865:(CSE or Business and Social Council) which must have been rolled out in all companies where applicable for 1 January 2020 the latest. Members of the CE are elected by all the employees, and have 20 hours of delegation per month. The main role of the CE or the CSE is being the interface between the employees and the members of the board which is constituted of the chairman and the HR director, mostly for collective issues, such as work organisation, training policy, benefits. Its consultation is compulsory in case of certain economic events, such as any company strategic moves, The number of members depends on the number of people in the company. All members of the CE or CSE have a monthly meeting with the board, in which very specific points are dealt with.
941:, through which works councils elect members of the board of directors of German companies. The second is called participation, and means that works councils must be consulted about specific issues and have the right to make proposals to management. One of the most impressive achievements of the councils is producing harmonious relations between management and workers, leading to a situation with strong unions and a low strike rate.
44:
745:), and local plants and firms then meet with works councils to adjust these national agreements to local circumstances. Works council members are elected by the company workforce for a four-year term. They don't have to be union members; works councils can also be formed in companies where neither the employer nor the employees are organized.
759:, there are three main views about why works councils primarily exist: to reduce workplace conflict by improving and systematising communication channels; to increase bargaining power of workers at the expense of owners by means of legislation; and to correct market failures by means of public policy.
1023:
of April 10, 1946, works councils were permitted again in
Germany. The first Works Constitution Act (BetrVG 1952) was passed on October 11, 1952. It followed the tradition of the Works Council Act of 1920, whose basic ideas were largely adopted. In 1972, after a controversial social debate, the Works
1027:
Among other things, the working and organizational principles of the works councils were changed. The election procedure was simplified, an "equality quota" (minimum seats for the gender in the minority, see electoral regulations Works
Constitution Act § 15 WO) was introduced, the separation between
819:
The EWC Directive was revised by the
Council and the European Parliament in May 2009. The changes contained in the new ("Recast") Directive must be transposed into national law by 5 June 2011, and have important implications for all companies in scope of the legislation, both those with an existing
972:
of 1916, passed during the First World War, provided for the introduction of permanent workers' committees in all companies important to the war economy with at least 50 employees. These workers' committees only had advisory and consultation rights, but they could appeal to an arbitration committee
918:
or negotiating wage increase. In recent years with a decline in union membership, works councils have come to be seen as a way for unions to recruit members, specifically by having works councils campaign for people to join them. In 2019, depending on sector, between 16% and 86% of employees worked
944:
Works councils in
Germany have been correlated with a number of positive effects. They promote higher wages, even more than collective bargaining (although situations with both will promote wages the highest), they make firms more productive (although the degree to which they increase productivity
1028:
blue-collar and white-collar workers was abolished, the exemption thresholds for works council members were lowered and the works council's involvement in the introduction of group work was made possible, as was the involvement of consultants in the event of operational changes.
1007:
The rise of fascism brought a “revised, anti-Marxist version of socialism.” The Nazis launched ambitious “corporatist” policies that “rejected class struggle and replaced it with the idea of cooperation between employers and workers.” Works councils were banned by the 1934
934:. Unions can offer protections to works council members. For example, unions provide training courses to ensure legally compliant works council elections, which can preempt attacks from management bodies who are hostile to the founding of a works council.
732:
One of the most commonly examined (and arguably most successful) implementations of this institution is found in
Germany. The model is basically as follows: general labour agreements are made at the national level by national unions (e.g.
810:
a direct line of communication to top management. They also make sure that workers in different countries are all told the same thing at the same time about transnational policies and plans. Lastly, they give workers’ representatives in
1116:
815:
and national works councils the opportunity to consult with each other and to develop a common
European response to employers’ transnational plans, which management must then consider before those plans are implemented.
1004:, thus initiating socialist transformation. However, this concept failed in the global economic crisis that began in 1929. However, this concept failed during the global economic crisis from 1929 onwards.
949:, and foreign workers. However, they are correlated lower profitability, likely since they tend to bring higher wages, and there may not be as much benefit in smaller companies as there is in larger ones.
