knew about her daughter's death. The other account said that Wanrong had found out or knew about her daughter's infanticide and lived in a constant daze of opium consumption thereafter. Puyi had known of what was being planned for Wanrong's baby, and in what Behr called a supreme act of "cowardice" on his part, "did nothing". Puyi's ghostwriter for
2054:, and recalled thinking that he desperately wanted to ask him for political asylum in Britain, but as General Itagaki was sitting right next to him at the meeting, he told Lytton that "the masses of the people had begged me to come, that my stay here was absolutely voluntary and free". After the interview, Itagaki told Puyi: "Your Excellency's manner was perfect; you spoke beautifully". The diplomat
1903:. On this pretext the Kwantung Army began a general offensive with the aim of conquering all of Manchuria. Puyi was visited by Kenji Doihara, head of the espionage office of the Japanese Kwantung Army, who proposed establishing Puyi as head of a Manchurian state. The Japanese further bribed a café worker to tell Puyi that a contract was out on his life in an attempt to frighten Puyi into moving.
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3023:, alongside those of other party and state dignitaries. This was the burial ground of imperial concubines and eunuchs prior to the establishment of the People's Republic of China. In 1995, as a part of a commercial arrangement, Puyi's ashes were transferred by his widow Li Shuxian to the Hualong Imperial Cemetery (华龙皇家陵园) in return for monetary support. The cemetery is near the
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concerned: it would have been an appalling breach of protocol. But the fact remains that a totally inexperienced, over-sheltered adolescent, if normal, could hardly have failed to be aroused by Wan Jung's unusual, sensual beauty. The inference is, of course, that Pu Yi was either impotent, extraordinarily immature sexually, or already aware of his homosexual tendencies.
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2662:, the President of the Tribunal, was often frustrated with Puyi's testimony, and chided him numerous times. Behr described Puyi on the stand as a "consistent, self-assured liar, prepared to go to any lengths to save his skin", and as a combative witness more than able to hold his own against the defence lawyers. Since no one at the trial but Blakeney had actually read
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1181:, averting their eyes until he passed. Soon he discovered the absolute power he wielded over the eunuchs, and he frequently had them beaten for small transgressions. As an emperor, Puyi's every whim was catered to while no one ever said no to him, making him into a sadistic boy who loved to have his eunuchs flogged or forced to eat dirt. The Anglo-French journalist
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2104:, had become too strong for even Tokyo to ignore. Puyi was portrayed as having (with a little help from the Kwantung Army) saved the people from the chaos of rule by the Zhang family. Manchukuo's high crime rate, and the much publicised Kaspé case, made a mockery of the claim that Puyi had saved the people of Manchuria from a lawless and violent regime.
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the conclusion. Instead, I spoke only of the way the Japanese had put pressure on me and forced me to do their will. I maintained that I had not betrayed my country but had been kidnapped; denied all my collaboration with the Japanese; and even claimed that the letter I had written to Jirō Minami was a fake. I covered up my crimes to protect myself.
2953:, like the statement that it was the Kuomintang who stripped Manchuria bare of industrial equipment in 1945–46 rather than the Soviets, together with an "unreservedly rosy picture of prison life", are widely known to be false, but the book was translated into foreign languages and sold well. Behr wrote: "The more fulsome, cliché-ridden chapters in
1657:, where everything was red – the colour of love and sex in China – and where emperors had traditionally consummated their marriages. Puyi, who was sexually inexperienced and timid, fled from the bridal chamber, leaving his wives to sleep in the Dragon Bed by themselves. Of Puyi's failure to consummate his marriage on his wedding night, Behr wrote:
2361:", it would be right to speak of the "Manchurian Passage" as vast numbers of Chinese peasants were rounded up to be slaves in Manchukuo's factories and mines. From 1938 until the end of the war, every year about a million Chinese were taken from the Manchukuo countryside and northern China to be slaves in Manchukuo's factories and mines.
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society. If he could be shown to have undergone sincere, permanent change, what hope was there for the most diehard counter-revolutionary? The more overwhelming the guilt, the more spectacular the redemption-and the greater glory of the Chinese Communist Party". Puyi was to be subjected to "remodelling" to make him into a Communist.
2488:. Yamada was assuring Puyi that the Kwantung Army would easily defeat the Red Army, when the air raid sirens sounded and the Red Air Force began a bombing raid, forcing all to hide in the basement. While Puyi prayed to the Buddha, Yamada fell silent as the bombs fell, destroying Japanese barracks next to the Salt Tax Palace. In the
2415:, the Prime Minister of Burma, was secretly in communication with the Japanese, declaring that as an Asian his sympathies were completely with Japan against the West. U Saw further added that he hoped that when Japan won the war that he would enjoy exactly the same status in Burma that Puyi enjoyed in Manchukuo as part of the
2062:, to accept Japanese rule, and had Puyi appoint him Defence Minister. Much to the intense chagrin of Puyi and his Japanese masters, Ma's defection turned to be a ruse, and only months after Puyi appointed him Defence Minister, Ma took his troops over the border to the Soviet Union to continue the struggle against the Japanese.
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Communists who the women were. Wanrong, the former empress, was put on display in a local jail and people came from miles around to watch her. In a delirious state of mind, she demanded more opium, asked for imaginary servants to bring her clothing, food, and a bath, hallucinated that she was back in the Forbidden City or the
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imprisonment had the warden Jin Yuan not gone out of his way to protect him. Puyi had never brushed his teeth or tied his own shoelaces once in his life and had to do these basic tasks in prison, subjecting him to the ridicule of other prisoners. In 1951, Puyi learned for the first time that Wanrong had died in 1946.
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the six men to be freed, a decision that Puyi accepted without complaint. The handling of the Kaspé case, which attracted much attention in the Western media, did much to tarnish the image of Manchukuo and further weakened Puyi's already weak hand as he sought to have the rest of the world recognize Manchukuo.
2492:, 1,577,725 Soviet and Mongol troops stormed into Manchuria in a combined arms offensive with tanks, artillery, cavalry, aircraft and infantry working closely together that overwhelmed the Kwantung Army, who had not expected a Soviet invasion until 1946 and were short of both tanks and anti-tank guns.
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right price, and eunuchs who had once lived in the Forbidden City and were now living in poverty. Puyi was often bored with his life, and engaged in maniacal shopping to compensate, recalling that he was addicted to "buying pianos, watches, clocks, radios, Western clothes, leather shoes, and spectacles".
1593:. Johnston also introduced Puyi to the telephone, which Puyi soon became addicted to, phoning people in Beijing at random just to hear their voices on the other end. Johnston also pressured Puyi to cut down on the waste and extravagance in the Forbidden City and encouraged him to be more self-sufficient.
2279:), but this was disallowed by the Japanese. Gradually his old supporters were eliminated and pro-Japanese ministers put in their place. During this period Puyi's life consisted mostly of signing laws prepared by Japan, reciting prayers, consulting oracles, and making formal visits throughout his state.
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had joined Operation August Storm, as he believed that the Mongols would torture him to death if they captured him. The next day, Yamada told Puyi that the Soviets had already broken through the defence lines in northern Manchukuo, but the Kwantung Army would "hold the line" in southern Manchukuo and
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In May 1938, Puyi was declared a god by the Religions Law, and a cult of emperor-worship very similar to Japan's began with schoolchildren starting their classes by praying to a portrait of the god-emperor while imperial rescripts and the imperial regalia became sacred relics imbued with magical
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visited Puyi in the Salt Tax Palace to tell him that a German embassy would be established in Xinjing later that year to join the embassies of Japan, El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Italy and Nationalist Spain, the only other countries that had recognised Manchukuo. In 1934, Puyi had
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When Behr questioned him about Puyi's sexuality, Prince Pujie said he was "biologically incapable of reproduction", a polite way of saying someone is gay in China. When one of Puyi's pageboys fled the Salt Tax Palace to escape his homosexual advances, Puyi ordered that he be given an especially harsh
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and repeatedly assured him that she came to the Salt Tax Palace because she was Pujie's wife, not as a spy. Behr described Lady Saga as "intelligent" and "level-headed", and noted the irony of Puyi snubbing the one Japanese who really wanted to be his friend. Later in April 1937, the 16-year-old
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visited Puyi to tell him the matter was resolved as Ling had already been convicted by a Japanese court-martial of "plotting rebellion" and had been executed by beheading, which led Puyi to cancel the marriage between his sister and Ling's son. During these years, Puyi began taking a greater interest
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called the six men "martyrs for Holy Russia", and presented to Puyi a petition with thousands of signatures asking him to pardon the six men. Puyi refused to pardon the Russian fascists, but the verdict was appealed to the Xinjing Supreme Court, where the Japanese judges quashed the verdict, ordering
2232:
From 1935 to 1945, Kwantung Army senior staff officer Yoshioka Yasunori (吉岡安則) was assigned to Puyi as Attaché to the Imperial Household in Manchukuo. He acted as a spy for the Japanese government, controlling Puyi through fear, intimidation, and direct orders. There were many attempts on Puyi's life
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In this period, Puyi frequently visited the provinces of Manchukuo to open factories and mines, took part in the birthday celebrations for Hirohito at Kwantung Army headquarters and, on the Japanese holiday of Memorial Day, formally paid his respects with Japanese rituals to the souls of the Japanese
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On 8 March 1932, Puyi made his ceremonial entry into Changchun, sharing his car with Zheng, who was beaming with joy, Amakasu, whose expression was stern as usual, and Wanrong, who looked miserable. Puyi also noted he was "too preoccupied with my hopes and hates" to realize the "cold comfort that the
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visited Tianjin to meet Puyi. "Old Marshal" Zhang, an illiterate former bandit, ruled Manchuria, a region equal in size to Germany and France combined, which had a population of 30 million and was the most industrialised region in China. Zhang kowtowed to Puyi at their meeting and promised to restore
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Puyi finally decided to expel all of the eunuchs from the Forbidden City to end the problem of theft, only agreeing to keep 50 after the Dowager Consorts complained that they could not function without them. Puyi turned the grounds where the Hall of Supreme Harmony had once stood into a tennis court,
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Wanrong wore a mask in accordance with Chinese tradition and Puyi, who knew nothing of women, remembered: "I hardly thought about marriage and family. It was only when the Empress came into my field of vision with a crimson satin cloth embroidered with a dragon and a phoenix over her head that I felt
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As the only person capable of controlling Puyi, Johnston had much more influence than his title of English tutor would suggest, as the eunuchs began to rely on him to steer Puyi away from his more capricious moods. Under the Scotsman's influence, Puyi started to insist that his eunuchs address him as
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never heard his parents refer to Puyi as "your elder brother" but only as "The Emperor". Pujie told Behr his image of Puyi prior to meeting him was that of "a venerable old man with a beard. I couldn't believe it when I saw this boy in yellow robes sitting solemnly on the throne". Although Puyi could
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and nothing else. He later wrote: "I learnt nothing of mathematics, let alone science, and for a long time I had no idea where Peking was situated". When Puyi was 13, he met his parents and siblings, all of whom had to kowtow before him as he sat upon the Dragon Throne. By this time, he had forgotten
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that they were taking away his two-year-old son Puyi to be the new emperor. The toddler Puyi screamed and resisted as the officials ordered the eunuch attendants to pick him up. Puyi's parents said nothing when they learned that they were losing their son. As Puyi wept, screaming that he did not want
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From 1963 onward, Puyi regularly gave press conferences praising life in the People's Republic of China, and foreign diplomats often sought him out, curious to meet the famous "Last Emperor" of China. In an interview with Behr, Li Wenda told him that Puyi was a very clumsy man who "invariably forgot
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I now feel very ashamed of my testimony, as I withheld some of what I knew to protect myself from being punished by my country. I said nothing about my secret collaboration with the Japanese imperialists over a long period, an association to which my open capitulation after 18 September 1931 was but
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In 1950, the Soviets loaded Puyi and the rest of the Manchukuo and Japanese prisoners onto a train that took them to China with Puyi convinced he would be executed when he arrived. Puyi was surprised at the kindness of his Chinese guards, who told him this was the beginning of a new life for him. In
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came to power in 1949, Puyi was repatriated to China after negotiations between the Soviet Union and China. Puyi was of considerable value to Mao, as Behr noted: "In the eyes of Mao and other Chinese Communist leaders, Pu Yi, the last Emperor, was the epitome of all that had been evil in old Chinese
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going back to Changchun. Puyi planned to take a plane to escape from Tonghua, taking with him his brother Pujie, his servant Big Li, Yoshioka, and his doctor while leaving Wanrong, his concubine Li Yuqin, Lady Hiro Saga, and Lady Saga's two children behind. The decision to leave behind the women and
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In December 1941, Puyi followed Japan in declaring war on the United States and Great Britain, but as neither nation had recognised Manchukuo, there were no reciprocal declarations of war in return. During the war, Puyi was an example and role model for at least some in Asia who believed in the
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in November 1938 crushed Puyi's spirits, as it ended his hope of one day being restored as the Great Qing Emperor. Puyi became a hypochondriac, taking all sorts of pills for various imagined ailments and hormones to improve his sex drive and allow him to father a boy, as Puyi was convinced that
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Based on his interviews with Puyi's family and staff at the Salt Tax Palace, Behr wrote that it appeared Puyi had an "attraction towards very young girls" that "bordered on paedophilia" and "that Pu Yi was bisexual, and – by his own admission – something of a sadist in his relationships with women".
