Working definition of antisemitism

2089:, citing an email, on 12 September 2017 the IHRA Permanent Office in Berlin confirmed: "The Plenary of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) adopted the working definition of antisemitism under the Romanian Chairmanship on 26 May 2016. The working definition, like all IHRA decision, is non-legally binding. The working definition is the text in the box", and that when their reporter sought explicit confirmation from IHRA was advised to "just include a link to the IHRA website". Lerman states that this confirmed that the definition and the examples were separate things. He said "The discussions, as I remember them, were quite intense and lengthy, both in the couloirs and in the plenary hall, until a decisive step was taken by the presidency, on the demand by some member states. Namely, the original draft text was cut into two, and only the first two-sentence part was to be the working-definition to be adopted, while the other part, the examples, remained what they were: examples to serve as illustrations, to guide the IHRA in its work. From then on, the plenary was able to move quickly on, and the non-legally binding working definition was unanimously adopted." In 2021 3223:'At the same time, the Working Definition has had its share of critics, as should be expected of any serious intergovernmental effort to address this difficult subject. In 2011, the United Kingdom's University and College Union (UCU), a trade union of English university professors, considered a motion to disassociate itself from the EUMC definition ... based on a belief that it 'confuses criticism of Israeli government policy and actions with genuine anti-Semitism' ... This triggered a lively controversy that engulfed not only the English academic and Jewish communities, but also Jewish, human rights, and higher education groups throughout Europe and Worldwide. In the United States, the meaning and application of the Working Definition have been contested even among those who support it. In 2011, Kenneth Stern, who was then the top anti-Semitism expert at the American Jewish Committee, drew intense criticism when he ... argued that the Working Definition was being invoked by complainants in federal civil rights cases before the United States Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights (OCR) to censor speech that is critical of Israel.' 2765:. Gould described "the IHRA definition as a quasi-law" and documents the meaning of the IHRA document's self-description as "legally non-binding," the history of its application, and the legal dynamics bearing on its deployment in university contexts. In a later opinion piece, Gould stated that "These dimensions are made all the more contentious by its imprecise content and the significant ambiguity around its legal status. On the basis of the many ways in which the IHRA definition has been used to censor speech, particularly on university campuses" and "that the definition's proponents have not paid enough attention to the harms of censoring Israel-critical speech." In the journal article, she also noted that since the adoption of the IHRA definition "at least five universities , and likely many more, have had planned events cancelled or otherwise censored due to a perceived need to comply with this definition, even in the absence of its legal ratification." 3028:

for data collectors in European countries to identify what to include and exclude from their reports about antisemitism, and to have a common frame of reference so that data might be compared across borders." He "encouraged the Department of State's first Special Envoy for Antisemitism to promote the definition as an important tool." He stated that he used it effectively as the framework for a report on global antisemitism. However, he added: "approaches to antisemitism that endorse and promote academic freedom are more likely to work, in part because they underscore the academy's goal of increasing knowledge and promoting critical thinking.... approaches that explain academic freedom away or harm it will not only fail, they make the problem worse." Therefore, he has cautioned against the free speech implications of legislating for its use on college campuses.

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Government and coverage of human rights abuses against Palestinians. He said the definition was not intended to be binding and was not drafted as a comprehensible definition the British government's adoption of the working definition "has no legal effect" and recommended that any public bodies or organizations should follow the Home Affairs Committee recommendation and add to it the clarification that "it is not anti-Semitic to criticise the Government of Israel without additional evidence to suggest anti-Semitic intent." He concluded that "It is imprecise, confusing and open to misinterpretation and even manipulation... is not fit for any purpose that seeks to use it as an adjudicative standard" and political action against Israel is not properly characterised as antisemitic unless the action is intended to promote hatred or hostility against Jews in general.

3232:'The weaknesses of the "Working Definition" are the gateway to its political instrumentalization, for instance for morally discrediting opposing positions in the Arab-Israeli conflict with the accusation of antisemitism. This has relevant implications for fundamental rights. The increasing implementation of the "Working Definition" as a quasi-legal basis for administrative action promises regulatory potential. In fact, it is instead an instrument that all but invites arbitrariness. It can be used to abridge fundamental rights particularly freedom of speech with respect to disfavoured positions on Israel. In contrast to what the designation "Working Definition" suggests, no further development of the definition to rectify these weaknesses is occurring.' 2698:, the Israeli ambassador criticised Achiume for making "unfounded recommendations" that "clearly demonstrate a political agenda". In recent years, criticism of the definition has grown with critics arguing that it "primarily targets criticism of Israel and that it has been weaponized against Palestinian activists". In a statement published on 3 November 2022, 128 scholars, including leading Jewish academics at Israeli, European, United Kingdom and United States universities, said the definition has been "hijacked" and urged the United Nations not to adopt the definition due to its "divisive and polarising" effect. As of 20 April 2023, 104 human and civil rights organisations including 1620:, in the report the primary cause of rising antisemitism in Europe was assigned to young Muslim males, while in a press release for the subsequent final publication the EUMC assigned the rise in antisemitism to "young, disaffected white Europeans". Marcus writes, the larger issue was missed that the definition of antisemitism that the EUMC used was based on "seven stereotypical traits: deceptiveness, strange-ness, hostility, greed, corruption, conspiratorial power, and deicidal murderousness". The EUMC report concluded that anti-Israeli and anti-Zionism expression could only be considered antisemitic if it was based on the stereotype of Israel as the collective Jew. 2796:(IJV) launched an academic petition and a petition for Jewish-Canadian academics against the working definition, initially signed by more than 500 and more than 150 scholars respectively (the former reaching over 600 as of early 2022). According to IJV, 32 faculty associations and academic unions in Canada have taken positions against it. Following its participation in the Malmö International Forum on Holocaust Remembrance and Combating Antisemitism in October 2021, the Canadian government pledged to "continue to enhance the adoption and implementation of the IHRA working definition of antisemitism". Subsequently, according to IJV and 3195:, issued in May 2023, states: "Antisemitism is a stereotypical and negative perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred of Jews. It is prejudice, bias, hostility, discrimination, or violence against Jews for being Jews or Jewish institutions or property for being Jewish or perceived as Jewish. Antisemitism can manifest as a form of racial, religious, national origin, and/or ethnic discrimination, bias, or hatred; or, a combination thereof. However, antisemitism is not simply a form of prejudice or hate. It is also a pernicious conspiracy theory that often features myths about Jewish power and control." 3081:(CoP) that APN "... will not adopt the full version of the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism (with the accompanying examples) ...". They clarified that "The problem is not with the definition itself but rather with the accompanying examples, which CoP members are requested to endorse as an integral part of the definition. Some of these examples go far beyond what can reasonably be regarded as antisemitism. They cross the line into the realm of politics and are already being used to score political points in the United States, and to quash legitimate criticism of deplorable Israeli government policies." 4880:, pp. 166–167: "The European Union has not recently afforded the International Definition the respect that it has elsewhere received. Neither the EUMC nor its successor agency, the European Union's Fundamental Rights Agency, has ever formally endorsed the definition. Rather, the agency's Executive Director issued it without formal review by her political overseers. This gave the document a peculiar vulnerability to the winds of political change. In 2013, as we have seen, the Fundamental Rights Agency took the Working Definition down from its website during the course of renovations." 2748:

different contexts in which people apply its definition... But people of goodwill who genuinely want to solve the conundrum – combating antisemitism while protecting free political speech – should welcome the code as a constructive initiative, and criticise it constructively... For this to happen, the seas of language are going to have to subside and critics must stop treating the IHRA document as immutable. In the Judaism in which I was nurtured and educated, there is only one text whose status is sacred; and it was not written by a committee of the IHRA."

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legitimate criticisms of Israel and advocacy for Palestinian rights with antisemitism, as a means to suppress the former" and that "this conflation undermines both the Palestinian struggle for freedom, justice and equality and the global struggle against antisemitism. It also serves to shield Israel from being held accountable to universal standards of human rights and international law." The statement went on to urge governments, municipalities, universities and other institutions to reject the IHRA definition.

5019: 4053:, 1 January 2015, page 4: "However, the definition itself rapidly became a topic of controversy rather than consensus. The points at issue included what the status of a 'working definition' actually was, whether the working definition was an effective and coherent definition at all, and, finally, controversy dogged the application of the working definition to debate on the State of Israel and its policies. The criticisms have been damaging and the EUMC working definition largely has fallen out of favour." 3041:"Imagine a definition designed for Palestinians. If 'Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, and denying Israel the right to exist' is antisemitism, then shouldn't 'Denying the Palestinian people their right to self-determination, and denying Palestine the right to exist' be anti-Palestinianism? Would they then ask administrators to police and possibly punish campus events by pro-Israel groups who oppose the two state solution, or claim the Palestinian people are a myth?" 2003:(D-San Diego), who is Jewish, who said the bill "fails to effectively address the very real rise of antisemitism, all while defunding colleges and universities across the country and punishing many, if not all, of the non-violent protestors speaking out against the Israeli military’s conduct." The bill must now pass the Senate. More than 1,200 Jewish scholars have petitioned President Biden not to approve the measure, arguing that it criminalises legitimate criticism of Israel. 1734:, the EUMC director and head of research, and the ODIHR Tolerance and Non-Discrimination program director and antisemitism expert. The outcome was negotiated between Andrew Baker, Stern's colleague at the AJC, and Beate Winkler, director of the EUMC. According to Michael Whine of the Community Security Trust, "the Director of the ODIHR Tolerance and Non-Discrimination Division and the Advisor on Antisemitism played an active role in formulating the Working Definition." 1439: 68: 2582:, said many of IHRA's examples were "adopted word for word in our code of conduct" while "the ground is covered" for others. He said: "We should be going further than the IHRA definition and the language of the code is at times much stronger. We need to expand on a lot of the examples to ensure that we have a legally enforceable code so that we can enforce discipline as everyone wants to." The NEC's modified examples sparked criticism amid 2363:. An attempt to enshrine the definition in US federal law in 2024 encountered strong opposition, with 1,200 Jewish academics opposing the move as a dangerous conflation of criticism of Israel with antisemitism that would threaten freedom of speech.Their open letter asserted that '(c)riticism of the state of Israel, the Israeli government, policies of the Israeli government, or Zionist ideology is not — in and of itself — antisemitic.' 2919: 2078:

IRHA stated would be used to guide it in its work. After the caveat, "taking into account the overall context", the examples of what could constitute antisemitism include "Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations" and "claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor" (and nine other examples).

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country cannot be regarded as antisemitic." The EUMC separated the working definition with eleven examples. This was presented as two separate groups, the first six examples were antisemitic tropes and the following five examples were introduced with the sentence: "Examples of the ways in which antisemitism manifests itself with regard to the state of Israel taking into account the overall context could include".

4149:: "In light of the longstanding commitment of the U.S. to free speech and other individual freedoms as demonstrated within our Constitution, the Office of the Special Envoy believes that this definition provides an adequate initial guide by which anti-Semitism can eventually both be defined and combated, and therefore presents this 'working definition' as a starting point in the fight against anti-Semitism. " 2870:

defence) of Israel or of Zionism is not only generally lawful: it is affirmatively protected by law. Endeavours to conflate the two by characterising everything other than anodyne criticism of Israel as anti-Semitic are not new. What is new is the adoption by the UK government (and the Labour Party) of a definition of anti-Semitism which endorses the conflation." In July 2018, Sedley wrote a letter to

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the vitally important but limited role of being the communications hub as various drafts and proposed language were circulated, slowly moving toward a consensus agreement where his role ended." Similarly, The Antisemitism Policy Trust also notes "Stern did not write the IHRA definition but did, together with a number of others help draft text that the EUMC adapted when writing its definition."

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not to perpetuate the notion that Jews stand alone." He later stated that "the case against IHRA is so strong" and "...the fundamental principle that IHRA is so flawed it should be abandoned..." In August 2019, he wrote: "The vagueness of the 'working definition' of antisemitism has licensed a free-for-all of interpretation, delighting opponents of Palestinian demands for equal rights."

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UK), international meetings of parliamentarians, United States Department of State Reports, The United States Commission on Civil Rights, and in submissions to the United Nations Economic and Social Council Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights ... It continues to be referenced more and more because of its clear utility.

1528:, on 26 May 2016. It was subsequently accepted by the European Parliament and other national and international bodies and employed for internal use by a number of governmental and political institutions, although not all have explicitly included the illustrative examples. Pro-Israeli organizations have been advocates for the worldwide legal adoption of the IHRA definition. 2694:, the special rapporteur on contemporary racism, delivered a report that said the working definition was both ineffective and had "an impact on the human rights of minorities and vulnerable groups, including Jews", calling the definition "controversial" and "divisive". The United States envoy said he was "disappointed" that the report "politicized the IHRA definition" and 2578:(NEC) adopted without a vote a definition of antisemitism based on the IHRA definition, although it removed or amended four out of eleven IHRA examples, added three examples, and amended points showing how criticising Israel can be antisemitic. Labour said the wording in the code of conduct "expands on and contextualises" the IHRA examples. The Shadow Solicitor-General, 2409:

of speech. The government also noted that the police already used a previous version of the definition (the EUMC version) and that it "is a useful tool for criminal justice agencies and other public bodies to use to understand how anti-Semitism manifests itself in the 21st century". Later that month, the government announced it would formally adopt the definition.

2781:'s attempt to force universities to adopt it, stating that it "inhibits free speech and academic freedom; it deprives Palestinians of their own legitimate voice within the UK public space; and, finally, it inhibits us, as Israeli nationals, from exercising our democratic right to challenge our own government." In February 2021, the lead signatory of that letter, 3058:(JVL) saw the working definition as "attempts to widen the definition of antisemitism beyond its meaning of hostility towards, or discrimination against, Jews as Jews". In August 2018, JVL thought the IHRA examples of antisemitism fell short of providing "a clear and unambiguous statement based on attitudes to Jews as Jews, not attitudes to a country, Israel". 3412:

claiming: "A press officer at the FRA has explained that this was a discussion paper and was never adopted by the EU as a working definition, although it has been on the FRA website until recently when it was removed during a clear-out of non-official documents. The link to the FRA site provided by the complainant in his appeal no longer works.

2836:, criticised the IHRA definition as "unclear and confusing", saying it did not have "the clarity which would be required" from a legal definition of antisemitism." He addressed concerns that the definition conflates antisemitism with criticism of Israel and could be misused to curtail campaigning on behalf of Palestinians. He stated: 2889:. It is a right that may be qualified by proportionate legal restrictions necessary for protecting the rights of others: hence the legal bar on hate speech." Regarding the examples he said: "They point to the underlying purpose of the text: to neutralise serious criticism of Israel by stigmatising it as a form of antisemitism." 2664:'s governing body, having previously adopted the IHRA definition, said that it will reconsider the matter following rejection by an internal academic board which called on the university to "retract and replace IHRA working definition with a more precise definition of antisemitism". In a July 2021 opinion piece for the activist 3148:

policymakers and community leaders, aiming to enhance their understanding of the issues that intersect at the nexus of antisemitism, Israel, and Zionism", the Nexus White Paper, titled "Understanding Antisemitism at its Nexus with Israel and Zionism", and the Nexus "Guide to Identifying Antisemitism in Debates about Israel".

