83:
2319:
365:
473:. For statistical purpose, all these words are summed up under the base word form *possib*, allowing the ranking of a concept and form occurrence. Moreover, other languages may present specific difficulties. Such is the case of Chinese, which does not use spaces between words, and where a specified chain of several characters can be interpreted as either a phrase of unique-character words, or as a multi-character word.
25:
817:. It includes the F.F.1 list with 1,500 high-frequency words, completed by a later F.F.2 list with 1,700 mid-frequency words, and the most used syntax rules. It is claimed that 70 grammatical words constitute 50% of the communicatives sentence, while 3,680 words make about 95~98% of coverage. A list of 3,000 frequent words is available.
779:
A corpus of 5 million running words, from written texts used in United States schools (various grades, various subject areas). Its value is in its focus on school teaching materials, and its tagging of words by the frequency of each word, in each of the school grade, and in each of the subject areas
762:
The
General Service List contains 2,000 headwords divided into two sets of 1,000 words. A corpus of 5 million written words was analyzed in the 1940s. The rate of occurrence (%) for different meanings, and parts of speech, of the headword are provided. Various criteria, other than frequence and
399:
made a long critical evaluation of this traditional textual analysis approach, and support a move toward speech analysis and analysis of film subtitles available online. This has recently been followed by a handful of follow-up studies, providing valuable frequency count analysis for various
597:
456:
In any case, the basic "word" unit should be defined. For Latin scripts, words are usually one or several characters separated either by spaces or punctuation. But exceptions can arise, such as
English "can't", French "aujourd'hui", or idioms. It may also be preferable to group words of a
745:
The
Teacher Word Book contains 30,000 lemmas or ~13,000 word families (Goulden, Nation and Read, 1990). A corpus of 18 million written words was hand analysed. The size of its source corpus increased its usefulness, but its age, and language changes, have reduced its applicability
737:). 20th century's works all suffer from their age. In particular, words relating to technology, such as "blog," which, in 2014, was #7665 in frequency in the Corpus of Contemporary American English, was first attested to in 1999, and does not appear in any of these three lists.
2114:
Soares, Ana Paula; Machado, JoĂŁo; Costa, Ana; Iriarte, Ălvaro; SimĂ”es, Alberto; de
Almeida, José João; Comesaña, Montserrat; Perea, Manuel (April 2015), "On the advantages of word frequency and contextual diversity measures extracted from subtitles: The case of Portuguese",
521:
of the ratio between its frequency and the frequency of the most frequent item. The most common item belongs to frequency class 0 (zero) and any item that is approximately half as frequent belongs in class 1. In the example list above, the misspelled word
663:'s modern language teaching summary encourages first to "move from high frequency vocabulary and special purposes vocabulary to low frequency vocabulary, then to teach learners strategies to sustain autonomous vocabulary expansion" (
763:
range, were carefully applied to the corpus. Thus, despite its age, some errors, and its corpus being entirely written text, it is still an excellent database of word frequency, frequency of meanings, and reduction of noise (
532:
485:
holds for frequency lists drawn from longer texts of any natural language. Frequency lists are a useful tool when building an electronic dictionary, which is a prerequisite for a wide range of applications in
1943:
Dimitropoulou, M.; Duñabeitia, Jon Andoni; Avilés, Alberto; Corral, José; Carreiras, Manuel (2010), "SUBTLEX-GR: Subtitle-Based Word
Frequencies as the Best Estimate of Reading Behavior: The Case of Greek",
1622:
The corpus of characters and their pedagogical aspect in ancient and contemporary China (fr: Les corpus de caractÚres et leur dimension pédagogique dans la Chine ancienne et contemporaine)
626:
331:) noted the incredible help provided by computing capabilities, making corpus analysis much easier. He cited several key issues which influence the construction of frequency lists:
1784:"Moving beyond Kucera and Francis: a critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English"
733:
and colleagues hand-counted 18,000,000 running words to provide the first large-scale
English language frequency list, before modern computers made such projects far easier (
1257:
905:
Chinese corpora have long been studied from the perspective of frequency lists. The historical way to learn
Chinese vocabulary is based on characters frequency (
515:
170:), but is mainly intended for course writers, not directly for learners. Frequency lists are also made for lexicographical purposes, serving as a sort of
945:
list of about 8,600 common traditional
Chinese words are two other lists displaying common Chinese words and characters. Following the SUBTLEX movement,
1993:
825:
2106:
792:
These now contain 1 million words from a written corpus representing different dialects of
English. These sources are used to produce frequency lists (
592:{\displaystyle N=\left\lfloor 0.5-\log _{2}\left({\frac {\text{Frequency of this item}}{\text{Frequency of most common item}}}\right)\right\rfloor }
166:. A lexicon sorted by frequency "provides a rational basis for making sure that learners get the best return for their vocabulary learning effort" (
1867:
828:. Jean Baudot made a study on the model of the American Brown study, entitled "Fréquences d'utilisation des mots en français écrit contemporain".
