124:
197:
164:
1065:
of many thin layers of wood that are glued together and then laser cut to exact specifications. The track is made in 25-foot (7.6 m) sections, which have special joints on the ends to allow them to snap together. The result is generally higher precision than what could be achieved by hand, leading to a smoother ride and reduced cost surrounding construction and maintenance. In addition, unlike traditional wooden coasters which feature bare metal wheels, the
138:
331:
25:
428:
927:
1101:, give a sense of unreliability and the "threat" of collapse or disregard for safety. Of course, this assumption is purely mental, since wooden roller coaster supports and track systems are designed to sway with the force produced by the coaster. If the track and structure were too rigid, they would break under the strain of the passing train. The swaying of the track reduces the maximum force applied, like a shock absorber.
532:, which opened in 1972 and sparked a second "Golden Age" of wooden coaster design that continues today. After their success with the Racer at Kings Island, the Philadelphia Toboggan Company (PTC) constructed another 9 roller coasters over the next decade. About half were small family coasters, two were racing coasters similar to the Racer, and two were out and back coasters with custom designs. One of these,
182:
765:. The company left a significant legacy on the coaster industry. The high number of wooden coasters they constructed, 34 over their decade of operation, helped to rekindle interest in the wooden roller coasters and allowed modern wooden coaster designers to thrive. Designers from CCI went on to form modern wooden coaster design firms, like
742:. Megafobia was also the company's first coaster outside the United States. CCI coasters were also unique at the time for sometimes featuring angle iron support structures rather than wooden beams (the track remains the same as other wooden coasters). Most CCI coasters ran Philadelphia Toboggan Company trains, although some, like
540:, was the last coaster designed by John Allen before his retirement. After these coasters, PTC stopped producing roller coasters, but continues to produce wooden roller coaster trains as Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters. Their distinctive rectangular cars are widely used on wooden coasters around the world.
547:
at Kings Island. After John Allen refused to design the coaster in lieu of retirement, Kings Island built the coaster themselves, with the coaster designed by Al
Collins and Jeff Gramke and construction overseen by Charlie Dinn. Rather than a typical out and back layout, the coaster sprawled over the
880:, a large wooden coaster which stands 163 feet tall, has over 6,442 feet of track, three 90 degree banked turns, and has been ranked the number one wooden coaster in the world by Amusement Today five times. Many of the Gravity Group's coasters are highly unique and custom built for the park, such as
1064:
Traditional wooden coaster track is typically built on site. It is cut as needed, bent to the proper shape, and mounted layer-by-layer to the support structure with steel running plates. Prefabricated track, on the other hand, is manufactured in a factory, temperature-controlled setting. It is made
257:
in the early 20th century, which added additional sets of wheels running along multiple sides of the track to allow for more intense ride design with sharper turns and steeper drops. The underfriction design became commonplace and continues to be used in modern roller coaster design.
898:(RMC) has recently been revolutionizing the modern wooden coaster. In 2011, they renovated the Texas Giant, which had become very rough and hard to maintain, into a steel roller coaster. This treatment became popular and was later applied to other aging roller coasters such as
1085:. While they are traditionally less capable than a steel coaster when it comes to inversions and elements (except for the chain lift hill), wooden coasters instead rely on an often rougher and more "wild" ride (depending on train speed and/or track layout), as well as a more
1124:. As a result, the turns and drops are more gentle than on modern wooden roller coasters. Scenic Railway roller coasters also lack upstop wheels but rely on a brake operator to control the speed so that upstop wheels are not necessary. A handful of wooden coasters use
852:
is currently the tallest wooden coaster in the world at 183 feet tall. While only having built 4 wooden coasters, all are praised by coaster enthusiasts, with all 4 being within the top 20 wooden coasters in the world on Mitch
Hawkers poll. Since 2010,
950:, the roller coaster broke many world records. With a height of 218 feet (66 m), it was the first wooden roller coaster to top 200 feet (61 m). It was also the first modern wooden roller coaster to feature an inversion, a 90-foot (27 m)
1841:
Built by Custom
Coasters International (CCI) in 1996. The coaster features a twister style layout. Megafobia was the first white-knuckle attraction to be installed at the Oakwood Theme Park (then Oakwood Leisure Park) in West Wales.
961:
developed by Rocky
Mountain Construction. The new technology replaced the flattened steel strip and upper two layers of wood traditionally used in wooden track design with a steel box, which led to rides like the triple-inverting
548:
woods at the back of the park, using the terrain to create an elevation change from lowest to highest point of 201 feet, even though the coaster was only 118 feet tall. The coaster also had two lift hills which, while common for
650:
was formed in 1991 by Denise Dinn-Larrick (daughter of
Charlie Dinn), her brother Jeff Dinn, and her husband Randy Larrick. After the closure of Dinn Corporation, several other designers joined CCI. The company's first coaster,
2127:
At the time of its opening, was the world's tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster, and the only wooden coaster to have an inversion, before that element was removed in 2007. It closed in 2009 and was demolished in 2012.
1865:
When built it was the only wooden roller coaster to feature inversions, including a double barrel roll and an over-banked turn, and also was the steepest wooden coaster in the world with an 81 degree drop (since broken by
829:. GCI's coasters feature highly twisted layouts with many crossovers, and usually use GCI's own wooden coaster trains called Millennium Flyers. Their designs are inspired by coasters from the 1920s, specifically those by
552:
at the time, was uncommon for wooden coasters. Opening in 1979, the coaster was, and still is, the longest wooden roller coaster in the world at 7,361 feet. Another significant wooden coaster of this era was the racing
2080:
building – the first UK amusement park attraction to achieve this status. It closed in 2006 and 25% of it was damaged by fire on 7 April 2008, however, it was fully restored and reopened to the public in 2015.
1628:
The grounds of the ride are densely forested, with the intended thrills heightened from the illusion of inadequate clearance between the track and trees. Layout based on
Cincinnati Coney Island Wildcat.
872:. The coaster features highly unique elements, including an airtime filled pre-lift section, an 800-foot tunnel underneath a parking lot, and a 90 degree banked turn. In 2006, The Gravity Group built
844:
began producing wooden roller coasters using prefabricated track. Their wooden coasters are known for large amounts of airtime (including ejector airtime), smooth ride experiences, and steep drops.
1108:. Each set of wheels includes a running wheel (on top of the track), a side friction (or "guide") wheel (to guide motion in the lateral plane and reduce excessive side-to-side movement known as "
1924:
Racing roller coaster, featuring two individual tracks that parallel each other. From 1993 to 2007 the Racer 75 had one side of the tracks traveling forwards and one side traveling backwards.
568:
After the surge in the 1970s, wooden coasters construction became stagnant due to the steel roller coaster being much more popular. Most original coasters during this time were designed by
607:
to design and build new wooden coasters. Between 1988 and 1991, they designed and built ten new wooden coasters. While most were of typical wooden coaster size, a few set coaster records.