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had politically arranged the marriage. Puyi thereafter would not speak candidly in front of his brother and refused to eat any food Lady Saga provided, believing she was out to poison him. Puyi was forced to sign an agreement that if he himself had a male heir, the child would be sent to Japan to be
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case in Harbin in March–June 1936, the Japanese prosecutor argued in favour of the six defendants, calling them "Russian patriots who raised the flag against a world danger – communism". Much to everyone's surprise, the Chinese judges convicted and sentenced the six Russian fascists who had tortured
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at his Tianjin house; both of them promised to restore him to the Dragon Throne if he gave them enough money, and both of them kept all the money he gave them for themselves. Puyi remembered Zhang as "a universally detested monster" with a face bloated and "tinged with the livid hue induced by opium
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As part of an effort to crack down on corruption by the eunuchs, inspired by Johnston, Puyi ordered an inventory of the Forbidden City's treasures. The Hall of Established Happiness was burned on the night of 26 June 1923, as the eunuchs tried to cover up the extent of their theft. Johnston reported
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to Japan. For Puyi, the May 4th movement, which he asked Johnston about, was a revelation as it marked the first time in his life that he noticed that people outside the Forbidden City had concerns that were not about him. After his first interview with the emperor, the British academic recorded his
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The Dowager Empress was sitting on a kang in a side room of the Mind Nature Palace, wiping her eyes with a handkerchief as a fat old man knelt before her on a red cushion, tears streaming down his face. I was sitting to the right of the widow and wondering why both adults were crying. There was no
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Separated from his family, Puyi lived his childhood in a regime of virtual seclusion in the Forbidden City, surrounded by guards, eunuchs and other servants who treated him like a god. The emperor's upbringing was a mixture of pampering and mistreatment, as he was required to follow all the rules of
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Puyi objected to Pujie's attempt to reunite with Lady Saga, who had returned to Japan, writing to Zhou asking him to block Lady Saga from coming back to China, which led Zhou to reply: "The war's over, you know. You don't have to carry this national hatred into your own family." Behr concluded: "It
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After his return to the Soviet Union, Puyi was held at Detention Center No. 45, where his servants continued to make his bed, dress him and do other work for him. Puyi did not speak Russian and had limited contacts with his Soviet guards, using a few Manchukuo prisoners as translators. One prisoner
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were taking off their uniforms and deserting. To test the reaction of his Japanese masters, Puyi put on his uniform of Commander-in-Chief of the Manchukuo Army and announced "We must support the holy war of our Parental Country with all our strength, and must resist the Soviet armies to the end, to
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Puyi complained that he had issued so many "slavish" pro-Japanese statements during the war that nobody on the Allied side would take him in if he did escape from Manchukuo. In June 1942, Puyi made a rare visit outside the Salt Tax Palace when he conferred with the graduating class at the Manchukuo
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In 1936, Ling Sheng, an aristocrat who was serving as governor of one of Manchukuo's provinces and whose son was engaged to marry one of Puyi's younger sisters, was arrested after complaining about "intolerable" Japanese interference in his work, which led Puyi to ask Yoshioka if something could be
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Whenever the Japanese wanted a law passed, the relevant decree was dropped off at Salt Tax Palace for Puyi to sign, which he always did. Puyi signed decrees expropriating vast tracts of farmland to Japanese colonists and a law declaring certain thoughts to be "thought crimes", leading Behr to note:
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during the coronation; ostensibly there as the film director to record the coronation, Amakasu served as Puyi's minder, keeping a careful watch on him to prevent him from going off script. Wanrong was excluded from the coronation: her addiction to opium, anti-Japanese feelings, dislike of Puyi, and
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wanted to see if Puyi was reliable before giving him an imperial title, and it was not until October 1933 that General Doihara told him he was to be an emperor again, causing Puyi to go, in his own words, "wild with joy", though he was disappointed that he was not given back his old title of "Great
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Itagaki suggested to Puyi that in a few years Manchukuo might become a monarchy and that Manchuria was just the beginning, as Japan had ambitions to take all of China; the obvious implication was that Puyi would become the Great Qing Emperor again. When Puyi objected to Itagaki's plans, he was told
1918:
of November 1931, Puyi and Zheng Xiaoxu travelled to Manchuria to complete plans for the puppet state of Manchukuo. Puyi left his house in Tianjin by hiding in the trunk of a car. The Chinese government ordered his arrest for treason, but was unable to breach the Japanese protection. Puyi boarded a
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personally responsible; the sacking also showed his powerlessness. During his time in Tianjin, Puyi was besieged with visitors asking him for money, including various members of the vast Qing family, old Manchu bannermen, journalists prepared to write articles calling for a Qing restoration for the
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to have several Cossack Hosts under his command, to have 300 million roubles in the bank, and to be supported by American, British, and Japanese banks in his plans to restore both the House of Qing in China and the House of Romanov in Russia. Puyi gave Semyonov a loan of 5,000 British pounds, which
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He appears to be physically robust and well developed for his age. He is a very "human" boy, with liveliness, intelligence and an enthusiastic sense of humour. Furthermore, he has excellent manners and is totally free from arrogance Although the emperor does not seem to have been spoiled yet, from
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Puyi came to Beijing on 9 December 1959 with special permission from Mao and lived for the next six months in an ordinary Beijing residence with his sister before being transferred to a government-sponsored hotel. He had the job of sweeping the streets, and got lost on his first day of work, which
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in Liaoning until he was declared reformed. The prisoners at Fushun were senior Japanese, Manchukuo and Kuomintang officials and officers. Puyi was the weakest and most hapless of the prisoners, and was often bullied by the others, who liked to humiliate the emperor; he might not have survived his
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about how he had willingly become Emperor of Manchukuo were all lies. When Blakeney mentioned that the introduction to the book described how Puyi had told Johnston that he had willingly gone to Manchuria in 1931, Puyi denied being in contact with Johnston in 1931, and that Johnston made things up
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Late on the night of 11 August 1945, a train carrying Puyi, his court, his ministers and the Qing treasures left Changchun. Puyi saw thousands of panic-stricken Japanese settlers fleeing south in vast columns across the roads of the countryside. At every railroad station, hundreds of Japanese
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In 1935, Wanrong engaged in an affair with Puyi's chauffeur Li Tiyu that left her pregnant. To punish her, Wanrong's baby was killed. It is unclear what happened, but there are two accounts of what happened to Wanrong after her baby's murder. One account said that Puyi lied to Wanrong and that her
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Puyi was extremely unhappy with his life as a virtual prisoner in the Salt Tax Palace, and his moods became erratic, swinging from hours of passivity staring into space to indulging his sadism by having his servants beaten. Puyi later wrote that his orphaned page boy servants, most of whom had had
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on 1 September 1923 destroyed the cities of Tokyo and Yokohama, Puyi donated jade antiques worth some £33,000 to pay for disaster relief, which led a delegation of Japanese diplomats to visit the Forbidden City to express their thanks. In their report about the visit, the diplomats noted that
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Puyi rarely left the Forbidden City, knew nothing of the lives of ordinary Chinese people, and was somewhat misled by Johnston, who told him that the vast majority of the Chinese wanted a Qing restoration. Johnston, a Sinophile scholar and a romantic conservative with an instinctive preference for
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It was perhaps too much to expect an adolescent, permanently surrounded by eunuchs, to show the sexual maturity of a normal seventeen-year-old. Neither the Dowager consorts nor Johnston himself had given him any advice on sexual matters – this sort of thing simply was not done, where emperors were
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In an interview in 1986, Prince Pujie told Behr: "Puyi constantly talked about going to England and becoming an Oxford student, like Johnston." On 4 June 1922, Puyi attempted to escape from the Forbidden City and planned to issue an open letter to "the people of China" renouncing the title of
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and English that became his preferred mode of speech. Puyi recalled of Johnston: "I thought everything about him was first-rate. He made me feel that Westerners were the most intelligent and civilised people in the world and that he was the most learned of Westerners" and that "Johnston had become
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was granted by the Republic to the imperial household, although it was never fully paid and was abolished after just a few years. Puyi was not informed in February 1912 that his reign had ended and China was now a republic, and continued to believe that he was still emperor for some time. In 1913,
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After his wedding, Puyi began to take control of the palace. He described "an orgy of looting" taking place that involved "everyone from the highest to the lowest". According to Puyi, by the end of his wedding ceremony, the pearls and jade in the empress's crown had been stolen. Locks were broken,
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Puyi never had any privacy and had all his needs attended to at all times, having eunuchs open doors for him, dress him, wash him, and even blow air into his soup to cool it. At his meals, Puyi was always presented with a huge buffet containing every conceivable dish, the vast majority of which he
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I still have a dim recollection of this meeting, the shock of which left a deep impression on my memory. I remember suddenly finding myself surrounded by strangers, while before me was hung a drab curtain through which I could see an emaciated and terrifying hideous face. This was Cixi. It is said
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Sometimes Puyi was taken out for tours of the countryside of Manchuria. On one, he met a farmer's wife whose family had been evicted to make way for Japanese settlers and had almost starved to death while working as a slave in one of Manchukuo's factories. When Puyi asked for her forgiveness, she
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and Mao Zedong Thought discussion groups" where the prisoners would discuss their lives before being imprisoned. When Puyi protested to Jin that it had been impossible to resist Japan and there was nothing he could have done, Jin confronted him with people who had fought in the resistance and had
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plane landed. Puyi and his party were all promptly taken prisoner by the Red Army, who initially did not know who Puyi was. The opium-addled Wanrong together with Lady Saga and Li were captured by Chinese Communist guerrillas on their way to Korea, after one of Puyi's brothers-in-law informed the
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Puyi had to give a speech before a group of Japanese infantrymen who had volunteered to be "human bullets", promising to strap explosives on their bodies and to stage suicide attacks to die for Hirohito. Puyi commented as he read out his speech praising the glories of dying for the Emperor: "Only
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For much of World War II, Puyi, confined to the Salt Tax Palace, believed that Japan was winning the war, and it was not until 1944 that he started to doubt this after the Japanese press began to report "heroic sacrifices" in Burma and on Pacific islands while air raid shelters started to be
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Of course I had heard rumours concerning such great men in our history, but I never knew such things existed in the living world. Now, however, I learnt that the Emperor had an unnatural love for a pageboy. He was referred to as "the male concubine". Could these perverted habits, I wondered, have
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Puyi became a devoted Buddhist, a mystic and a vegetarian, having statues of the Buddha put up all over the Salt Tax Palace for him to pray to while banning his staff from eating meat. His Buddhism led him to ban his staff from killing insects or mice, but if he found any insects in his food, the
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Wanrong complained that her life as an "empress" was extremely dull as the rules for an empress forbade her from going out dancing as she wanted, instead forcing her to spend her days in traditional rituals that she found to be meaningless, all the more so as China was a republic and her title of
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However, Johnston tried to get the British diplomatic legation in Beijing to host Puyi, and although the British authorities were not very interested in welcoming the former emperor, the British representative eventually gave Johnston his consent. However, Johnston later discovered that Puyi – in
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took control of Beijing. Feng, the latest of the warlords to take Beijing, was seeking legitimacy and decided that abolishing the unpopular Articles of Favourable Settlement was an easy way to win the crowd's approval. Feng unilaterally revised the "Articles of Favourable Treatment" on 5 November
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He tried very hard to be modest and humble, always being the last person to board a bus, which meant that on one occasion he missed the ride, mistaking the bus conductor for a passenger. In restaurants he would tell waitresses, "You should not be serving me. I should be serving you." During this
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in 1644, but was overruled by his Japanese masters. Puyi hated Xinjing, which he regarded as an undistinguished industrial city that lacked the historical connections with the Qing that Mukden had. As there was no palace in Changchun, Puyi moved into what had once been the office of the Salt Tax
1938:
Once he arrived in Manchuria, Puyi discovered that he was a prisoner and was not allowed outside the Yamato Hotel, ostensibly to protect him from assassination. Wanrong had stayed in Tianjin, and remained opposed to Puyi's decision to work with the Japanese, requiring her friend Eastern Jewel to
2565:. The general hatred for Puyi meant that none had any sympathy for Wanrong, who was seen as another Japanese collaborator, and a guard told Lady Saga that "this one won't last", making it a waste of time feeding her. In June 1946, Wanrong starved to death in her jail cell. In his 1964 book
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Wanrong's younger brother Rong Qi remembered how Puyi and Wanrong, both teenagers, loved to race their bicycles through the Forbidden City, forcing eunuchs to get out of the way, and told Behr in an interview: "There was a lot of laughter, she and Puyi seemed to get on well, they were like kids
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Puyi soon learned that the real reasons for the Articles of Favourable Settlement was that President Yuan was planning on restoring the monarchy with himself as the emperor of a new dynasty, and wanted to have Puyi as a sort of custodian of the Forbidden City until he could move in. Puyi first
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The eunuchs were virtual slaves who did all the work in the Forbidden City, such as cooking, gardening, cleaning, entertaining guests, and the bureaucratic work needed to govern a vast empire. They also served as the emperor's advisers. The Forbidden City was full of treasures that the eunuchs
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Wang was the only person capable of controlling Puyi; once, Puyi decided to "reward" a eunuch for a well-done puppet show by having a cake baked for him with iron filings in it, saying, "I want to see what he looks like when he eats it". With much difficulty, Wang talked Puyi out of this plan.
1832:, a Japanese Army officer who was fluent in Mandarin and a man of great charm who manipulated Puyi via flattery, telling him that a great man such as himself should go conquer Manchuria and then, just as his Qing ancestors did in the 17th century, use Manchuria as a base for conquering China.
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wrote that the differences in power could be seen in that the Kwantung Army had a "massive" headquarters in downtown Xinjing while Puyi had to live in the "small and shabby" Salt Tax Palace close to the main railroad station in a part of Xinjing with numerous small factories, warehouses, and
1964:
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labour to be conscripted both in Manchukuo and in northern China, stating that in these "times of emergency" (i.e. war with China), industry needed to grow at all costs, and slavery was necessary to save money. Driscoll wrote that just as African slaves were taken to the New World on the
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believed the monarchy would eventually be restored, and to prepare Puyi for the challenges of the modern world had hired Johnston to teach Puyi "subjects such as political science, constitutional history and English". Johnston was allowed only five texts in English to give Puyi to read:
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to close doors behind him, forgot to flush the toilet, forgot to turn the tap off after washing his hands, had a genius for creating an instant, disorderly mess around him". Puyi had been so used to having his needs catered to that he never entirely learned how to function on his own.
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Even if I had had only one wife she would not have found life with me interesting since my preoccupation was my restoration. Frankly, I did not know anything about love. In other marriages husband and wife were equal, but to me wife and consort were both the slaves and tools of their
1106:, Puyi's half-uncle, died childless on 14 November. Titled the Xuantong Emperor, Puyi's introduction to the life of an emperor began when palace officials arrived at his family residence to take him. On the evening of 13 November, without any advance notice, a procession of
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became the German foreign minister, and under his influence German foreign policy swung in an anti-Chinese and pro-Japanese direction. On 20 February 1938, Adolf Hitler announced that Germany was recognizing Manchukuo. In one of his last acts, the outgoing German ambassador to Japan
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that I burst out into loud howls at the sight and started to tremble uncontrollably. Cixi told someone to give me some sweets, but I threw them on the floor and yelled "I want nanny, I want nanny", to her great displeasure. "What a naughty child", she said. "Take him away to play."
1675:. Johnston disparaged the superficially Westernised Chinese republican elite who dressed in top hats, frock coats, and business suits as not authentically Chinese, and praised to Puyi the Confucian scholars with their traditional robes as the ones who were authentically Chinese.
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Growing up with scarcely any memory of a time when he was not indulged and revered, Puyi quickly became spoiled. The adults in his life, except for Wang, were all strangers, remote, distant, and unable to discipline him. Wherever he went, grown men would kneel down in a ritual
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1951:", all of which displeased Puyi. The suggestion that Manchukuo was to be based on popular sovereignty with the 34 million people of Manchuria "asking" that Puyi rule over them was completely contrary to Puyi's ideas about his right to rule by the Mandate of Heaven.
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and publicly executed her in Beijing in 1948 after she was convicted of high treason. Not wishing to return to China, Puyi wrote to Stalin several times asking for asylum in the Soviet Union, and that he be given one of the former tsarist palaces to live out his days.
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led the Xinhai Revolution to overthrow the Qing. The five-year-old Puyi is played by child actor Su Hanye. Although Puyi's time on screen is short, there are significant scenes showing how the emperor was treated at court before his abdication at the age of
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Puyi's court was prone to factionalism and his advisers were urging him to back different warlords, which gave him a reputation for duplicity as he negotiated with various warlords, which strained his relations with Marshal Zhang. At various times, Puyi met
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or the interviews Woodhead had conducted with him in 1932, Puyi had room to distort what had been written about him or said by him. Puyi greatly respected Johnston, who was a surrogate father to him, and felt guilty about portraying him as a dishonest man.
1169:, for the next seven years. He developed a special bond with Wang and credited her as the only person who could control him. She was sent away when he was eight years old. After Puyi married, he would occasionally bring her to the Forbidden City, and later
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by his father. Puyi was frightened by the scene before him and the deafening sounds of ceremonial drums and music, and started crying. His father could do nothing except quietly comfort him: "Don't cry, it'll be over soon." Puyi wrote in his autobiography:
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of his belief that she was murdered. Puyi kept a lock of Tan's hair and her nail clippings for the rest of his life as he expressed much sadness over her loss. He refused to take a Japanese concubine to replace Tan and, in 1943, took a Chinese concubine,
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and its allies took Beijing from Zhang's army who retreated back to Manchuria. The news that the Qing tombs had been plundered and the corpse of the Dowager Empress Cixi had been desecrated greatly offended Puyi, who never forgave the Kuomintang and held
3027:, 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing, where four of the nine Qing emperors preceding him are interred, along with three empresses and 69 princes, princesses, and imperial concubines. In 2015, some descendants of the Aisin-Gioro clan bestowed
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because it had been translated into English and French, which displeased the Red Guards and led to copies of the book being burned in the streets. Various members of the Qing family, including Pujie, had their homes raided and burned by Red Guards, but
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announcing that Japan had surrendered. In his address, the Showa Emperor described the Americans as having used a "most unusual and cruel bomb" that had just destroyed the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; this was the first time that Puyi heard of the
1946:
informed Puyi that the new state was to be a republic with him as Chief Executive; the capital was to be Changchun; his form of address was to be "Your Excellency", not "Your Imperial Majesty"; and there were to be no references to Puyi ruling with the
2427:... after 1941 Puyi's father had written him off. He never visited Puyi after 1934. They rarely corresponded. All the news he got was through intermediaries, or occasional reports from Puyi's younger sisters, some of whom were allowed to see him.