3540:'What started as an honest attempt to tackle growing antisemitism quickly became weaponized by definitional warriors, among them the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), the American Jewish Committee (AJC), and the Brandeis Center, all of whom have lobbied institutions and governments to adopt it.'( 3164:

published a definition of antisemitism which equates it with all other forms of discrimination, saying: "antisemitism is not an exceptional form of bigotry. People who hate, discriminate and/or attack Jews, will also hate, discriminate and/or attack other protected groups—including racialized people,

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He has opposed efforts to enshrine it in university policies and in December 2016 wrote a letter to members of the US Congress warning that giving the definition legal status would be "unconstitutional and unwise". In 2011, he co-authored an article about how the 'Working Definition' was being abused

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arguing: "Shorn of philosophical and political refinements, anti-Semitism is hostility towards Jews as Jews. Where it manifests itself in discriminatory acts or inflammatory speech it is generally illegal, lying beyond the bounds of freedom of speech and of action. By contrast, criticism (and equally

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wrote: "those who framed the IHRA's Working Definition of antisemitism were well-intentioned, and the definition itself has commendable features. But it's merely a work-in-progress." He later wrote "...endorsements have endowed the IHRA definition with almost sacrosanct status. But that does not mean

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claimed it had adopted the definition in full. However, at the time their code of conduct approved in December 2017, which only governs the behavior of anyone representing the Party as an elected or appointed official or office-holder, did not mention antisemitism or specify a definition of it. Since

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The IHRA definition is an important tool for the police and other public bodies to understand how antisemitism manifests itself, ... It is unacceptable that places receiving public money, such as universities and local authorities, choose not to accept our IHRA definition of antisemitism and use

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In December 2016, the UK government responded that it had agreed to adopt the IHRA definition, but that the caveats were unnecessary given the definition's clause "criticism of Israel similar to that levelled against any other country cannot be regarded as antisemitic" is sufficient to ensure freedom

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been referenced or relied upon in or by courts (in Lithuanian and Germany), congressional hearings in the United States, online reference tools, newspapers, blogs, scholarly articles, legal articles, radio shows, student groups, museums, national inquiries of parliamentarians (most importantly in the

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Odze, speaking at the 21 February council meeting, said: ... 'This definition is supported by over 30 governments, including the UK, the Scottish and Welsh parliaments. Over 120 councils have adopted it, including 18 London boroughs. In fact, the only inner London boroughs that have not adopted

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There is controversy surrounding the contribution made by Kenneth Stern to the drafting of the IHRA. In an article entitled "The Origins of the Working Definition" Rabbi Andrew Baker, Deidre Berger and Michael Whine, who were involved in the original IHRA definition, describe Stern as having "played

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In June 2010 the State Department adopted a definition based on the EUMC definition, According to Marcus, while it was in effect the State Department definition was more important in determining U.S. government foreign policy than the EUMC definition since it represented an official policy position.

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recommend it for adoption, an undertaking it repeated the following year in its progress report on implementing the Inquiry's recommendations, noting this had been delayed by the process of transforming into the FRA delayed this. In 2009, the leaders of the Labour and Conservative parties signed the

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helped draft the working definition and its examples. In 2015, he re-affirmed his belief in its efficacy: "No definition of something as complex as antisemitism can be perfect, but this one, ten years after its creation, remains a very good one." He stated that the definition was created "as a tool

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In the same month, Klug wrote: "...critics maintain that Labour (or anyone else) has to adopt the IHRA document 'in full'. But the text is not written in stone. It is a working definition with working examples. It is a living document, subject to revision and constantly needing to be adapted to the

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wrote: "investing all in the IHRA working definition of antisemitism is just making matters worse. This is the time to take the path to working with other minority groups, civil society organizations and human rights bodies to confront antisemitism within the context of a wider antiracist struggle,

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In early 2022, on the occasion of International Holocaust Remembrance Day, United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres reiterated a previous position, acknowledging "the efforts of countries that have agreed on the common definition of antisemitism" while at the same time avoiding any mention

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gave evidence describing the definition as "helpful, comprehensive and fit for purpose", as well as a summary of some criticisms of the definition. Among the committee's recommendations were "that the IHRA definition, with our additional caveats, should be formally adopted by the UK Government, law

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The IHRA states that "the Working Definition, including its examples, was reviewed and decided upon" by the plenary. In the press release announcing the adoption of the definition, along with the definition itself, were listed the same eleven examples that featured in the EUMC definition, which the

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recommended that the UK adopt the definition and that it be promoted by the Government and law enforcement agencies. The Government Response the following year recognised the "useful work being done by the EUMC in identifying antisemitic discourse", noted that the government accepted the definition

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which shared many features of Stern's earlier draft. Winkler published the definition "without formal review by her political overseers". Marcus writes that it was a "working definition" in two senses: a working guide to waidentifying antisemitism in practice, and a work-in-progress as opposed to a

5016:, p. 12: "Mr. Weitzman then provided the background to the adoption of the working definition on anti-Semitism during the IHRA Plenary meeting held in Bucharest on 26 May 2016. He explained that the definition is taken from the EUMC definition as there was not enough time to invent a new one." 2604:

examined over 250 articles and broadcast news segments of coverage of Labour's revised code of conduct on antisemitism, and found over 90 examples of misleading or inaccurate reporting. The research found evidence of "overwhelming source imbalance" in which coverage often entirely omitted critical

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plenary meeting of the IHRA on 30 May 2016, where its 31 member countries voted to adopt it. Weitzman later told a workshop that the definition was copied from the EUMC version as there was "not enough time to invent a new one". The decision to adopt the text was based on consensus among IHRA's 31

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report to Congress, noting that "a widely accepted definition of antisemitism can be useful in setting the parameters of the issue. Such a definition also helps to identify the statistics that are needed and focuses attention on the issues that policy initiatives should address ... The EUMC's

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The definition included the concept of collective antisemitism. Several examples relate to animus towards Israel, including both Holocaust inversion and the application of double standards to Israel. The definition states that "However, criticism of Israel similar to that leveled against any other

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was published in May 2004, along with a second report on perceptions of antisemitism based on interviews with European Jews. The antisemitism report was based on data collected by the 15 contact points of EUMC's monitoring network, RAXEN, then the robustness of the data evaluated by an independent

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wrote: "Unfortunately, the definition and the examples are poorly drafted, misleading, and in practice have led to the suppression of legitimate debate and freedom of expression. Nevertheless, clumsily worded as it is, the definition does describe the essence of antisemitism: irrational hostility

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wrote: "I fear this definition is imprecise, and isolates antisemitism from other forms of bigotry." He also said: "The text also carries dangers. It trails a list of 11 examples. Seven deal with criticism of Israel. Some of the points are sensible, some are not." He added: "Crucially, there is a

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A statement by the UK Delegation to the IHRA stated that "Any 'modified' version of the IHRA definition that does not include all of its 11 examples is no longer the IHRA definition. Adding or removing language undermines the months of international diplomacy and academic rigour that enabled this

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It is not antisemitic to criticise the Government of Israel, without additional evidence to suggest antisemitic intent. It is not antisemitic to hold the Israeli Government to the same standards as other liberal democracies, or to take a particular interest in the Israeli Government's policies or

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and that this subsumed the EUMC and went further. It also noted that "from the EUMC's evidence to the Committee", the "definition is in fact a work in progress and has not been recommended to states for adoption". However, it undertook to re-examine this if the EUMC's successor body, the FRA, did

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QC, an expert on freedom of speech and human rights, said that the working definition fails to cover the most insidious forms of hostility to Jewish people. He said that several of the examples are so loosely drafted that they are likely to chill free speech, legitimate criticisms of the Israeli

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did not advise that everything perceived as racist was ipso facto racist. He advised that reported incidents that were perceived by the victim as racist should be recorded and investigated as such. His purpose was to reverse the dismissive culture that characterised the reporting and policing of

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In January 2021, 66 UK Israeli academics wrote an open letter to Vice Chancellors, Members of Academic Senates, all other UK Academics and Students, calling on "all academic senates to reject governmental decrees to adopt it, or, where adopted already, act to revoke it", in response to Education

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The IHRA definition has been adopted for internal use by a number of government and political institutions. By 2018, according to Lerman, the IHRA definition had been formally adopted by 6 of the 31 governments whose countries are members of IHRA, though he notes that it is unclear whether those

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In July 2018, a statement signed by 39 left-wing Jewish organizations in 15 countries, including six based in the UK, was released criticising the working definition, declaring that it was "worded in such a way as to be easily adopted or considered by western governments to intentionally equate

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Advocates of the IHRA definition are vigorously supportive of Israel and link anti-Zionism with antisemitism even though the definition itself does not explicitly say as much… Over the past couple of years, dissatisfaction with the IHRA definition both on its own terms and with how it has been

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In a letter to European Union Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Baroness Catherine Ashton, the Simon Wiesenthal Centre's Director for International Relations, Dr. Shimon Samuels, noted 'The Trust has now, apparently, reversed its ruling following the Definition's removal,

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and the ACLU also urged the United Nations not to adopt the definition saying in a letter that "The IHRA definition has often been used to wrongly label criticism of Israel as antisemitic, and thus chill and sometimes suppress, non-violent protest, activism and speech critical of Israel and/or

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accused institutions of "dragging their feet" and warned that funding streams could be suspended. Following the letter, the UJS said that the number of adoptees rose to 48 while an open letter from a group of lawyers accused the education secretary of "improper interference" with universities'

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notes that the EUMC and IHRA definitions are set out differently. The EUMC 38-word working definition is distinguished from the rest of the text by being set in bold type. The same text in the IHRA definition is also in bold type, and enclosed in a box containing the longer part of a prefatory

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Antisemitism frequently charges Jews with conspiring to harm humanity, and it is often used to blame Jews for "why things go wrong". It is expressed in speech, writing, visual forms and action, and employs sinister stereotypes and negative character traits. (It may also be manifested on people

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The Nexus Task Force, created in November 2019, analyzes issues at the intersection of Israel and antisemitism. On its web site, titled "Israel and Antisemitism: Policy at the Nexus of Two Critical Issues", the task force has published the Nexus Document, described as "a resource designed for

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In February 2017, a letter signed by 243 British academics, who asserted that the "violation of the rights of Palestinians for more than 50 years" should not be silenced, contends "this definition seeks to conflate criticism of Israel with anti-Semitism" and raised concerns about muddying the

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must take into consideration the working definition of antisemitism, as well as the IHRA list of Contemporary Examples of Anti-Semitism, "to the extent that any examples might be useful as evidence of discriminatory intent", when investigating complaints, expanding Title VI to protect against

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In 2010, Stern wrote that "In the last five years, the definition has been increasingly used, because it provides a workable, non-ideological approach to task of identifying antisemitism." The definition was used by monitoring agencies and law enforcement officials in some European countries.

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of the AJC, a human rights lawyer, was critical of the EUMC's original definition, as it was confusing about when attacks on Jews related to the Israel/Palestine conflict could be considered antisemitic, and required investigators to know the intentions of attackers. Meanwhile, the EUMC asked

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is, that reads: "Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious

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discussion of the 'working definition' and wrongly presented it as consensual and universally adopted, whilst few news reports stated that mainstream academic and legal opinion was overwhelmingly critical of the IHRA definition, including formal opinions from four leading UK barristers.

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reported that the FRA told him around 2011 that: "Since its development we are not aware of any public authority in the EU that applies it FRA has no plans for any further development." He noted that an August 2010 FRA publication on antisemitism did not mention the working definition.

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it when considering matters such as disciplinary procedures. I will use my position as Secretary of State to write to all universities and local authorities to insist that they adopt the IHRA definition at the earliest opportunity. ... Failure to act in this regard is unacceptable.

2844:, as practising settler colonialism or calling for policies of boycott divestment or sanctions against Israel can properly be characterized as antisemitic. A public authority which sought to apply the IHRA Definition to prohibit or sanction such activities would be acting unlawfully. 2590:

definition to exist. If one organization or institution can amend the wording to suit its own needs, then logically anyone else could do the same. We would once again revert to a world where antisemitism goes unaddressed simply because different entities cannot agree on what it is."

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that the definition has been abused on various US university campuses. He warned that it could "restrict academic freedom and punish political speech" and questioned whether definitions created by minority groups should be legislatively enshrined, giving as one of several examples:

3152:, who contributed to the drafting of the IHRA definition and its examples, is an ex officio member of the Nexus Task Force. The "U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism", released on 25 May 2023, states that "the Administration welcomes and appreciates the Nexus Document." 2897:

towards Jews. The 11 examples are another matter. Seven of them refer to the state of Israel. This is where the problem arises. Some of them at least are not necessarily antisemitic. Whether they are or not depends on the context and on additional evidence of antisemitic intent."

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The EUMC working definition was prominently referenced by the OSCE Cordoba conference in June that year. According to Lerman, the definition was promoted by the AJC, other American Jewish organizations, national Jewish representative bodies, Jewish defence organizations, the

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Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious

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The stated purpose of the definition was to "provide a guide for identifying incidents, collecting data and supporting the implementation and enforcement of legislation dealing with antisemitism", and the working definition stated: "Antisemitism is a certain perception of

3133:, demonization, and double standards as a litmus test for the former. Sharansky's definition was partially incorporated into the EUMC working definition, although was seen by scholars who advocate for that, such as Ken Marcus, as insufficiently rigorous to be used alone. 2807:

A 6 June 2023 report from the European Legal Support Center, an activist defender of Palestinian rights in Europe, analyzes dozens of case studies and the report authors say that they show the IHRA definition being used to restrict freedom of expression and assembly.

1951:

on combating antisemitism on campus, under the title of The Anti-Semitism Awareness Act, to codify the working definition. It would require the US Department of Education to refer to the definition in deciding if educational institutions had violated Title VI of the

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In December 2019, Stern said: "It was created primarily so that European data collectors could know what to include and exclude. That way antisemitism could be monitored better over time and across borders. It was never intended to be a campus hate speech code ".

1631:(ODIHR) to work with the EUMC to develop better ways to monitor antisemitic incidents in OSCE countries. At the same time, according to Marcus, the EUMC, largely due to pressure from American Jewish organizations, scrapped its failed definition of antisemitism. 2881:

racial incidents. To derive from this fallacy a proposition that anything perceived by one or more Jewish people as antisemitic is legally an act of racism is not only absurd: it overlooks another aspect of legality, the right of free expression contained in

2093:

reported that "the governing plenary decided to adopt only the two-sentence passage as its definition, excluding the controversial examples. The examples were not endorsed as part of the working definition but as 'illustrations' to 'guide IHRA in its work'."