1712:
Wooden roller coaster built to the plans of Ervin Dragon, is 17 m (55.8 ft) in height and travels 980 m (3,215 ft) in five minutes. It is one of the few remaining
805:
Great
Coasters International (GCI) was formed in 1994 by Mike Boodley and Clair Hain, Jr, the former of whom was a designer at Custom Coasters prior to GCI. The first coaster was
2334:
A roller coaster requiring a brakeman to ride the train, and the last built roller coaster in the world to use side friction technology. It is also an ACE Coaster
Classic.
954:, which was made of steel. The ride was well-received but was plagued by a number of incidents, including two that were serious, eventually leading to its demise in 2012.
659:, was a small family coaster that stood only 55 feet high. As time went on, they began to design larger coasters. One of their earlier coasters that was well received was
1061:
and Rocky
Mountain Construction began using prefabricated track in the 2010s. The design borrows the principles of steel coaster manufacturing and applies them to wood.
1871:
631:
were large wooden coasters with similar layouts, with the later opening as the tallest wooden coaster in the world at 161 feet. After a dispute during construction of
223:, which consists of running rails made of flat steel strips mounted on laminated wood. The support structure is also typically made of wood, but may also be made of
4646:
565:
in 1981, which still holds the records for racing wooden coasters of height (127 ft), length (4650 ft), speed (66 mph), and drop (147 ft).
245:
Early wooden roller coaster design of the 19th century featured a single set of wheels running on top of the track, which was common in scenic railway rides.
997:
1652:
Located in Santa Cruz, California, it is among the last original oceanfront roller coasters still operating on the West Coast. It is protected under the
1679:
Located in San Diego, California, it is among the last original oceanfront roller coasters still operating on the West Coast. It is protected under the
906:. In addition, RMC designs and builds their own original wooden coasters. In 2016, the company opened the world's first launched wooden roller coaster,
447:
The 1920s was the Golden Age of coaster design. This was the decade when many of the world's most iconic coasters were built. Some of these include the
4486:
491:. All of these rides were built during this time. The decade was also the design peak for some of the world's greatest coaster designers, including
2614:
1774:
The roller coaster was operated continuously until 1935, again from 1937 to 1985, and finally from 1999 to 2016. It reopened once again in 2020.
1429:
234:, which has no bearing on a wooden coaster's classification. The type of wood often selected in the construction of wooden coasters worldwide is
2827:
3920:
2513:
1981:
813:
which opened in 1996. Since then, they have become one of the major wooden coaster designers in the industry, with award-winning coasters like
1951:
Two wooden coasters operated by Six Flags; the version at
Discovery Kingdom was removed in 2015 and converted to RMC hybrid coaster "Joker".
2540:
4481:
1382:
2640:
1045:. It is known for its strength, which comes from its extremely dense properties. Southern pine is also easy to cut and responds well to
4226:
395:
89:
1370:
Was the world's tallest, fastest, and longest wooden roller coaster upon opening. In 2014, converted into a steel roller coaster.
367:
61:
2300:
348:
42:
4496:
1747:
in 1924). In 1985 The Jack Rabbit became the oldest continuously operating coaster in the U.S. with the temporary closing of
1186:
947:
374:
68:
1424:
Contained one of the steepest drops found on a wooden roller coaster (60 degrees) when it opened. It is protected under the
971:
4297:
2570:
1688:
1680:
1653:
1425:
833:
and Harry Traver, and the company focuses on making the structures of their coasters aesthetically appealing and artistic.
580:. Another trend during the 1980s was relocating old wooden coasters in danger of being destroyed. Charlie Dinn, who formed
1997:
A roller coaster requiring a brakeman to ride the train, and the only operational scenic railway in the UK. It is also an
4456:
1485:
854:
3346:
2499:
3913:
2088:
1589:
612:
585:
381:
298:
75:
1897:
First large-scale wooden roller coaster to be relocated when it was moved from San Antonio to its current location in
4149:
2589:
2311:
Features three 90-degree banked turns and is the second longest wooden roller coaster in the world behind The Beast.
1013:
979:
414:
310:
108:
888:, which has a highly compact layout to fit in the parks small footprint. Their coasters have become very popular in
667:. Custom Coasters took on increasingly high numbers of wooden coaster projects, including 7 coasters in 2000 alone (
4677:
2268:
2261:
Only wooden roller coaster originally built in-house by Six Flags, and a mirror image of the Coney Island Cyclone.
869:
584:
after leaving Kings Island in 1984, oversaw some of these relocations, including the relocation of The Rocket from
914:
in 2016, and until 2024 featured a magnetic launch of 45 mph up a 200' hill, similar to the magnetic lift on
363:
57:
4672:
4426:
3970:
2245:
2056:
1562:
1552:
1163:
554:
4251:
4055:
1684:
1413:
907:
352:
238:, which grows abundantly in the southern United States, due to its density and adherence to different forms of
46:
4581:
3906:
1986:
1886:
1285:
786:
692:
647:
2618:
1579:
864:
Notable designers from the former Custom Coasters International formed The Gravity Group and in 2005 opened
4196:
4050:
4020:
2046:
1998:
1717:
1713:
1121:
1005:
822:
766:
476:
250:
861:, which opened in 2006, has been ranked the number one wooden coaster in the world on Mitch Hawkers poll.
285:
made history in 2000 by incorporating the first successful attempt of an inversion on a wooden coaster, a
4246:
4096:
4081:
4035:
2341:
2295:
1940:
1663:
1535:
1104:
Like steel roller coasters, wooden roller coasters usually use the same three-wheel design, pioneered by
895:
873:
830:
716:
456:
294:
4631:
4546:
4186:
4076:
1867:
1825:
1641:
1524:
Modern version of a classic wooden bobsled coaster. Its layout is similar to an older model located at
1308:
1105:
660:
544:
452:
2357:
Wicker Man was the UK's first wooden roller coaster to be built in 21 years after Megafobia in Wales.
1439:
986:
soon followed. Topper Track provides the added benefit of smoother rides and lower maintenance costs.
975:
4611:
4596:
4551:
4536:
4526:
4206:
4000:
2823:
1786:
1513:
1490:
1462:
1331:
1263:
1230:
915:
858:
762:
743:
668:
608:
589:
577:
549:
432:
167:
2517:
2482:
992:
also designed five wooden coasters with a single inversion: these include coasters at each of three
524:
This relatively quiet age of coaster design following the Great Depression was brought to an end by
4571:
4511:
4211:
4040:
4005:
2391:
2285:
2223:
2029:
1881:
1732:
1668:
1612:
1567:
1525:
1377:
1359:
1218:
1203:
1191:
700:
597:
525:
472:
460:
388:
262:
127:
82:
2548:
4308:
4241:
4231:
4091:
4086:
4030:
4025:
4010:
3995:
3876:
3857:
3838:
3819:
3800:
3781:
3762:
3743:
3724:
3705:
3686:
3667:
3648:
3629:
3610:
3591:
3572:
3553:
3534:
3515:
3496:
3477:
3458:
3439:
3420:
3401:
3382:
3363:
3333:
3314:
3295:
3265:
3246:
3227:
3208:
3189:
3170:
3151:
3132:
3113:
3094:
3075:
3056:
3037:
3018:
2999:
2980:
2961:
2942:
2923:
2904:
2885:
2804:
2785:
2766:
2747:
2728:
2709:
2690:
2671:
2250:
2158:
2093:
1958:
1727:
1508:
1301:
Voted the world's #1 wooden roller coaster by the National Amusement Park Historical Association
1240:
1229:
Formerly themed as "Terminator Salvation: The Ride". Replacement for the dismantled and scrapped
1168:
983:
782:
569:
558:
488:
484:
341:
314:
185:
35:
1478:
Named after the park's mascot, Coaster the Dragon, and allows the riders to "enter the dragon".