964:, joined forces in Eilenburg to introduce workers committees to their factories, in part to mitigate worker unrest and inoculate against socialist and union agitation. Statutory workers' committees (
1186:
629:
but is independent of these at least in some countries. Works councils exist with different names in a variety of related forms in a number of
European countries, including
785:(94/45/EC) on the establishment of a European Works Council (EWC) or similar procedure for the purposes of informing and consulting employees in companies which operate at
1084:
996:) of 1920 emerging as a concession to the movement. This Act made works councils compulsory for all companies with over 20 employees. In the Weimar Republic, the
988:) formed in 1918 in the November Revolution. Demands for a soviet-led German republic were eventually neutralized by the Social Democratic Party (SPD), with the
1604:
898:
1365:
1703:
Geschichte der industriellen
Mitbestimmung in Deutschland Ursprung und Entwicklung ihrer Vorläufer im Denken und in der Wirklichkeit des 19. Jahrhunderts
738:
1414:
960:
Workers’ rights to codetermine working conditions in
Germany began at least as far back as 1850, when four social-liberal entrepreneurs, led by
1330:
Behrens, Martin (2009). "Still
Married after All These Years? Union Organizing and the Role of Works Councils in German Industrial Relations".
1464:
1707:
History of industrial co-determination in Germany: Origin and development of its precursors in the thinking and reality of the 19th century
1488:
1438:
792:
The EWC Directive applies to companies with at least 1,000 employees within the EU and at least 150 employees in each of at least two
308:
910:. Initially, unions were very skeptical of works councils, seeing them as a way for management to negotiate with employees without
1762:
Aguilera-Barchet, Bruno (2018). "The Law of the Welfare State". In Pihlajamäki, Heikki; Dubber, Markus D.; Godfrey, Mark (eds.).
316:
277:
1888:
1819:
1807:
1746:
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997:
945:
can be hard to measure). and they don't inhibit investment or innovation. Works councils have also been shown to help women,
846:
1874:
1062:
862:
842:
772:
303:
78:
1779:
187:
931:
449:
321:
172:
1465:"Workplace Representation / Germany / Countries / National Industrial Relations / Home – WORKER PARTICIPATION.eu"
1142:
601:
524:
1677:
914:, but eventually they developed clearly defined responsibilities with works councils forbidden from calling for
1650:
Addison, John T.; et al. (2001). "Works Councils in Germany: Their Effects on Establishment Performance".
1306:
1153:
222:
217:
1720:
Hoffrogge, Ralf (2011). "Vom Sozialismus zur Wirtschaftsdemokratie?". In Bois, Marcel; HĂĽttner, Bernd (eds.).
969:
778:
509:
861:(C.E. or works council) was mandatory in any company with 50 employees or more. It is being replaced by the
858:
484:
1000:
unions discussed expanding the powers of the works councils to include production control in the name of
980:
movement that swept through Europe in the early twentieth century. In Germany, self-governing workers’ (
558:
494:
968:) were first introduced in Germany in mining companies in Bavaria in 1900 and in Prussia in 1905. The
1020:
625:
is a shop-floor organization representing workers that functions as a local/firm-level complement to
514:
242:
182:
1838:
European Works Councils: Negotiated Europeanisation: Between Statutory Framework and Social Dynamics
1534:
782:
489:
464:
192:
93:
1399:
930:; between 60 and 80% of Works Councillors elected were members of affiliated trade unions in the
807:
504:
33:
1496:
1204:
973:
with equal representation and a neutral chairman, to whose decision the employer had to submit.
802:
were created partly as a response to increased transnational restructuring brought about by the
1912:
1529:
1208:
989:
927:
923:
903:
821:
799:
793:
768:
469:
439:
431:
202:
1739:
The management of hate: nation, affect, and the governance of right-wing extremism in Germany
1024:
Constitution Act (BetrVG 1972) was fundamentally revised, and it was reformed again in 2001.
911:
845:(2001/86/EC). SE Works Councils are comparable with European Works Councils according to the
499:
459:
444:
167:
73:
1843:
Thelen, Kathleen. 1993. West European Labor in Transition: Sweden and Germany Compared.
1771:
548:
479:
298:
133:
103:
8:
1907:
1864:
1102:
1042:
803:
615:
594:
474:
128:
1520:
Addison, John T.; et al. (2010). "German works councils and the anatomy of wages".