844:
1984:
Pham, H.; Bolger, P.; Baayen, R.H. (2011), "SUBTLEX-VIE : A Measure for
Vietnamese Word and Character Frequencies on Film Subtitles",
1730:
832:
655:
Those lists are not intended to be given directly to students, but rather to serve as a guideline for teachers and textbook authors (
2172:
1517:
1468:
Laufer, B. (1997), "What's in a word that makes it hard or easy? Some intralexical factors that affect the learning of words.",
1261:
2268:
1518:"The word frequency effect: a review of recent developments and implications for the choice of frequency estimates in German"
1459:
1358:
2057:
Tang, K. (2012), "A 61 million word corpus of Brazilian Portuguese film subtitles as a resource for linguistic research",
683:). Memorization is positively affected by higher word frequency, likely because the learner is subject to more exposures (
1552:
Rudell, A.P. (1993), "Frequency of word usage and perceived word difficulty : Ratings of Kucera and Francis words",
2363:
1295:
2358:
1506:
1477:
126:
104:
64:
1373:
97:
2348:
182:". While word counting is a thousand years old, with still gigantic analysis done by hand in the mid-20th century,
35:
1387:
2353:
2286:
1875:
Cai, Q.; Brysbaert, M. (2010), "SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character Frequencies Based on Film Subtitles",
1783:
934:
605:
2202:
2165:
2067:
1516:
Brysbaert, Marc; Buchmeier, Matthias; Conrad, Markus; Jacobs, Arthur M.; Bölte, Jens; Böhl, Andrea (2011).
1204:
974:
888:
716:
395:
proposed to tap into the large number of subtitles available online to analyse large numbers of speeches.
2331:
183:
175:
1076:
Amenta, Simona; Mandera, PaweĆ; Keuleers, Emmanuel; Brysbaert, Marc; Crepaldi, Davide (7 January 2022).
1278:
Comprendre et aider les enfants en difficulté scolaire: Le Vocabulaire fondamental, 70 mots essentiels
1276:
814:
767:). This list was updated in 2013 by Dr. Charles Browne, Dr. Brent Culligan and Joseph Phillips as the
1182:
942:
487:
190:
174:
to ensure that common words are not left out. Some major pitfalls are the corpus content, the corpus
158:(generally sorted by frequency of occurrence either by levels or as a ranked list) within some given
2334:
incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
1828:
1683:
Gimenes, Manuel; New, Boris (2016), "Worldlex: Twitter and blog word frequencies for 66 languages",
2324:
2226:
1655:
768:
91:
42:
2181:
2158:
1672:
1335:
186:
of large corpora such as movie subtitles (SUBTLEX megastudy) has accelerated the research field.
1771:
163:
108:
2150:
1321:
2261:
930:
688:
2220:
1884:
820:
The French Ministry of the Education also provide a ranked list of the 1,500 most frequent
755:
644:
960:
Most frequently used words in different languages based on Knowledge or combined corpora.
8:
1924:
1019:
Boada, Roger; Guasch, Marc; Haro, Juan; Demestre, Josep; Ferré, Pilar (1 February 2020).