881:
159:
is the oldest wooden roller coaster in the country; it opened in 1951 and is still in operation.
4566:
4441:
4292:
4216:
4191:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4015:
3975:
1898:
1401:
in 1948, it was purchased and relocated to Queensbury in 1993 after Crystal Beach closed down.
1398:
1098:
1066:
4501:
4436:
4431:
4167:
4142:
3990:
3954:
2228:
2184:
1963:
1931:
1540:
1116:(beneath the track to prevent cars from flying off the track). Some wooden coasters, such as
806:
712:
708:
688:
261:
Traditionally, wooden roller coasters were not capable of featuring extreme elements such as
2022:
Formerly known as Bjergrutschebanen (the Mountain Roller Coaster); still run with brake men
1202:
Opened in 1923 and was reprofiled in 1936, adding two more drops and a brand new station. A
4601:
3944:
2273:
2034:
1701:
1408:
1213:
1082:
1030:
676:
620:
464:
270:
235:
131:
8:
4606:
4461:
4287:
2011:
1467:
1109:
672:
537:
436:
205:
4616:
4541:
4451:
4324:
2407:
1854:
1830:
1743:
When it opened, it was the fastest roller coaster in the world (the title was taken by
1394:
967:
793:. In 2013, Boulder Dash was rated the number one wooden roller coaster in the world by
758:
739:
632:
533:
306:
1605:
This ride was built over the beach because Morey's Piers ran out of room on the pier.
1097:
and track, which usually move anywhere from a few inches to a few feet with a passing
957:
In the 2010s, a new era of wooden roller coasters came about with the introduction of
511:, but a few still stand as American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) classics and landmarks.
301:, overbanked turns, and other inverting elements appearing on wooden coasters such as
4586:
4374:
3985:
2850:
2414:'s favorite roller coaster, and he rode the Zippin Pippin eight days before he died.
2369:
2364:
2061:
1936:
1046:
989:
778:
770:
727:
604:
480:
274:
239:
123:
4531:
4466:
4364:
4329:
4135:
2201:
1594:
1354:
903:
774:
680:
656:
581:
508:
504:
1029:
The common choice of wood selected for modern wooden roller coasters worldwide is
4405:
4379:
4369:
4359:
4334:
4045:
3278:
2077:
1501:
Opened with one of the steepest drops of any wooden roller coaster (76 degrees).
814:
794:
652:
624:
616:
266:
2574:
2206:
4641:
4636:
4491:
4476:
4421:
4400:
3930:
2428:
2073:
1913:
1807:
1617:
1290:
943:
790:
696:
492:
246:
216:
196:
148:
1128:
wheels, similar to a rail car, eliminating the need for side friction wheels.
4666:
4626:
4471:
4384:
2848:
2411:
2386:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1117:
1113:
951:
877:
731:
720:
664:
440:
286:
254:
2323:
885:
163:
145:
4576:
4302:
4201:
4181:
4060:
3980:
2346:
2318:
2151:
Current record holder for the steepest wooden roller coaster (77 degrees).
2116:
2111:
1744:
1636:
1444:
1313:
1070:
958:
939:
931:
899:
593:
529:
500:
496:
468:
448:
290:
282:
278:
141:
3898:
2667:
1974:
Known simply as "Roller Coaster" or the "White Roller Coaster" by locals.
4506:
4261:
2460:
2403:
1268:
1081:
Wooden roller coasters provide a very different ride and experience from
1001:
837:
818:
810:
704:
675:, which was the largest with a 153-foot drop and almost a mile of track;
628:
227:
220:
201:
777:. Many of their coasters rank highly in wooden coaster polls, including
4651:
4446:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4116:
2045:
A roller coaster requiring a brakeman to ride the train. It is also an
1849:
1781:
1336:
1086:
963:
751:
573:
355: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
302:
171:
2851:"Homebuilder attitudes and preferences regarding southern yellow pine"
507:. Many wooden roller coasters of this time were demolished during the
427:
137:
4621:
4591:
4556:
4516:
4236:
2659:
2163:
2135:
1094:
1009:
993:
911:
865:
845:
826:
735:
684:
189:
330:
24:
2284:
Has speeds up to 76 km/h (47 mph). Featured in the movie
2140:
1908:
1245:
1042:
1034:
926:
849:
636:
152:
615:, built in 1989, had the tallest wooden coaster drop at 150 feet.
4561:
4271:
4256:
4158:
1058:
841:
747:
562:
175:
156:
2849:
Michael A. Dunn; Todd F. Shupe; Richard P. Vlosky (April 2003).
2824:"Thrills, Chills, and Stability: SYP and Wooden Roller Coasters"
757:
In 2002, Custom Coasters declared bankruptcy while building the
2402:
The second oldest extant roller coaster in America formerly at
1125:
726:
CCI's coaster designs included both out and back layouts like
181:
4521:
3815:
3416:
3090:
2781:
2762:
2743:
2724:
2686:
1038:
889:
231:
224:
3872:
3796:
3777:
3682:
3644:
3568:
3549:
3378:
3291:
3148:"Flying Turns (Knoebels Amusement Park & Resort)"
3147:
3128:
2938:
2919:
2800:
2705:
1797:
The tallest double track wooden roller coaster in the world
3853:
3834:
3758:
3720:
3701:
3663:
3625:
3606:
3587:
3530:
3511:
3492:
3473:
3435:
3397:
3359:
3329:
3310:
3261:
3242:
3204:
3185:
3166:
3109:
3071:
3052:
3014:
2976:
2957:
2900:
2076:
and the 3rd oldest in the world. In 2002 the ride became a
1818:
The biggest wooden roller coaster in operation in Belgium.
1090:
4127:
3739:
3454:
3223:
3033:
2995:
2668:"Record Holders (Inverting wooden roller coasters)"
639:, Dinn Corporation closed down and the partnership ended.
3683:"Timberhawk: Ride of Prey (Wild Waves Theme Park)"
2881:
2607:
2541:"Official: Cracked Wood May Have Caused Coaster Accident"
1720:
Coaster Classic, It has not been operational since 2015.