1233:
1802:(2 volumes). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
1632:
1582:
1547:
1347:
1261:
1001:
749:
377:
237:
1815:
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1280:
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1167:
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519:
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63:
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889:) in Germany have a long history, with their origins in the early 1920s in the post
1767:
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345:
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53:
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922:
While membership in a trade union is explicitly not required, according to the
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587:
412:
407:
392:
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23:
1901:
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262:
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149:
83:
1831:
European Works Councils: Pessimism of the Intellect, Optimism of the Will?
1565:
Mueller, Steffen (2012). "Works councils and establishment productivity".
806:. They give representatives of workers from all European countries in big
976:
The current structure and mandate of works councils can be traced to the
890:
812:
666:
626:
291:
118:
88:
68:
1628:
1307:"Das Betriebsverfassungsgesetz (BetrVG) | Nachrichten für Betriebsräte"
1265:
654:
563:
257:
252:
1892:
734:
372:
113:
108:
1249:
1234:"Prosperity and Labor Relations in Europe: The Case of West Germany"
1823:
1489:"Interest Group History – The Case of Capital and Labor in Germany"
1443:
DGB Bildungswerk BUND - GrĂĽndung eines Betriebsrates in 6 Schritten
702:
674:
227:
1811:
827:
A similar transnational consultative body exists for employees of
43:
718:
678:
646:
642:
402:
1852:
Fighting for Partnership: Labor and Politics in Unified Germany
1390:
Greifenstein, Ralph; KiĂźler, Leo; Lange, Hendrik (August 2014).
1285:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. pp. Ch. 6.
694:
350:
1883:
1678:"Works Constitution Act (Betriebsverfassungsgesetz – BetrVG)"
710:
686:
360:
1726:(in German). Vol. 3. Berlin: Rosa Luxemburg Foundation.
1282:
Inequality and Prosperity: Social Europe vs. Liberal America
926:
analysis of year 2014 Works Council elections, depending on
1879:
1766:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 1001–1025.
1121:
748:
Works council representatives may also be appointed to the
937:
In Germany, they serve two functions. The first is called
1366:"Durch Betriebsrat vertretene Beschäftigte nach Branchen"
1709:] (in German). TĂĽbingen: J.B.C. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
952:
Obstruction of the Works Council is a criminal offence.
1389:
902:), later updated in 1952 with the establishment of the
1085:"Information about Betriebsrat in Austria (in German)"
1884:
On the offensive for stronger European Works Councils
1741:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 12.
1836:Lecher, W., Platzer, H., Rub, S., Weiner, K. 2002.
1875:Tasks, rights and duties of works council (German)
1012:and replaced by so-called councils of confidence (
1899:
1761:
1143:"Chipping away at workers' participation rights"
1854:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
1800:Employee representatives in an enlarged Europe
1764:The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History
1723:Beiträge zur Geschichte einer pluralen Linken
1439:"GrĂĽndung eines Betriebsrates in 6 Schritten"
595:
883:
875:
16:Local/firm-level equivalent of a trade union
1187:"Interviewing member of C.E in CRO France"
1178:
602:
588:
1719:
1700:
1533:
1278:
896:, established by the Works Councils Act (
1736:
1649:
1605:"Do Works Councils Inhibit Investment?"
1602:
1564:
1519:
1329:
841:This went into effect in 2004 with the
1900:
1603:Addison, John T.; et al. (2007).
1772:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.44
1609:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
1598:
1596:
1567:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
1522:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
1515:
1513:
1462:
1392:"Trendreport Betriebsrätewahlen 2014"
1332:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
1184:
919:at an employer with a works council.
1415:"Workplace Representation — Germany"
1231:
1829:Fitzgerald, I., Stirling, J. 2004.
1205:"Betriebsverfassungsgesetz, BetrVG"
773:Employee Involvement Directive 2001
278:Workers' right to access the toilet
13:
1792:
1593:
1510:
1238:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
824:and those yet to have set one up.
14:
1924:
1858:
671:Dienstcommissie, Ondernemingsraad
1150:Benchmarking working Europe 2014
932:German Trade Union Confederation
173:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
42:
1755:
1730:
1713:
1701:Teuteberg, Hans JĂĽrgen (1961).
1694:
1670:
1643:
1558:
1481:
1456:
1431:
1407:
1383:
1358:
1323:
1299:
1117:"Training and the SE Directive"
1272:
1232:Ross, Arthur M. (1962-08-01).