2321:
Manchu aristocrat Tan Yuling moved into the Salt Tax Palace to become Puyi's concubine. Lady Saga tried to improve relations between Puyi and Wanrong by having them eat dinner together, which was the first time they had shared a meal in three years.
2462:." In mid-1944, Puyi finally acquired the courage to start occasionally tuning in his radio to Chinese broadcasts and to Chinese-language broadcasts by the Americans, where he was shocked to learn that Japan had suffered so many defeats since 1942.
1215:
Every day, Puyi had to visit five former imperial concubines, called his "mothers", to report on his progress. He hated his "mothers", not least because they prevented him from seeing his real mother until he was 13. Their leader was the autocratic
3268:
When Puyi ruled the puppet state of Manchukuo and assumed the title of Chief Executive of the new state, his era name was "Datong". As emperor of Manchukuo from 1934 to 1945, his era name was "Kangde", so he was known as the "Kangde emperor"
2065:
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been tortured, and asked him why ordinary people in Manchukuo resisted while an emperor did nothing. Puyi had to attend lectures where a former Japanese civil servant spoke about the exploitation of Manchukuo while a former officer in the
2387:
the Japanese were poisoning his food to make him sterile. He believed the Japanese wanted one of the children Pujie had fathered with Lady Saga to be the next emperor, and it was a great relief to him that their children were both girls.
1795:
were becoming strained. In June 1927, Zhang captured Beijing and Behr observed that if Puyi had had more courage and returned to Beijing, he might have been restored to the Dragon Throne. Puyi was noted to have said in a 1927 article in
2631:
government had indicted him on charges of high treason, and the Soviet refusal to extradite him almost certainly saved his life, as Chiang Kai-shek had often spoken of his desire to have Puyi shot. The Kuomintang captured Puyi's cousin
2717:
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1924, abolishing Puyi's imperial title and privileges and reducing him to a private citizen of the Republic of China. Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City the same day. He was given three hours to leave. He spent a few days at
2612:, where he was treated well and allowed to keep some of his servants. As a prisoner, Puyi spent his days praying and expected the prisoners to treat him as an emperor and slapped the faces of his servants when they displeased him.
2551:
Puyi asked for Lady Saga, the most mature and responsible of the three women, to take care of Wanrong, and he gave Lady Saga precious antiques and cash to pay for their way south to Korea. On 16 August, Puyi took a small plane to
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the House of Qing if Puyi made a large financial donation to his army. Zhang warned Puyi in a "roundabout way" not to trust his Japanese friends. Zhang fought in the pay of the Japanese, but by this time his relations with the
2946:
is difficult to avoid the impression that Puyi, in an effort prove himself a 'remolded man', displayed the same craven attitude towards the power-holders of the new China that he had shown in Manchukuo towards the Japanese."
1348:
one in the room other than the three of us and everything was very quiet; the fat man snorted as he spoke and I couldn't understand what he was saying... This was the time when Yuan directly raised the question of abdication.
1315:
was dispatched by the court to crush the revolution, but was unable to, as by 1911 public opinion had turned decisively against the Qing, and many Chinese had no wish to fight for a dynasty that was seen as having lost the
3007:
used his influence to protect Puyi and the rest of the Qing from the worst abuses inflicted by the Red Guard. Jin Yuan, the man who had "remodelled" Puyi in the 1950s, fell victim to the Red Guard and became a prisoner in
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as he and Wanrong loved to play. Wanrong's brother Rong Qi recalled: "But after the eunuchs went, many of the palaces inside the Forbidden City were closed down, and the place took on a desolate, abandoned air." After the
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period, Puyi was known for his kindness, and once after he accidentally knocked down an elderly lady with his bicycle, he visited her every day in the hospital to bring her flowers to make amends until she was released.
2005:
Puyi believed Manchukuo was just the beginning, and that within a few years he would again reign as Emperor of China, having the yellow imperial dragon robes used for coronation of Qing emperors brought from Beijing to
1277:
areas ransacked. Puyi's next plan of action was to reform the Household Department. In this period, he brought in more outsiders to replace the traditional aristocratic officers to improve accountability. He appointed
2500:
Puyi must leave at once. The staff of the Salt Tax Palace were thrown into panic as Puyi ordered all of his treasures to be boxed up and shipped out; in the meantime Puyi observed from his window that soldiers of the
1864:
Puyi's first wife, Wanrong, continued to smoke opium recreationally during this period. Their marriage began to fall apart as they spent more and more time apart, meeting only at mealtimes. Puyi wrote in his memoir:
1935:, and a six-year-old boy strangled as they were "enemies of the Emperor", and he likewise would kill Puyi if he should prove to be an "enemy of the Emperor". Chen Baochen returned to Beijing, where he died in 1935.
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3100:
When he ruled as emperor of the Qing dynasty (and therefore emperor of China) from 1908 to 1912 and during his brief restoration in 1917, Puyi's era name was "Xuantong", so he was known as the "Xuantong Emperor"
1189:
The Emperor was Divine. He could not be remonstrated with, or punished. He could only be deferentially advised against ill-treating innocent eunuchs, and if he chose to fire air-gun pellets at them, that was his
1671:
monarchies, believed that China needed a benevolent autocrat to guide the country forward. He was enough of a traditionalist to respect that all major events in the Forbidden City were determined by the court
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Military Academy, and awarded the star student Takagi Masao a gold watch for his outstanding performance; despite his Japanese name, the star student was actually Korean and under his original Korean name of
2444:
became the dictator of South Korea in 1961. In August 1942, Puyi's concubine Tan Yuling fell ill and died after being treated by the same Japanese doctors who murdered Wanrong's baby. Puyi testified at the
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and, although his food rations, salary, and various luxuries, including his sofa and desk, were removed, he was not publicly humiliated as was common at the time. The Red Guards attacked Puyi for his book
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then did I see the ashen grey of their faces and the tears flowing down their cheeks and hear their sobbing." Puyi commented that he felt at that moment utterly "terrified" at the death cult fanaticism of
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built in Manchukuo. Puyi's nephew Jui Lon told Behr: "He desperately wanted America to win the war." Big Li said: "When he thought it was safe, he would sit at the piano and do a one-finger version of the
2454:, the 16-year-old daughter of a waiter. Puyi liked Li, but his main interest continued to be his pageboys, as he later wrote: "These actions of mine go to show how cruel, mad, violent and unstable I was."
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In 1935, Puyi visited Japan. The Second Secretary of the Japanese Embassy in Xinjing, Kenjiro Hayashide, served as Puyi's interpreter during this trip, and later wrote what Behr called a very absurd book,
1420:, to drop three bombs over the Forbidden City as a show of force against Zhang Xun, causing the death of a eunuch, but otherwise inflicting minor damage. This is the first aerial bombardment recorded by a
3016:, spent seven years in solitary confinement. However, Puyi's health began to decline. He died in Beijing of complications arising from kidney cancer and heart disease on 17 October 1967 at the age of 61.
1569:, Puyi spoke Mandarin when interviewed, but Ali believed he could understand English. Johnston also introduced Puyi to the new technology of cinema, and Puyi was so delighted with the movies, especially
2094:, attracting much media attention around the world, ultimately leading to two trials in Harbin in 1935 and 1936, as the evidence that the Russian fascist gang who had killed Kaspé was working for the
2811:. Puyi enjoyed the role and continued acting in plays about his life and Manchukuo; in one he played a Manchukuo functionary and kowtowed to a portrait of himself as Emperor of Manchukuo. During the
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gave Puyi the regards of the Japanese government, saying, "Our government has formally acknowledged Your Majesty's taking refuge in our legation and will provide protection for you." Puyi's adviser
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in December 1937 affected Puyi, his brother replied: "We didn't hear about it until much later. At the time, it made no real impact." On 4 February 1938, the strongly pro-Japanese and anti-Chinese
2034:
2002:
article from 1933 declared: "There is probably no more democratic or friendlier ruler in the world than Henry Pu-yi, former Emperor of China and now Chief Executive of the new State of Manchukuo."
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constantly stole and sold on the black market. The business of government and of providing for the emperor created further opportunities for corruption, in which virtually all the eunuchs engaged.
1906:
The Empress Wanrong was firmly against Puyi's plans to go to Manchuria, which she called treason, and for a moment Puyi hesitated, leading Doihara to send for Puyi's cousin, the very pro-Japanese
2011:
2865:, a hospital nurse, on 30 April 1962, in a ceremony held at the Banquet Hall of the Consultative Conference. From 1964 until his death, he worked as an editor for the literary department of the
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The next day, Puyi abdicated as Emperor of Manchukuo and declared in his last decree that Manchukuo was once again part of China. Puyi's party split up in a panic, with former Manchukuo Premier
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of the People's Republic of China. His time in prison greatly changed him, and he expressed deep regret for his actions while he was emperor. He died in 1967 and was ultimately buried near the
1023:
to quip that Puyi "holds the world's record for the number of times that any mortal may ascend and abdicate the throne". Puyi nominally reigned under the era name "Kangde" until the end of the
1573:
films, that he had a film projector installed in the Forbidden City despite the opposition of the eunuchs. Johnston was also the first to argue that Puyi needed glasses since he had developed
2378:
been excited when he learned that El Salvador had become the first nation other than Japan to recognize Manchukuo, but by 1938, he did not care much about Germany's recognition of Manchukuo.
1914:), to visit him to change his mind. Yoshiko, a strong-willed, flamboyant, openly bisexual woman noted for her habit of wearing male clothing and uniforms, had much influence on Puyi. In the
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By Puyi's fifth wife Li Shuxian. Memories of their life together were ghost written by Wang Qingxian. An English version translated by Ni Na was published by China Travel and Tourism Press.
2395:, Li Wenda, told Behr that when interviewing Puyi for the book that he could not get Puyi to talk about the killing of Wanrong's child, as he was too ashamed to speak of his own cowardice.
2244:
After his return to Xinjing, Puyi hired an American public relations executive, George Bronson Rea, to lobby the U.S. government to recognize Manchukuo. In late 1935, Rea published a book,
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3794:. The book was re-released in China in 2007 in a new corrected and revised version. Many sentences which had been deleted from the 1964 version prior to its publication were now included.
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that he was dealing with "ruthless men and that this might be the regime to expect". Puyi later recalled that: "I had put my head in the tiger's mouth" by going to Manchuria in 1931.
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view of the situation and that Johnston was not returning from his efforts – had taken refuge in the Japanese legation after being advised by Zheng Xiaoxu. The Japanese diplomat
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Puyi was very fond of having handsome teenage boys serve as his pageboys and Lady Saga noted he was also very fond of sodomizing them. Lady Saga wrote in her 1957 autobiography
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In March 1922, the Dowager Consorts decided that Puyi should be married, and gave him a selection of photographs of aristocratic teenage girls to choose from. Puyi first chose
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Puyi later said, "Flogging eunuchs was part of my daily routine. My cruelty and love of wielding power were already too firmly set for persuasion to have any effect on me."
1311:, sparking a widespread revolt in the Yangtze river valley and beyond, demanding the overthrow of the Qing dynasty that had ruled China since 1644. The strongman general
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at all curious about what she looked like." After the wedding was complete, Puyi, Wanrong, and his secondary consort Wenxiu (whom he married the same night) went to the
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attached to a foreign monarch. Puyi and the imperial court were allowed to remain in the northern half of the Forbidden City (the Private Apartments) as well as in the
6492:
1786:
discussed plans to restore Puyi as Emperor. Zheng and Luo favoured enlisting assistance from external parties, while Chen opposed the idea. In June 1925, the warlord
1378:
when Empress Dowager Longyu died, President Yuan arrived at the Forbidden City to pay his respects, which Puyi's tutors told him meant that major changes were afoot.
1919:
Japanese ship that took him across the Bohai, and when he landed in Port Arthur (modern Lüshun), he was greeted by the man who was to become his minder, General
2658:
Puyi had a strong interest in minimizing his own role in history, because any admission of active control would have led to his execution. The Australian judge
2086:, a French Jewish pianist visiting his father in Manchukuo, who owned a hotel in Harbin, was kidnapped, tortured, and murdered by an anti-Semitic gang from the
1987:, quipped that Puyi had now achieved the dubious distinction of having been "made emperor three times without knowing why and apparently without relishing it."
1173:, to visit him. After his special government pardon in 1959, she visited her adopted son and only then did he learn of her personal sacrifices to be his nurse.
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in 1945. This third stint as emperor saw him as a puppet of Japan; he signed most edicts the Japanese gave him. During this period, he largely resided in the
2957:, dealing with Puyi's prison experiences, and written at the height of the Mao personality cult, give the impression of well-learned, regurgitated lessons."
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2835:
Behr noted that in Europe, people who played roles analogous to the role Puyi played in Manchukuo were generally executed; for example, the British hanged
1336:
1302:
1131:, was the only person from the Northern Mansion allowed to go with him. Upon arriving at the Forbidden City, Puyi was taken to see Cixi. Puyi later wrote:
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Cixi died on 15 November, less than two days after the meeting. Puyi's father, Prince Chun, became Prince Regent. During Puyi's coronation in the
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cult which glorifies death in battle and sacrifice to martial Japan, became, in Fushun, just as devout in their support of communist ideals as Puyi".
1161:
Two days after I entered the palace, Cixi died and on 2 December the "Great Enthronement Ceremony" took place, a ceremony that I ruined with my tears.
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in Tokyo, detailing his resentment at how he had been treated by the Japanese. At the Tokyo trial, he had a long exchange with defence counsel Major
1585:. Under Johnston's influence, Puyi embraced the bicycle as a way to exercise, cut his queue and grew a full head of hair, and wanted to study at the
4125:, the self-proclaimed prime minister of the Imperial Cabinet. However, Puyi and Zhang Xun's proclamations in July 1917 were never recognised by the
2548:
children was in part made by Yoshioka, who thought the women were in no such danger, and vetoed Puyi's attempts to take them on the plane to Japan.
1343:, with the imperial court in Beijing and the Republicans in southern China. Puyi recalled in his autobiography the meeting between Longyu and Yuan:
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2446:
1565:("arise"). Despite studying Manchu for years, he admitted that it was his "worst" subject among everything he studied. According to the journalist
1055:
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8160:
7261:"Pu Yi, Last Emperor of China And a Puppet for Japan, Dies. Enthroned at 2, Turned Out at 6, He Was Later a Captive of Russians and Peking Reds"
5661:
2364:
All that Puyi knew of the outside world was what General Yoshioka told him in daily briefings. When Behr asked Prince Pujie how the news of the
7883:
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2807:, playing the role of a left-wing Labour MP who challenges in the House of Commons a former Manchukuo minister playing the Foreign Secretary
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began, Puyi issued a declaration of support for Japan. In August 1937, Kishi wrote up a decree for Puyi to sign calling for the use of
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raised by the Japanese. Puyi initially thought Lady Saga was a Japanese spy, but came to trust her after the Sinophile Saga discarded her
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In accordance with the laws of the People's Republic of China at the time, Puyi's body was cremated. His ashes were first placed at the
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In the 1960s, with encouragement from Mao and Zhou, and the public endorsement of the Chinese government, Puyi wrote his autobiography
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about whether he had been kidnapped in 1931, in which Puyi perjured himself by saying that the statements in Johnston's 1934 book
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to him six times in her living quarters to symbolize her submission to her husband as the decree of their marriage was read out.
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upon Puyi and his wives. Wenxiu and Li Yuqin were not given posthumous names as their imperial status was removed upon divorce.
1923:, who took them to a resort owned by the South Manchurian Railroad company. Amakasu was a fearsome man who told Puyi how in the
1887:, the Japanese Minister of War, expressing his desire to be restored to the throne. On the night of 18 September 1931, the
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Puyi and Wanrong leaving their hotel on 8 March 1932 before travelling to the official Manchukuo founding ceremony in Changchun
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1631:, so he would have to choose again. Puyi later claimed that the faces were too small to distinguish between. Puyi then chose
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an attempt to ingratiate himself, Puyi for the first time in his life addressed commoners with the formal word for "you" (
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Puyi was highly vain and malleable, and could be used by Japan, which marked the beginning of Japanese interest in Puyi.