2920:"Apocalypse: The Ride (Six Flags Magic Mountain)"
2641:"Get ready for the next wave of looping wooden coasters"
3531:"Roller Coaster (Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach)"
2801:"Hades 360 (Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park)"
1069:
for a prefabricated wooden coaster have wheels made of
170:, one of the world's largest wooden roller coasters at
3893:
2763:"Jungle Trailblazer (Oriental Heritage Ningbo)"
2174:
Declared "King of the Coasters" by the New York Times
2826:. Southern Pine Awareness Network. 26 December 2018.
2725:"Jungle Trailblazer (Oriental Heritage Jinan)"
2447:
Tieteen kuvalehti Historia 11/2014, p.74 (in Finnish)
1131:
543:
A notable non-PTC coaster built during this time was
2744:"Jungle Trailblazer (Oriental Heritage Wuhu)"
2455:
2453:
1455:
Ireland's first (and currently only) wooden coaster
1037:
abundant in the southern United States from eastern
3015:"Colossos – Kampf der Giganten (Heide Park)"
892:, in which 12 coasters have been built since 2009.
514:
289:made of steel. A decade later, the introduction of
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3243:"Giant Dipper (Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk)"
3186:"Grand National (Blackpool Pleasure Beach)"
2571:"'Son of the Beast' Closed After Injury Complaint"
2514:"Extreme Rides and Wooden Roller Coasters Reviews"
1256:Second "prefabricated" wooden coaster to be built
921:
3873:"Zippin Pippin (Bay Beach Amusement Park)"
3607:"Shivering Timbers (Michigan's Adventure)"
2882:"American Eagle (Six Flags Great America)"
2782:"Mine Blower (Fun Spot America Kissimmee)"
2450:
603:In 1988, Charlie Dinn started a partnership with
273:after the introduction of tubular steel track by
4664:
2958:"Blue Streak (Cedar Point,Sandusky Ohio)"
1347:One of the largest wooden coasters in the world
1179:Tallest and fastest racing coaster in the world
642:
3311:"Jack Rabbit (Seabreeze Amusement Park)"
2617:. Coaster-Net. 16 February 2011. Archived from
2500:"Kings Island: A Leader in New Ideas for Years"
2104:The world's 4th longest wooden roller coaster.
4487:Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure
3835:"Yankee Cannonball (Canobie Lake Park)"
3408:
2901:"Big Dipper (Blackpool Pleasure Beach)"
2581:
2563:
2532:
600:and is ranked highly on wooden coaster polls.
4143:
3914:
3436:"Phoenix (Knoebels' Amusement Resort)"
2678:
1136:The following list is in alphabetical order.
1120:, do not have upstop wheels and are known as
3129:"El Toro (Six Flags Great Adventure)"
3034:"Colossus (Six Flags Magic Mountain)"
2697:
746:at Six Flags St. Louis, run trains from the
3928:
3588:"Scenic Railway (Dreamland Margate)"
3493:"Roar (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)"
2687:"Wildfire (KolmĂĄrden Wildlife Park)"
2483:"SCREEEEEEAM! An Oral history of The Beast"
1324:Longest wooden roller coaster in the world
4150:
4136:
3921:
3907:
2706:"Goliath (Six Flags Great America)"
2587:
415:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4221:
3740:"Viper (Six Flags Great America)"
3721:"Tremors (Silverwood Theme Park)"
3702:"Tonnerre de Zeus (Parc Astérix)"
3417:"Outlaw Run (Silver Dollar City)"
3167:"GhostRider (Knott's Berry Farm)"
2842:
925:
426:
195:
180:
162:
136:
122:
3398:"Megafobia (Oakwood Theme Park)"
3053:"Comet (Six Flags Great Escape)"
1024:
773:, and the wooden coaster department at
4665:
3550:"Rutschebanen (Tivoli Gardens)"
3292:"Hullámvasút (Holnemvolt Park)"
2977:"Boulder Dash (Lake Compounce)"
2818:
2816:
2814:
1076:
1052:
4305:(in association with US Thrill Rides)
4131:
3902:
2615:"Rocky Mountain Construction Company"
2588:McClelland, Justin (4 October 2012).
2538:
2489:, 29 May 2014. Accessed 7 April 2019.
1008:and the conversion of their existing
948:Roller Coaster Corporation of America
734:as well as more twisted layouts like
3854:"Zippin Pippin (Libertyland)"
3626:"Son of Beast (Kings Island)"
3379:"Loup Garou (Walibi Belgium)"
3262:"Giant Dipper (Belmont Park)"
3205:"Great White (Morey's Piers)"
2861:(53). Forest Products Society: 36–41
2590:"Dismantling begins on Son of Beast"
2573:. WLWT. 22 June 2009. Archived from
2516:. Zuko. 18 June 2007. Archived from
2502:. COASTER-net.com. 29 December 2010.
2301:Holiday World & Splashin' Safari
1944:
1681:National Register of Historic Places
1654:National Register of Historic Places
1426:National Register of Historic Places
1073:treads, similar to a steel coaster.
353:adding citations to reliable sources
324:
297:allowed for new possibilities, with
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4497:Indiana Jones et le Temple du PĂ©ril
3569:"Scenic Railway (Luna Park)"
2811:
800:
613:Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
13:
4281:Discontinued roller coaster models
3870:
3851:
3832:
3816:"Wicker Man (Alton Towers)"
3813:
3797:"Vuoristorata (Linnanmäki)"
3794:
3775:
3756:
3737:
3718:
3699:
3680:
3661:
3642:
3623:
3604:
3585:
3566:
3547:
3528:
3509:
3490:
3471:
3455:"Racer 75 (Kings Dominion)"
3452:
3433:
3414:
3395:
3376:
3357:
3327:
3308:
3289:
3259:
3240:
3221:
3202:
3183:
3164:
3145:
3126:
3110:"Dragon Coaster (Playland)"
3107:
3088:
3069:
3050:
3031:
3012:
2993:
2974:
2955:
2936:
2917:
2898:
2879:
2798:
2779:
2760:
2741:
2722:
2703:
2684:
2665:
1132:Examples of wooden roller coasters
1014:Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park
934:had a steel vertical loop (center)
14:
4689:
3887:
3474:"Roar (Six Flags America)"
3224:"Grizzly (Kings Dominion)"
3091:"CĂş Chulainn (Tayto Park)"
2996:"The Beast (Kings Island)"
2830:from the original on 30 July 2021
1430:New York City Designated Landmark
3664:"Thunderbolt (Kennywood)"
3512:"Roller Coaster (Lagoon)"
996:theme parks in China, all named
870:Mt. Olympus Water and Theme Park
515:Second Golden Age (1972–present)
329:
23:
4401:Double and triple Ferris wheels
3864:
3845:
3826:
3807:
3788:
3778:"Voyage (Holiday World)"
3769:
3750:
3731:
3712:
3693:
3674:
3655:
3636:
3617:
3598:
3579:
3560:
3541:
3522:
3503:
3484:
3465:
3446:
3427:
3389:
3370:
3351:
3340:
3321:
3302:
3283:
3272:
3253:
3234:
3215:
3196:
3177:
3158:
3139:
3120:
3101:
3082:
3063:
3044:
3025:
3006:
2987:
2968:
2949:
2930:
2911:
2892:
2873:
2792:
2773:
2754:
2735:
2716:
2633:
922:First inverting wooden coasters
340:needs additional citations for
34:needs additional citations for
3347:Le Monstre, La Ronde, Montreal
2506:
2492:
2475:
2463:. American Coaster Enthusiasts
2441:
1685:California Historical Landmark
1551:Longest wooden coaster on the
1:
4582:Superman: Escape from Krypton
4175:Current roller coaster models
3645:"T Express (Everland)"
2539:Barry, Lance (10 July 2006).