1225:
1197:
1154:European Trade Union Institute
1135:
1109:
1095:
1077:
1055:
847:European Trade Union Institute
843:Employee Involvement Directive
223:Occupational safety and health
218:Occupational safety and health
1:
1048:
779:Council of the European Union
346:Chronological list of strikes
1193:. Paris: EP. pp. 10–11.
739:German Employer Associations
635:joint consultative committee
7:
1847:46, no. 1 (October): 23–49.
1798:European Commission (2008)
1469:www.worker-participation.eu
1419:www.worker-participation.eu
1031:
984:-) and soldiers’ councils (
863:Comité social et économique
699:comité social et économique
10:
1929:
1682:www.gesetze-im-internet.de
1621:10.1177/001979390706000202
1579:10.1177/001979391206500405
1544:10.1177/001979391006300204
1344:10.1177/001979390906200301
1213:www.gesetze-im-internet.de
1021:Control Council Law No. 22
955:
873:Works councils (singular:
868:
777:On 22 September 1994, the
766:
613:
1279:Pontusson, Jonas (2005).
1156:. 2014. pp. 91–112.
852:
762:
309:International comparisons
243:Right to rest and leisure
183:Employment discrimination
1850:Turner, Lowell. 1998.
1737:Shoshan, Nitzan (2016).
614:Not to be confused with
94:Social movement unionism
1893:Worker-Participation.eu
808:multinational companies
800:European Works Councils
663:délégation du personnel
304:Trade union federations
299:Trade unions by country
1869:European Works Council
1652:Oxford Economic Papers
1209:Works Constitution Act
990:Works Constitution Act
924:Hans Boeckler Stiftung
904:Works Constitution Act
884:
876:
835:SE-Representative-Body
822:European Works Council
769:European Works Council
203:Freedom of association
74:Exploitation of labour
1400:Hans-Böckler-Stiftung
1185:Bento, F (May 2013).
1089:www.arbeiterkammer.at
970:Auxiliary Service Act
912:collective bargaining
188:Employment protection
168:Collective bargaining
1833:, London, Routledge.
1664:10.1093/oep/53.4.659
1191:Expatriates Magazine
1122:Worker Participation
1067:in Germany (German)"
830:Societates Europaeae
707:conseil d'entreprise
549:Industrial relations
538:Academic disciplines
134:National-syndicalism
104:Democratic socialism
1865:European Commission
1499:on January 19, 2000
1493:xroads.virginia.edu
1063:"Information about
859:comité d’entreprise
804:Single European Act
129:Anarcho-syndicalism
1840:, London, Ashgate.
1311:www.bund-verlag.de
1002:economic democracy
994:Betriebsrätegesetz
966:ArbeiterausschĂĽsse
899:Betriebsrätegesetz
750:board of directors
691:comitato aziendale
639:employees’ council
238:Professional abuse
1820:978-92-79-08929-9
1808:978-92-79-08928-2
1748:978-0-691-17196-8
1292:978-0-8014-8970-9
1163:978-2-87452-308-3
839:SE Works Council.
715:comité de empresa
612:
611:
569:Post-work society
398:Solidarity action
208:Legal working age
64:Conflict theories
1920:
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1495:. Archived from
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1103:"POLYAS Company"
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1038:Co-determination
1019:With the Allied
939:co-determination
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757:co-determination
723:Samarbejdsudvalg
683:ondernemingsraad
616:Workers' council
604:
597:
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554:Labour economics
544:Critique of work
388:Pen-down strikes
99:Social democracy
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35:Organized labour
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1105:. 26 June 2017.
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574:Refusal of work
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1871:legislation
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1463:Cleverway.
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667:Netherlands
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515:South Korea
495:Netherlands
490:New Zealand
119:Syndicalism
89:Proletariat
69:Decent work
1908:Labour law
1902:Categories
1687:2024-01-16
1503:2016-12-02
1474:2016-12-02
1449:2024-06-02
1424:2020-10-18
1376:2019-06-13
1316:2016-12-02
1218:2020-10-18
1128:2021-02-21
1049:References
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655:Luxembourg
564:Labour law
373:Green bans
366:newspapers
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109:Socialism
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