1762:, pro-Israel advocacy groups, and was approved by the OSCE and other pan-European organizations. According to Lerman, the EUMC working definition was widely criticized and the organization was put under pressure by supporters and critics of the definition. 2477:

stated that the council's refusal to host the charity event has vindicated concerns raised about the working definition and that it "demonstrates that freedom of expression on Palestine in this country is now being suppressed". The signatories included

1932:, published a letter stating that "It is a perversion of the definition to use it, as some are doing, in an attempt to censor what a professor, student, or speaker can say"; this generated significant controversy within the American Jewish community. 7560: 1660:"selected Jewish NGOs and academics to provide a simple working definition that would encompass antisemitic demonization of Israel, and which could also be used by their own RAXEN network of national focal points and by law enforcement agencies". 3183:, released in March 2021. This document, signed by some 200 international scholars, is intended to be used instead of the IHRA definition, or as a supplement to guide interpretation of the IHRA definition for groups that have already adopted it. 1750:, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities." 7672:"Leading British academics and Israeli citizens call on universities to reject the IHRA definition of antisemitism: The 66 scholars join a broadening coalition of left-to-moderate Jews across the world who oppose the controversial definition" 1963:

On 23 May 2018, the same bills were reintroduced with minor amendments. On 24 July 2018 they were referred again to the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice. The Bill was criticised as an attack on free speech, including by the

1531:

The definition has been heavily criticised by academics, including legal scholars, who say that it stifles free speech relating to criticism of Israeli actions and policies. High-profile controversies took place in the United Kingdom in 2011

1905:, after investigating campus antisemitism, adopted the definition, to help universities identify the lines between hateful and non-hateful incidents. According to the AJC, in 2007 the EUMC definition was adopted as "an initial guide" by the 2271:, Facebook responded by saying its definition "draws on the spirit—and the text—of the IHRA" but demonstrated reluctance to adopt the examples that relate to Israel, and critics of the definition also lobbied the company not to adopt it. 1699:

Antisemitism is hatred toward Jews because they are Jews and is directed toward the Jewish religion and Jews individually or collectively. More recently, antisemitism has been manifested in the demonization of the State of Israel.

7812: 1627:(OSCE)'s Berlin Declaration recognised that post WW2 antisemitism had changed and was now at times directed against Jews as a collective and Israel as an embodiment of the Jew. The Berlin Declaration also tasked the OSCE's 2466:

refused to host the fifth annual charity bike ride event in aid of Palestinian children in Gaza called BigRide4Palestine due to concerns that criticism of Israel would violate the IHRA working definition of antisemitism.

1729:

At the suggestion of the AJC, the EUMC director organized a meeting of Jewish representatives to discuss the new definition of antisemitism which had been drafted; the consultation involved representatives of the AJC and

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enforcement agencies and all political parties, to assist them in determining whether or not an incident or discourse can be regarded as antisemitic". The caveats were two additional clarifications designed to protect

5203:

Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel than to their interests of their own nation is listed by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance as an example of contemporary antisemitism in public

2043:

In November 2013, the FRA removed the definition from its website in "a clear-out of non-official documents"; a spokesperson stated at the time that "We are not aware of any official definition ". In April 2016,

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agency, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC). The publication was made "without formal review", and remained a working draft, until November 2013 when the EUMC's successor agency, the

7552: 1802:, and at the 2010 OSCE High Level Conference on Tolerance and Non-Discrimination in Astana urged participating states to use and promote the Working Definition. In February 2009, the first conference of the 7015: 3065:

passed a motion resolving that the definition could constitute a threat to freedom of expression by "conflating anti-semitism with criticism of Israel and legitimate defence of the rights of Palestinians."

1609:

or anti-Israel expression might be antisemitic (pp. 13–14) and highlighted the need to develop a common EU definition in order to collect and compare incidents across countries (pp. 25–29).

4452: 1708:

This was then followed by a list of illustrative examples, including five examples of the ways in which antisemitism manifests itself with regard to the State of Israel. According to both Marcus and

2724:, and criticism of Israeli actions and criticism of Zionism as a political ideology into the category of antisemitism and racially based violence towards, discrimination against, or abuse of, Jews. 6375: 6120: 2789:, affirming that "It contradicts universities' commitment to free speech and academic freedom, and it undermines the ongoing fight against racism, including antisemitism, in all its ugly forms." 2759:, published the first extended scholarly critique of the IHRA definition: "Legal Form and Legal Legitimacy: The IHRA Definition of Antisemitism as a Case Study in Censored Speech" in the journal 2015:(FRA), with a broader remit than racism and antisemitism. It has continued to deliver annual reports of antisemitic incidents in the EU countries, based on data from its national contact points. 3374: 2618:

then their code has been amended to include an interpretive annexe on discrimination, which does refer to the IHRA definition and says it was adopted in December 2016 (the date the Conservative

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On 26 May 2016, IHRA adopted a non-legally binding working definition of antisemitism. The IHRA adoption took place following the efforts of Mark Weitzman of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, at the

2320: 2149:

The European Parliament called for member states to adopt the IHRA definition on 1 June 2017 – although Lerman notes that this is without explicitly quoting the examples. As of 29 March 2019,

7237: 7132: 1504:(IHRA) in 2016. Accompanying the working definition, but of disputed status, are 11 illustrative examples whose purpose is described as guiding the IHRA in its work, seven of which relate to 5784: 5319: 2804:(CAUT), representing 72,000 academic faculty and staff at some 125 universities and colleges, passed a motion opposing the adoption of the IHRA definition by Canadian academic institutions. 3352: 6986: 1520:(FRA), removed it from its website in "a clear-out of non-official documents". The working definition was adopted by the IHRA Plenary (consisting of representatives from 31 countries) in 7076: 7166: 8220: 7671: 5333:, that Russia was the only country blocking the adoption of the definition, which is controversial because it lists some forms of hate speech on Israel as an example of anti-Semitism." 4828: 6264: 4221: 5493: 2316: 7045: 5247: 2390:

reported on antisemitism in the UK. Its report included a long section on defining antisemitism, including a discussion of the working definition, noting that the President of the

1601:

Any acts or attitudes that are based on the perception of a social subject (individual, group, institution, or state) as "the ('deceitful', 'corrupt', 'conspiratorial', etc.) Jew".

6015: 5554: 5525: 2534: 9308: 8165: 7098: 6734: 6697: 3078: 3398: 9380: 5217: 1960:. This hearing was held on 7 November 2017; it "took a heated turn" as four of the nine witnesses argued that the definition infringes on freedom of speech regarding Israel. 1874:

formally adopted the Working Definition at its 2007 Conference. Some individual students unions followed suit, although at others motions to do so were defeated. In 2011, the

8389: 5049: 7259: 3847: 8188: 4851: 4698: 7334: 6963: 6803: 8995: 7302: 6048: 8139: 6080: 4583: 2282:, as at 26 September 2021, the IHRA definition has been adopted by 29 countries, the European Union, and numerous local governments and institutions around the world. 2267:'s Board of Directors, calling upon them to fully adopt the IHRA definition as the "cornerstone of Facebook's hate speech policy regarding antisemitism". According to 1588:, including a total of 75 reports, 15 from each member state and a synthesis report. This was to be followed by a comparable report on antisemitism. A report entitled 5824: 1798:. By 2010 it was recommended in the course leaders' Facilitators Guide in the OSCE OHDIR programme to assist law enforcement officials to understand and investigate 419: 6937: 3891: 3032:

in Title VI cases, because it was being employed in an attempt to "restrict academic freedom and punish political speech." In November 2017, Stern explained to the

2177:

said that while Ireland was "supportive of the definition", it "did not consider the illustrative examples that followed to be an integral part of the definition".

8291: 7007: 4117: 2601: 2304:

Australia and Australia Palestine Advocacy Network expressed concerns that the IHRA definition could be used to silence criticism of Israeli policies and actions.

1893:

stated in a Sub-Report for the Parliamentary Committee Against Antisemitism that the definition had "largely has fallen out of favour" due to criticisms received.

1803: 8006: 4772: 6371: 5854: 4916: 2821: 2376: 1819: 5261: 3165:

Muslims, LGBTQ2+, women, Indigenous peoples." They explicitly limit their definition of antisemitism to behaviour "most often associated with white supremacy".

8243: 6330: 3604: 496: 5380: 2103:

countries adopted the attached examples. The countries adopting the IHRA definition also appointed a national coordinator for the fight against antisemitism.

6770: 6216: 4655: 2882: 2235: 2068:

The document included two sections, a two-sentence definition plus the list of 11 examples. IHRA's 38-word basic "working definition" of antisemitism reads:

1712:, the novel element in the draft definition was identifying certain forms of criticism of Israel and Zionism as antisemitic, and Marcus also highlights the " 1577:(EUMC) by Council Regulation (EC) No 1035/97 of 2 June 1997 and commenced in June 1998. Its mandate was to monitor different forms of racism and xenophobia. 357: 9552: 9154: 6852: 6165: 4444: 1537: 5186: 4303: 2052:

annual conference endorsing the definition, the FRA stated that the working definition "is not an official EU definition and has not been adopted by FRA".

1980: 1624: 649: 8806: 6110: 6084: 2640:, told their annual conference the definition was "politically engineered to restrict criticism of Israel's heinous crimes upon the Palestinian people". 2107: 1628: 1574: 1497: 9177: 7977: 4066: 1552:

of the definition on college campuses in ways that might suppress and limit free speech. The controversy over the definition led to the creation of the

8770: 6602: 6550: 3370: 2940: 2933: 2188: 1770:

In 2008, the European Forum on Antisemitism commissioned translations of the Working Definition into each of the 33 languages used by the OSCE states.

17: 8344: 7411: 4989: 4508: 1616:(ZfA) analyzed a pre-release version of the EUMC report. The ZfA report was leaked to the press and poorly received. According to civil rights lawyer 7769: 5431: 3106:, warning that the IHRA definition of antisemitism could limit free speech about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict at U.S. colleges and universities. 1850: 7501: 7229: 7124: 5471: 1663:

During 2003–04, involving the "efforts of a large number of institutes and individual experts", and coordinated by Stern, together with Dina Porat,

8923: 6393: 5315: 2575: 5666: 3874: 3348: 9730: 9504:"In the Matter of the Adoption and Potential Application of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance Working Definition of Anti-Semitism" 8810: 8574: 4891: 4633: 4530: 2983: 2018: 767: 654: 6982: 6531: 5576: 2383:

does include a working definition of antisemitism in their guidance to police forces in the UK", which was then quoted in full in the article.

2173:, Ireland has neither adopted nor formally endorsed the definition and on 9 November 2021, the Minister for Children, Equality and Integration, 8375: 7794: 7675: 7068: 5906: 3192: 2955: 2356: 1466: 1362: 7715: 7158: 6418: 5298: 1917:

working definition provides a useful framework for identifying and understanding the problem and is adopted for the purposes of this report."

1533: 9725: 8212: 7447: 1929: 1841:

in training prosecutors and judges. It was also adopted formally by other governmental and non-governmental organizations in some countries.

1794:

The definition was used to some extent by some intergovernmental and EU agencies. For example, the OSCE used the definition in a 2005 report

7203: 5647: 5116: 4824: 4352: 4259: 3576: 2292:

announced that Australia would formally adopt the IHRA definition. While the announcement was welcomed by Zionist advocacy groups including

1573:

The Commission on Racism and Xenophobia (CRX) (also known as the Kahn Commission) was established in 1994. The CRX was transformed into the

9483: 8628: 7483: 4954: 4217: 1807: 1501: 753: 424: 352: 8157: 7699: 5280: 2962: 7037: 2801: 2471:

concluded that the working definition was an obstacle to constructive criticism of Israel. Twenty three signatories of an open letter to

2049: 1871: 1039: 9251: 9094: 9055: 7864: 6025: 5806: 5550: 5518: 5489: 2720:

argued that this definition proscribed legitimate criticism of the human rights record of the Israeli Government by attempting to bring

1742:

final statement to be approved by the EU's political leadership: "for this reason, formal endorsement was neither sought nor obtained".

6670: 2840:

Properly understood in its own terms the IHRA Definition does not mean that activities such as describing Israel as a state enacting a

2344: 1906: 1179: 9312: 7895: 6726: 4378: 4188: 1829:

Canadian Members of Parliament adopted a resolution to combat antisemitism in 2007 that cited the EUMC definition, and the Australian

9425: 8902: 7370: 6142: 3394: 2773:

that it is either perfect or even fit for purpose. It is – in fact – neither" and that it is "deeply-flawed and much misunderstood".

335: 9372: 8943: 2969: 8412: 5042: 3971: 2593:

In September 2018, the NEC decided to add all 11 IHRA examples (unamended) to the definition of antisemitism. A few days later the

1902: 9633: 9352: 7316: 4326: 2690:

of adoption by the UN as demanded by supporters. Guterres recited the definition itself but not the examples. On 31 October 2022,

1983:, the Antisemitism Awareness Act, which mandates the use of the IHRA definition by the Department of Education, was passed in the 9114: 7352: 6576: 3843: 8686: 8198: 5997: 5446: 4139:"Fact Sheet, Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism, Washington, DC, 8 February 2007, "Working Definition" of Anti-Semitism" 3084:

In December 2020, an updated list of individuals and organizations opposed to the adoption of the Working Definition, including

553: 9720: 9197: 9134: 8600: 6959: 6826: 2951: 1984: 1944: 1347: 32:

This article is about the definition promulgated by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance. For other definitions of

9532: 8845:

Countering Contemporary Antisemitism in Britain: Government and Civil Society Responses between Universalism and Particularism

8470: 6795: 5629: 5602: 3742: 2183:

was the seventeenth country to adopt the IHRA definition (December 2019) as a useful guidance tool in education and training.

9623: 9232: 8878: 8853: 6448: 4142: 3180: 3174: 2675: 2437: 2223: 1716:" nature of the definition and its examples, i.e. its focus on pragmatic identification rather than scholarly understanding. 1553: 1378: 119: 37: 9503: 8136: 2040:

In 2013, the FRA confirmed that it did not have the authority to "either set or repudiate any definitions" of antisemitism.

7645: 7502:"Human Rights and other Civil Society Groups Urge United Nations to Respect Human Rights in the Fight Against Antisemitism" 5748: 5329:: "Koren's statement came as confirmation to reports, including by the president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, 5149: 4557: 4474: 4084: 3100: 2463: 2327:

claimed that adopting the IHRA definition would silence criticism of Israeli human rights abuses against the Palestinians.

1258: 231: 221: 174: 164: 8318: 8035: 2674:

stated that the government pressure "didn't go down well with university administrations" and that the arrival of the new

2355:

On May 25, 2023, the Biden administration did not fully embrace the IHRA definition of Anti Semitism when it launched the

9715: 6929: 6904: 2856: 2583: 2558: 1613: 761: 674: 340: 251: 214: 5351: 5248:"The 'IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism'. Fact-sheet and Recommendations issued by ECCP and Free Speech on Israel" 4113: 4046: 9463: 7429: 6491: 4614: 3626: 3085: 2793: 2652:(UJS) 29 of 133 universities had adopted the definition, with a further 80 institutions having no current plans to do. 1687:, and others, a proposed definition and set of examples was drafted. The draft working definition identified that some 1459: 959: 543: 330: 298: 276: 236: 7515:

Klug, Brian (March 2005). "Is Europe a lost cause? The European debate on antisemitism and the Middle East conflict".