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Administration during the Russian period, and as result, the building was known as Salt Tax Palace, which is now the
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remembered that General Kenji Doihara told him Manchuria was going to have to pay for its own exploitation. In 1933,
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which reduced the value of human life down to nothing, as to die for the Emperor was the only thing that mattered.
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arrived in Manchuria to begin its investigation of whether Japan had committed aggression. Puyi was interviewed by
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in 1950. After his capture, he never saw his first wife again; she died of starvation in a Chinese prison in 1946.
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17:
5662:""Manchukuo Ruler Movie Enthusiast"; Former Emperor of 450,000,000 Chinese Also Is Devotee of Still Photography.""
2571:, Puyi merely stated that he learned in 1951 that Wanrong "died a long time ago" without mentioning how she died.
8340:
4182:"Emperor Malgre Lui" (Feb. 8, 1934), in Imperfect Understanding: Intimate Portraits of Modern Chinese Celebrities
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3172:) in China and throughout the rest of the world. Some refer to him as "the last emperor of the Qing dynasty" (
2832:. The role brought Puyi a degree of happiness he had never known as an emperor, though he was notably clumsy.
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Absolute Erotic, Absolute Grotesque: The Living, The Dead, and The Undead in Japan's Imperialism, 1895–1945
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On 3 April 1937, Puyi's younger full brother Prince Pujie was proclaimed heir apparent after marrying Lady
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1972:
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Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
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saw Puyi, who symbolised imperial China, as an easy target. Puyi was placed under protection by the local
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flogging, which caused the boy's death and led Puyi to have the floggers flogged in turn as punishment.
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wrote about Puyi's power as emperor of China, which allowed him to fire his air-gun at anyone he liked:
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being established by Japan, who chose Puyi to become its chief executive, using the era name "Datong".
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Dubois, Thomas (2008). "Rule of Law in a Brave New Empire: Legal Rhetoric and Practice in Manchukuo".
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as thousands of Chinese university students protested against the decision by the great powers at the
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4129:(at the time, the sole legitimate government of China), most Chinese people or any foreign countries.
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what his mother looked like. Such was the awe in which the emperor was held that his younger brother
965:. He became emperor at the age of two in 1908, but was forced to abdicate in 1912 as a result of the
5318:"Illustrated London News – Saturday 25 June 1927 – A New Phase in China: Peking; And the Ex-Emperor"
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1102:, Puyi became emperor at the age of 2 years and 10 months in December 1908 after the
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impressions in a report addressed to the British authorities; in this document Johnston mentions:
1365:, Puyi was to retain his imperial title and be treated by the government of the Republic with the
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did not eat, and every day he wore new clothing, as Chinese emperors never reused their clothing.
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addiction consumed her during these years, and they were generally distant. He took on numerous
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Behr commented that Puyi knew from his talks in Tianjin with General Kenji Doihara and General
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the major part of my soul". In May 1919, Puyi noticed the protests in Beijing generated by the
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7556:""Saint Joan" From A Chinese Perspective: Shaw and the Last Emperor, Henry Pu-Yi Aisin-Gioro"
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As Puyi was also the last ruling emperor of China, he is widely known as "the last emperor" (
2254:
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1404:
restored Puyi to the throne from 1 July to 12 July. Zhang Xun ordered his army to keep their
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3765:), a 2015 Hong Kong/China television collaboration (59 episodes, each 45 minutes), starring
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The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Puyi
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3265:) is added in front of the two titles to indicate his affiliation with the Qing dynasty.
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2556:, where another larger plane was supposed to arrive to take them to Japan, but instead a
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smoking". Semyonov in particular proved himself to be a talented con man, claiming as an
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1943:
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3737:(流転の王妃·最後の皇弟; Chinese title 流轉的王妃), a 2003 Japanese television series about Pujie and
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In the spring of 1967 Pujie and Hiro Saga visited Puyi, who was by then seriously ill
2884:, and Lu Zhonglin, who took part in Puyi's expulsion from the Forbidden City in 1924.
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1433:
1405:
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31:
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talked about how he rounded up people for slave labour and ordered mass executions.
8077:
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8022:
changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.
7734:
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to display loyalty to the emperor. However, then-Premier of the Republic of China
1066:
for 10 years. After his release in 1959, he wrote his memoirs (with the help of a
1043:
in 1945, Puyi fled the capital and was eventually captured by the Soviets who had
8087:
8082:
8067:
8047:
8025:
7897:
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in Changchun. A sign of the true rulers of Manchukuo was the presence of General
1976:
1888:
1857:
1815:
1558:
1103:
966:
946:
932:
843:
711:
92:
3639:, it was part of a series of ten documentary films about ten historical persons.
3362:
2481:
8052:
7950:
7268:
6885:
Lancashire, David (30 December 1956). "Last Manchu Ruler Grateful to Jailers".
4057:
3783:
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3163:
3128:
2919:
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2358:
2112:
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1900:
1632:
1605:
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1359:
Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication
993:
823:
694:
7572:
7555:
7422:
3530:
2249:
2165:, which was renamed Xinjing. Puyi had wanted the capital to be Mukden (modern
2083:
1932:
1884:
1809:
Puyi in the Garden of Serenity, as it looked in the late 1920s and early 1930s
1265:
rigid Chinese imperial protocol and was unable to behave like a normal child.
30:
This article is about the last emperor of China. For the football player, see
8215:
8209:
4568:
4147:
3790:
by Li Wenda. The title of the Chinese book is usually rendered in English as
3787:
3648:
3606:
3092:
2836:
2675:
2544:
2419:. During the war, Puyi became estranged from his father, as his half-brother
2263:
2226:
2190:
1984:
1892:
1829:
1828:
Semyonov never repaid. Another visitor to the Garden of Serenity was General
1792:
1717:
A photo of Puyi's bedroom in the Forbidden City shortly after he was expelled
1524:
1370:
1153:
1124:
1020:
219:
7450:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
6714:
Mydans, Seth (11 June 1997). "Li Shuxian, 73, Widow of Last China Emperor".
6707:
4597:
4527:
4117:, Puyi retook the throne and proclaimed himself the restored emperor of the
3875:
3635:(愛新覺羅·溥儀), a 2005 Chinese documentary film on the life of Puyi. Produced by
1110:
and guardsmen led by the palace chamberlain left the Forbidden City for the
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4118:
4043:
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2620:
2383:
2272:
2120:
2079:
2015:
1835:
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1779:
1767:
1726:
1722:
1570:
1550:
1452:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1063:
962:
795:
666:
558:
249:
215:
6507:
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: V. 1: The Qing Period, 1644–1911
1971:
Puyi accepted the Japanese offer and on 1 March 1932 was installed as the
1416:
plane, piloted by Pan Shizhong (潘世忠) with bombardier Du Yuyuan (杜裕源) from
7929:
5649:
Imperfect Understanding: Intimate Portraits of Modern Chinese Celebrities
3672:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3137:) during those two periods. Puyi was also allowed to retain his title as
2804:
2627:
refused the Republic of China's repeated requests to extradite Puyi; the
2059:
1437:
1312:
1067:
1036:
1001:
147:
7611:
The Last Manchu: The Autobiography of Henry Pu Yi, Last Emperor of China
7346:
5425:
The Last Manchu: The Autobiography of Henry Pu Yi, Last Emperor of China
3830:
The Last Manchu: The Autobiography of Henry Pu Yi, Last Emperor of China
8042:
8019:
8006:
7923:
5251:
Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China
3696:
3561:
3398:
3004:
2990:
2986:
2862:
2855:
2628:
2605:
2601:
2432:
2420:
2294:
1852:
1783:
1424:, and the restoration failed due to extensive opposition across China.
1409:
464:
410:
6878:
5651:, edited by Christopher Rea. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2018, p. 117.
4004:
Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism
2161:
The Japanese chose as the capital of Manchukuo the industrial city of
1928:
1581:, visit the Forbidden City to teach Puyi about recent developments in
8326:
Members of the 4th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
7804:
7788:
7767:
4122:
3752:
3738:
3728:
3626:
2316:
2302:
2162:
2158:
magazine published an article about Puyi's coronation in March 1934.
2096:
2007:
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1507:
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1232:
1170:
1128:
1120:
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985:
874:
563:
165:
3203:
Due to his abdication, Puyi is also known as the "yielded emperor" (
2540:, which the Japanese had not seen fit to tell him about until then.
2353:
1490:
3546:
2789:
2451:
2276:
2233:
during this period, including a 1937 stabbing by a palace servant.
2166:
2074:
1601:
1528:
1457:
1031:, where he regularly ordered his servants beaten. His first wife's
992:
in 1922 in an arranged marriage. In 1924, he was expelled from the
881:
809:
680:
435:
7440:
Park Chung Hee and Modern Korea The Roots of Militarism, 1866–1945
5647:
Wen Yuan-ning, "Emperor Malgré Lui", in Wen Yuan-ning and others,
3709:), a 1988 Chinese television series based on Puyi's autobiography
2512:
The site of Puyi's abdication in a small mining office complex in
1436:
arrived in the Forbidden City to serve as Puyi's tutor. President
8001:
7314:
4450:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
4188:
2764:
2593:
2524:
2468:
1963:
1763:
1612:
1578:
1532:
1503:
997:
989:
553:
541:
356:
8386:
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers
2752:
Except for a period during the Korean War, when he was moved to
1152:
on 2 December 1908, the young emperor was carried onto the
1019:
In 1934, he was declared emperor of Manchukuo, prompting writer
957:(7 February 1906 – 17 October 1967) was the last
7891:
7525:
From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi
7321:
Courtauld, Caroline; Holdsworth, May; Spence, Jonathan (2008).
7184:
From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi
5117:
Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese
3278:
3256:
3238:
3212:
3181:
3153:
3118:
3009:
2909:
2753:
2311:
2211:
slaughterhouses, the chief prison, and the red-light district.
1990:
1646:
1624:
1617:
1574:
1178:
969:
at the age of six. During his first reign, he was known as the
381:
2839:
for being the announcer on the English-language broadcasts of
2484:
told Puyi that the Soviet Union had declared war on Japan and
1895:
blew up a section of railroad belonging to the Japanese-owned
7916:
7853:
2480:
On 9 August 1945, the Kwantung Army's commander General
2412:
1241:
1203:
1032:
7453:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press.
7156:
My husband Puyi: The last emperor of China (English Version)
7089:
6863:
5572:
Political Leaders of Modern China: A Biographical Dictionary
5036:
3886:
Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost
3713:, with Puyi's brother Pujie as a consultant for the series.
2262:
done to help him out. The Kwantung Army's commander General
1627:
as his wife, but was told that she was acceptable only as a
1281:
as minister of Household Department, and Zheng Xiaoxu hired
1008:
and the Japanese who had long desired control of China. The
7505:
The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific
7351:
6958:
6956:
6354:
6352:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6087:
5605:
5603:
4573:
4095:
List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 20th century
3727:), a 2002 Chinese television series directed by Cheng Hao.
2880:
Puyi in 1961, flanked by Xiong Bingkun, a commander in the
1691:
1374:
7532:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press.
6466:"Cover-up over death of adulteress empress' baby detailed"
5220:
The Last Manchu: The Autobiography of Henry Pu Yi – Kindle
4867:
The Last Manchu: The Autobiography of Henry Pu Yi (Kindle)
4269:
4267:
2305:, a distant cousin of Hirohito. The Kwantung Army general
1339:" on 12 February 1912, under a deal brokered by Yuan, now
7320:
6812:
6528:
5315:
5222:. pp. Kindle location 1946 – page before chapter 14.
5119:. World Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 350–353.
4588:
Bangsbo, Jens; Reilly, Thomas; Williams, A. Mark (1996).
3692:
1352:
900:
886:
7371:
Ali, S. M.; Ally, Fowzia; Islam, Syed Manzoorul (1997).
7292:"Burial Plot of China's Last Emperor Still Holds Allure"
7241:
7217:
7050:
7007:
6953:
6929:
6917:
6851:
6839:
6827:
6800:
6722:
6683:
6657:
6624:
6612:
6585:
6429:
6417:
6349:
6280:
6184:
6142:
6112:
6084:
6072:
6004:
5968:
5792:
5739:
5703:
5676:
5600:
5588:
4592:. Vol. 17. Taylor & Francis. pp. 755–756.
4581:
4290:
4288:
3012:
for several years, while Li Wenda, who had ghostwritten
1818:, the "Dogmeat General", and the Russian émigré general
7996:
Later Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors
7591:
The Russian Fascists Tragedy and Farce in Exile 1925–45
7067:
7065:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7034:
6997:
6995:
6766:
6764:
6751:
6749:
6602:
6600:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6201:
6199:
6174:
6172:
5946:
5944:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5693:
5691:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5553:
5551:
5536:
5478:
5431:
5390:
5378:
5328:
5297:
5273:
5200:
5155:
5081:
4984:
4948:
4924:
4885:
4873:
4789:
4264:
2253:
and killed Kaspé to death, which led to a storm as the
1958:
1248:
8361:
World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union
7672:
Li Xin, Pu Yi's Widow Reveals Last Emperor's Soft Side
5407:
5405:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5098:
5096:
4912:
4902:
4900:
2964:
Puyi in the 1960s with Li Shuxian and Pujie in Beijing
2042:
Puyi and Wanrong travelling to Changchun in March 1932
1427:
1227:
Silver 1 yuan coin from the third year of Puyi's reign
8381:
Recipients of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
5167:
4681:
4647:
4645:
4587:
4515:
4503:
4452:. University of California Press. pp. 136, 287.
4390:
4378:
4359:
4357:
4344:
4342:
4327:
4305:
4303:
4285:
4213:
2772:
Much of Puyi's "remodelling" consisted of attending "
862:
848:
828:
814:
800:
730:
716:
699:
685:
671:
8271:
Deaths from cancer in the People's Republic of China
7229:
7205:
7162:
7122:
7120:
7077:
7062:
7031:
7019:
6992:
6980:
6968:
6941:
6905:
6893:
6788:
6776:
6761:
6746:
6734:
6695:
6645:
6597:
6573:
6441:
6337:
6325:
6313:
6259:
6247:
6235:
6223:
6211:
6196:
6169:
6025:
5992:
5980:
5956:
5941:
5929:
5867:
5855:
5822:
5780:
5763:
5751:
5727:
5715:
5688:
5615:
5548:
4477:. University of Washington Press. pp. 226–227.
4252:
4242:
4240:
4225:
4033:
3667:
and Zhang Li. The film tells of the founding of the
1337:
Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor
1303:
Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor
961:, reigning as the eleventh and final monarch of the
8321:
People's Republic of China politicians from Beijing
7180:
6552:
6292:
6045:"Yasunori Yoshioka, Lieutenant-General (1890–1947)"
5509:
5497:
5457:
5402:
5366:
5340:
5285:
5147:Blakeney, Ben Bruce (19 July 1945). "Henry Pu Yi".
5093:
5069:
5057:
5045:
4972:
4960:
4936:
4897:
4835:
4693:
3034:
1878:
1753:
1709:
Video footage of Wanrong and Puyi, 30 November 1924
1432:On 3 March 1919, the Scottish scholar and diplomat
337:, later reburied in the Hualong Imperial Cemetery,
5248:
5024:
4847:
4642:
4491:
4429:
4354:
4339:
4315:
4300:
4090:List of heads of regimes who were later imprisoned
3933:
3827:
3799:
2867:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
1072:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
7478:Emperor Qianlong: Son of Heaven, Man of the World
7117:
6485:"Baby killer secret of the last emperor revealed"
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4674:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4237:
4113:Between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917, during the
3984:A World In Arms: a Global History of World War II
3691:, a 1981 Hong Kong television series produced by
988:from 1 July to 12 July 1917. He was first wed to
8207:
7980:
7129:"Pu Yi's Widow Reveals Last Emperor's Soft Side"
5483:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 487–495.
5474:
5472:
2642:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2579:
2014:depicted the birth of Manchukuo as a triumph of
1373:. A hefty annual subsidy of four million silver
4006:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
2200:The treatment I received really went to my head
1085:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
4819:
4669:
4657:
2169:), which had been the Qing capital before the
1883:In September 1931, Puyi sent a letter to
1561:; he only knew a single word in the language,
1260:, with his two sons, Puyi (standing) and Pujie
8281:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
7966:
7877:
5469:
3810:] (in Chinese). Foreign Languages Press.