2434:
2072:The oldest wooden coaster in
1987:Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach
1714:side friction roller coasters
1122:side friction roller coasters
938:In 2000, Kings Island opened
648:Custom Coasters International
643:Custom Coasters International
443:with a lift hill and a tunnel
320:
3072:"Cyclone (Luna Park)"
1019:
767:Great Coasters International
7:
4482:Green Lantern: First Flight
4157:
3759:"Coaster (Playland)"
3360:"Monstre (La Ronde)"
2422:
1941:Six Flags Discovery Kingdom
1689:San Diego Historic Landmark
896:Rocky Mountain Construction
295:Rocky Mountain Construction
265:, near-vertical drops, and
10:
4694:
4632:Volcano: The Blast Coaster
3279:ACE Coaster Classic Awards
2939:"Balder (Liseberg)"
2410:from 1923 to 2005. It was
1887:Knoebels' Amusement Resort
1642:Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk
519:
453:Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk
4414:
4393:
4317:
4280:
4227:Reverse Free Fall Coaster
4174:
4165:
4069:
3963:
3937:
2181:Timberhawk: Ride of Prey
1874:with an 87 degree drop).
1514:Knoebels Amusement Resort
1491:Six Flags Great Adventure
859:Six Flags Great Adventure
596:. It now operates as the
590:Knoebels Amusement Resort
503:, and the partnership of
219:classified by its wooden
4394:Other discontinued rides
2392:Bay Beach Amusement Park
1733:Seabreeze Amusement Park
1716:in the world, and is an
1568:Pleasure Beach Blackpool
1360:Six Flags Magic Mountain
1219:Six Flags Magic Mountain
1204:Grade II listed building
1192:Blackpool Pleasure Beach
4678:Types of roller coaster
4217:Multi Inversion Coaster
3894:Roller Coaster Database
3877:Roller Coaster DataBase
3858:Roller Coaster DataBase
3839:Roller Coaster DataBase
3820:Roller Coaster DataBase
3801:Roller Coaster DataBase
3782:Roller Coaster DataBase
3763:Roller Coaster DataBase
3744:Roller Coaster DataBase
3725:Roller Coaster DataBase
3706:Roller Coaster DataBase
3687:Roller Coaster DataBase
3668:Roller Coaster DataBase
3649:Roller Coaster DataBase
3630:Roller Coaster DataBase
3611:Roller Coaster DataBase
3592:Roller Coaster DataBase
3573:Roller Coaster DataBase
3554:Roller Coaster DataBase
3535:Roller Coaster DataBase
3516:Roller Coaster DataBase
3497:Roller Coaster DataBase
3478:Roller Coaster DataBase
3459:Roller Coaster DataBase
3440:Roller Coaster DataBase
3421:Roller Coaster DataBase
3402:Roller Coaster DataBase
3383:Roller Coaster DataBase
3364:Roller Coaster DataBase
3334:Roller Coaster DataBase
3315:Roller Coaster DataBase
3296:Roller Coaster DataBase
3266:Roller Coaster DataBase
3247:Roller Coaster DataBase
3228:Roller Coaster DataBase
3209:Roller Coaster DataBase
3190:Roller Coaster DataBase
3171:Roller Coaster DataBase
3152:Roller Coaster DataBase
3133:Roller Coaster DataBase
3114:Roller Coaster DataBase
3095:Roller Coaster DataBase
3076:Roller Coaster DataBase
3057:Roller Coaster DataBase
3038:Roller Coaster DataBase
3019:Roller Coaster DataBase
3000:Roller Coaster DataBase
2981:Roller Coaster DataBase
2962:Roller Coaster DataBase
2943:Roller Coaster DataBase
2924:Roller Coaster DataBase
2905:Roller Coaster DataBase
2886:Roller Coaster DataBase
2855:Forest Products Journal
2805:Roller Coaster DataBase
2786:Roller Coaster DataBase
2767:Roller Coaster DataBase
2748:Roller Coaster DataBase
2729:Roller Coaster DataBase
2710:Roller Coaster DataBase
2691:Roller Coaster DataBase
2672:Roller Coaster DataBase
2251:Six Flags Great America
1440:The CĂş Chulainn Coaster
1169:Six Flags Great America
984:Six Flags Great America
976:KolmĂĄrden Wildlife Park
840:steel coaster designer
559:Six Flags Great America
364:"Wooden roller coaster"
315:Six Flags Great America
58:"Wooden roller coaster"
4673:Wooden roller coasters
4567:Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin
1899:Elysburg, Pennsylvania
1399:Crystal Beach, Ontario
1383:Six Flags Great Escape
935:
763:Cliff's Amusement Park
444:
255:underfriction coasters
251:side friction coasters
208:
193:
178:
160:
134:
16:Type of roller coaster
4168:List of Intamin rides
3938:Construction material
2269:Wooden Roller Coaster
2229:Silverwood Theme Park
2185:Wild Waves Theme Park
1964:Lagoon Amusement Park
1089:approach to inducing
1083:steel roller coasters
970:in 2012. Others like
929:
713:Myrtle Beach Pavilion
709:Hurricane: Category 5
689:Six Flags New Orleans
430:
271:steel roller coasters
213:wooden roller coaster
199:
184:
166:
140:
126:
4222:Prefabricated Wooden
2461:"Coasters – History"
2094:Michigan's Adventure
1872:ZDT’s Amusement Park
1409:Coney Island Cyclone
1214:Apocalypse: The Ride
1031:southern yellow pine
1025:Southern yellow pine
783:Michigan's Adventure
621:Six Flags Over Texas
349:improve this article
236:southern yellow pine
132:Luna Park, Melbourne
43:improve this article
4647:Woodstock's Express
4607:Top Thrill Dragster
4462:Escape from Pompeii
4318:Other current rides
3964:Train configuration
2487:Cincinnati Magazine
1140:
1077:Wooden versus steel
1053:Prefabricated track
930:From 2000 to 2006,
868:(now Hades 360) at
673:Six Flags St. Louis
550:mine train coasters
538:Six Flags St. Louis
4617:Tower of Terror II
4452:Disaster Transport
2621:on 6 December 2011
2577:on 18 August 2011.