5685: 5074: 9447: 8715: 5958: 5731: 4808: 3130: 3002: 2829: 2786: 2391: 1883: 1788: 1352: 667: 563: 476: 347: 9074: 4403: 3600: 6633: 5765: 3161: 2633: 1830: 575: 449: 281: 261: 6760: 3995:

All-Party Inquiry into Antisemitism: Government Response – One year on Progress Report, p. 6, Cm 7351, 12 May 2008

1956:

by tolerating antisemitic harassment. It was passed in the Senate, and on 22 December 2016 it was referred to the

644: 9371:

Sedley, Stephen; Janner-Klausner, Laura; Bindman, Geoffrey; Rose, Jacqueline; Kahn-Harris, Keith (27 July 2018).

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danger that the overall effect will place the onus on Israel's critics to demonstrate they are not antisemitic."

2297: 1909:

within the U.S. Department of State, stating that it "should not be construed ... as United States policy".

1189: 602: 568: 103: 9533:"Expert Opinion of the "Working Definition of Antisemitism" of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance" 7845: 5711: 4299: 2976: 8996:"We need principles, not rules, to fight antisemitism: the IHRA definition and the politics of defining racism" 6331:"Jeremy Corbyn supporters on NEC call for Labour members to be disciplined for 'vexatious' antisemitism claims" 6259: 4726: 3395:"SWC to EU Baroness Ashton: 'Return Anti-Semitism Definition Document to EU Fundamental Rights Agency Website'" 3096: 1965: 1034: 1024: 684: 612: 392: 286: 9580: 2586:, leading the NEC to announce that it would review the decision in consultation with the UK Jewish community. 9683: 4798: 4062: 3863:

Decision, Vilnius District 2 Court, Judge A. Cinnas, #A11-01087-497/2005, 7 July 2005. Cited in Porat, Dina,

2833: 2387: 2239: 1810:, calling to governments to expand the use of the Working Definition. The second annual conference, held in 1549: 1452: 1416: 1311: 1253: 949: 699: 382: 9397: 7099:"New MRC research finds inaccuracies and distortions in media coverage of antisemitism and the Labour Party" 2681:

As of May 2021, the student governments at 30 universities in the United States had adopted the definition.

1826:, including a commitment to "reaffirm the EUMC – now Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) – working definition". 8870: 4500: 2564: 2456: 1875: 1300: 607: 580: 397: 305: 293: 6698:"Communities minister Robert Jenrick vows to tackle parts of local Government 'corrupted' by antisemitism" 6628: 6277: 2428:

and signed by 39 mainly Labour MPs welcomed the UK's formal adoption of the definition and noted that the

8953:"Legal Form and Legal Legitimacy: The IHRA Definition of Antisemitism as a Case Study in Censored Speech" 4699:"Bulgaria among 11 EU countries lacking official data on anti-Semitic incidents – European rights agency" 3129:

developed what he called the "three D" test to distinguish antisemitism from criticism of Israel, giving

3033: 2519: 2286: 2011:

The EUMC never granted any official status to the definition. In 2007, the EU replaced the EUMC with the

1540:

in 2018. The definition has been contested for weaknesses that critics say lend themselves to abuse, for

1511:

The definition was developed during 2003–04 and first published on 28 January 2005 on the website of the

1337: 246: 8771:"This Labour Party row will not be settled by relying on a flawed and faulty definition of antisemitism" 9735: 5187:"US House of Representatives votes to condemn antisemitism after Ilhan Omar's 'Israel loyalty' remarks" 3868: 2877: 2594: 2312: 747: 194: 9329: 8799: 6212: 3464:

deployed in the public sphere led two separate groups of people to develop what became the ND and JDA.

9740: 9710: 9543: 9406: 9065: 8691: 8475:

Brandeis Center - Advance the civil and human rights of the Jewish people and promote justice for all

5880: 3020: 2825: 2728: 2661: 2275: 2012: 1879: 1652: 1517: 1322: 1194: 364: 159: 154: 147: 9634:"Written Testimony of Kenneth S. Stern; Executive Director, Justus & Karin Rosenberg Foundation" 4852:"Report: The Independent Columnist Mira Bar Hillel Wrong on EU Anti-Semitism Definition Repudiation" 3921: 3899: 9705: 7388: 3204: 3120: 3062: 2756: 2649: 2452: 2348: 2255:

companies to fully adopt the working definition, and the following month 120 organizations, led by

2114:. The United Kingdom was the first country to adopt the definition (12 December 2016), followed by 2090: 1953: 1731: 1680: 1383: 1367: 1317: 1199: 694: 256: 129: 98: 9607: 3627:"Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: Diplomatic Progress in Combating Antisemitism The antisemitism" 9700: 9023: 8830: 7008:"Statement by Experts of the UK Delegation to the IHRA on the Working Definition of Antisemitism" 4917:"Statement by Experts of the UK Delegation to the IHRA on the Working Definition of Antisemitism" 3569: 3074: 3055: 2929: 2614: 2371:

In March 2016, the UK government published a short article on defining antisemitism, authored by

2278:, as at August, 2021, a total of 32 countries have adopted the IHRA definition. According to the 1996: 1973: 1332: 1084: 934: 821: 325: 266: 169: 93: 5218:"What is the IHRA definition of antisemitism? And why has Labour outraged Jews by rejecting it?" 4946: 4584:"Jewish Democrat Sara Jacobs on voting against bill: Anti-Zionism not 'inherently' antisemitism" 4432: 4063:

House of Commons Home Affairs Committee, Antisemitism in the UK, Tenth Report of Session 2016–17

9334: 9270:

Porat, Dina (2011). "The International Working Definition of Antisemitism and Its Detractors".

8244:"First-ever: 40+ Jewish groups worldwide oppose equating antisemitism with criticism of Israel" 5405: 4428: 4283: 2865: 2626: 2491: 2034: 1890: 1796:

Education on the Holocaust and Antisemitism: An Overview and Analysis of Educational Approaches

1644: 1342: 1305: 874: 491: 486: 320: 315: 271: 226: 204: 199: 179: 9222: 9198:"I warned that adopting the IHRA would shut down Palestinian protest – I've been proved right" 4287: 2563:

In December 2016, Labour adopted the working definition. It was formally accepted at the 2017

1597:. The report included a section on definitions, which concluded by proposing this definition: 9243:"Seminar: Turning words into action to address anti-Semitism, intolerance and discrimination" 8843: 8687:"Over 200 scholars create new anti-Semitism definition that excludes backing Israel boycotts" 7517: 6474: 2886: 2212: 2161:

have also adopted the IHRA definition. In November 2019, Greek Prime Minister announced that

2037:' to define similar accusations against Jews for using the Holocaust to manipulate non-Jews. 1442: 1270: 1049: 737: 727: 717: 639: 622: 444: 434: 414: 409: 310: 241: 189: 184: 51: 7885: 7430:"UN advisor cites 'human rights concerns' in call to reject popular antisemitism definition" 2211:

proposed a measure to adopt the definition, and the measure was accepted unanimously by the

8791: 7813:

Suppressing Palestinian Rights Advocacy through the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism

6765: 5551:"Defining Anti-Semitism: A Conversation With the EU Coordinator on Combating Anti-Semitism" 4184: 2841: 2256: 1948: 1859: 1833:. According to Andrew Baker of the AJC, the definition is used by the Justice Ministers of 1426: 1233: 1184: 1129: 887: 827: 712: 501: 8795: 1560:, both of which expressly draw distinctions between antisemitism and criticism of Israel. 8: 9434: 7770:"Canadian Association of University Teachers Says No to Academic Censorship on Palestine" 7335:"Williamson wrong to force universities to abide by antisemitism definition, say lawyers" 5983: 5855:"Jewish Community Applauds First Greek Ministry to Adopt IHRA Definition of Antisemitism" 4746: 2797: 2721: 2579: 2433: 2380: 2174: 2169:'s National Assembly called on the government to adopt the IHRA definition. According to 2086: 2045: 2025:

Following on from the EUMC's 2004 report, the FRA's 2012 report on antisemitism equates "

1688: 1648: 1541: 1505: 1275: 1174: 1167: 858: 538: 481: 439: 8523: 4656:"1,200 Jewish professors call on Senate to reject controversial antisemitism definition" 4531:"The Anti-Semitism Awareness Act doesn't restrict free speech—it helps prevent bullying" 9600:

Sub-Report commissioned to assist the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism

9295: 9060: 8975: 8265: 8193: 7534: 6494:. "I am therefore pleased to confirm that I have adopted the IHRA's working definition" 6020: 4018: 3864: 2901: 2752: 2699: 2691: 2671: 2597:

voted by a majority of 205 to adopt the unamended definition to their standing orders.

2448: 1243: 1149: 1069: 1054: 897: 780: 775: 722: 632: 402: 8497: 7412:"UN head skirts adoption of IHRA antisemitism definition in Holocaust memorial speech" 5432:"New office will tackle racism in federal institutions as part of $ 45M national plan" 1651:, proposed the idea for a common definition during an NGO conference organized by the 1134: 964: 9619: 9553:"Trump Signs Order Against Anti-Semitism At Colleges, Worrying Free Speech Advocates" 9299: 9287: 9228: 9218: 9042: 8979: 8874: 8849: 8452: 7538: 6853:"FactCheck: Labour rulebook doesn't mention IHRA antisemitism definition or examples" 6166:"Trump Signs Order Against Anti-Semitism At Colleges, Worrying Free Speech Advocates" 6115: 6081:"New Zealand becomes an Observer of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance" 5931: 5262:"Controversial anti-Semitism 'definition' faces resistance over free speech concerns" 4804: 4558:"House passes antisemitism bill as Johnson highlights campus protests | CNN Politics" 3447: 2769: 2636:

did not adopt the definition. Their home affairs spokesman and former deputy leader,

2571: 2396: 1855: 1759: 1672: 1617: 1293: 1029: 809: 679: 590: 558: 516: 9019:"The IHRA Definition of Antisemitism: Defining Antisemitism by Erasing Palestinians" 4160:"Contemporary Global Anti-Semitism: A Report Provided to the United States Congress" 3867:, Stephen Roth Institute; Stern, Kenneth, "The Working Definition – A Reappraisal", 2215:, with Albania becoming the first Muslim country to formally adopt the definition). 9647: 9611: 9526:. The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism. 9421: 9283: 9279: 9032: 8967: 8753: 8442: 8404: 8349: 7714:

Bakan, Abigail B.; Paz, Alejandro I.; Zalik, Anna; Cowen, Deborah (11 April 2021).

7526: 6504: 4159: 3149: 3142: 3061:

In May 2018, the members' conference of the British civil liberties advocacy group

3024: 2893: 2778: 2656: 2479: 2429: 2421: 2347:. The order specifies that agencies responsible for enforcement of Title VI of the 2026: 1656: 1594: 1545: 1119: 1064: 1004: 869: 627: 471: 429: 124: 41: 9242: 8292:"Americans for Peace Now Refuses to Adopt 'Weaponized' Definition of Antisemitism" 8109: 5907:"Israel-Advocacy Groups Urge Facebook to Label Criticism of Israel as Hate Speech" 4800:

Europe as a Multiple Modernity: Multiplicity of Religious Identities and Belonging

4138: 2648:

According to the results of a Freedom of Information request filed in 2020 by the

2142:

adopted the IHRA definition of antisemitism and appointed Deputy Foreign Minister

9444:"Should a major university system have a particular definition of anti-Semitism?" 9202: 9155:"Why turning to Jewish exceptionalism to fight antisemitism is a failing project" 8924:"Will Britain's new definition of antisemitism help Jewish people? I'm sceptical" 8864: 8775: 8143: 6990: 6967: 6049:"Australian government to adopt international group's definition of antisemitism" 5330: 5323: 4773:"Why turning to Jewish exceptionalism to fight antisemitism is a failing project" 4192: 4146: 4070: 4050: 3878: 3851: 3608: 3378: 3356: 3126: 3089: 2666: 2441: 2417: 2413: 2412:

Subsequently, the definition has been adopted by some 120 UK councils and by the

2340: 2301: 2158: 1992: 1823: 1411: 1109: 1044: 1019: 1014: 999: 989: 979: 954: 732: 707: 9435:

The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism

9399:

Antisemitism Today: How It Is the Same, How It Is Different, and How to Fight It

8889: 8748: 8447: 8430: 7886:"Leading lawyer rounds on 'unclear and confusing' IHRA anti-Semitism definition" 7649: 7188: 6877: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6304: 6229: 5141: 3179:

Objections to the IHRA Definition of Antisemitism motivated the creation of the

1958:

United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice

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Sidestepping Lethal Antisemitism – The EU's Response in the Aftermath of Terror

8834: 8213:"Far-left Jewish groups slam 'false accusations of anti-Semitism' against them" 7846:"Biden Embraces Antisemitism Definition That Has Upended Free Speech in Europe" 6376:"Government Response to Home Affairs Committee Report: 'Anti-Semitism in the UK 6211:

Foreign & Commonwealth Office and The Rt Hon Lord Pickles (30 March 2016).

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It has also been adopted by religious and educational institutions such as the

2425: 2360: 2289: 2219: 2143: 1684: 1557: 1512: 1238: 1154: 1144: 1139: 974: 916: 548: 209: 80: 76: 9655: 9245:. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE). 16–17 June 2016. 8408: 7530: 6190: 4825:

Antisemitism Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2001–2011

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formally became an observer of the IHRA. The announcement was welcomed by the

1737:

On 28 January 2005, the EUMC published on its website a working definition of

9694: 9599: 9484:"I drafted the definition of antisemitism. Rightwing Jews are weaponizing it" 9291: 9255: 9181: 9158: 9135:"Labour's code of conduct isn't antisemitic – it's a constructive initiative" 9118: 9046: 9014: 8999: 8971: 8831:"'Anti-antisemitism' was meant to unite American Jews. Why is it backfiring?" 8456: 6348: 6111:"Govt decision to join International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance welcomed" 4043: 3451: 3431: 2740: 2523: 2511: 2468: 2260: 2208: 2081: 1912:

In 2008, the State Department again endorsed the Working Definition in their

1709: 1406: 1327: 1211: 1104: 1089: 1059: 939: 689: 9178:"Labour should ditch the IHRA working definition of antisemitism altogether" 9037: 9018: 8952: 7978:"Government definition of antisemitism not fit, says Geoffrey Robertson, QC" 7038:"Leaks, antisemitism and democracy review – Alice Perry's latest NEC report" 6265:

report, oral and written evidence and government response on the HAC website

4634:"Will the US adopt IHRA's anti-Semitism definition? What's the controversy?" 595: 6053: 3435: 2872: 2507: 2503: 2473: 2372: 2336: 2252: 2170: 2030: 1936: 1738: 1676: 1668: 1606: 1581: 1492: 1421: 1280: 1221: 1124: 1009: 994: 832: 523: 67: 59: 7740: 7716:"Jewish scholars defend the right to academic freedom on Israel/Palestine" 1787:, it was referred to in a successful criminal case against an editor of a 617: 8682: 8266:"APN Letter to CoP Regarding the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism" 7890: 5716: 5347: 5343: 2782: 2695: 2637: 2515: 2495: 2487: 2379:, which stated "for those seeking a definition of antisemitism, the UK's 2308: 2268: 2227: 2000: 1988: 1969: 1925: 1878:

passed a resolution opposing the use of the definition, which led to the

1114: 815: 528: 464: 6551:"King's College London adopts international definition of anti-Semitism" 5807:"Albania becomes first Muslim country to adopt anti-Semitism definition" 4475:"ACLU Statement on Senate Introduction of 'Anti-Semitism Awareness Act'" 8657: 7830: 7284: 7230:"Green Party fails to adopt IHRA antisemitism definition at Conference" 6230:"Jeremy Corbyn's response to anti-Semitism in Labour criticised by MPs" 5472:"Bulgaria appoints national coordinator for fight against antisemitism" 4856: 4260:"It's Jew vs. Jew as Congress weighs a new definition for antisemitism" 3092:

blogs by the National Coordinator of Independent Jewish Voices Canada.