770:
756:
641:
627:
45:
7370:
5194:The Last Emperor of China and His Five Wives
4536:Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change
1324:, served as a regent until 6 December, when
1004:fighting for control over parts of the weak
239:18 February 1932 – 28 February 1934
7522:Puyi; Jenner, William John Francis (1987).
7339:
7103:. Cambridge University Press. p. 170.
5133:
3825:
3797:
3487:Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
2931:
2784:At one point, Puyi was taken to Harbin and
2685:
2225:Puyi (right) as Emperor of Manchukuo, with
1802:, that "I never wish to be Emperor again".
1770:, and in 1929 into the former residence of
1389:
1119:to leave his parents, he was forced into a
7973:
7959:
7884:
7870:
7521:
6884:
6051:. Steen Ammentorp, Librarian DB., M.L.I.Sc
6049:The Generals of WWII – Generals from Japan
5479:Yamasaki, Tokoyo; Morris, V Dixon (2007).
5255:. University of California Press. p.
3954:
3298:
3060:
2869:, where his monthly salary was around 100
2739:) instead of the informal word for "you" (
2588:Puyi (right) and a Soviet military officer
2189:with individual photos of Hirohito, Puyi,
2176:Museum of the Imperial Palace of Manchukuo
2116:Manchukuo Enthronement Commemorative Medal
2107:
1531:together with the former German colony of
1486:Titular emperor Puyi in the Forbidden City
55:
8266:Chinese collaborators with Imperial Japan
7608:Henry Pu Yi (2013) . Kramer, Paul (ed.).
7571:
6545:
6543:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6396:
6394:
5848:
5846:
5178:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAirlie2012 (
4558:Stone of Heaven, Levy, Scott-Clark p. 184
4538:. Harvard University Press. p. 346.
4533:
3987:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2690:
2574:
2538:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2090:. The Kaspé case became an international
7131:. The Hartford Chronicle. Archived from
5146:
3980:
3959:. Chuan guo xin hua shu dian jing xiao.
3928:
3903:
3855:
2959:
2887:
2875:
2763:
2710:
2702:
2669:
2583:
2507:
2490:Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation
2475:
2397:
2289:
2220:
2180:
2119:
2111:
2064:
2052:Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton
2028:
1989:
1962:
1834:
1804:
1712:
1695:
1692:Expulsion from the Forbidden City (1924)
1611:
1600:
1544:
1489:
1481:
1252:
1222:
1202:
1165:Puyi did not see his biological mother,
1139:
1089:
1012:in 1932 resulted in the puppet state of
7588:
7474:
7446:
5246:
4199:. Oxford University Press. p. 45.
3196:
3168:
3133:
2924:
1506:as "Elizabeth" as Puyi began to speak "
943:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
425: 1937; died 1942)
371: 1922; died 1946)
27:Last emperor of China from 1908 to 1912
14:
8371:Heads of state convicted of war crimes
8208:
7442:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
7437:
7408:
7153:
7095:
6713:
6540:
6403:
6391:
5843:
5834:
5672:from the original on 22 February 2021.
5173:
4472:
4447:
4194:
2417:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1447:and translations into English of the "
1353:Life in the Forbidden City (1912–1924)
1285:, a former Air Force officer from the
902:
864:
732:
7954:
7865:
7645:"Five Wives of The Last Emperor Puyi"
7502:
5569:
4744:
4138:Imperial seal, as the Kangde Emperor.
4001:
3882:
3751:), a 2003 Chinese television series.
3663:, a 2011 historical film directed by
3655:. Child actor Yan Ruihan played Puyi.
3591:
2069:Puyi's edict of ascending the throne.
1335:Empress Dowager Longyu endorsed the "
1123:that took him to the Forbidden City.
1070:) and became a titular member of the
323:Peking Union Medical College Hospital
7607:
7389:
7247:
7235:
7223:
7211:
7187:. Oxford University Press. pp.
7168:
7083:
7071:
7056:
7044:
7025:
7013:
7001:
6986:
6974:
6962:
6947:
6935:
6923:
6911:
6899:
6857:
6845:
6833:
6806:
6794:
6782:
6770:
6755:
6740:
6728:
6701:
6689:
6663:
6651:
6630:
6618:
6606:
6591:
6579:
6558:
6534:
6482:
6476:
6458:
6452:
6435:
6423:
6358:
6343:
6331:
6319:
6298:
6286:
6265:
6253:
6241:
6229:
6217:
6205:
6190:
6178:
6148:
6118:
6097:
6078:
6031:
6010:
5998:
5986:
5974:
5962:
5950:
5935:
5925:from the original on 15 August 2021.
5878:
5861:
5828:
5798:
5786:
5774:
5757:
5745:
5733:
5721:
5709:
5697:
5682:
5626:
5609:
5594:
5574:. Greenwood. pp. 10, 127, 128.
5557:
5542:
5515:
5503:
5463:
5437:
5411:
5396:
5384:
5372:
5351:
5334:
5303:
5291:
5279:
5206:
5161:
5114:
5102:
5087:
5075:
5063:
5051:
5030:
4990:
4978:
4966:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4918:
4906:
4891:
4879:
4853:
4841:
4795:
4699:
4687:
4651:
4521:
4509:
4497:
4435:
4396:
4384:
4363:
4348:
4333:
4321:
4309:
4294:
4258:
4246:
4231:
4219:
3826:Pu Yi, Henry; Kramer, Paul (2010) .
3605:, a 1986 Hong Kong film directed by
3247:). Sometimes, the character "Qing" (
2799:In late 1956, Puyi acted in a play,
2619:from Chinese-language broadcasts on
2495:Puyi was terrified to hear that the
1959:Puppet rule of Manchukuo (1932–1945)
1758:In February 1925, Puyi moved to the
1249:Eunuchs and the Household Department
1235:education, being taught the various
7743:2 December 1908 – 12 February 1912
6677:The Last Emperor and His Five Wives
5451:The Last Emperor and His Five Wives
5234:The Last Emperor and His Five Wives
4711:Fleming Johnston, 2007, pp. 165–167
4179:
4080:Chinese emperors family tree (late)
3506:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
1428:Relationship with Reginald Johnston
1309:the army garrison in Wuhan mutinied
1000:, where he began to court both the
24:
8366:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
8286:Heads of state of former countries
7847:2 December 1908 – 17 October 1967
7667:: Last Emperor's Humble Occupation
7553:
7126:
6495:from the original on 7 March 2021.
4197:Politics in China: An Introduction
3647:, a 2011 Chinese film directed by
2486:the Red Army had entered Manchukuo
1839:Puyi and Wanrong in Tianjin, 1920s
1608:, Puyi's wife and Empress of China
84:2 December 1908 – 12 February 1912
25:
8397:
8246:20th-century Chinese LGBTQ people
7637:
3860:. Durham: Duke University Press.
3426:Grand Order of the Orchid Blossom
2334:driven his wife to opium smoking?
1897:South Manchurian Railroad company
1497:, who became Puyi's tutor in 1919
977:meaning "proclamation of unity".
8101:
7939:
7843:Head of the House of Aisin-Gioro
7780:9 March 1932 – 28 February 1934
7647:. Cultural China. Archived from
7374:S.M. Ali, a Commemorative Volume
7323:Forbidden City: The Great Within
7283:
7253:
7147:
6669:
6636:
6564:
6519:
6513:
6499:
6382:
6373:
6364:
6304:
6271:
6160:
6154:
6133:
6124:
6103:
6063:
6016:
5911:
5902:
5893:
5884:
5813:
5804:
5654:
5641:
5632:
5527:
5427:. pp. Kindle location 2243.
4569:"段祺瑞轰炸故宫,让溥仪成为中国历史上唯一挨过轰炸的皇帝_张勋"
4064:
4050:
4036:
3889:. New York: Carroll & Graf.
3784:我的前半生- The autobiography of Puyi
3560:
3545:
3529:
3513:
3498:
3479:
3458:
3446:
3432:
3418:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3035:Titles, honours, and decorations
3021:Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery
2854:In early 1960, Puyi met Premier
2724:Puyi testifying during the 1950s
2406:at Tokyo Station on 26 June 1940
2135:On 1 March 1934, he was crowned
1983:. One contemporary commentator,
1910:(also known as "Eastern Jewel",
1879:Captive in Manchuria (1931–1932)
1754:Residence in Tianjin (1925–1931)
923:
600:
451:
397:
335:Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery
6870:"Russia Giving Puyi to China".
6310:Behr 1987 pp. 244–245, 248–250.
5521:
5443:
5417:
5357:
5316:Illustrated London News Group.
5309:
5226:
5212:
5186:
5010:
4996:
4859:
4810:
4801:
4784:Ali & Ally & Islam 1997
4777:
4765:
4738:
4726:
4714:
4705:
4561:
4552:
4420:
4411:
4402:
4369:
4276:
3904:Headland, Isaac Taylor (1909).
3772:
3453:Order of the Auspicious Clouds
3440:Order of the Illustrious Dragon
2640:In 1946, Puyi testified at the
2411:Japanese pan-Asian propaganda.
2402:Emperor Puyi shakes hands with
2327:Memoirs of A Wandering Princess
1899:and blamed the warlord Marshal
901:
887:
473:
447:
422:
393:
368:
8356:World War II political leaders
8306:Chinese emperors who abdicated
7817:1 March 1934 – 15 August 1945
7677:Newspaper clippings about Puyi
7475:——— (2009).
7289:
7181:Pu Yi; Jenner, W.J.F. (1988).
5810:Stephen, 1978 p. 64–65, 78–79.
4173:
4141:
4132:
4107:
3957:My Husband Puyi: Puyi yu wo /
3936:Twilight in the Forbidden City
3763:The Legend of the Last Emperor
3553:Order of the Paulownia Flowers
3465:Order of the Pillars of State
3295:) during that period of time.
3283:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3186:
3177:
3158:
3149:
3123:
3114:
3106:
2914:
2905:
2756:, Puyi spent ten years in the
2745:
2735:
2664:Twilight in the Forbidden City
2651:Twilight in the Forbidden City
2623:, but seemed not to care. The
2124:Manchukuo Emperor's Throne in
1642:Twilight in the Forbidden City
1010:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
863:
849:
829:
815:
801:
771:
757:
731:
717:
700:
686:
672:
642:
628:
13:
1:
8316:People of the 1911 Revolution
8241:20th-century Chinese monarchs
8161:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
7377:. S.M. Ali Memorial Committee
5570:Leung, Edwin Pak-Wah (2002).
5322:The British Newspaper Archive
4184:. Cambria Press. p. 117.
4161:
3735:Ruten no Ōhi – Saigo no Kōtei
3680:
3356:Order of the Imperial Throne
3318:Order of the Peacock Feather
2861:At the age of 56, he married
2768:Puyi as a prisoner in Fushun.
2592:The Soviets took Puyi to the
2580:Soviet imprisonment and trial
2100:, the military police of the
1655:Palace of Earthly Tranquility
1384:proclaimed himself as emperor
1296:
579:Prince Chun of the First Rank
182:1 March 1934 – 17 August 1945
62:
8351:Monarchs deposed as children
8336:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
7776:Chief Executive of Manchukuo
6819:"Former Manchurian Puppet".
4375:Aisin-Gioro, 2007, pp. 29–74
4166:
4085:Dynasties in Chinese history
3849:
2989:that had been encouraged by
2801:The Defeat of the Aggressors
2655:for "commercial advantage".
2348:In July 1937, when the
2239:The Epochal Journey to Japan
1973:Chief Executive of Manchukuo
1967:Puyi as emperor of Manchukuo
1927:of 1923 he had the feminist
1086:Emperor of China (1908–1912)
1054:Puyi was a defendant at the
227:Chief Executive of Manchukuo
195:Chief Executive of Manchukuo
7:
8331:People convicted of treason
7825:Manchukuo was ended in 1945
7739:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
7681:20th Century Press Archives
7530:William John Francis Jenner
7101:The Thought of Mao Tse-Tung
5453:. pp. Wanrong Chapter.
4473:Rhoads, Edward J M (2001).
4195:Joseph, William A. (2010).
4029:
3798:Aisin-Gioro, Puyi (2002) .
3522:Order of the Crown of Italy
3368:Order of the Yellow Dragon
2985:broke out in 1966, and the
2758:Fushun War Criminals Prison
2707:Fushun War Criminals Prison
1799:The Illustrated London News
1596:
1502:"Henry" and later his wife
1047:; he was extradited to the
982:restored to the Qing throne
75:Emperor of the Qing dynasty
10:
8402:
7363:
5919:"Time magazine March 1934"
4534:Hutchings, Graham (2003).
4282:Pu Yi 1988, pp. 70–76
3981:Weinberg, Gerhard (2005).
3930:Johnston, Reginald Fleming
3777:
3741:. Wang Bozhao played Puyi.
3621:, a 1987 film directed by
3584:
3538:Order of the Chrysanthemum
3520:Knight Grand Cross of the
3404:Order of the Black Dragon
3343:Order of the Double Dragon
3330:Order of the Blue Feather
3221:) or "abrogated emperor" (
2847:, and the French executed
2822:
2788:to see where the infamous
1931:, her lover the anarchist
1851:outside Beijing after the
1393:
1300:
1082:in a commercial cemetery.
1076:National People's Congress
1060:imprisoned and re-educated
1049:People's Republic of China
157:1 July 1917 – 12 July 1917
29:
8346:Chinese Buddhist monarchs
8276:Deaths from kidney cancer
8110:
8099:
7992:
7937:
7904:
7849:
7840:
7832:
7810:
7798:
7773:
7761:
7732:
7724:
7719:
7692:
7573:10.5325/shaw.29.2009.0109
7447:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
7423:10.1017/S0738248000001322
4448:Rawski, Evelyn S (2001).
4151:
3761:(末代皇帝传奇; literally means
3749:The Last Imperial Consort
3580:
3392:Order of the Blue Dragon
3292:
3274:
3139:Emperor of the Great Qing
3088:
3080:
3068:
3059:
3046:
3039:
2830:Beijing Botanical Gardens
2740:
2730:
2139:, under the regnal title
1847:to reunify China, troops
1553:with Wanrong and Johnston
1029:Manchukuo Imperial Palace
915:
894:
880:
873:
856:
842:
822:
808:
794:
787:
782:
778:
764:
750:
745:
724:
710:
693:
679:
665:
658:
653:
649:
635:
621:
617:
612:
594:
584:
570:
552:
540:
526:
519:
503:
493:
488:
484:
345:
329:
312:
292:
288:
284:
267:
255:
243:
232:
225:
211:
201:
186:
178:
171:
161:
153:
135:
108:
98:
88:
80:
73:
54:
46:
41:
8261:Child monarchs from Asia
7807:became an empire in 1934
7791:became an empire in 1934
7417:(Summer 2008): 285–319.
7325:. Odyssey. p. 132.
7127:Li, Xin (8 April 1995).
6470:South China Morning Post
5115:Choy, Lee Khoon (2005).
5018:The Last Eunuch of China
5004:The Last Eunuch of China
4869:. pp. 1365 of 4752.
4590:Science and Football III
4100:
3940:. Soul Care Publishing.
3883:Fenby, Jonathan (2004).
3801:
3380:Order of the Red Dragon
2976:
2686:In the People's Republic
2423:stated in an interview:
2350:Second Sino-Japanese war
1975:, a puppet state of the
1891:began when the Japanese
1390:Brief restoration (1917)
1328:took over following the
1025:Second Sino-Japanese War
984:by the loyalist general
752:Traditional Chinese
623:Traditional Chinese
8291:Chinese bisexual people
7438:Eckert, Carter (2016).
6277:Pu Yi 1988, pp. 288–290
6069:Pu Yi 1988, pp. 284–320
5819:Stephen, 1978 p. 64–65.