1005:
984:
400:
languages. Indeed, the SUBTLEX movement completed in five years full studies for French (
1888:
1447:
2304:
2243:
2208:
2140:
2045:
1994:"SUBTLEX-US : Adding Part of Speech Information to the SUBTLEXus Word Frequencies"
1968:
1907:
1816:
1763:
1638:
1590:
1421:
1307:
1155:"Words and phrases: Frequency, genres, collocates, concordances, synonyms, and WordNet"
1058:
852:
696:
687:). Lexical access is positively influenced by high word frequency, a phenomenon called
500:
2132:
2100:
2089:
2037:
1973:
1912:
1861:
1850:
1808:
1767:
1710:
1702:
1582:
1578:
1537:
1502:
1498:
1473:
1455:
1354:
1237:
1112:
1050:
1042:
938:
1594:
1062:
913:
mentioned its importance for Chinese as a foreign language learning and teaching in
140:
2144:
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2079:
2049:
2029:
1963:
1953:
1902:
1892:
1840:
1820:
1798:
1753:
1745:
1692:
1574:
1529:
1494:
1208:
1104:
1032:
969:
860:
726:
639:, are used to identify the least common, specialized terms to be replaced by their
636:
518:
369:
1154:
2214:
2128:
1897:
1533:
1130:
1093:"The Development of Word Frequency Lists Prior to the 1944 Thorndike-Lorge List"
41:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
1562:
1037:
1020:
910:
848:
629:
373:
46:
2033:
1749:
1697:
929:) provided large databases with frequency ranks for characters and words. The
2342:
2196:
2093:
1958:
1829:"SUBTLEX--NL: A new measure for Dutch word frequency based on film subtitles"
1706:
1116:
1108:
1046:
1021:"SUBTLEX-CAT: Subtitle word frequencies and contextual diversity for Catalan"
775:
The American Heritage Word Frequency Book (Carroll, Davies and Richman, 1971)
482:
2014:
2136:
2041:
1977:
1916:
1854:
1812:
1714:
1541:
1286:- Citing V.A.C Henmon (dead link, no Internet Archive copy, 10 August 2023)
1233:
1092:
1054:
987:â shows changes in word/phrase frequency (and relative frequency) over time
730:
2084:
1758:
1586:
205:, where frequency here usually means the number of occurrences in a given
1845:
1803:
1486:
836:
821:
722:
660:
458:
380:
206:
159:
1405:
855:, number of occurrence in the source corpus, frequency rank, associated
1923:
Cuetos, F.; Glez-nosti, Maria; BarbĂłn, AnalĂa; Brysbaert, Marc (2011),
1168:
957:
Wiktionary:Frequency lists contains frequency lists in more languages.
949:
recently made a rich study of Chinese word and character frequencies.
1925:"SUBTLEX-ESP : Spanish word frequencies based on film subtitles"
979:
462:
364:
202:
171:
1731:"SUBTLEX-FR: The use of film subtitles to estimate word frequencies"
1620:
1561:
Segui, J.; Mehler, Jacques; Frauenfelder, Uli; Morton, John (1982),
2006:
1942:
840:
640:
425:
1546:
741:
The Teachers Word Book of 30,000 words (Thorndike and Lorge, 1944)
209:, from which the rank can be derived as the position in the list.
2012:
721:
Word counting is an ancient field, with known discussion back to
445:
155:
2318:
2068:"SUBTLEX- AL: Albanian word frequencies based on film subtitles"
2015:"Subtlex-pl: subtitle-based word frequency estimates for Polish"
2013:
Mandera, P.; Keuleers, E.; Wodniecka, Z.; Brysbaert, M. (2014).
1351:
Fréquences d'utilisation des mots en français écrit contemporain
1212:
469:
are words of the same word family, represented by the base word
448:) and Catalan (2019). SUBTLEX-IT (2015) provides raw data only.
2180:
1922:
894:
879:
made a completely new counting based on online film subtitles.
856:
421:
1515:
1075:
676:
1560:
871:
This Lexique3 is a continuous study from which originate the
692:
788:
The Brown (Francis and Kucera, 1982) LOB and related corpora
695:). The effect of word frequency is related to the effect of
1472:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140â155,
893:
There have been several studies of Spanish word frequency (
198:
179:
1728:
876:
401:
392:
2113:
1729:
New, B.; Brysbaert, M.; Veronis, J.; Pallier, C. (2007).
1296:
Liste des "70 mots essentiels" recensés par V.A.C. Henmon
437:
379:
Most of currently available studies are based on written
1454:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 6â19,
1077:
1018:
933:
list of 8,848 high and medium frequency words in the
608:
535:
503:
16:
Bare list of a language's words in corpus linguistics
1991:
409:
526:has a ratio of 76/3789654 and belongs in class 16.