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In addition, at a sub-national or institutional level, the US state of

1799: 1713: 1640: 1485:

International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance definition of antisemitism

1388: 1216: 1099: 1094: 1074: 984: 969: 944: 892: 742: 533: 459: 9095:"Why all Labour members need to read parliament's antisemitism report" 7465: 6603:"UK council refused to host Palestinian event over antisemitism fears" 6419:"Hackney votes to adopt anti-semitism definition at Town Hall meeting" 5667:"Promised Government action on anti-Semitism is just blah, blah, blah" 5117:"Comparing Israel to Nazis is anti-Semitic, 31 Western states declare" 4892:"EU body disowns antisemitism 'definition' endorsed at NUS conference" 4827:(Report). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. pp. 3–4. 4379:"New legislation seeks to define anti-Semitism in US education system" 4218:"Cary Nelson and Kenneth Stern Pen Open Letter on Campus Antisemitism" 1568: 7982: 7700:"Imposing an antisemitism definition on academics undermines freedom" 7204:"FactCheck: Conservative party rulebook doesn't mention antisemitism" 6394:"UK adopts antisemitism definition to combat hate crime against Jews" 4445:"Bill to fight rising anti-Semitism on campus introduced in Congress" 3371:"EU anti-racism agency unable to define anti-Semitism, official says" 2196: 2187:

adopted the IHRA definition in January 2020, and appointed Professor

2150: 2061: 1940: 1784: 1664: 1521: 1265: 882: 852: 847: 387: 9464:"RE: Oppose H.R. 6421/S. 10 The Anti-Semitism Awareness Act of 2016" 8548: 7764: 7762: 6436:

it yet are Westminster, Kensington and Chelsea, and as yet Hackney.'

5093: 2918: 2848:

He presented his legal opinion on the new working definition at the

8114: 7795:"Canada: academics vote to reject IHRA definition of anti-Semitism" 7448:"128 scholars ask UN not to adopt IHRA definition of anti-Semitism" 6983:"IHRA warns Labour against undermining its antisemitism definition" 6492:

Mayor of London's Question Time, 10 August 2017, Question 2017/3115

5577:"Lithuania to apply the uniform working definition of antisemitism" 5381:"Jewish groups urge EU Parliament to adopt antisemitism definition" 5281:"IHRA 'misrepresents' own definition of anti-Semitism, says report" 4732:

JUSTICE The International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists

4467: 3884: 2736:

definition of anti-Semitism and restricting free debate on Israel.

2444:, and over 120 local councils had formally adopted the definition. 2404:

actions, without additional evidence to suggest antisemitic intent.

2264: 2247: 2139: 2123: 1357: 1227: 842: 585: 9424:(2010). "The Working Definition of Antisemitism – A Reappraisal". 8800:"Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001" 8390:"So what's new? Rethinking the 'new antisemitism' in a global age" 7484:"Rights groups urge UN not to adopt IHRA anti-Semitism definition" 7466:"Scholars to UN: Don't adopt 'weaponised' antisemitism definition" 7317:"Antisemitism definition is undermining free speech | Letter" 7125:"Flawed reporting on antisemitism claims against the Labour party" 5490:"EU Parliament votes in favor of adopting antisemitism definition" 2359:

despite significant pressure to do so, but noted it alongside the

8575:"Understanding Antisemitism at its Nexus with Israel and Zionism" 8158:"Liberty members warn against IHRA's definition of anti-semitism" 7759: 4988:

Oryszczuk, Stephen; Frazer, Jenni; Ryan, Joan (5 November 2012).

4501:"The anti-semitism awareness act is back: Free speech is at risk" 4044:"Sub-Report for the Parliamentary Committee Against Antisemitism" 3854:. European Union Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. 2004 3186: 2231: 2204: 2154: 2135: 2127: 2119: 1838: 1834: 1692: 1525: 910: 903: 864: 837: 9370: 8471:"The Louis D. Brandeis Center FAQs About Defining Anti-Semitism" 7865:"Adoption of anti-Semitism definition curbs free speech: Report" 7646:"Call to reject the IHRA's 'working definition of antisemitism'" 7285:"University formally adopts the IHRA definition of antisemitism" 6532:"Church adopts antisemitism definition and backs Holy Land work" 6359: 4220:. American Association of University Professors. 20 April 2011. 3343:

Great Britain. Department for Communities and Local Government.

2629:

formally adopted the IHRA definition with the working examples.

2535:

Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government

5881:"Social media giants: free speech is not hate speech - Opinion" 3079:

Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations

2820:

QC, who had been asked to give an opinion on the definition by

2755:, Professor of Islamic world and comparative literature at the 2200: 2192: 2180: 2166: 2162: 2131: 2115: 2111: 1815: 1811: 1248: 1204: 454: 5630:"Greece to officially adopt broad definition of anti-Semitism" 5398: 4344: 4114:"Defining Anti-Semitism Is The First Step Towards Stopping It" 3972:"Defining Anti-Semitism Is The First Step Towards Stopping It" 3505: 1822:

and the Canadian Government on November 7–9, 2010, issued the

1704:

mistaken as Jews, or on non-Jews seen as sympathetic to Jews.)

7371:"Universities – the new battlefield in the antisemitism wars" 7159:"The IHRA definition of antisemitism: where UK parties stand" 7069:"Labour votes for full antisemitism terms in standing orders" 4152: 2293: 2184: 2146:

as national co-ordinator for the fight against antisemitism.

803: 9073:

International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (26 May 2016).

8866:

The European Union, Antisemitism, and the Politics of Denial

4615:"800 Jewish scholars urge Biden to reject antisemitism bill" 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3677: 3675: 9115:"The Code of Conduct for Antisemitism: a tale of two texts" 8944:"Database: Challenging the IHRA Definition of Antisemitism" 8601:"Guide to Identifying Antisemitism in Debates about Israel" 8007:"In Defense of the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism" 7707: 6577:"Four universities reject UK's definition of anti-Semitism" 4404:"What is the Anti-Semitism Awareness Act Really All About?" 4396: 3324: 3322: 3320: 1747: 1585: 9522:

Whine, Michael (2010). "Short History of the Definition".

8319:"Who's against adopting the IHRA antisemitism definition?" 7303:"Universities threatened with defunding over antisemitism" 6878:"Chief rabbi: Labour should toughen up anti-Semitism code" 6870: 4981: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3426: 3424: 2296:(the Australia/Israel and Jewish Affairs Council) and the 2165:

was set to adopt the IHRA definition. On 5 December 2019,

1987:

by a margin of 320 to 91. The bill was introduced by Rep.

9252:"How to break the impasse on Labour's anti-semitism mess" 6905:"Jewish groups slam Labour's new antisemitism guidelines" 5447:"Germany adopts international definition of antisemitism" 4727:"Improving Legal and Other Protections for Europe's Jews" 4370: 3716: 3672: 3660: 2660:

autonomy and right to free expression. In February 2021,

2245:

Israel's Minister of Strategic Affairs wrote an op-ed in

1580:

In 2002, it published a large-scale monitoring report on

1548:, who contributed to the original draft, has opposed the 9648:"Knesset finally adopts IHRA definition of antisemitism" 9524:

The Working Definition of Antisemitism – Six Years After

9427:

The Working Definition of Antisemitism – Six Years After

9309:"IHRA definition of antisemitism is not fit for purpose" 7922: 6671:"Freedom of expression on Palestine is being suppressed" 6192:

Launch of U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism

5648:"French parliament decides anti-Zionism is antisemitism" 4883: 3870:

The Working Definition of Antisemitism – Six Years After

3774: 3772: 3770: 3547: 3481: 3345:

All-party inquiry into antisemitism: government response

3317: 3168: 3109: 2459:

called for the union to formally reject the definition.

2048:

reported that, in response to a motion passed at the UK

1804:

Inter-parliamentary Coalition for Combating Antisemitism

8110:"Labour's ruling body holds crunch anti-Semitism talks" 6449:"Assembly backs international anti-Semitism guidelines" 5924: 5067: 3699: 3575:. European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. 3421: 2377:

Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government

1886:

describing the union as "institutionally antisemitic".

1820:

Canadian Parliamentary Coalition to Combat Antisemitism

9650: ; Zvika klein; The Jerusalem Post. 23 June 2022. 9602:. Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 1 January 2015 8241: 8189:"39 Jewish left-wing groups pen letter supporting BDS" 7958: 7910: 7626: 7614: 7592: 7590: 6653: 6651: 6441: 6385: 5785:"Albania joins global efforts to combat anti-Semitism" 5603:"Moldova Endorses Accepted Definition of Antisemitism" 4680: 4678: 4676: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3469: 1634: 1542:

obstructing campaigning for the rights of Palestinians

9353:"Debate continues over Labour's code on antisemitism" 9056:"Switzerland adopts IHRA definition of anti-Semitism" 8345:"ACLU Warns Against Adopting Antisemitism Definition" 8080: 8078: 8076: 8063: 8061: 8059: 7818:(Report). European Legal Support Center. 6 June 2023. 6818: 6411: 5898: 5872: 4990:"31 countries adopt broader anti-Semitism definition" 4085:"Why universities need a definition of anti-Semitism" 3998: 3767: 3687: 3648: 3636: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 2883:

article 10 of the European convention on human rights

2236:

Ministry of Education, Research and Religious Affairs

8829:

Brown, Nathan J.; Nerenberg, Daniel (13 June 2023).

8629:"The U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism" 8180: 7553:"Free speech on Israel under attack in universities" 6790: 6788: 6727:"Labour adopts IHRA antisemitism definition in full" 6016:"Australia endorses IHRA definition of antisemitism" 5352:"Government leads the way in tackling anti-Semitism" 5169: 5167: 4236: 4198: 3922:"The 2010 Ottawa Protocol on Combating Antisemitism" 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3757: 3755: 3601:"Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002–2003" 3570:"Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002-2003" 3524: 3522: 3520: 3493: 1981:

2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses

1625:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

1498:

European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia

9581:"Understanding the IHRA definition of antisemitism" 8807:

European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia

7946: 7934: 7602: 7587: 7353:"UCL board rejects IHRA definition of antisemitism" 6648: 6497: 6219:, College of Policing 2014, section 3.2.3 pp.35–28. 5766:"Argentina adopts IHRA definition of anti-Semitism" 4987: 4673: 4377:Cortellessa, Eric; Horovitz, David (6 April 2018). 4376: 4327:"Congress Is Trying To Decide Who's An Anti-Semite" 3963: 3892:"The London Declaration on Combating Anti-Semitism" 3784: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3251: 3155: 2108:

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

2085:sentence that begins outside the box. According to 1629:

Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights

1575:

European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia

1569:

European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia

8946:. Foundation for Middle East Peace. pp. 1–49. 8714: 8310: 8090: 8073: 8056: 7713: 7698: 7575: 6896: 4969: 4253: 4251: 3951: 3939: 3294: 1999:(R-Ohio). A dissenting opinion was shared by Rep. 1590:Manifestations of antisemitism in the EU 2002–2003 9656:"Applying the Working Definition of Antisemitism" 6785: 6085:New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 5164: 4318: 3803: 3752: 3564: 3562: 3517: 2319:as a means of combating racism and antisemitism. 1851:All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism 9692: 8572: 8521: 8431:"Fighting Anti-Semitism in Contemporary Germany" 8387: 7389:"U.S. Campus Adoption of the Working Definition" 5825:"Fact Sheet: Working Definition of Antisemitism" 3914: 3263: 2106:In late 2016, adoption of the definition by the 1774:According to Stern, by 2010, the definition had 7880: 7878: 6827:"Antisemitism: Labour's tussle with definition" 5878: 5749:"Serbia adopts IHRA definition of antisemitism" 5686:"Cyprus adopts IHRA definition of antisemitism" 5075:"Quebec adopts IHRA definition of antisemitism" 4947:"To fight anti-Semitism, you have to define it" 4248: 2207:in October 2020 (Albanian Member of Parliament 8828: 6960:"Read Labour's new definition of antisemitism" 6322: 6222: 5732:"Italy adopts IHRA definition of antisemitism" 5374: 5372: 4721: 4719: 3559: 3541: 3193:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism 3187:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism 2357:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism 2199:adopted the IHRA definition in June 2020, and 2191:as national coordinator against antisemitism. 1605:The report also explored the question of when 1363:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism 7828: 7733: 5677: 5513: 5511: 5108: 4797:Topić, Martina; Sremac, Srdjan, eds. (2014). 4696: 4523: 4300:"Examining Anti-Semitism on College Campuses" 3839: 3837: 3835: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3381:, Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 4 December 2013. 1930:American Association of University Professors 1765: 1491:, is a non-legally binding statement on what 1460: 9540:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance 8903:"Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism" 8790: 8598: 8495: 8364: 7875: 7391:. American Jewish Committee. 11 January 2021 6754: 6752: 6720: 6718: 6305:"Can Labour detoxify the anti-Semitism row?" 6296: 6143:"Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism" 5998:"Madrid adopts IHRA antisemitism definition" 5950: 5832:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance 5742: 4909: 4350: 4324: 3553: 3397:. Simon Wiesenthal Center. 6 November 2013. 3389: 3387: 1808:London Declaration on Combating Antisemitism 1502:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance 8749:"Why the antisemitism definition is flawed" 8719:[Anti-Semitism clearly redefined]. 5712:"Cabinet approves anti-semitism definition" 5369: 5336: 4843: 4796: 4716: 4690: 4076: 3926:B'nai B'rith Canada/League for Human Rights 2802:Canadian Association of University Teachers 9227:. Oxford University Press. pp. 161–. 8712: 7545: 7260:Higher Education Institution Adoption Date 7152: 7150: 6270: 5724: 5508: 5464: 5438: 5142:"New Labour anti-Semitism code criticised" 5036: 5034: 4764: 4107: 4105: 4010: 3832: 3614: 2703:Zionism, including in the US and Europe." 2608: 1907:Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism 1467: 1453: 9501: 9306: 9036: 8994:Gould, Rebecca Ruth (19 November 2018b). 8768: 8746: 8623: 8621: 8446: 8381: 8036:"IHRA WORKING DEFINITION OF ANTISEMITISM" 7970: 7964: 7928: 7916: 7831:"Weaponizing the Antisemitism Accusation" 7632: 7620: 7195: 6844: 6749: 6715: 5986:. American Jewish Committee. 17 May 2019. 4738: 3384: 3339: 3337: 3003:Learn how and when to remove this message 2386:In October 2016, the cross-party Commons 9608:"Conceptualizing Anti-Jewish Hate Crime" 9249: 9053: 8941: 8186: 7648:. Israeli Academics - UK. Archived from 6758: 6529: 6328: 5904: 5342: 5114: 4697:Leviev-Sawyer, Clive (9 November 2017). 4581: 3487: 3446:(1). Indiana University Press: 133–145. 3436:"Who's Afraid of Defining Antisemitism?" 2785:, opposed the Working Definition in the 1903:United States Commission on Civil Rights 798: 9605: 9550: 9530: 9172: 9152: 8921: 8841: 8716:"Antisemitismus neu und klar definiert" 8681: 8374:was invoked but never defined (see the 8242:Jewish Voice for Peace (17 July 2018). 8155: 8004: 7221: 7147: 7066: 6902: 6824: 6724: 6278:"CARJ Briefing – Defining Antisemitism" 6253: 6251: 6163: 6046: 5776: 5581:Government of the Republic of Lithuania 5134: 5031: 4817: 4790: 4684: 4653: 4325:Cohler-Esses, Larry (9 November 2017). 4257: 4102: 4082: 4004: 3797: 3511: 3430: 3311: 3257: 3114: 2455:. However, in 2017 a resolution to the 1534:within the University and College Union 1496:facilities." It was first published by 27:IHRA-approved statement on antisemitism 14: 9731:Definition of antisemitism controversy 9693: 9578: 9350: 9327: 9307:Robertson, Geoffrey (31 August 2018). 9217: 9195: 8993: 8950: 8887: 8862: 8618: 8429:Younes, Anna-Esther (1 October 2020). 8428: 8342: 8316: 7952: 7940: 7608: 7596: 7227: 7156: 7135:from the original on 30 September 2018 7079:from the original on 17 September 2018 7048:from the original on 17 September 2018 6806:from the original on 17 September 2018 6737:from the original on 16 September 2018 6695: 6657: 6574: 6548: 6391: 6302: 5959:"Redefining anti-Semitism on Facebook" 5956: 5879:Farkash-Hacohen, Orit (22 July 2020). 5782: 5215: 4877: 4849: 4242: 4204: 3957: 3945: 3778: 3729: 3693: 3681: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3475: 3334: 3328: 2939:Please improve this section by adding 2352:discrimination based on antisemitism. 2138:(20 September 2017). In October 2017, 1724: 1683:'s Michael Whine, human rights expert 1348:Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism 9653: 9632: 9521: 9481: 9462:Stern, Kenneth S. (6 December 2016). 9461: 9441: 9420: 9395: 9373:"How should antisemitism be defined?" 9338:. Vol. 39, no. 9. p. 8 9269: 9132: 9112: 9092: 9013: 8713:Wendenburg, Valerie (26 March 2021). 8573:Nexus Task force (22 November 2020). 8522:Nexus Task Force (24 February 2021). 8463: 8422: 8168:from the original on 6 September 2018 8096: 8084: 8067: 7843: 7581: 6930:"Labour rejects anti-Semitism claims" 6761:"New Jewish group launched in Labour" 6600: 5852: 5799: 5709: 5378: 5278: 5173: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4889: 4770: 4744: 4649: 4647: 4612: 4555: 4111: 4016: 3969: 3826: 3761: 3749:, Tel Aviv University, 2005, pp. 5–17 3710: 3582:from the original on 29 December 2009 3528: 3499: 3366: 3364: 3288: 3181:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 3175:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 3169:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 3110:Competing definitions of antisemitism 2892:In July 2018, human rights solicitor 2676:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 2438:Greater Manchester Combined Authority 2321:Palestine Solidarity Network Aotearoa 2224:United States Department of Education 1554:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 1379:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 425:during the Israel-Hamas war (2023-24) 120:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 38:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 9726:Opposition to antisemitism in Europe 9551:Wamsley, Laurel (11 December 2019). 9241: 9075:"Working Definition of Antisemitism" 9072: 8769:Alderman, Geoffrey (31 July 2019b). 8747:Alderman, Geoffrey (12 July 2019a). 8102: 7514: 7240:from the original on 17 October 2018 7157:Weaver, Matthew (5 September 2018). 7117: 6940:from the original on 23 October 2018 6626: 6260:10th Report – Antisemitism in the UK 6248: 6164:Wamsley, Laurel (11 December 2019). 5984:"Adoption of the Working Definition" 5683: 5444: 5299:"Working Definition of Antisemitism" 5099: 5025: 5013: 4975: 3844:"Working definition of Antisemitism" 2952:"Working definition of antisemitism" 2912: 2600:Later in the month, a report by the 2464:Tower Hamlets London Borough Council 2259:, which is funded by philanthropist 1943:introduced a bipartisan bill in the 9482:Stern, Kenneth (13 December 2019). 8922:Feldman, David (28 December 2016). 8369: 8343:Alonso, Johanna (8 February 2024). 7563:from the original on 27 August 2018 7201: 7169:from the original on 1 October 2018 7018:from the original on 25 August 2018 6850: 6759:Sugarman, Daniel (25 August 2017). 6329:Sugarman, Daniel (30 August 2018). 5664: 5406:"Next steps on tackling hate crime" 5055:from the original on 25 August 2018 4850:Levitt, Joshua (11 December 2013). 4831:from the original on 20 August 2018 4613:Staff, The New Arab (10 May 2024). 4511:from the original on 15 August 2018 4455:from the original on 15 August 2018 4351:Trachtenberg, Barry (3 July 2018). 4306:from the original on 15 August 2018 4224:from the original on 15 August 2018 4083:Marcus, Kenneth L. (6 July 2015a). 2908: 2885:and now embodied in our law by the 2816:In March 2017, human rights lawyer 2559:Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party 2399:in discussion of Israel/Palestine: 2366: 2055: 1991:(R-NY) and led by co-sponsors Rep. 1719: 1635:2004 Stern, Porat and Bauer version 1614:Centre for Research on Antisemitism 675:21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness 24: 9572: 9442:Stern, Kenneth S. (22 June 2015). 9383:from the original on 8 August 2018 8842:Cardaun, Sarah K. (19 June 2015). 6629:"The BigRide4Palestine v the IHRA" 6392:Walker, Peter (12 December 2016). 5957:Gordon, Neve (22 September 2020). 5783:Semini, Llazar (23 October 2020). 5531:from the original on 16 April 2018 5445:Blas, Howard (21 September 2017). 5043:"Working Definition press release" 4957:from the original on 8 August 2018 4934: 4803:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 49. 4644: 4120:from the original on 7 August 2018 4112:Baker, Andrew (10 November 2017). 3970:Baker, Andrew (10 November 2017). 3898:. 18 February 2009. Archived from 3361: 3086:Independent Jewish Voices (Canada) 2794:Independent Jewish Voices (Canada) 2655:Subsequently, education secretary 2330: 1979:On 1 May 2024, amidst the ongoing 1481:working definition of antisemitism 1373:Working definition of antisemitism 135:Working definition of antisemitism 25: 18:Working Definition of Antisemitism 9752: 9675: 9579:Byford, Jovan (10 January 2021). 9531:Ullrich, Peter (September 2019). 9278:(3). Informa UK Limited: 93–101. 9272:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 9250:Perryman, Mark (15 August 2018). 9196:Lerman, Antony (10 August 2019). 9093:Klaff, Lesley (18 October 2016). 8816:from the original on 30 July 2009 8317:Balsam, Corey (9 December 2020). 8223:from the original on 18 July 2018 8187:Chernick, Ilanit (18 July 2018). 7862: 7696: 7409: 7067:Sabbagh, Dan (5 September 2018). 6825:Sabbagh, Dan (4 September 2018). 6725:Sabbagh, Dan (4 September 2018). 6696:Harpin, Lee (15 September 2019). 6530:Naysmith, Stephen (22 May 2019). 6217:"Hate Crime Operational Guidance" 6123:from the original on 27 June 2022 6091:from the original on 27 June 2022 6024:. 14 October 2021. Archived from 5905:Friedman, Lara (19 August 2020). 5853:Moshe, Shiri (14 February 2019). 5684:Wolf, Rachel (19 December 2019). 5627: 5557:from the original on 18 June 2018 5496:from the original on 18 July 2018 5228:from the original on 28 July 2018 5216:Daniel, Sugarman (20 July 2018). 5152:from the original on 30 July 2018 4631: 4258:Kampeas, Ron (10 November 2017). 3631:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 3401:from the original on 1 March 2016 3136: 3073:In November 2020, the leaders of 2830:Jews for Justice for Palestinians 2787:Times Higher Education Supplement 2684: 2392:Board of Deputies of British Jews 1924:In 2011, the AJC's Ken Stern and 1884:Board of Deputies of British Jews 1844: 1353:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews 9544:Rosa Luxemburg Foundation papers 9502:Tomlinson, Hugh (8 March 2017). 9351:Sedley, Stephen (17 July 2018). 9311:. Doughty Street. Archived from 9153:Lerman, Antony (16 July 2018a). 8942:Friedman, Lara (9 August 2021). 8706: 8675: 8658:"Our definition of antisemitism" 8650: 8592: 8566: 8541: 8515: 8489: 8370:Cite error: The named reference 8336: 8284: 8258: 8235: 8205: 8149: 8130: 8028: 7998: 7856: 7837: 7822: 7805: 7787: 7774:Independent Jewish Voices Canada 7690: 7664: 7638: 7508: 7494: 7476: 7458: 7440: 7422: 7403: 7381: 7363: 7345: 7327: 7309: 7295: 7277: 7252: 7181: 7091: 7060: 7030: 7000: 6976: 6952: 6922: 6796:"Labour Rejects IHRA Definition" 6773:from the original on 1 July 2018 6689: 6663: 6620: 6594: 6568: 6542: 6523: 6485: 6467: 6365: 6205: 6183: 6157: 6135: 6103: 6073: 6061:from the original on 31 May 2022 6047:Doherty, Ben (15 October 2021). 6040: 6008: 5990: 5976: 5846: 5817: 5758: 5703: 5658: 5640: 5621: 5595: 5569: 5543: 5482: 5424: 5040: 3162:Independent Jewish Voices Canada 3156:Independent Jewish Voices Canada 3049: 2917: 2634:Green Party of England and Wales 2424:was proposed by Labour Party MP 1914:Contemporary Global Antisemitism 1896: 1831:Online Hate Prevention Institute 1438: 1437: 66: 9224:The Definition of Anti-Semitism 9054:Liphshiz, Cnaan (5 June 2021). 8960:Law, Culture and the Humanities 8005:Johnson, Alan (February 2021). 7898:from the original on 1 May 2018 7228:Harpin, Lee (10 October 2018). 6903:Rodgers, Sienna (5 July 2018). 6601:Gayle, Damien (3 August 2019). 6575:Frazer, Jenni (21 April 2017). 6303:Watson, Iain (30 August 2018). 5309: 5291: 5272: 5254: 5240: 5209: 5179: 5115:Liphshiz, Cnaan (2 June 2016). 5007: 4871: 4625: 4606: 4594:from the original on 3 May 2024 4575: 4549: 4493: 4437: 4422: 4292: 4277: 4210: 4178: 4132: 4056: 4036: 3989: 3857: 3735: 3594: 3534: 3347:, The Stationery Office, 2007, 3226: 3217: 2762:Law, Culture and the Humanities 2643: 2552: 2335:On 11 December 2019, President 2317:Holocaust Centre of New Zealand 2298:Zionist Federation of Australia 1623:Following the EUMC report, the 1500:(EUMC) in 2005 and then by the 762:Protocols of the Elders of Zion 9618:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9328:Sedley, Stephen (4 May 2017). 9284:10.1080/23739770.2011.11446474 8156:Zeffman, Henry (1 June 2018). 7202:Lee, Georgina (20 July 2018). 6213:"A definition of antisemitism" 4771:Kuper, Richard (1 June 2011). 4745:Kuper, Richard (1 June 2011). 4654:Shimron, Yonat (14 May 2024). 4582:Timotija, Filip (1 May 2024). 4479:American Civil Liberties Union 4353:"Opinion – It Protects Israel" 4017:Hirsh, David (31 March 2004). 3747:Anti-Semitism Worldwide 2003/4 3097:American Civil Liberties Union 2863:wrote an opinion piece in the 2006: 1966:American Civil Liberties Union 718:Hunter (William Luther Pierce) 13: 1: 9721:January 2005 events in Europe 9133:Klug, Brian (20 July 2018b). 9113:Klug, Brian (17 July 2018a). 8951:Gould, Rebecca Ruth (2018a). 8888:Elman, R. Amy (March 2015b). 7829:Michael Young (6 June 2023). 6851:Lee, Georgina (29 May 2019). 6627:Cock, Sybil (5 August 2019). 6549:Frazer, Jenni (30 May 2018). 5379:Zieve, Tamara (30 May 2017). 4302:. House Judiciary Committee. 4116:. American Jewish Committee. 3239: 2941:secondary or tertiary sources 2834:Palestine Solidarity Campaign 2388:Home Affairs Select Committee 2240:Western Washington University 1901:According to Ken Marcus, the 1889:On 1 January 2015, Professor 1563: 1312:Campaign Against Antisemitism 420:during the Gaza War (2008-09) 9662:. No. 61. pp. 9–16 9654:Whine, Michael (Fall 2018). 8871:University of Nebraska Press 8435:Islamophobia Studies Journal 7844:Speri, Alice (6 June 2023). 6475:"Definition of Antisemitism" 4890:White, Ben (21 April 2016). 4019:"Defining antisemitism down" 3244: 3125:In 2003, Israeli politician 2706: 2678:has affected campus debate. 2576:National Executive Committee 2457:University and College Union 1876:University and College Union 1301:Anti-antisemitism in Germany 793:Antisemitism on the Internet 581:Jewish war conspiracy theory 7: 8549:"Israel & Antisemitism" 8448:10.13169/islastudj.5.2.0249 5316:"Israeli Envoy Raps Russia" 4556:Foran, Clare (1 May 2024). 3198: 3034:US House of Representatives 2711: 2584:allegations of antisemitism 2097: 1544:, and for being too vague. 1338:Southern Poverty Law Center 497:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 10: 9757: 9716:2005 in the European Union 9396:Stern, Kenneth S. (2006). 8907:Trump White House Archives 8739: 8323:The Blogs, Times of Israel 4747:"Hue and cry over the UCU" 3542:Brown & Nerenberg 2023 3172: 3140: 3118: 2595:Parliamentary Labour Party 2556: 2313:New Zealand Jewish Council 2050:National Union of Students 2033:. FRA also used the term ' 1872:National Union of Students 1867:endorsing the definition. 1818:, in association with the 1766:Use of the EUMC definition 748:On the Jews and Their Lies 31: 9407:American Jewish Committee 9066:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 8692:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 8605:Israel & Antisemitism 8579:Israel & Antisemitism 8553:Israel & Antisemitism 8528:Israel & Antisemitism 8502:Israel & Antisemitism 8409:10.1080/00313220802377453 8388:Jonathan Judaken (2008). 8043:Antisemitism Policy Trust 7703:. Times Higher Education. 7531:10.1080/00313220500045253 7191:. The Conservative Party. 5932:"Open Letter to Facebook" 5121:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 3021:American Jewish Committee 2826:Independent Jewish Voices 2662:University College London 2622:adopted the definition). 