2408:Memphis, Tennessee
1855:Silver Dollar City
1831:Oakwood Theme Park
1541:Knott's Berry Farm
1395:Crystal Beach Park
1139:
1047:pressure treatment
1006:Fun Spot Kissimmee
998:Jungle Trailblazer
968:Silver Dollar City
936:
759:New Mexico Rattler
740:Oakwood Theme Park
479:, The Thriller at
445:
307:Silver Dollar City
269:commonly found on
240:pressure treatment
209:
194:
179:
161:
135:
4660:
4659:
4587:Superman The Ride
4125:
4124:
2645:Los Angeles Times
2594:Dayton Daily News
2420:
2419:
2370:Canobie Lake Park
2365:Yankee Cannonball
2286:Riding the Bullet
2089:Shivering Timbers
2062:Dreamland Margate
2049:Coaster Classic.
2001:Coaster Classic.
1937:Six Flags America
994:Oriental Heritage
990:The Gravity Group
946:and built by the
779:Shivering Timbers
775:S&S Worldwide
771:The Gravity Group
728:Hoosier Hurricane
605:Curtis D. Summers
481:Euclid Beach Park
425:
424:
417:
399:
275:Arrow Development
200:The lift hill on
119:
118:
111:
93:
4685:
4532:Millennium Force
4365:Looping Starship
4152:
4145:
4138:
4129:
4128:
3971:Fourth dimension
3923:
3916:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3881:
3880:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3287:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2820:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2647:. 1 October 2014
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2547:. Archived from
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2457:
2448:
2445:
2202:Tonnerre de Zeus
1745:The Giant Dipper
1582:roller coasters
1141:
1138:
910:which opened at
904:Twisted Colossus
801:Modern designers
681:Six Flags Mexico
657:Dutch Wonderland
582:Dinn Corporation
509:Great Depression
505:Prior and Church
420:
413:
409:
406:
400:
398:
357:
333:
325:
267:overbanked turns
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4410:
4389:
4335:Flying Dutchman
4313:
4276:
4170:
4161:
4156:
4126:
4121:
4065:
4046:Summer toboggan
3959:
3933:
3927:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3871:Marden, Duane.
3869:
3865:
3852:Marden, Duane.
3850:
3846:
3833:Marden, Duane.
3831:
3827:
3814:Marden, Duane.
3812:
3808:
3795:Marden, Duane.
3793:
3789:
3776:Marden, Duane.
3774:
3770:
3757:Marden, Duane.
3755:
3751:
3738:Marden, Duane.
3736:
3732:
3719:Marden, Duane.
3717:
3713:
3700:Marden, Duane.
3698:
3694:
3681:Marden, Duane.
3679:
3675:
3662:Marden, Duane.
3660:
3656:
3643:Marden, Duane.
3641:
3637:
3624:Marden, Duane.
3622:
3618:
3605:Marden, Duane.
3603:
3599:
3586:Marden, Duane.
3584:
3580:
3567:Marden, Duane.
3565:
3561:
3548:Marden, Duane.
3546:
3542:
3529:Marden, Duane.
3527:
3523:
3510:Marden, Duane.
3508:
3504:
3491:Marden, Duane.
3489:
3485:
3472:Marden, Duane.
3470:
3466:
3453:Marden, Duane.
3451:
3447:
3434:Marden, Duane.
3432:
3428:
3415:Marden, Duane.
3413:
3409:
3396:Marden, Duane.
3394:
3390:
3377:Marden, Duane.
3375:
3371:
3358:Marden, Duane.
3356:
3352:
3345:
3341:
3330:"Leap the Dips"
3328:Marden, Duane.
3326:
3322:
3309:Marden, Duane.
3307:
3303:
3290:Marden, Duane.
3288:
3284:
3277:
3273:
3260:Marden, Duane.
3258:
3254:
3241:Marden, Duane.
3239:
3235:
3222:Marden, Duane.
3220:
3216:
3203:Marden, Duane.
3201:
3197:
3184:Marden, Duane.
3182:
3178:
3165:Marden, Duane.
3163:
3159:
3146:Marden, Duane.
3144:
3140:
3127:Marden, Duane.
3125:
3121:
3108:Marden, Duane.
3106:
3102:
3089:Marden, Duane.
3087:
3083:
3070:Marden, Duane.
3068:
3064:
3051:Marden, Duane.
3049:
3045:
3032:Marden, Duane.
3030:
3026:
3013:Marden, Duane.
3011:
3007:
2994:Marden, Duane.
2992:
2988:
2975:Marden, Duane.
2973:
2969:
2956:Marden, Duane.
2954:
2950:
2937:Marden, Duane.
2935:
2931:
2918:Marden, Duane.
2916:
2912:
2899:Marden, Duane.
2897:
2893:
2880:Marden, Duane.
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2812:
2799:Marden, Duane.
2797:
2793:
2780:Marden, Duane.
2778:
2774:
2761:Marden, Duane.
2759:
2755:
2742:Marden, Duane.
2740:
2736:
2723:Marden, Duane.
2721:
2717:
2704:Marden, Duane.
2702:
2698:
2685:Marden, Duane.
2683:
2679:
2666:Marden, Duane.
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2582:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2551:on 20 July 2006
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2520:on 20 June 2012
2512:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2425:
2354:United Kingdom
2141:Everland Resort
2078:Grade II listed
2069:United Kingdom
1994:United Kingdom
1838:United Kingdom
1590:The Great White
1575:United Kingdom
1199:United Kingdom
1134:
1079:
1057:Companies like
1055:
1027:
1022:
924:
815:Lightning Racer
803:
795:Amusement Today
711:at the defunct
703:at the defunct
687:at the defunct
653:Kingdom Coaster
645:
534:Screamin' Eagle
522:
517:
421:
410:
404:
401:
358:
356:
346:
334:
323:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4691:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4642:Wilderness Run
4639:
4637:Wicked Twister
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4492:Incredicoaster
4489:
4484:
4479:
4477:The Giant Drop
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4427:American Eagle
4424:
4422:Alpine Bobsled
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3931:roller coaster
3926:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3888:External links
3886:
3883:
3882:
3863:
3844:
3825:
3806:
3787:
3768:
3749:
3730:
3711:
3692:
3673:
3654:
3635:
3616:
3597:
3578:
3559:
3540:
3521:
3502:
3483:
3464:
3445:
3426:
3407:
3388:
3369:
3350:
3339:
3320:
3301:
3282:
3271:
3252:
3233:
3214:
3195:
3176:
3157:
3138:
3119:
3100:
3081:
3062:
3043:
3024:
3005:
2986:
2967:
2948:
2929:
2910:
2891:
2872:
2841:
2810:
2791:
2772:
2753:
2734:
2715:
2696:
2677:
2658:
2632:
2606:
2580:
2562:
2531:
2505:
2491:
2481:Murtha, Lisa.