4598:10.1080/026404199365489
4426:Pu Yi 1978, pp. 137–142
4273:Aisin-Gioro, 2007 p. 32
4180:Wen, Yuan-ning (2018).
3856:Driscoll, Mark (2010).
3792:From Emperor to Citizen
3747:(末代皇妃; literally means
3723:(非常公民; literally means
3711:From Emperor to Citizen
3705:(末代皇帝; literally means
3688:The Misadventure of Zoo
3644:The Founding of a Party
3596:
3299:Honours and decorations
3014:From Emperor to Citizen
3000:From Emperor to Citizen
2955:From Emperor to Citizen
2951:From Emperor to Citizen
2898:From Emperor to Citizen
2697:Chinese Communist Party
2568:From Emperor to Citizen
2533:the address of Hirohito
2502:Manchukuo Imperial Army
2497:Mongolian People's Army
2269:traditional Chinese law
2108:As emperor of Manchukuo
1942:In early 1932, General
1361:", signed with the new
1150:Hall of Supreme Harmony
1144:A 2-year-old Puyi, 1908
766:Simplified Chinese
637:Simplified Chinese
308:, Beijing, Qing dynasty
8341:Qing dynasty Buddhists
7589:Stephan, John (1978).
7411:Law and History Review
7267:. Associated Press in
5247:Rogaski, Ruth (2004).
4733:Puyi & Jenner 1987
4002:Young, Louise (1998).
3629:played the adult Puyi.
2995:public security bureau
2965:
2949:Many of the claims in
2943:
2926:Wo Te Ch'ien Pan-Sheng
2893:
2885:
2769:
2725:
2708:
2691:Continued imprisonment
2678:
2589:
2575:Later life (1945–1967)
2527:
2447:Tokyo war crimes trial
2437:
2407:
2370:Joachim von Ribbentrop
2342:
2298:
2271:and religion (such as
2246:The Case for Manchukuo
2229:
2194:
2132:
2117:
2102:Imperial Japanese Army
2070:
2046:On 20 April 1932, the
2043:
1995:
1968:
1872:
1840:
1810:
1718:
1710:
1685:Great Kantō earthquake
1664:
1620:
1609:
1554:
1543:
1521:Paris peace conference
1498:
1487:
1350:
1326:Empress Dowager Longyu
1261:
1228:
1218:Empress Dowager Longyu
1208:
1198:
1163:
1145:
1138:
1095:
931:This article contains
124:Empress Dowager Longyu
8311:People from Manchukuo
8014:Enthroned in 1626 as
7503:Iriye, Akira (1987).
7390:Behr, Edward (1987).
6887:Eugene Register-Guard
6872:The Milwaukee Journal
6549:Weinberg, 2005 p. 322
6388:Driscoll 2010 p. 276.
6379:Driscoll 2010 p. xii.
4745:Pu Yi, Henry (2010).
3759:Modai Huangdi Chuanqi
3699:played an adult Puyi.
3084:Your Imperial Majesty
2963:
2938:
2891:
2879:
2767:
2723:
2706:
2673:
2587:
2511:
2476:Collapse of Manchukuo
2425:
2401:
2331:
2293:
2255:Russian Fascist Party
2224:
2184:
2123:
2115:
2068:
2041:
1993:
1979:, under the era name
1966:
1867:
1849:sacked the Qing tombs
1838:
1808:
1716:
1708:
1659:
1615:
1604:
1557:Puyi could not speak
1548:
1538:
1493:
1485:
1400:In 1917, the warlord
1345:
1256:
1226:
1206:
1187:
1167:Princess Consort Chun
1159:
1143:
1133:
1093:
306:Prince Chun's Mansion
8296:LGBTQ heads of state
7894:House of Aisin-Gioro
7813:Emperor of Manchukuo
7699:House of Aisin-Gioro
7593:. Harper & Row.
7347:"1911 Movie at IMDB"
7135:on 24 September 2015
6642:Stephan 1978 p. 324.
6570:Eckert, 2016 p. 351.
6537:, pp. 242, 244.
6370:Driscoll 2010 p. 275
6109:Stephan, 1978 p. 167
5840:Stephan, 1978 p. 166
5042:Puyi and Kramer 1967
3955:Li Shuxian (2006) .
3536:Grand Cordon of the
3508:, 1st Class (Italy)
3134:Hsüan-t'ung Huang-ti
3075:His Imperial Majesty
2843:, the Italians shot
2193:and Chiang Kai-shek.
2171:conquest of the Ming
2137:Emperor of Manchukuo
1843:In 1928, during the
1782:, Zheng Xiaoxu, and
1721:On 23 October 1924,
1587:University of Oxford
1523:to award the former
1476:Doctrine of the Mean
1307:On 10 October 1911,
1231:Puyi had a standard
1100:Empress Dowager Cixi
1045:occupied the country
996:and found refuge in
450: 1943;
396: 1922;
278:Emperor of Manchukuo
262:Position established
173:Emperor of Manchukuo
8028:began to rule over
7770:was created in 1932
7651:on 15 December 2009
7507:. London: Longman.
7394:. Toronto: Futura.
7250:, pp. 324–325.
7226:, pp. 320–321.
7059:, pp. 313–317.
7016:, pp. 309–310.
6965:, pp. 305–306.
6938:, pp. 293–295.
6926:, pp. 286–287.
6860:, pp. 280–282.
6848:, pp. 274–281.
6836:, pp. 274–276.
6809:, pp. 281–282.
6731:, pp. 265–270.
6692:, pp. 262–263.
6666:, pp. 260–261.
6633:, pp. 259–260.
6621:, pp. 258–259.
6594:, pp. 254–257.
6483:Sheridan, Michael.
6438:, pp. 255–256.
6289:, pp. 248–249.
6193:, pp. 245–247.
6151:, pp. 243–245.
6121:, pp. 232–233.
6081:, pp. 230–232.
6013:, pp. 203–204.
5977:, pp. 229–230.
5852:Dubois 2008 p. 306.
5801:, pp. 226–227.
5748:, pp. 219–220.
5712:, pp. 213–214.
5685:, pp. 225–227.
5668:. 8 November 1933.
5612:, pp. 198–199.
5597:, pp. 194–196.
5545:, pp. 190–192.
5440:, pp. 176–177.
5399:, pp. 174–175.
5387:, pp. 167–168.
5337:, pp. 161–162.
5306:, pp. 155−161.
5282:, pp. 157–158.
5209:, pp. 153–156.
5164:, pp. 147–149.
5090:, pp. 122–124.
5020:. pp. 130–135.
5006:. pp. 130–135.
4993:, pp. 115–116.
4957:, pp. 113–114.
4933:, pp. 108–112.
4894:, pp. 108–109.
4882:, pp. 107–108.
4798:, pp. 101–102.
3907:Court Life in China
3623:Bernardo Bertolucci
3231:traditional Chinese
3111:traditional Chinese
2983:Cultural Revolution
2375:Herbert von Dirksen
2012:Japanese propaganda
1845:Northern Expedition
1760:Japanese concession
1725:led by the warlord
1444:Alice in Wonderland
8376:Dethroned monarchs
7821:Position abolished
7784:Position abolished
7747:Position abolished
7302:on 6 February 2016
7265:The New York Times
6716:The New York Times
6426:, p. 248–255.
6414:Dubois 2008 p. 309
6361:, p. 242–244.
6139:Pu Yi 1988, p. 298
6130:Pu Yi 1988, p. 307
6100:, p. 233–234.
6022:Eckert 2016 p. 162
5899:Pu Yi 1988, p. 276
5890:Pu Yi 1988, p. 275
5363:Fenby 2004 p. 102.
4921:, pp. 91–102.
4417:Pu Yi 1988, p. 136
4408:Pu Yi 1988, p. 132
4222:, pp. 63, 80.
4115:Manchu Restoration
3592:Portrayal in media
3223:simplified Chinese
3103:simplified Chinese
3025:Western Qing Tombs
2966:
2915:Wǒdè Qián Bànshēng
2894:
2886:
2813:Great Leap Forward
2770:
2726:
2709:
2679:
2674:Puyi's letters to
2646:Ben Bruce Blakeney
2617:civil war in China
2615:He knew about the
2590:
2528:
2408:
2393:Emperor to Citizen
2299:
2297:, Puyi's concubine
2230:
2195:
2133:
2118:
2071:
2044:
1996:
1969:
1841:
1811:
1776:Garden of Serenity
1744:Kenkichi Yoshizawa
1719:
1711:
1621:
1616:Secondary consort
1610:
1583:Chinese literature
1555:
1499:
1488:
1396:Manchu Restoration
1262:
1229:
1209:
1146:
1096:
1080:Western Qing tombs
1041:surrender of Japan
506:; 1909–1912, 1917)
206:Position abolished
103:Monarchy abolished
8203:
8202:
7948:
7947:
7860:
7859:
7850:Succeeded by
7754:was ended in 1912
7621:978-1-62636-725-8
7566:(2009): 109–126.
7539:978-0-19-282099-0
7514:978-0-582-49349-0
7488:978-0-321-08444-6
7460:978-0-8047-4684-7
7271:. 19 October 1967
6823:. 16 August 1946.
6400:Iriye, 1987 p. 51
5908:Fenby 2004 p. 243
5638:Young 1998 p. 286
4690:, pp. 97–99.
4607:978-0-419-22160-9
4545:978-0-674-01240-0
4524:, pp. 84–85.
4512:, pp. 81–84.
4399:, pp. 77–78.
4387:, pp. 72–73.
4336:, pp. 75–76.
4297:, pp. 74–75.
4261:, pp. 65–66.
4234:, pp. 62–65.
4206:978-0-19-533531-6
4127:Republic of China
3896:978-0-7867-3984-4
3669:Republic of China
3611:Tony Leung Ka-fai
3578:
3577:
3469:
3468:
3408:
3407:
3098:
3097:
3089:Alternative style
2934:
2721:
2625:Soviet government
2460:Stars and Stripes
2048:Lytton Commission
2039:
1949:Mandate of Heaven
1916:Tientsin Incident
1908:Yoshiko Kawashima
1766:, first into the
1706:
1567:Syed Mohammad Ali
1495:Reginald Johnston
1434:Reginald Johnston
1422:Chinese Air Force
1363:Republic of China
1330:Xinhai Revolution
1320:. Puyi's father,
1318:mandate of heaven
1006:Republic of China
980:Puyi was briefly
967:Xinhai Revolution
939:rendering support
919:
918:
911:
910:
789:Standard Mandarin
741:
740:
660:Standard Mandarin
608:
607:
561:(1908–1912, 1917)
536:
535:
32:Puyi (footballer)
16:(Redirected from
8393:
8256:Child pretenders
8105:
8038:
8032:, replacing the
7998:
7975:
7968:
7961:
7952:
7951:
7943:
7886:
7879:
7872:
7863:
7862:
7833:Preceded by
7827:
7826:
7793:
7792:
7756:
7755:
7735:Emperor of China
7725:Preceded by
7715:
7708:
7690:
7689:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7604:
7585:
7575:
7554:Li, Kay (2009).
7550:
7548:
7546:
7528:. Translated by
7518:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7443:
7434:
7405:
7392:The Last Emperor
7386:
7384:
7382:
7357:
7356:
7343:
7337:
7336:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7298:. Archived from
7287:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7257:
7251:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7227:
7221:
7215:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7178:
7172:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7124:
7115:
7114:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6951:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6874:. 27 March 1946.
6867:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
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6816:
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6804:
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6759:
6753:
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6583:
6577:
6571:
6568:
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6556:
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6526:
6525:
6522:The Last Emperor
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6503:
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5555:
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5530:The Last Emperor
5525:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5476:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5454:
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4074:
4072:Biography portal
4069:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4025:
3998:
3970:
3951:
3939:
3925:
3924:on 11 June 2023.
3920:. Archived from
3900:
3879:
3845:
3833:
3822: – original
3821:
3805:
3731:starred as Puyi.
3721:Feichang Gongmin
3717:starred as Puyi.
3707:The Last Emperor
3633:Aisin-Gioro Puyi
3618:The Last Emperor
3603:The Last Emperor
3568:Order of Carol I
3564:
3549:
3533:
3517:
3502:
3483:
3476:
3475:
3462:
3450:
3436:
3422:
3415:
3414:
3401:
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3377:
3365:
3353:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3308:
3307:
3294:
3285:
3276:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3198:
3188:
3179:
3170:
3160:
3151:
3135:
3125:
3124:Xuāntǒng Huángdì
3116:
3108:
3064:
3054:
3053:Xuantong Emperor
3049:
3044:
3043:
3029:posthumous names
2935:
2932:
2928:
2916:
2907:
2882:Wuchang uprising
2845:Benito Mussolini
2774:Marxism–Leninism
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2660:Sir William Webb
2604:, then later in
2600:. He lived in a
2558:Soviet Air Force
2522:
2435:
2404:Emperor Hirohito
2366:Nanjing massacre
2340:
2216:Seishirō Itagaki
2208:Carter J. Eckert
2150:Temple of Heaven
2145:Masahiko Amakasu
2088:Russian Fascists
2040:
1944:Seishirō Itagaki
1925:Amakasu Incident
1921:Masahiko Amakasu
1820:Grigory Semyonov
1707:
1517:May 4th movement
1510:", a mixture of
1449:Four Great Books
1418:Nanyuan airfield
1237:Chinese classics
1196:
1112:Northern Mansion
971:Xuantong Emperor
959:emperor of China
945: instead of
927:
926:
907:
906:
905:
890:
889:
888:syun1 tung2 dai3
869:
868:
867:
852:
851:
838:
837:
836:
832:
818:
817:
804:
803:
780:
779:
774:
773:
760:
759:
746:Xuantong Emperor
737:
736:
735:
720:
719:
706:
705:
704:
689:
688:
675:
674:
651:
650:
645:
644:
631:
630:
610:
609:
604:
589:Gūwalgiya Youlan
528:
521:
505:
486:
485:
477:
475:
455:
453:
449:
426:
424:
401:
399:
395:
372:
370:
339:Yi County, Hebei
325:, Beijing, China
319:
302:
300:
270:
258:
246:
237:
140:
128:
120:
67:
66: 1930–1940
64:
59:
50:
49:
48:
39:
38:
21:
18:Xuantong Emperor
8401:
8400:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8390:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8106:
8097:
8026:Shunzhi Emperor
8023:
8012:
7994:
7988:
7979:
7949:
7944:
7935:
7900:
7890:
7856:
7846:
7838:
7836:Guangxu Emperor
7824:
7823:
7822:
7816:
7808:
7802:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7779:
7771:
7765:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7742:
7737:
7730:
7728:Guangxu Emperor
7714:17 October 1967
7709:
7707:7 February 1906
7703:
7702:
7695:
7654:
7652:
7643:
7640:
7635:
7626:
7624:
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7544:
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7515:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7402:
7380:
7378:
7366:
7361:
7360:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7319:
7315:
7305:
7303:
7290:Ho, Stephanie.
7288:
7284:
7274:
7272:
7259:
7258:
7254:
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7222:
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6236:
6228:
6224:
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6204:
6197:
6189:
6185:
6177:
6170:
6163:The Last Manchu
6159:
6155:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6125:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6104:
6096:
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5403:
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5333:
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5070:
5062:
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5041:
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5025:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4989:
4985:
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4973:
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4937:
4929:
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4905:
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4886:
4878:
4874:
4865:
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4852:
4848:
4840:
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4831:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4748:The Last Manchu
4743:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4670:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4643:
4631:
4630:
4621:
4620:
4608:
4586:
4582:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4532:
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4520:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4245:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4193:
4189:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4121:, supported by
4112:
4108:
4103:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4014:
3995:
3967:
3948:
3918:
3910:. F.H. Revell.