2287:Australian Prime Minister 2276:American Jewish Committee 2251:in July 2020 calling for 2013:Fundamental Rights Agency 1880:Jewish Leadership Council 1653:American Jewish Committee 1518:Fundamental Rights Agency 1323:Fundamental Rights Agency 756:Undisputed Over The World 571: Jewish conspiracy 9330:"Defining Anti-Semitism" 8972:10.1177/1743872118780660 8246:. Jewish Voice for Peace 6257:Home Affairs Committee. 5476:European Jewish Congress 5410:Scottish Government News 4185:"Defining Anti-Semitism" 4164:U.S. Department of State 4145:17 November 2017 at the 3850:24 November 2015 at the 3607:9 September 2018 at the 3554:Allen & Nielsen 2002 3210: 3205:Three Ds of antisemitism 3121:Three Ds of antisemitism 3101:U.S. Education Secretary 3023:'s antisemitism expert, 2811: 2800:, in November 2021, the 2757:University of Birmingham 2650:Union of Jewish Students 2349:Civil Rights Act of 1964 1954:Civil Rights Act of 1964 1732:European Jewish Congress 1681:Community Security Trust 1384:Three Ds of antisemitism 1368:Wiener Holocaust Library 1318:Community Security Trust 1180:Black Death persecutions 695:The Dearborn Independent 668:Antisemitic publications 9038:10.1111/1467-923x.12883 9024:The Political Quarterly 8863:Elman, R. Amy (2015a). 8848:. Brill. pp. 79–. 8270:Americans for Peace Now 6505:"Early day motion 1493" 4049:31 October 2017 at the 3896:British Embassy, Israel 3865:"Defining Antisemitism" 3743:"Defining Antisemitism" 3514:, pp. 1–21, 3, 16. 3075:Americans for Peace Now 3056:Jewish Voice for Labour 2625:In September 2018, the 2609:Other political parties 2565:Labour Party Conference 2345:combatting antisemitism 2157:(20 January 2019), and 1974:Arab American Institute 1538:within the Labour Party 1333:Simon Wiesenthal Center 1085:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu 859:The Occidental Observer 822:Europa: The Last Battle 770:Between Blacks and Jews 768:The Secret Relationship 9606:Iganski, Paul (2009). 9335:London Review of Books 8142:24 August 2018 at the 7103:Media Reform Coalition 6989:25 August 2018 at the 6966:11 August 2018 at the 5322:15 August 2018 at the 4408:Anti-Defamation League 4069:9 October 2017 at the 3877:16 August 2014 at the 3095:In February 2024, the 3043: 2928:relies excessively on 2866:London Review of Books 2846: 2602:Media Reform Coalition 2550: 2533:, the newly appointed 2406: 2134:(23 August 2017), and 2075: 2035:secondary antisemitism 1781: 1706: 1645:Stephen Roth Institute 1612:In December 2003, the 1603: 1343:Stephen Roth Institute 1306:Anti-Defamation League 9557:National Public Radio 9176:(4 September 2018b). 9031:(4). Wiley: 825–831. 8397:Patterns of Prejudice 7518:Patterns of Prejudice 5787:. The Washington Post 4660:Religion News Service 4191:18 March 2018 at the 3377:9 August 2018 at the 3355:17 April 2018 at the 3039: 2838: 2822:Free Speech on Israel 2545: 2453:King's College London 2401: 2213:Parliament of Albania 2070: 1776: 1697: 1599: 1050:William Luther Pierce 728:The International Jew 640:Stab-in-the-back myth 623:Rootless cosmopolitan 9469:. The JKR Foundation 9315:on 29 September 2018 8524:"The Nexus Document" 7559:. 27 February 2017. 7234:The Jewish Chronicle 7044:. 5 September 2018. 6995:The Jewish Chronicle 6972:The Jewish Chronicle 6766:The Jewish Chronicle 6702:The Jewish Chronicle 6215:. The article cites 5350:(12 December 2016). 5222:The Jewish Chronicle 5191:The Jewish Chronicle 4951:Israel National News 3440:Antisemitism Studies 3115:Sharansky's three Ds 3088:, was posted in the 2855:In May 2017, former 2434:Scottish Governments 2285:On 14 October 2021, 2257:StopAntisemitism.org 1935:On 12 January 2016, 1860:institutional racism 1789:right-wing newspaper 1427:Zionist antisemitism 1234:Martyrdom in Judaism 960:Richard Girnt Butler 713:Hitlers Zweites Buch 299:textbook controversy 9015:Gould, Rebecca Ruth 8146:, Liberty, May 2018 7863:Staff, Al Jazeera. 7799:Middle East Monitor 7741:"Academic campaign" 7652:on 23 February 2021 7416:The Times of Israel 7359:. 12 February 2021. 7105:. 27 September 2018 6481:. 27 February 2017. 6263:. October 2016. Cf 5811:The Times of Israel 5770:The Times of Israel 5710:Psyllides, George. 5634:The Times of Israel 5268:. 22 February 2018. 5266:Middle East Monitor 4896:Middle East Monitor 4449:Washington Examiner 4383:The Times of Israel 3732:, pp. 161–162. 3684:, pp. 159–160. 3331:, pp. 166–167. 3077:(APN) wrote to the 2842:policy of apartheid 2798:Middle East Monitor 2722:criticism of Israel 2580:Nick Thomas-Symonds 2529:In September 2019, 2420:. In July 2018, an 2381:College of Policing 2263:, sent a letter to 2153:(24 January 2018), 2118:(22 January 2017), 2087:Middle East Monitor 2046:Middle East Monitor 1928:, President of the 1725:Initial publication 1689:criticism of Israel 1649:Tel Aviv University 1643:, then head of the 1506:criticism of Israel 1276:Spanish Inquisition 1175:Rhineland massacres 685:Culture of Critique 539:Cultural Bolshevism 9643:. 7 November 2017. 9448:The Jewish Journal 9219:Marcus, Kenneth L. 9061:The Jerusalem Post 8909:. 11 December 2019 8796:Nielsen, Jørgen S. 8792:Allen, Christopher 8599:Nexus Task Force. 8498:"Nexus Task Force" 8496:Nexus Task Force. 8272:. 25 November 2020 8194:The Jerusalem Post 8137:Resolutions Passed 8118:. 4 September 2018 7801:. 2 December 2021. 7472:. 3 November 2022. 7436:. 1 November 2022. 7131:. 5 October 2018. 6425:. 22 February 2018 6360:Sedley et al. 2018 6021:The Jerusalem Post 6002:The Jerusalem Post 5736:The Jerusalem Post 5690:The Jerusalem Post 5652:The Jerusalem Post 5478:. 19 October 2017. 5451:The Jerusalem Post 5412:. 19 November 2018 5385:The Jerusalem Post 5279:Kleinfeld, James. 5250:. 7 December 2017. 5079:The Jerusalem Post 4089:The Jerusalem Post 3713:, pp. 93–101. 3669:, p. 153-154. 3099:wrote a letter to 2902:Geoffrey Robertson 2878:William Macpherson 2753:Rebecca Ruth Gould 2727:In December 2016, 2700:Human Rights Watch 2692:E. Tendayi Achiume 2672:Jonathan Rosenhead 2615:Conservative Party 2613:In July 2018, the 2570:In July 2018, the 2449:Church of Scotland 2065:member countries. 1865:London Declaration 1760:Israeli government 1483:, also called the 1244:Pale of Settlement 1150:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1070:Kevin Alfred Strom 1055:Richard B. Spencer 898:Triple parentheses 781:The Turner Diaries 754:Our Race Will Rule 723:1988 Hamas Charter 517:Antisemitic tropes 403:Christian Identity 336:Conservative Party 9736:Freedom of speech 9625:978-0-275-99569-0 9612:Perry, Barbara A. 9509:. Matrix Chambers 9234:978-0-19-937565-3 8880:978-0-803-25541-8 8855:978-90-04-30089-7 8685:(25 March 2021). 8298:. 4 December 2020 7869:www.aljazeera.com 7747:. 25 October 2020 7678:. 4 February 2021 7341:. 7 January 2021. 7323:. 7 January 2021. 7305:. 9 October 2020. 7189:"Code of Conduct" 6455:. 8 February 2017 6236:. 16 October 2016 6145:. The White House 6116:Radio New Zealand 5936:Stop Antisemitism 5609:. 20 January 2019 5583:. 24 January 2018 5048:(Press release). 4735:, No.59, pp. 7–12 4632:Marsi, Federica. 4166:. 20 January 2009 4073:. 16 October 2016 3478:, pp. 21–22. 3434:(14 April 2022). 3013: 3012: 3005: 2987: 2770:Geoffrey Alderman 2632:In October 2018, 2627:Liberal Democrats 2397:freedom of speech 2307:On 24 June 2022, 2274:According to the 2242:have adopted it. 2126:(27 April 2017), 2122:(25 April 2017), 1856:MacPherson Report 1854:of racism in the 1673:Michael Berenbaum 1618:Kenneth L. Marcus 1477: 1476: 1259:Russian Civil War 1200:Ghettos in Europe 1030:Ernest G. Liebold 929:Prominent figures 810:The Daily Stormer 700:Ethnic Cleansing 680:The Barnes Review 559:Franklin Prophecy 16:(Redirected from 9748: 9741:New antisemitism 9711:2005 in politics 9687: 9686: 9684:Official website 9671: 9669: 9667: 9644: 9638: 9629: 9598:Feldman, David. 9595: 9593: 9591: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9547: 9537: 9527: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9508: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9468: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9438: 9432: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9404: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9303: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9246: 9238: 9221:(17 July 2015). 9214: 9212: 9210: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9099:The Conversation 9089: 9087: 9085: 9069: 9050: 9040: 9017:(28 July 2020). 9010: 9008: 9006: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8957: 8947: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8898: 8896: 8884: 8859: 8838: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8815: 8804: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8754:Jewish Telegraph 8733: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8718: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8633: 8625: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8450: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8418:on 18 June 2010. 8417: 8411:. Archived from 8403:(4–5): 531–560. 8394: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8350:Inside Higher Ed 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8201:on 19 July 2018. 8197:. Archived from 8184: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8153: 8147: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8071: 8065: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8040: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8011: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7986:. 31 August 2018 7974: 7968: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7894:. 3 April 2017. 7882: 7873: 7872: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7766: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7720:The Conversation 7711: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7264: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7154: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7004: 6998: 6980: 6974: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6936:. 23 July 2018. 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6800:Jewish Chronicle 6792: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6756: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6722: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6677:. 13 August 2019 6667: 6661: 6655: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6479:London City Hall 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6453:London City Hall 6445: 6439: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6389: 6383: 6382:. December 2016. 6379: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6335:Jewish Chronicle 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6284:. 22 August 2018 6274: 6268: 6255: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6226: 6220: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6119:. 25 June 2022. 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6087:. 23 June 2022. 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5829: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5762: 5756: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5553:. 28 June 2017. 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5523: 5519:"IHRA Factsheet" 5515: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5376: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5340: 5334: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5148:. 17 July 2018. 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5112: 5106: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5054: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4943: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4742: 4736: 4723: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4507:. 10 June 2018. 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4441: 4435: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4296: 4290: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4255: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4150: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4080: 4074: 4060: 4054: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3888: 3882: 3861: 3855: 3841: 3830: 3824: 3801: 3795: 3782: 3776: 3765: 3759: 3750: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3714: 3708: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3623: 3612: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3581: 3574: 3566: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3490:, pp. 1–49. 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3408: 3406: 3391: 3382: 3368: 3359: 3341: 3332: 3326: 3315: 3309: 3292: 3286: 3261: 3255: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3150:Kenneth S. Stern 3143:Nexus Task Force 3131:delegitimization 3054:In August 2017, 3025:Kenneth S. Stern 3019:In 2004, as the 3008: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2986: 2945: 2921: 2913: 2909:Original drafter 2900:In August 2018, 2894:Geoffrey Bindman 2887:Human Rights Act 2876:saying: "...Sir 2792:In Spring 2021, 2779:Gavin Williamson 2751:In August 2018, 2657:Gavin Williamson 2480:Geoffrey Bindman 2462:In August 2019, 2422:Early Day Motion 2189:Milena Santerini 2175:Roderic O'Gorman 2056:IHRA publication 2027:new antisemitism 1995:(D-NJ) and Rep. 1783:For example, in 1720:EUMC publication 1695:is antisemitic: 1657:Kenneth S. Stern 1639:Israeli scholar 1595:Alexander Pollak 1546:Kenneth S. Stern 1469: 1462: 1455: 1441: 1440: 1120:Nichifor Crainic 1065:Julius Streicher 1005:Heinrich Himmler 870:Renegade Tribune 591:Judeo-Bolshevism 570: 564:Host desecration 544:Cultural Marxism 430:Holocaust denial 70: 47: 46: 42:Nexus Task Force 21: 9756: 9755: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9706:2005 in Judaism 9691: 9690: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9665: 9663: 9636: 9626: 9589: 9587: 9575: 9573:Further reading 9570: 9561: 9559: 9535: 9512: 9510: 9506: 9492: 9490: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9452: 9450: 9437:. pp. 1–8. 9430: 9411: 9409: 9402: 9386: 9384: 9361: 9359: 9341: 9339: 9318: 9316: 9260: 9258: 9235: 9208: 9206: 9203:The Independent 9186: 9184: 9163: 9161: 9143: 9141: 9123: 9121: 9103: 9101: 9083: 9081: 9004: 9002: 8984: 8982: 8955: 8932: 8930: 8912: 8910: 8901: 8894: 8881: 8856: 8819: 8817: 8813: 8802: 8781: 8779: 8776:The Independent 8759: 8757: 8742: 8737: 8736: 8726: 8724: 8711: 8707: 8697: 8695: 8680: 8676: 8666: 8664: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8641: 8639: 8636:The White House 8631: 8627: 8626: 8619: 8609: 8607: 8597: 8593: 8583: 8581: 8571: 8567: 8557: 8555: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8530: 8520: 8516: 8506: 8504: 8494: 8490: 8480: 8478: 8477:. 14 March 2022 8469: 8468: 8464: 8427: 8423: 8415: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8371: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8341: 8337: 8327: 8325: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8275: 8273: 8264: 8263: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8240: 8236: 8226: 8224: 8217:Times of Israel 8211: 8210: 8206: 8185: 8181: 8171: 8169: 8154: 8150: 8144:Wayback Machine 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8083: 8074: 8066: 8057: 8047: 8045: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8029: 8019: 8017: 8009: 8003: 7999: 7989: 7987: 7976: 7975: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7901: 7899: 7884: 7883: 7876: 7861: 7857: 7842: 7838: 7827: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7810: 7806: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7778: 7776: 7768: 7767: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7734: 7724: 7722: 7712: 7708: 7695: 7691: 7681: 7679: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7655: 7653: 7644: 7643: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7619: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7566: 7564: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7513: 7509: 7504:. 4 April 2023. 7500: 7499: 7495: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7408: 7404: 7394: 7392: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7375:Labour Briefing 7369: 7368: 7364: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7283: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7243: 7241: 7226: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7200: 7196: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7155: 7148: 7138: 7136: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7049: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6991:Wayback Machine 6981: 6977: 6968:Wayback Machine 6957: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6901: 6897: 6887: 6885: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6859: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6833: 6823: 6819: 6809: 6807: 6794: 6793: 6786: 6776: 6774: 6757: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6723: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6625: 6621: 6611: 6609: 6599: 6595: 6585: 6583: 6573: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6547: 6543: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6428: 6426: 6423:Hackney Citizen 6417: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6390: 6386: 6377: 6370: 6366: 6358: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6327: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6256: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6210: 6206: 6197: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6174: 6172: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6146: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6092: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6045: 6041: 6031: 6029: 6028:on 23 June 2022 6014: 6013: 6009: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5911:Jewish Currents 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5834:. 