2474:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2399:United States
2397:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2377:United States
2375:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:United States
2306:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:United States
2256:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2236:United States
2234:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2192:United States
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:United States
2169:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:United States
2122:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:United States
2099:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2057:Scenic Railway
2053:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2030:Scenic Railway
2026:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1982:Roller Coaster
1978:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:United States
1969:
1966:
1961:
1959:Roller Coaster
1955:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:United States
1946:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:United States
1919:
1916:
1914:Kings Dominion
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1894:United States
1892:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1863:
1862:United States
1860:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:Walibi Belgium
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:United States
1769:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1741:
1740:United States
1738:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1677:
1676:United States
1674:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1649:United States
1647:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:United States
1623:
1620:
1618:Kings Dominion
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:United States
1600:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1563:Grand National
1559:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1548:United States
1546:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1526:Riverview Park
1522:
1521:United States
1519:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:United States
1496:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:United States
1473:
1470:
1465:
1463:Dragon Coaster
1459:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1422:
1421:United States
1419:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1391:
1390:United States
1388:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:United States
1365:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:United States
1319:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:United States
1296:
1293:
1291:Lake Compounce
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1276:United States
1274:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1227:
1226:United States
1224:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:United States
1174:
1171:
1166:
1164:American Eagle
1160:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1133:
1130:
1078:
1075:
1054:
1051:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
944:Werner Stengel
942:. Designed by
923:
920:
802:
799:
791:Lake Compounce
697:Lake Compounce
644:
641:
555:American Eagle
521:
518:
516:
513:
493:John A. Miller
485:Roller Coaster
433:Dragon Coaster
423:
422:
337:
335:
328:
322:
319:
247:John A. Miller
217:roller coaster
192:amusement park
149:amusement park
128:Scenic Railway
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4690:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:VelociCoaster
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:Thunder River
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Formula Rossa
4470:
4468:
4467:Falcon's Fury
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:Notable rides
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4385:Tow boat ride
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Vertical Lift
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:Virginia Reel
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:Side friction
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2413:
2412:Elvis Presley
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Zippin Pippin
2385:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:Rutschebanen
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Lakemont Park
1762:
1760:
1759:Leap-The-Dips
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:Leap-The-Dips
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Morey's Piers
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:One of three
1577:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:Playland Park
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:Leap-The-Dips
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:psychological
1084:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:, as well as
999:
995:
991:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
955:
953:
952:vertical loop
949:
945:
941:
933:
928:
919:
917:
913:
909:
908:Lightning Rod
905:
901:
897:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:Holiday World
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
750:manufacturer
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:Indiana Beach
729:
724:
722:
721:Holiday World
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Holiday World
662:
658:
654:
649:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:Playland Park
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
551:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
441:Rye, New York
438:
437:Playland Park
434:
429:
419:
416:
408:
397:
394:
390:
387:
383:
380:
376:
373:
369:
366: –
365:
361:
360:Find sources:
354:
350:
344:
343:
338:This section
336:
332:
327:
326:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:vertical loop
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
215:is a type of
214:
207:
203:
198:
191:
187:
183:
177:
173:
169:
165:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
133:
129:
125:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4577:Storm Runner
4380:Super Splash
4360:Hyper Splash
4303:Polercoaster
4266:
4257:Wing Coaster
4097:Out and back
4082:Dual-tracked
4070:Track layout
4036:Steeplechase
3949:
3866:
3847:
3828:
3809:
3790:
3771:
3752:
3733:
3714:
3695:
3676:
3657:
3638:
3619:
3600:
3581:
3562:
3543:
3524:
3505:
3486:
3467:
3448:
3429:
3410:
3391:
3372:
3353:
3342:
3323:
3304:
3285:
3274:
3255:
3236:
3217:
3198:
3179:
3160:
3141:
3122:
3103:
3084:
3065:
3046:
3027:
3008:
2989:
2970:
2951:
2932:
2913:
2894:
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2858:
2854:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2794:
2775:
2756:
2737:
2718:
2699:
2680:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2644:
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2619:the original
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:
2583:
2575:the original
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:the original
2544:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:the original
2508:
2494:
2486:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2443:
2347:Alton Towers
2319:Vuoristorata
2207:Parc Astérix
2148:South Korea
2117:Kings Island
2112:Son of Beast
1698:Hullámvasút
1669:Belmont Park
1664:Giant Dipper
1637:Giant Dipper
1509:Flying Turns
1445:Emerald Park
1314:Kings Island
1286:Boulder Dash
1135:
1114:upstop wheel
1103:
1080:
1071:polyurethane
1063:
1056:
1028:
988:
959:Topper Track
956:
940:Son of Beast
937:
932:Son of Beast
900:Iron Rattler
894:
863:
835:
804:
787:Boulder Dash
756:
725:
693:Boulder Dash
646:
602:
594:Pennsylvania
570:William Cobb
567:
542:
530:Kings Island
523:
501:Herb Schmeck
497:Harry Traver
469:Coney Island
461:Belmont Park
449:Giant Dipper
446:
411:
402:
392:
385:
378:
371:
359:
347:Please help
342:verification
339:
291:Topper Track
283:Kings Island
279:Son of Beast
260:
244:
212:
210:
142:Vuoristorata
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4507:Project 305
4370:Mega Splash
4298:Space Diver
4288:Accelerator
2429:Thrill ride
2404:Libertyland
2159:Thunderbolt
1945:1998, 1999
1804:Loup Garou
1728:Jack Rabbit
1580:Möbius loop
1269:Cedar Point
1264:Blue Streak
1106:John Miller
1002:Mine Blower
831:Fred Church
823:Thunderhead
819:Hersheypark
811:Hersheypark
705:Geauga Lake
629:Cedar Point
625:Mean Streak
617:Texas Giant
561:, built by
477:Geauga Lake
457:counterpart
249:introduced
202:Hersheypark
186:Thunderbird
99:August 2017
4667:Categories
4652:Xcelerator
4447:Demon Drop
4375:Rapid Ride
4355:Gyro tower
4350:Gyro Swing
4340:Giant Drop
4330:Flume Ride
4262:Wing Rider
4237:Surf Rider
4207:Mine train
4197:LSM Launch
4117:Wild mouse
4001:Mine train
2651:7 December
2435:References
2342:Wicker Man
2324:Linnanmäki
2296:The Voyage
2042:Australia
1868:Switchback
1850:Outlaw Run
1782:Le Monstre
1553:West Coast
1536:GhostRider
1393:Built for
1337:Heide Park
1187:Big Dipper
1112:") and an
1095:structures
964:Outlaw Run
886:Gröna Lund
874:The Voyage
752:Gerstlauer
717:The Legend
572:, such as
483:, and the
473:Big Dipper
405:March 2020
375:newspapers
321:Golden Age
303:Outlaw Run
299:corkscrews
263:inversions
253:and later
172:Heide Park
146:Linnanmäki
69:newspapers
4622:La Vibora
4592:Swiss Bob
4557:Sky Whirl
4552:Shockwave
4547:Possessed
4517:Kingda Ka
4345:Gyro Drop
4242:Suspended
4212:MotorBike
4187:Hot Racer
4077:Boomerang
4041:Suspended
4006:Motorbike
3986:Floorless
3929:Types of
2599:5 October
2164:Kennywood
2136:T Express
2035:Luna Park
1826:Megafobia
1702:City Park
1683:and is a
1428:and is a
1414:Luna Park
1378:The Comet
1309:The Beast
1020:Materials
1010:Hades 360
912:Dollywood
846:T Express
836:In 2001,
827:Dollywood
736:Megafobia
685:Mega Zeph
661:The Raven
557:at (now)
545:The Beast
526:The Racer
277:in 1959.