620:
591:
509:
1470:Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy
1452:Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy
1423:Most frequently used words in different languages
675:Word frequency is known to have various effects (
2340:
2117:The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
2066:Avdyli, Rrezarta; Cuetos, Fernando (June 2013),
1992:Brysbaert, M.; New, Boris; Keuleers, E. (2012),
1983:
1630:
1448:"Vocabulary size, text coverage, and word lists"
1169:"Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA)"
813:. An attempt was made in the 1950sâ60s with the
429:
2105:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
1563:"The word frequency effect and lexical access"
1336:"Maitrise de la langue Ă l'Ă©cole: Vocabulaire"
2166:
670:
383:, more easily available and easy to process.
359:
2065:
1874:
1866:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1781:
946:
615:
609:
441:
417:
405:
396:
2316:
1826:
1489:(2006), "Language Education - Vocabulary",
998:
925:) and the Taiwanese Ministry of Education (
413:
2173:
2159:
1682:
1491:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
707:Below is a review of available resources.
2323:This article includes a language-related
2305:Japanese-Language Proficiency Test / JLPT
2083:
1967:
1957:
1906:
1896:
1844:
1802:
1757:
1696:
1610:
1274:
1090:
1069:
1036:
918:
699:, the age at which the word was learned.
344:treatment of idioms and fixed expressions
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
859:, etc., available under an open license
363:
90:This article includes a list of general
1618:
1439:
1202:
906:
621:{\displaystyle \lfloor \ldots \rfloor }
139:For word lists used in word games, see
2341:
1670:
1551:
1485:
1467:
1445:
1348:
1232:
1006:"Crr » Subtitle Word Frequencies"
810:
793:
781:
764:
747:
734:
684:
680:
664:
656:
328:
184:natural language electronic processing
167:
2269:Test of Chinese as a Foreign Language
2154:
1722:
1654:Taiwan Ministry of Education (1997),
1600:
1338:. MinistĂšre de l'Ă©ducation nationale.
872:
2056:
1827:Keuleers, E, M, B.; New, B. (2010),
1782:Brysbaert, Marc; New, Boris (2009),
835:provides 142,000 French words, with
433:
76:
18:
1653:
926:
386:
13:
1636:
1625:(These de doctorat), Paris: INALCO
922:
410:Brysbaert, New & Keuleers 2012
96:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2375:
1671:New, Boris; Pallier, Christophe,
1091:Bontrager, Terry (1 April 1991).
517:of an item in the list using the
467:possible, impossible, possibility
201:(word types) together with their
2317:
1607:(frequency list of German words)
1556:, vol. 25, pp. 455â463
921:). As a frequency toolkit, Da (
461:under the representation of its
141:Scrabble § Acceptable words
81:
23:
1450:, in Schmitt; McCarthy (eds.),
1414:
1398:
1380:
1366:
1342:
1328:
1314:
1300:
1289:
1268:
1250:
1226:
635:Frequency lists, together with
451:
1640:Jun Da: Chinese text computing
1499:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00678-7
1388:"Spanish word frequency lists"
1196:
1185:. The Economist. 20 April 2006
1175:
1161:
1147:
1123:
1084:
1012:
824:, provided by the lexicologue
430:Pham, Bolger & Baayen 2011
317:
211:
1:
2287:Test of Proficiency in Korean
1631:Written texts-based databases
1613:Why Johnny can't read Chinese
1434:
915:Why Johnny Can't Read Chinese
576:Frequency of most common item
476:
2203:Simplified Technical English
2129:10.1080/17470218.2014.964271
1898:10.1371/journal.pone.0010729
1579:10.1016/0028-3932(82)90061-6
975:Most common words in English
889:Most common words in Spanish
717:Most common words in English
702:
493:German linguists define the
154:) is a list of a language's
7:
2262:Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi / HSK
2088:(inactive 28 August 2024),
2072:ILIRIA International Review
1677:(in French) (3.01 ed.)