3897:
3868:
3852:
3842:
3818:
3803:
3780:
3775:
3725:Unusual Citizen
3683:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3301:
3169:Mo-tai Huang-ti
3070:Reference style
3052:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3037:
2979:
2825:
2711:
2693:
2688:
2582:
2577:
2563:Salt Tax Palace
2516:
2478:
2436:
2431:
2341:
2338:
2126:Imperial Palace
2110:
2029:
2010:. At the time,
1977:Empire of Japan
1961:
1889:Mukden Incident
1881:
1858:Chiang Kai-shek
1816:Zhang Zongchang
1756:
1696:
1694:
1599:
1527:concessions in
1430:
1398:
1392:
1355:
1305:
1299:
1251:
1197:
1194:
1104:Guangxu Emperor
1088:
952:
951:
950:
947:Manchu alphabet
937:Without proper
928:
924:
844:Tongyong Pinyin
834:
830:
712:Tongyong Pinyin
702:
562:
532:
509:
480:
479:
476: 1962)
471:
467:
457:
454: 1957)
445:
441:
438:
428:
420:
416:
413:
403:
400: 1931)
391:
387:
384:
374:
366:
362:
359:
341:
321:
317:
316:17 October 1967
304:
303:7 February 1906
298:
296:
268:
256:
244:
238:
233:
218:
146:
138:Prime Ministers
136:
131:
126:
118:
93:Guangxu Emperor
69:
65:
44:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8399:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8236:1910s in China
8233:
8231:1900s in China
8228:
8223:
8218:
8201:
8200:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7978:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7955:
7946:
7945:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7932:(2015–present)
7927:
7920:
7913:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7889:
7888:
7881:
7874:
7866:
7858:
7857:
7851:
7848:
7839:
7834:
7830:
7829:
7818:
7809:
7803:
7796:
7795:
7781:
7772:
7766:
7759:
7758:
7744:
7731:
7726:
7722:
7721:
7720:Regnal titles
7717:
7716:
7696:
7693:
7688:
7687:
7674:
7669:
7661:
7639:
7638:External links
7636:
7634:
7633:
7620:
7605:
7600:978-0060140991
7599:
7586:
7551:
7538:
7519:
7513:
7500:
7487:
7472:
7459:
7444:
7435:
7406:
7400:
7387:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7338:
7332:978-9622177925
7331:
7313:
7282:
7269:New York Times
7252:
7240:
7238:, p. 319.
7228:
7216:
7214:, p. 320.
7204:
7198:978-0192820990
7197:
7173:
7171:, p. 318.
7161:
7146:
7116:
7110:978-0521310628
7109:
7097:Schram, Stuart
7088:
7086:, p. 317.
7076:
7074:, p. 323.
7061:
7049:
7047:, p. 314.
7030:
7028:, p. 322.
7018:
7006:
7004:, p. 307.
6991:
6989:, p. 299.
6979:
6977:, p. 305.
6967:
6952:
6950:, p. 302.
6940:
6928:
6916:
6914:, p. 283.
6904:
6902:, p. 285.
6892:
6877:
6862:
6850:
6838:
6826:
6821:The Miami News
6811:
6799:
6797:, p. 197.
6787:
6785:, p. 279.
6775:
6773:, p. 271.
6760:
6758:, p. 308.
6745:
6743:, p. 270.
6733:
6721:
6706:
6704:, p. 264.
6694:
6682:
6679:. p. 313.
6668:
6656:
6654:, p. 260.
6644:
6635:
6623:
6611:
6609:, p. 258.
6596:
6584:
6582:, p. 257.
6572:
6563:
6551:
6539:
6527:
6524:. p. 256.
6512:
6509:. p. 375.
6498:
6489:The Times (UK)
6475:
6457:
6455:, p. 256.
6440:
6428:
6416:
6402:
6390:
6381:
6372:
6363:
6348:
6346:, p. 247.
6336:
6334:, p. 250.
6324:
6322:, p. 249.
6312:
6303:
6291:
6279:
6270:
6268:, p. 235.
6258:
6256:, p. 216.
6246:
6244:, p. 255.
6234:
6232:, p. 254.
6222:
6220:, p. 246.
6210:
6208:, p. 243.
6195:
6183:
6181:, p. 245.
6168:
6165:. p. 193.
6153:
6141:
6132:
6123:
6111:
6102:
6083:
6071:
6062:
6036:
6034:, p. 211.
6024:
6015:
6003:
6001:, p. 202.
5991:
5989:, p. 244.
5979:
5967:
5965:, p. 229.
5955:
5953:, p. 253.
5940:
5938:, p. 214.
5928:
5910:
5901:
5892:
5883:
5881:, p. 228.
5866:
5864:, p. 213.
5854:
5842:
5833:
5831:, p. 207.
5821:
5812:
5803:
5791:
5789:, p. 226.
5779:
5777:, p. 223.
5762:
5760:, p. 220.
5750:
5738:
5736:, p. 225.
5726:
5724:, p. 215.
5714:
5702:
5700:, p. 218.
5687:
5675:
5666:New York Times
5653:
5640:
5631:
5629:, p. 199.
5614:
5599:
5587:
5581:978-0313302169
5580:
5562:
5560:, p. 193.
5547:
5535:
5532:. p. 191.
5520:
5518:, p. 182.
5508:
5506:, p. 181.
5496:
5490:978-0824829445
5489:
5468:
5466:, p. 177.
5456:
5442:
5430:
5416:
5414:, p. 176.
5401:
5389:
5377:
5375:, p. 179.
5365:
5356:
5354:, p. 162.
5339:
5327:
5308:
5296:
5294:, p. 158.
5284:
5272:
5266:978-0520240018
5265:
5239:
5225:
5211:
5199:
5196:. p. 126.
5185:
5176:, p. 198.
5166:
5154:
5132:
5126:978-9812564641
5125:
5107:
5105:, p. 129.
5092:
5080:
5078:, p. 123.
5068:
5066:, p. 122.
5056:
5054:, p. 121.
5044:
5035:
5023:
5009:
4995:
4983:
4981:, p. 115.
4971:
4969:, p. 114.
4959:
4947:
4945:, p. 113.
4935:
4923:
4911:
4909:, p. 109.
4896:
4884:
4872:
4858:
4846:
4844:, p. 100.
4834:
4832:Li 2009 p. 117
4818:
4816:Li 2009 p. 120
4809:
4807:Li 2009 p. 118
4800:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4758:978-1626367258
4757:
4737:
4725:
4713:
4704:
4702:, p. 105.
4692:
4680:
4678:Li 2009 p. 114
4668:
4666:Li 2009 p. 113
4656:
4641:
4632:|journal=
4606:
4580:
4560:
4551:
4544:
4526:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4484:978-0295980409
4483:
4465:
4459:978-0520228375
4458:
4440:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4389:
4377:
4368:
4353:
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4140:
4131:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4061:
4058:History portal
4047:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4013:978-0520219342
4012:
3999:
3994:978-0521618267
3993:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3966:978-7208001671
3965:
3952:
3947:978-0968045954
3946:
3926:
3917:978-0585150291
3916:
3901:
3895:
3880:
3867:978-0822347613
3866:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:978-1602397323
3840:
3823:
3817:978-7119007724
3816:
3795:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3756:
3745:Modai Huangfei
3742:
3732:
3718:
3700:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3656:
3640:
3630:
3614:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:Family of Puyi
3585:Main article:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3526:
3525:
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3405:
3402:
3394:
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3390:
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3378:
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3358:
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3345:
3340:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3284:Kāngdé Huángdì
3096:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
2978:
2975:
2824:
2821:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2610:Chinese border
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2477:
2474:
2442:Park Chung Hee
2429:
2359:Middle Passage
2339:Lady Hiro Saga
2336:
2109:
2106:
2056:Wellington Koo
2000:New York Times
1960:
1957:
1901:Zhang Xueliang
1880:
1877:
1755:
1752:
1734:of his father
1693:
1690:
1633:Gobulo Wanrong
1606:Gobulo Wanrong
1598:
1595:
1470:Great Learning
1429:
1426:
1414:Caudron Type D
1391:
1388:
1354:
1351:
1341:Prime Minister
1298:
1295:
1250:
1247:
1192:
1087:
1084:
1058:and was later
994:Forbidden City
941:, you may see
929:
922:
921:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
898:
892:
891:
884:
878:
877:
875:Yue: Cantonese
871:
870:
860:
854:
853:
846:
840:
839:
826:
820:
819:
812:
806:
805:
798:
792:
791:
785:
784:
783:Transcriptions
776:
775:
768:
762:
761:
754:
748:
747:
743:
742:
739:
738:
728:
722:
721:
714:
708:
707:
697:
691:
690:
683:
677:
676:
669:
663:
662:
656:
655:
654:Transcriptions
647:
646:
639:
633:
632:
625:
619:
618:
615:
614:
606:
605:
598:
592:
591:
586:
582:
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568:
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533:
531:
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523:
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481:
469:
463:
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461:
460:
443:
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432:
431:
418:
414:
409:
408:
407:
406:
389:
385:
380:
379:
378:
377:
364:
360:
357:Gobulo Wanrong
355:
354:
353:
352:
349:
347:
343:
342:
333:
331:
327:
326:
320:(aged 61)
314:
310:
309:
294:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
271:
265:
264:
259:
253:
252:
247:
245:Prime Minister
241:
240:
230:
229:
223:
222:
213:
212:Prime Minister
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
188:
184:
183:
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169:
168:
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162:Prime Minister
159:
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133:
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121:
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60:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8398:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8301:LGBTQ royalty
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8182:
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8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8024:In 1644, the
8021:
8017:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7976:
7971:
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7928:
7925:
7921:
7918:
7914:
7911:
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7903:
7899:
7895:
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7880:
7875:
7873:
7868:
7867:
7864:
7855:
7845:
7844:
7837:
7831:
7828:
7819:
7815:
7814:
7806:
7801:
7797:
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7790:
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7778:
7777:
7769:
7764:
7760:
7757:
7753:
7745:
7741:
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7723:
7718:
7713:
7706:
7701:
7700:
7691:
7686:
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7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7662:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7641:
7623:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7606:
7602:
7596:
7592:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7552:
7541:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7526:
7520:
7516:
7510:
7506:
7501:
7490:
7484:
7480:
7479:
7473:
7462:
7456:
7452:
7451:
7445:
7441:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7407:
7403:
7401:9780773680258
7397:
7393:
7388:
7376:
7375:
7369:
7368:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7342:
7334:
7328:
7324:
7317:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7286:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7256:
7249:
7244:
7237:
7232:
7225:
7220:
7213:
7208:
7200:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7185:
7177:
7170:
7165:
7157:
7150:
7134:
7130:
7123:
7121:
7112:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7092:
7085:
7080:
7073:
7068:
7066:
7058:
7053:
7046:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7027:
7022:
7015:
7010:
7003:
6998:
6996:
6988:
6983:
6976:
6971:
6964:
6959:
6957:
6949:
6944:
6937:
6932:
6925:
6920:
6913:
6908:
6901:
6896:
6888:
6881:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6854:
6847:
6842:
6835:
6830:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6803:
6796:
6791:
6784:
6779:
6772:
6767:
6765:
6757:
6752:
6750:
6742:
6737:
6730:
6725:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6698:
6691:
6686:
6678:
6672:
6665:
6660:
6653:
6648:
6639:
6632:
6627:
6620:
6615:
6608:
6603:
6601:
6593:
6588:
6581:
6576:
6567:
6561:, p. 54.
6560:
6555:
6546:
6544:
6536:
6531:
6523:
6516:
6508:
6502:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6479:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6454:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6437:
6432:
6425:
6420:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6397:
6395:
6385:
6376:
6367:
6360:
6355:
6353:
6345:
6340:
6333:
6328:
6321:
6316:
6307:
6301:, p. 19.
6300:
6295:
6288:
6283:
6274:
6267:
6262:
6255:
6250:
6243:
6238:
6231:
6226:
6219:
6214:
6207:
6202:
6200:
6192:
6187:
6180:
6175:
6173:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6145:
6136:
6127:
6120:
6115:
6106:
6099:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6080:
6075:
6066:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6033:
6028:
6019:
6012:
6007:
6000:
5995:
5988:
5983:
5976:
5971:
5964:
5959:
5952:
5947:
5945:
5937:
5932:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5905:
5896:
5887:
5880:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5863:
5858:
5849:
5847:
5837:
5830:
5825:
5816:
5807:
5800:
5795:
5788:
5783:
5776:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5759:
5754:
5747:
5742:
5735:
5730:
5723:
5718:
5711:
5706:
5699:
5694:
5692:
5684:
5679:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5650:
5644:
5635:
5628:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5611:
5606:
5604:
5596:
5591:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5544:
5539:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5512:
5505:
5500:
5492:
5486:
5482:
5481:Two Homelands
5475:
5473:
5465:
5460:
5452:
5446:
5439:
5434:
5426:
5420:
5413:
5408:
5406:
5398:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5374:
5369:
5360:
5353:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5336:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5300:
5293:
5288:
5281:
5276:
5268:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5252:
5243:
5236:. p. 36.
5235:
5229:
5221:
5215:
5208:
5203:
5195:
5189:
5181:
5175:
5170:
5163:
5158:
5150:
5149:Life Magazine
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5128:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5099:
5097:
5089:
5084:
5077:
5072:
5065:
5060:
5053:
5048:
5039:
5033:, p. 94.
5032:
5027:
5019:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4980:
4975:
4968:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4944:
4939:
4932:
4927:
4920:
4915:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4893:
4888:
4881:
4876:
4868:
4862:
4856:, p. 92.
4855:
4850:
4843:
4838:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4813:
4804:
4797:
4792:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4768:
4760:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4741:
4734:
4729:
4722:
4717:
4708:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4684:
4675:
4673:
4663:
4661:
4654:, p. 97.
4653:
4648:
4646:
4637:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4555:
4547:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4500:, p. 69.
4499:
4494:
4486:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4438:, p. 68.
4437:
4432:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4398:
4393:
4386:
4381:
4372:
4366:, p. 79.
4365:
4360:
4358:
4351:, p. 78.
4350:
4345:
4343:
4335:
4330:
4324:, p. 76.
4323:
4318:
4312:, p. 74.
4311:
4306:
4304:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4279:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4255:
4249:, p. 65.
4248:
4243:
4241:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4176:
4172:
4149:
4148:Courtesy name
4144:
4135:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4062:
4059:
4048:
4045:
4034:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3986:
3985:
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3978:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3949:
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3937:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3892:
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3887:
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3877:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3788:ghost-written
3785:
3782:
3781:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3703:Modai Huangdi
3701:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3649:Huang Jianxin
3646:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3607:Li Han-hsiang
3604:
3601:
3600:
3588:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3558:
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3258:
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3206:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3159:Mòdài Huángdì
3155:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3094:
3093:Son of Heaven
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3045:
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3017:
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3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
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2937:
2929:
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2921:
2917:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:William Joyce
2833:
2831:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2738:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2683:
2677:
2676:Joseph Stalin
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2545:Zhang Jinghui
2541:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2487:
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2473:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2455:
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2428:
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2418:
2414:
2405:
2400:
2396:
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2367:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2307:Shigeru Honjō
2304:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2264:Kenkichi Ueda
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2191:Joseph Stalin
2188:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2092:cause célèbre
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1985:Wen Yuan-ning
1982:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:Kwantung Army
1890:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:Kenji Doihara
1826:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1793:Kwantung Army
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:known as the
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1589:, Johnston's
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:Summer Palace
1368:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:Dragon Throne
1151:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:Wang Lianshou
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:1908 portrait
1092:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Wen Yuan-ning
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
948:
944:
940:
936:
934:
914:
904:
899:
897:
893:
885:
883:
879:
876:
872:
866:
861:
859:
855:
850:Syuan-tǒng Dì
847:
845:
841:
827:
825:
821:
813:
811:
807:
799:
797:
793:
790:
786:
781:
777:
769:
767:
763:
755:
753:
749:
744:
734:
729:
727:
723:
715:
713:
709:
698:
696:
692:
684:
682:
678:
670:
668:
664:
661:
657:
652:
648:
640:
638:
634:
626:
624:
620:
616:
611:
603:
599:
597:
593:
590:
587:
583:
580:
576:
573:
569:
565:
560:
557:
555:
551:
548:
545:
543:
539:
524:
517:
515:
512:
511:
501:
499:
496:
495:
492:
487:
483:
466:
459:
458:
437:
430:
429:
412:
405:
404:
383:
376:
375:
358:
351:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
315:
311:
307:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
266:
263:
260:
254:
251:
248:
242:
236:
231:
228:
224:
221:
220:Zhang Jinghui
217:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
134:
125:
122:
117:
114:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
58:
53:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8251:Bisexual men
8149:N. Dynasties
8145:S. Dynasties
8092:
8034:Ming dynasty
8030:China proper
8013:
8011:
7995:
7986:Qing dynasty
7909:
7892:Head of the
7841:
7820:
7811:
7799:
7783:
7774:
7762:
7752:Qing dynasty
7746:
7733:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7664:
7653:. Retrieved
7649:the original
7625:. Retrieved
7614:. Skyhorse.