27 March 2019 5827: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5781: 5777: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5747: 5743: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5682: 5678: 5671:The Irish Times 5665:Shatter, Alan. 5663: 5659: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5443: 5439: 5434:. 25 June 2019. 5430: 5429: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5377: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5341: 5337: 5331:Jonathan Arkush 5327:Times of Israel 5324:Wayback Machine 5314: 5310: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5277: 5273: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5214: 5210: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5113: 5109: 5098: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4945: 4944: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4888: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4743: 4739: 4725:Michael Whine. 4724: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4703:The Sofia Globe 4695: 4691: 4683: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4652: 4645: 4630: 4626: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4451:. 30 May 2018. 4443: 4442: 4438: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4193:Wayback Machine 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4147:Wayback Machine 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4110: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4081: 4077: 4071:Wayback Machine 4061: 4057: 4051:Wayback Machine 4042:David Feldman, 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3879:Wayback Machine 3862: 3858: 3852:Wayback Machine 3842: 3833: 3825: 3804: 3796: 3785: 3777: 3768: 3760: 3753: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3717: 3709: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3625:Michael Whine. 3624: 3615: 3609:Wayback Machine 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3456: 3454: 3429: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3379:Wayback Machine 3369: 3362: 3357:Wayback Machine 3342: 3335: 3327: 3318: 3310: 3295: 3287: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3171: 3158: 3145: 3139: 3127:Natan Sharansky 3123: 3117: 3112: 3090:Times of Israel 3052: 3009: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2946: 2944: 2938: 2934:primary sources 2922: 2911: 2857:Court of Appeal 2814: 2716:In March 2005, 2714: 2709: 2687: 2667:Labour Briefing 2646: 2611: 2561: 2555: 2537:, wrote in the 2442:London Assembly 2418:Mayor of London 2414:London Assembly 2369: 2341:executive order 2333: 2302:New Israel Fund 2159:North Macedonia 2130:(25 May 2017), 2110:was blocked by 2100: 2058: 2009: 1993:Josh Gottheimer 1899: 1847: 1824:Ottawa Protocol 1768: 1727: 1722: 1637: 1571: 1566: 1489:IHRA definition 1473: 1432: 1431: 1412:Self-hating Jew 1402: 1394: 1393: 1314: 1296: 1286: 1285: 1170: 1160: 1159: 1135:Philippe Pétain 1130:László Ferenczy 1110:Gheorghe Buzatu 1045:Eustace Mullins 1040:Kevin MacDonald 1020:Osama bin Laden 1015:Arthur J. Jones 1000:Joseph Goebbels 990:Theodor Fritsch 980:Louis Farrakhan 965:Édouard Drumont 955:James von Brunn 930: 922: 921: 876:The Right Stuff 794: 786: 785: 772: 769: 758: 755: 733:La Libre Parole 708:La France juive 670: 660: 659: 554:Finance control 519: 509: 508: 450:Nation of Islam 378: 370: 369: 277:Imperial Russia 150: 140: 139: 115: 86: 85: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9754: 9744: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9701:2005 documents 9689: 9688: 9677: 9676:External links 9674: 9673: 9672: 9651: 9645: 9641:docs.house.gov 9630: 9624: 9603: 9596: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9548: 9528: 9519: 9499: 9479: 9459: 9439: 9422:Stern, Kenneth 9418: 9393: 9368: 9348: 9325: 9304: 9267: 9247: 9239: 9233: 9215: 9193: 9174:Lerman, Antony 9170: 9150: 9130: 9110: 9090: 9070: 9051: 9011: 8991: 8948: 8939: 8919: 8899: 8885: 8879: 8860: 8854: 8839: 8826: 8788: 8766: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8705: 8674: 8649: 8617: 8591: 8565: 8540: 8514: 8488: 8462: 8421: 8380: 8363: 8335: 8309: 8283: 8257: 8234: 8204: 8179: 8148: 8129: 8101: 8089: 8072: 8055: 8027: 7997: 7969: 7965:Robertson 2018 7957: 7945: 7933: 7929:Tomlinson 2017 7921: 7917:Tomlinson 2017 7909: 7874: 7855: 7836: 7821: 7804: 7786: 7758: 7732: 7706: 7697:Borer, Hagit. 7689: 7663: 7637: 7633:Alderman 2019b 7625: 7621:Alderman 2019a 7613: 7601: 7586: 7574: 7544: 7507: 7493: 7475: 7457: 7439: 7421: 7410:Magid, Jacob. 7402: 7380: 7362: 7344: 7326: 7308: 7294: 7289:Varsity Online 7276: 7251: 7220: 7208:Channel 4 News 7194: 7180: 7146: 7116: 7090: 7059: 7029: 6999: 6975: 6951: 6921: 6895: 6884:. 17 July 2018 6869: 6857:Channel 4 News 6843: 6817: 6784: 6748: 6714: 6688: 6662: 6647: 6619: 6593: 6567: 6541: 6522: 6511:. 9 March 2011 6496: 6484: 6466: 6440: 6410: 6384: 6364: 6347: 6321: 6295: 6269: 6247: 6221: 6204: 6182: 6156: 6134: 6102: 6072: 6039: 6007: 5989: 5975: 5949: 5923: 5897: 5871: 5859:The Algemeiner 5845: 5816: 5798: 5775: 5757: 5753:Jerusalem Post 5741: 5723: 5702: 5676: 5657: 5639: 5628:Oster, Marcy. 5620: 5594: 5568: 5542: 5507: 5481: 5463: 5437: 5423: 5397: 5368: 5335: 5308: 5290: 5271: 5253: 5239: 5208: 5193:. 8 March 2019 5178: 5163: 5133: 5107: 5092: 5081:. 14 June 2021 5066: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4980: 4968: 4953:. 3 May 2018. 4933: 4908: 4882: 4870: 4842: 4816: 4809: 4789: 4763: 4737: 4715: 4689: 4672: 4643: 4624: 4605: 4574: 4548: 4522: 4492: 4466: 4436: 4429:H.R. 5924 4421: 4395: 4369: 4343: 4317: 4291: 4284:H.R. 6421 4276: 4264:Jerusalem Post 4247: 4235: 4209: 4197: 4177: 4151: 4131: 4101: 4075: 4055: 4035: 4009: 3997: 3988: 3962: 3950: 3938: 3913: 3902:on 12 May 2010 3883: 3856: 3831: 3802: 3783: 3781:, p. 161. 3766: 3751: 3734: 3715: 3698: 3696:, p. 160. 3686: 3671: 3659: 3657:, p. 153. 3647: 3645:, p. 152. 3635: 3613: 3593: 3558: 3546: 3533: 3516: 3504: 3502:, p. 825. 3492: 3480: 3468: 3432:Penslar, Derek 3420: 3383: 3360: 3333: 3316: 3293: 3262: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3225: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3188: 3185: 3173:Main article: 3170: 3167: 3157: 3154: 3141:Main article: 3138: 3137:Nexus Document 3135: 3119:Main article: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3104:Miguel Cardona 3051: 3048: 3011: 3010: 2925: 2923: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2861:Stephen Sedley 2850:House of Lords 2818:Hugh Tomlinson 2813: 2810: 2768:In July 2019, 2739:In July 2018, 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2686: 2685:United Nations 2683: 2645: 2642: 2610: 2607: 2557:Main article: 2554: 2551: 2540:Sunday Express 2531:Robert Jenrick 2484:Lindsey German 2426:Luciana Berger 2368: 2367:United Kingdom 2365: 2361:Nexus Document 2332: 2329: 2290:Scott Morrison 2280:Jerusalem Post 2226:, the city of 2220:South Carolina 2144:Georg Georgiev 2099: 2096: 2057: 2054: 2008: 2005: 1898: 1895: 1846: 1845:United Kingdom 1843: 1767: 1764: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1685:Felice D. Gaer 1636: 1633: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1558:Nexus Document 1513:European Union 1475: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1403: 1401:Related topics 1400: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1254:Russian Empire 1246: 1241: 1239:Nuremberg Laws 1236: 1231: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1195:Jewish quarter 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1155:Richard Wagner 1152: 1147: 1145:Stepan Bandera 1142: 1140:Symon Petliura 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 975:Adolf Eichmann 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 931: 928: 927: 924: 923: 920: 919: 917:Veterans Today 914: 911:The Unz Review 907: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 872: 867: 862: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 818: 813: 806: 801: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 784: 783: 778: 773: 766: 764: 759: 752: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 671: 666: 665: 662: 661: 658: 657: 655:ZOG conspiracy 652: 650:White genocide 647: 645:Well poisoning 642: 637: 636: 635: 630: 620: 615: 610: 605: 603:Judeo-Masonism 600: 599: 598: 588: 583: 578: 573: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 520: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 505: 504: 499: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 468: 467: 462: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 406: 405: 395: 390: 385: 379: 377:Manifestations 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 362: 361: 360: 355: 345: 344: 343: 338: 331:United Kingdom 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 302: 301: 291: 290: 289: 284: 279: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 218: 217: 212: 210:Dreyfus affair 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 151: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 132: 127: 125:Nexus Document 122: 116: 113: 112: 109: 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 88: 87: 84: 83: 81:discrimination 77:Jewish history 72: 71: 63: 62: 56: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9753: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9685: 9680: 9679: 9661: 9657: 9652: 9649: 9646: 9642: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9586: 9582: 9577: 9576: 9558: 9554: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9534: 9529: 9525: 9520: 9505: 9500: 9489: 9485: 9480: 9465: 9460: 9449: 9445: 9440: 9436: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9419: 9408: 9401: 9400: 9394: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9369: 9358: 9354: 9349: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9314: 9310: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9268: 9257: 9256:openDemocracy 9253: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9216: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9183: 9182:openDemocracy 9179: 9175: 9171: 9160: 9159:openDemocracy 9156: 9151: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9120: 9119:openDemocracy 9116: 9111: 9100: 9096: 9091: 9080: 9076: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9001: 9000:openDemocracy 8997: 8992: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8954: 8949: 8945: 8940: 8929: 8925: 8920: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8893: 8892: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8867: 8861: 8857: 8851: 8847: 8846: 8840: 8836: 8835:+972 magazine 8832: 8827: 8812: 8808: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8744: 8722: 8717: 8709: 8694: 8693: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8663: 8659: 8653: 8638:. 25 May 2023 8637: 8630: 8624: 8622: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8580: 8576: 8569: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8529: 8525: 8518: 8503: 8499: 8492: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8367: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8339: 8324: 8320: 8313: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8245: 8238: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8195: 8190: 8183: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8133: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8105: 8098: 8093: 8086: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8069: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8044: 8037: 8031: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7973: 7966: 7961: 7954: 7949: 7942: 7937: 7931:, p. 10. 7930: 7925: 7918: 7913: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7851: 7850:The Intercept 7847: 7840: 7832: 7825: 7814: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7763: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7721: 7717: 7710: 7701: 7693: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7651: 7647: 7641: 7634: 7629: 7622: 7617: 7610: 7605: 7598: 7593: 7591: 7583: 7578: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7511: 7503: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7406: 7390: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7304: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7261: 7255: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7190: 7184: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7151: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7003: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6958:Harpin, Lee. 6955: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6753: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6719: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6652: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6608: 6604: 6597: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6556: 6552: 6545: 6537: 6533: 6526: 6510: 6509:UK Parliament 6506: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6437: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6373: 6368: 6361: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6325: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6254: 6252: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6194: 6193: 6186: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6144: 6138: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5985: 5979: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5938:. 29 May 2019 5937: 5933: 5927: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5833: 5826: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5786: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5706: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5527: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5433: 5427: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5373: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5249: 5243: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5102: 5096: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5035: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5010: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4978:, p. 12. 4977: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4812: 4810:9781443857819 4806: 4802: 4801: 4793: 4778: 4777:openDemocracy 4774: 4767: 4752: 4751:openDemocracy 4748: 4741: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4537:. 1 June 2018 4536: 4532: 4526: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4481:. 23 May 2018 4480: 4476: 4470: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4410:. 23 May 2018 4409: 4405: 4399: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4252: 4245:, p. 21. 4244: 4239: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4207:, p. 23. 4206: 4201: 4195:, 8 June 2010 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4106: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4007:, p. 79. 4006: 4001: 3992: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3947: 3942: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3860: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3668: 3663: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3611:. FRA website 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3578: 3571: 3565: 3563: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3488:Friedman 2021 3484: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3417: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3290: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3229: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3176: 3166: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3050:Organizations 3047: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3007: 3004: 2996: 2993:November 2020 2985: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: – 2953: 2949: 2948:Find sources: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2926:This section 2924: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2741:Antony Lerman 2737: 2733: 2730: 2729:David Feldman 2725: 2723: 2719: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2560: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2524:Mark Serwotka 2521: 2520:Norman Warner 2517: 2513: 2512:Karma Nabulsi 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2469:Antony Lerman 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2331:United States 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:Adam Milstein 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2209:Taulant Balla 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2082:Antony Lerman 2079: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2020: 2019:Richard Kuper 2016: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1897:United States 1894: 1892: 1891:David Feldman 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1849:In 2006, the 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806:, issued the 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1761: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1717: 1715: 1714:praxeological 1711: 1710:Antony Lerman 1705: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550:weaponization 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1436: 1435: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1417:Weaponization 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1407:Philosemitism 1405: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1328:Philosemitism 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1212:The 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