1353:, Presses de L'Université,
963:
831:More recently, the project
650:
436:) and Portugal Portuguese (
10:
2380:
1407:Wiktionary:Frequency lists
1392:Vocabularywiki.pbworks.com
1038:10.3758/s13428-019-01233-1
939:Republic of China (Taiwan)
935:People's Republic of China
900:
886:
882:
809:A review has been made by
714:
710:
671:Effects of words frequency
360:Traditional written corpus
354:
341:treatment of word families
322:
138:
2364:Computational linguistics
2296:
2278:
2253:
2236:
2189:
2034:10.3758/s13428-014-0489-4
2001:Behavior Research Methods
1833:Behavior Research Methods
1791:Behavior Research Methods
1750:10.1017/s014271640707035x
1738:Applied Psycholinguistics
1698:10.3758/s13428-015-0621-0
1685:Behavior Research Methods
1619:Allanic, Bernard (2003),
1534:10.1027/1618-3169/a000123
1275:Ouzoulias, André (2004),
1258:"Le français fondamental"
1025:Behavior Research Methods
799:
488:computational linguistics
426:Dimitropoulou et al. 2010
335:corpus representativeness
191:computational linguistics
178:, and the definition of "
162:, serving the purpose of
2359:Quantitative linguistics
2227:New General Service List
1959:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00218
1611:DeFrancis, John (1966),
1603:Deutsche Sprachstatistik
1183:"It's the links, stupid"
1109:10.1080/0270271910120201
991:
952:
947:Cai & Brysbaert 2010
769:New General Service List
442:Avdyli & Cuetos 2013
418:Cai & Brysbaert 2010
406:Brysbaert & New 2009
397:Brysbaert & New 2009
338:word frequency and range
2349:Lists of language lists
2182:Word lists by frequency
1946:Frontiers in Psychology
1522:Experimental Psychology
1322:"PDF 3000 French words"
1203:Merholz, Peter (1999).
909:). American sinologist
414:Keuleers & New 2010
111:more precise citations.
1601:Meier, Helmut (1967),
622:
593:
573:Frequency of this item
511:
432:), Brazil Portuguese (
376:
350:various other criteria
164:vocabulary acquisition
2085:10.21113/iir.v3i1.112
2059:UCL Work Pap Linguist
715:Further information:
689:word frequency effect
677:Brysbaert et al. 2011
623:
594:
512:
404:), American English (
367:
2354:Language acquisition
2221:General Service List
1846:10.3758/brm.42.3.643
1804:10.3758/brm.41.4.977
1440:Theoretical concepts
815:Français fondamental
805:Traditional datasets
756:General Service List
645:semantic compression
606:
533:
501:
347:range of information
197:is a sorted list of
2184:and number of words
1889:2010PLoSO...510729C
1674:Manuel de Lexique 3
1493:, Oxford: 494â499,
1446:Nation, P. (1997),
1349:Baudot, J. (1992),
985:Google Ngram Viewer
446:Mandera et al. 2014
2244:Academic Word List
1605:, Hildesheim: Olms
1236:(26 August 2003).
1097:Reading Psychology
895:Cuetos et al. 2011
697:age-of-acquisition
618:
589:
507:
497:(frequency class)
438:Soares et al. 2015
422:Cuetos et al. 2011
377:
2314:
2313:
2022:Behav Res Methods
1461:978-0-521-58551-4
1360:978-2-7606-1563-2
811:New & Pallier
637:semantic networks
578:
577:
574:
510:{\displaystyle N}
495:HĂ€ufigkeitsklasse
370:personal pronouns
315:
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129:
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2004:
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1952:(December): 12,
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1919:
1910:
1900:
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1857:
1848:
1823:
1806:
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1778:
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1770:. Archived from
1761:
1735:
1723:SUBTLEX movement
1717:
1700:
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1666:
1665:
1664:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1637:Da, Jun (1998),
1626:
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1567:Neuropsychologia
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1260:. Archived from
1254:
1248:
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1244:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1211:. Archived from
1209:Internet Archive
1200:
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1082:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1040:
1016:
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1009:
1002:
970:Letter frequency
873:Subtlex movement
727:Edward Thorndike
643:in a process of
627:
625:
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619:
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588:
584:
583:
579:
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519:base 2 logarithm
516:
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387:SUBTLEX movement
305:transducionalify
212:
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125:
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107:this article by
98:inline citations
85:
84:
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1996:
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685:Laufer 1997
681:Rudell 1993
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657:Nation 1997
459:word family
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1663:2010-08-21
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1487:Nation, P.
1435:References
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524:outragious
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477:Statistics
424:), Greek (
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311:123,567th
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