7610:
7590:
7563:
7559:
7543:. Retrieved
7524:
7504:
7492:. Retrieved
7477:
7464:. Retrieved
7449:
7439:
7414:
7410:
7391:
7379:. Retrieved
7373:
7350:
7341:
7322:
7316:
7304:. Retrieved
7300:the original
7295:
7285:
7273:. Retrieved
7264:
7255:
7243:
7231:
7219:
7207:
7183:
7176:
7164:
7155:
7154:Li Shuxian.
7149:
7137:. Retrieved
7133:the original
7100:
7091:
7079:
7052:
7021:
7009:
6982:
6970:
6943:
6931:
6919:
6907:
6895:
6886:
6880:
6871:
6865:
6853:
6841:
6829:
6820:
6814:
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6778:
6736:
6724:
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6638:
6626:
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6587:
6575:
6566:
6554:
6530:
6521:
6515:
6506:
6501:
6488:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6431:
6419:
6384:
6375:
6366:
6339:
6327:
6315:
6306:
6294:
6282:
6273:
6261:
6249:
6237:
6225:
6213:
6186:
6162:
6156:
6144:
6135:
6126:
6114:
6105:
6074:
6065:
6053:. Retrieved
6048:
6039:
6027:
6018:
6006:
5994:
5982:
5970:
5958:
5931:
5913:
5904:
5895:
5886:
5857:
5836:
5824:
5815:
5806:
5794:
5782:
5753:
5741:
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5717:
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5665:
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5648:
5643:
5634:
5590:
5571:
5565:
5538:
5529:
5523:
5511:
5499:
5480:
5459:
5450:
5445:
5433:
5424:
5419:
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5380:
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5330:
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5287:
5275:
5250:
5242:
5233:
5228:
5219:
5214:
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5193:
5188:
5169:
5157:
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5116:
5110:
5083:
5071:
5059:
5047:
5038:
5026:
5017:
5012:
5003:
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4986:
4974:
4962:
4950:
4938:
4926:
4914:
4887:
4875:
4866:
4861:
4849:
4837:
4812:
4803:
4791:
4779:
4772:Elliott 1009
4767:
4751:. Skyhorse.
4747:
4740:
4728:
4721:Elliott 2001
4716:
4707:
4695:
4683:
4589:
4583:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4535:
4529:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4474:
4468:
4449:
4443:
4431:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4392:
4380:
4371:
4329:
4317:
4278:
4254:
4227:
4215:
4196:
4190:
4181:
4175:
4143:
4134:
4119:Qing dynasty
4109:
4044:China portal
4003:
3983:
3956:
3935:
3922:the original
3906:
3885:
3876:j.ctv11cw7mv
3857:
3834:. Skyhorse.
3829:
3807:
3791:
3773:Bibliography
3767:Winston Chao
3762:
3758:
3755:played Puyi.
3748:
3744:
3734:
3724:
3720:
3715:Chen Daoming
3710:
3706:
3702:
3686:
3658:
3642:
3632:
3616:
3613:played Puyi.
3602:
3304:Qing Dynasty
3293:Kōtoku Kōtei
3282:
3267:
3260:
3242:
3216:
3202:
3197:Ch'ing Mo-ti
3195:
3185:
3167:
3157:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3122:
3099:
3081:Spoken style
3051:
3018:
3013:
2999:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2925:
2923:
2913:
2897:
2895:
2860:
2853:
2849:Pierre Laval
2841:Radio Berlin
2834:
2826:
2816:
2809:Selwyn Lloyd
2803:, about the
2800:
2798:
2794:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2751:
2744:
2734:
2727:
2694:
2680:
2663:
2657:
2649:
2639:
2621:Radio Moscow
2614:
2591:
2566:
2550:
2542:
2529:
2494:
2482:Otozō Yamada
2479:
2467:
2464:
2456:
2438:
2426:
2409:
2392:
2389:
2384:Wang Jingwei
2380:
2363:
2347:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2315:
2300:
2285:
2281:
2273:Confucianism
2260:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2213:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2160:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2095:
2091:
2080:Amleto Vespa
2072:
2045:
2024:
2018:, with the "
2016:Pan-Asianism
2004:
1999:
1997:
1980:
1970:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1911:
1905:
1882:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1842:
1824:
1812:
1797:
1788:Zhang Zuolin
1780:Chen Baochen
1768:Zhang Garden
1757:
1740:
1727:Feng Yuxiang
1720:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1651:
1640:
1637:
1625:Erdet Wenxiu
1622:
1590:
1571:Harold Lloyd
1562:
1556:
1551:Zhang Garden
1549:Puyi in the
1539:
1500:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1453:Confucianism
1442:
1431:
1399:
1380:
1356:
1346:
1334:
1306:
1291:Feng Yuxiang
1287:Beiyang Army
1279:Zheng Xiaoxu
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:Prince Ch'un
1230:
1214:
1210:
1207:Puyi in 1908
1199:
1190:prerogative.
1188:
1175:
1164:
1160:
1147:
1134:
1097:
1064:war criminal
1056:Tokyo Trials
1053:
1018:
979:
970:
963:Qing dynasty
954:
953:
930:
816:ㄒㄩㄢ ㄊㄨㄥˇ ㄉㄧˋ
796:Hanyu Pinyin
667:Hanyu Pinyin
529:; 1934–1945)
522:; 1932–1934)
513:
497:
382:Erdet Wenxiu
318:(1967-10-17)
273:
269:Succeeded by
261:
250:Zheng Xiaoxu
234:
216:Zheng Xiaoxu
205:
190:
154:Second reign
102:
36:
8226:1967 deaths
8221:1906 births
8141:16 Kingdoms
7930:Jin Yuzhang
7926:(1994–2015)
7919:(1967–1994)
7912:(1912–1967)
7481:. Longman.
7248:Behr (1987)
7236:Behr (1987)
7224:Behr (1987)
7212:Behr (1987)
7169:Behr (1987)
7139:29 November
7084:Behr (1987)
7072:Behr (1987)
7057:Behr (1987)
7045:Behr (1987)
7026:Behr (1987)
7014:Behr (1987)
7002:Behr (1987)
6987:Behr (1987)
6975:Behr (1987)
6963:Behr (1987)
6948:Behr (1987)
6936:Behr (1987)
6924:Behr (1987)
6912:Behr (1987)
6900:Behr (1987)
6858:Behr (1987)
6846:Behr (1987)
6834:Behr (1987)
6807:Behr (1987)
6795:Behr (1987)
6783:Behr (1987)
6771:Behr (1987)
6756:Behr (1987)
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6359:Behr (1987)
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6332:Behr (1987)
6320:Behr (1987)
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6287:Behr (1987)
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6254:Behr (1987)
6242:Behr (1987)
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6206:Behr (1987)
6191:Behr (1987)
6179:Behr (1987)
6149:Behr (1987)
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6079:Behr (1987)
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6011:Behr (1987)
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5951:Behr (1987)
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5787:Behr (1987)
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5758:Behr (1987)
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5710:Behr (1987)
5698:Behr (1987)
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5595:Behr (1987)
5558:Behr (1987)
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5516:Behr (1987)
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5397:Behr (1987)
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5352:Behr (1987)
5335:Behr (1987)
5304:Behr (1987)
5292:Behr (1987)
5280:Behr (1987)
5207:Behr (1987)
5174:Airlie 2012
5162:Behr (1987)
5103:Behr (1987)
5088:Behr (1987)
5076:Behr (1987)
5064:Behr (1987)
5052:Behr (1987)
5031:Behr (1987)
4991:Behr (1987)
4979:Behr (1987)
4967:Behr (1987)
4955:Behr (1987)
4943:Behr (1987)
4931:Behr (1987)
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4907:Behr (1987)
4892:Behr (1987)
4880:Behr (1987)
4854:Behr (1987)
4842:Behr (1987)
4796:Behr (1987)
4700:Behr (1987)
4688:Behr (1987)
4652:Behr (1987)
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4498:Behr (1987)
4436:Behr (1987)
4397:Behr (1987)
4385:Behr (1987)
4364:Behr (1987)
4349:Behr (1987)
4334:Behr (1987)
4322:Behr (1987)
4310:Behr (1987)
4295:Behr (1987)
4259:Behr (1987)
4247:Behr (1987)
4232:Behr (1987)
4220:Behr (1987)
4022:j.ctt1png7c
3673:Sun Yat-sen
3665:Jackie Chan
3653:Han Sanping
2805:Suez Crisis
2517: [
2084:Simon Kaspé
2060:Ma Zhanshan
1933:Sakae Ōsugi
1885:Jirō Minami
1736:Prince Chun
1673:astrologers
1438:Xu Shichang
1357:Under the "
1322:Prince Chun
1313:Yuan Shikai
1195:Edward Behr
1183:Edward Behr
1116:Prince Chun
1068:ghostwriter
1039:. With the
973:, with his
802:Xuāntǒng Dì
566:(1932–1945)
547:Aisin-Gioro
257:Preceded by
187:Predecessor
148:Yuan Shikai
127:(1911–1912)
119:(1908–1911)
89:Predecessor
81:First reign
8210:Categories
8133:3 Kingdoms
8020:Hong Taiji
7924:Jin Youzhi
7306:10 January
4162:References
4150:: Yaozhi (
3697:Adam Cheng
3681:Television
3192:Wade–Giles
3187:Qīng Mò Dì
3164:Wade–Giles
3129:Wade–Giles
3005:Zhou Enlai
2987:Red Guards
2920:Wade–Giles
2863:Li Shuxian
2856:Zhou Enlai
2695:After the
2629:Kuomintang
2606:Khabarovsk
2602:sanatorium
2317:cheongsams
2295:Tan Yuling
2020:five races
1853:Kuomintang
1784:Luo Zhenyu
1591:alma mater
1412:ordered a
1410:Duan Qirui
1394:See also:
1301:See also:
1297:Abdication
1114:to inform
1098:Chosen by
1037:concubines
824:Wade–Giles
695:Wade–Giles
502:Xuantong (
465:Li Shuxian
411:Tan Yuling
299:1906-02-07
8058:Yongzheng
7805:Manchukuo
7800:New title
7789:Manchukuo
7768:Manchukuo
7763:New title
7582:161826564
7431:143723253
6055:17 August
4634:ignored (
4624:cite book
4167:Citations
4123:Zhang Xun
3932:(2008) .
3850:By others
3753:Li Yapeng
3739:Hiro Saga
3729:Dayo Wong
3627:John Lone
3411:Manchukuo
3048:Styles of
2779:Kenpeitai
2608:near the
2303:Hiro Saga
2185:Cover of
2163:Changchun
2097:Kenpeitai
2008:Changchun
1772:Lu Zongyu
1748:Lu Zongyu
1732:the house
1629:concubine
1508:Chinglish
1402:Zhang Xun
1283:Tong Jixu
1233:Confucian
1171:Manchukuo
1129:wet nurse
1127:, Puyi's
1121:palanquin
1014:Manchukuo
986:Zhang Xun
564:Manchukuo
514:Manchukuo
489:Era dates
235:In office
202:Successor
166:Zhang Xun
99:Successor
8093:Xuantong
8078:Xianfeng
8073:Daoguang
8063:Qianlong
7982:Emperors
7908:Emperor
7655:9 August
7627:10 March
7545:10 March
7494:10 March
7466:10 March
7381:10 March
7189:329, 330
7099:(1989).
6493:Archived
5923:Archived
5670:Archived
5151:: 78–86.
4786:, p. 392
4723:, p. 484
4616:10573330
4030:See also
3786: –
3555:(Japan)
3540:(Japan)
3524:(Italy)
3289:Japanese
2790:Unit 731
2786:Pingfang
2634:Dongzhen
2596:town of
2594:Siberian
2452:Li Yuqin
2430:—
2337:—
2277:Buddhism
2227:Chū Kudō
2167:Shenyang
2075:Hirohito
2073:Emperor
1912:Dongzhen
1870:master."
1647:kowtowed
1597:Marriage
1529:Shandong
1512:Mandarin
1473:and the
1458:Analects
1367:protocol
1193:—
1074:and the
1002:warlords
975:era name
882:Jyutping
810:Bopomofo
701:Pʻ
681:Bopomofo
525:Kangde (
518:Datong (
436:Li Yuqin
346:Consorts
8088:Guangxu
8083:Tongzhi
8068:Jiaqing
8048:Shunzhi
8043:Taizong
8007:Taizong
7984:of the
7922:Prince
7915:Prince
7852:Prince
7683:of the
7679:in the
7364:Sources
7275:21 July
4774:, p. 66
4735:, p. 56
3778:By Puyi
3572:Romania
3472:Foreign
3271:Chinese
3249:Chinese
3205:Chinese
3174:Chinese
3146:Chinese
2902:Chinese
2823:Release
2817:bushido
2525:Baishan
2469:bushido
2130:Xinjing
1929:Noe Itō
1764:Tianjin
1579:Hu Shih
1533:Qingdao
1504:Wanrong
1464:Mencius
1108:eunuchs
998:Tianjin
990:Wanrong
833:ʻ
831:Hsüan-t
575:Zaifeng
554:Dynasty
478:
470:
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444:
440:
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419:
415:
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390:
386:
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365:
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274:Himself
191:Himself
144:Yikuang
116:Zaifeng
8173:W. Xia
8053:Kangxi
7896:since
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3257:pinyin
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3218:Xùn Dì
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3194::
3184::
3182:pinyin
3176::
3166::
3156::
3154:pinyin
3148::
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3121::
3119:pinyin
3113::
3105::
3040:Titles
3010:Fushun
2922::
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2910:pinyin
2904::
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2554:Mukden
2514:Dalizi
2433:Pu Ren
2421:Pu Ren
2354:corvée
2312:kimono
2141:Kangde
1981:Datong
1825:ataman
1723:a coup
1618:Wenxiu
1575:myopia
1559:Manchu
1525:German
1467:, the
1461:, the
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1179:kowtow
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7917:Pujie
7854:Pujie
7712:Died:
7705:Born:
7694:Puyi
7578:S2CID
7427:S2CID
4101:Notes
4018:JSTOR
3872:JSTOR
3806:[
3802:我的前半生
3671:when
3491:Italy
2977:Death
2906:我的前半生
2598:Chita
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8121:Zhou
8016:Khan
7910:Puyi
7898:1912
7665:Time
7657:2010
7629:2014
7616:ISBN
7595:ISBN
7560:Shaw
7547:2014
7534:ISBN
7509:ISBN
7496:2014
7483:ISBN
7468:2014
7455:ISBN
7396:ISBN
7383:2014
7352:IMDb
7327:ISBN
7308:2016
7277:2007
7193:ISBN
7141:2015
7105:ISBN
6057:2010
5576:ISBN
5485:ISBN
5261:ISBN
5180:help
5121:ISBN
4753:ISBN
4636:help
4612:PMID
4602:ISBN
4574:Sohu
4540:ISBN
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4008:ISBN
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3891:ISBN
3862:ISBN
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3676:six.
3660:1911
3651:and
3637:CCTV
3597:Film
3275:康德皇帝
3262:Qīng
3150:末代皇帝
3115:宣統皇帝
3107:宣统皇帝
2981:The
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2871:yuan
2314:for
2275:and
2187:Time
2155:Time
1563:yili
955:Puyi
673:Pǔyí
613:Puyi
596:Seal
559:Qing
498:Qing
452:div.
398:div.
313:Died
293:Born
276:(as
193:(as
42:Puyi
8197:PRC
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8177:Jīn
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