190:PowerPark
4612:Toutatis
4597:Thirteen
4537:Pantheon
4527:Maverick
4442:Colossus
4437:Colossos
4432:The Claw
4406:Freefall
4309:Stand-up
4232:Spinning
4092:Launched
4087:Figure 8
4031:Stand-up
4026:Spinning
4011:Pipeline
3996:Inverted
2828:Archived
2555:15 March
2524:18 March
2467:26 March
2423:See also
2331:Finland
2274:Playland
2019:Denmark
1909:Racer 75
1815:Belgium
1787:La Ronde
1709:Hungary
1452:Ireland
1355:Colossus
1344:Germany
1332:Colossos
1246:Liseberg
1231:Psyclone
1093:. Their
1043:Virginia
1035:softwood
972:Wildfire
916:Maverick
850:Everland
744:The Boss
669:The Boss
637:Efteling
609:Hercules
578:La Ronde
455:and its
168:Colossos
153:Helsinki
4572:Stealth
4562:Skyrush
4542:Pegasus
4512:Jupiter
4457:El Toro
4293:Bobsled
4272:ZacSpin
4192:Impulse
4159:Intamin
4112:Twister
4107:Terrain
4102:Shuttle
4016:Powered
3976:Bobsled
2865:30 July
2834:30 July
2545:WCPO-TV
2281:Canada
2224:Tremors
2214:France
2074:Britain
1882:Phoenix
1794:Canada
1613:Grizzly
1486:El Toro
1253:Sweden
1153:Country
1150:Opened
1126:flanged
1110:hunting
1059:Intamin
980:Goliath
882:Twister
855:El Toro
842:Intamin
807:Wildcat
701:Villain
633:Pegasus
598:Phoenix
574:Monstre
563:Intamin
520:Pre-CCI
465:Cyclone
451:at the
389:scholar
311:Goliath
228:lattice
188:in the
176:Germany
157:Finland
83:scholar
4502:Insane
4325:Bounty
4267:Wooden
3991:Flying
3955:Hybrid
3950:Wooden
2625:9 July
2012:Tivoli
1241:Balder
1067:trains
748:German
715:; and
677:Medusa
489:Lagoon
471:, the
463:, the
391:
384:
377:
370:
362:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4522:Kirnu
4252:Water
4056:Water
3945:Steel
2396:2011
2374:1936
2351:2018
2328:1951
2305:2006
2278:1958
2255:1995
2246:Viper
2233:1999
2211:1997
2189:2003
2168:1968
2145:2008
2121:2000
2098:1998
2066:1920
2039:1912
2016:1914
1991:1932
1968:1921
1918:1975
1891:1985
1859:2013
1835:1996
1812:2001
1791:1985
1768:1902
1737:1920
1706:1922
1673:1925
1646:1924
1622:1982
1599:1996
1572:1935
1545:1998
1518:2013
1495:2006
1472:1929
1449:2015
1418:1927
1387:1994
1364:1978
1341:2001
1318:1979
1295:2000
1273:1964
1250:2003
1223:2009
1196:1923
1173:1981
1156:Notes
1099:train
1039:Texas
890:China
866:Hades
838:Swiss
396:JSTOR
382:books
232:truss
225:steel
221:track
206:Comet
90:JSTOR
76:books
4202:Mega
4182:Giga
4061:Wing
3981:Dive
2867:2021
2836:2021
2653:2019
2627:2012
2601:2012
2557:2020
2526:2012
2469:2020
1932:ROAR
1687:and
1147:Park
1144:Name
1091:fear
1033:, a
978:and
902:and
821:and
785:and
623:and
431:The
368:news
309:and
62:news
2047:ACE
1999:ACE
1870:at
1718:ACE
1397:in
1041:to
1012:in
1004:in
982:at
974:at
966:at
884:at
876:at
857:at
848:in
825:at
817:at
809:at
789:at
781:at
761:at
738:at
730:at
723:).
719:at
695:at
679:at
671:at
663:at
655:at
635:at
627:at
619:at
611:at
592:in
588:to
576:at
536:at
528:at
487:at
475:at
467:at
459:at
439:in
435:at
351:by
313:at
305:at
293:by
281:at
230:or
204:'s
151:in
144:at
130:at
45:by
4669::
3875:.
3856:.
3837:.
3818:.
3799:.
3780:.
3761:.
3742:.
3723:.
3704:.
3685:.
3666:.
3647:.
3628:.
3609:.
3590:.
3571:.
3552:.
3533:.
3514:.
3495:.
3476:.
3457:.
3438:.
3419:.
3400:.
3381:.
3362:.
3332:.
3313:.
3294:.
3264:.
3245:.
3226:.
3207:.
3188:.
3169:.
3150:.
3131:.
3112:.
3093:.
3074:.
3055:.
3036:.
3017:.
2998:.
2979:.
2960:.
2941:.
2922:.
2903:.
2884:.
2857:.
2853:.
2813:^
2803:.
2784:.
2765:.
2746:.
2727:.
2708:.
2689:.
2670:.
2643:.
2592:.
2543:.
2485:,
2452:^
2406:,
2288:.
1939:,
1901:.
1751:.
1691:.
1656:.
1555:.
1528:.
1432:.
1233:.
1206:.
1049:.
1016:.
918:.
797:.
769:,
754:.
707:;
699:;
691:;
683:;
499:,
495:,
317:.
242:.
211:A
174:,
155:,
4151:e
4144:t
4137:v
3922:e
3915:t
3908:v
3879:.
3860:.
3841:.
3822:.
3803:.
3784:.
3765:.
3746:.
3727:.
3708:.
3689:.
3670:.
3651:.
3632:.
3613:.
3594:.
3575:.
3556:.
3537:.
3518:.
3499:.
3480:.
3461:.
3442:.
3423:.
3404:.
3385:.
3366:.
3336:.
3317:.
3298:.
3268:.
3249:.
3230:.
3211:.
3192:.
3173:.
3154:.
3135:.
3116:.
3097:.
3078:.
3059:.
3040:.
3021:.
3002:.
2983:.
2964:.
2945:.
2926:.
2907:.
2888:.
2869:.
2859:4
2838:.
2807:.
2788:.
2769:.
2750:.
2731:.
2712:.
2693:.
2674:.
2655:.
2629:.
2603:.
2559:.
2528:.
2471:.
418:)
412:(
407:)
403:(
393:·
386:·
379:·
372:·
345:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
