498:'Saturday'. There was no means of resistance so my father, then a lad of eighteen years, met them fearlessly at the door. He spoke to them in their own language in such a manner as not to let them suppose he anticipated any evil from them. They stood there, sullen, silent, motionless. My father's cheerful courage and friendly tone disarmed animosity. They consulted in an undertone, and departed as suddenly and noiselessly as they came. The next thing known of them is that they killed (was it not just retribution?) all the men at a settler's place some miles distant, the very place where it was rumoured, the poisoned bread had been laid for them. ... They never molested man or beast of my father's. He had proved himself their friend on previous occasions ...
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686:... he fell in a sharp fight ... on the banks of the Macquarie, with a tribe from the South. ... The wound which caused Windrodine's death, was a very severe one on his knee, which quickly mortified, and terminated in death after a few hours. He continued talking to his countrymen, till life was extinct, in the hospital at Bathurst, near which place he was buried, his body wrapped in his mantle, and his weapons deposited in that grave ...
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are theories that
Windradyne may have been the impressive fellow who exchanged his mantle with Macquarie. Regardless, the process of British settlement of the area would be slow at first, with tensions between the Wiradjuri and the settlers intensifying to their peak some years later as the Wiradjuri lost access to their traditional campsites, hunting grounds, water sources, and sacred sites.
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supposed to have increased the number to near upon 400 ... This was the first conference, we believe, in which any of the New-country tribes deigned to visit the feast; but, upon occasion of the amicable intercourse lately re-established between them and the
Bathurst settlers, they were induced to break through all fear, and behold those wonders ...
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Macquarie's aide, Major Antill, also remarked positively of the
Wiradjuri, writing in his journal "They appear to be a harmless and inoffensive race, with nothing forbidding or ferocious in their countenance ... They were perfectly mild and cheerful, and laugh at everything they see and repeat everything they hear".
295:... a man who never suffered an injury with impunity, in his estimation revenge was virtue, his head, his countenance, indeed his whole person, which was admirable formed, was a fine specimen of the savage warrior of New Holland. ... his height was near 6 feet, he was of a brave but impetuous disposition ...
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His
Excellency the Governor, attended by His Staff, honoured the aboriginal groupe with His presence about noon; at which time there were nearly 260 men and women in a circle, exclusive of numbers of fine children. Between one and two o'clock, a reinforcement of the Bathurst tribe arrived, which was
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With the loss of so many warriors and the severe damage caused to their society, Windradyne gathered the
Wiradjuri again and determined to meet with the Governor to seek a formal end to hostilities. It was customary at the time for the Governor to hold an annual feast or conference for the Aboriginal
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of 500 acres (200 ha) of land was offered for
Windradyne being taken alive, an offer that was extended to the Aboriginal community if they would turn in the Wiradjuri leader. A week after the commencement of martial law the word "alive" was dropped from the reward notices, however he was neither
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to confirm the findings of the explorers, and in 1814 commissioned a road to be built across the Blue
Mountains, which was completed in early 1815. Macquarie himself travelled the new road shortly thereafter, and on 7 May 1815 selected the site for the town of Bathurst, thereby opening the region for
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is, without doubt, the most manly black native we have ever beheld—a fact pretty generally acknowledged by the numbers that saw him. He is supposed to have suffered severely from unusual agitation, in consequence of the efforts that were resorted to for his apprehension, owing to which he is said to
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Returning we saw smoke on the North side of the River, at Sun sett as we were fishing I saw some
Natives coming down the Plain; they did not see us until we surprised them; there was only two Women and four Children, the poor Creatures trembled and fell down with fright; I think they were coming for
436:
In
December 1823 'Saturday' was implicated as the instigator of hostilities that led to the death of two convict stockmen at Kings Plain; outraged settlers appealed for military assistance, and soldiers were dispatched to arrest him. Windradyne went out to confront the soldiers, and it was reported
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This leader became notorious during the period of expansion over the Blue
Mountains into the Western Plains of NSW. He led the resistance around Bathurst for many years, gathering together the Wiradjuri tribes. In 1825 he went to Sydney to meet Governor Macquarie but the war continued until he was
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A Wiradjuri burial site on Brucedale Station containing two graves was marked by the Bathurst District Historical Society in 1954 with a monument, plaque, and stone axe-head as the "resting place of Windradene ". In May 2000 the site was placed under a voluntary conservation order, and in the same
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Later reports passed down within the Suttor family and recounted some years later elaborated on the above details. They claimed that Windradyne removed his bandages and discharged himself from the hospital, returning to his homeland and his people, who were camped on the Suttor's Brucedale Station
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offered a group of Wiradjuri people, apparently including Windradyne, some potatoes one day, which they accepted. The following morning the Wiradjuri people, unfamiliar with British concepts of land or property ownership, returned to help themselves to more potatoes. The settler, enraged with this
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at the end of 1821. Brisbane favoured a faster pace of settlement, and a flood of settlers were granted land in the region; their influx quickly strained the available resources, as well as relationships with Wiradjuri people. Despite being just a young man in his early to mid-twenties, Windradyne
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At this stage, based on his assumed year of birth of 1800, Windradyne would only have been a teenager. Whilst there is no solid evidence that Windradyne was amongst the people that met Evans or Macquarie's party, it is quite possible as they were travelling through his clan's country; indeed there
275:
He is one of the finest looking natives we have seen in this part of the country. He is not particularly tall, but is much stouter and more proportionably limbed than the majority of his countrymen; which, combined with a noble looking countenance, and piercing eye, are calculated to impress the
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The Wiradjuri people still revere Windradyne today as a great warrior, and his grave site is recognised and respected as an important site. While traditionally carved trees that are recorded to have marked the site from the time of his burial are no longer present, in more recent times Wiradjuri
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from his injuries, and was given a Wiradjuri burial at sunrise, sitting up facing the rising sun, (and as reported above) wrapped in his cloak and with his weapons. It is likely that the second account is the more accurate, as the grave site recognised as Windradyne's is indeed on Brucedale; the
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ground, an important initiation place for Wiradjuri people. Attacks on other properties soon followed, with the press including reports of men being speared, buildings destroyed, stock being killed, and weapons being stolen. The attacks in the north-east were led by Windradyne, with other groups
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arrived in January 1788, with casualties on both sides occurring as early as May 1788. While the early confrontations generally involved few combatants and were relatively rare, as the British population increased and spread further out from Sydney, they came into contact with increasingly large
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The settlers soon sought their own revenge, with armed parties forming to attack Wiradjuri people. One group was reported to have caught and shot an Aboriginal women with two young girls, but they had little success against the warriors. Despite their inferior weaponry, the Wiradjuri's superior
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Macquarie himself met with some members of the Wiradjuri camped at what would become Bathurst on his trip in 1815, making a positive report about their skills and nature, concluding with "They appear to be very inoffensive and cleanly in their persons", a quite positive assessment for the time.
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workers often working as stockmen or shepherds in isolated areas—as well as their stock were reported. While not directly naming Windradyne as an aggressor, these tactics by the Wiradjuri had some initial success, with workers becoming fearful, and some stations even reportedly being deserted.
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have decreased so considerably in size as not to be above half the man he was previous to the commencement of the recent sanguinary contests. Indeed, he seemed far from being altogether calm on Tuesday—though every possible attention was afforded to remove the least cause for alarm. ...
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The blacks were troublesome at Bathurst in those days, the cause very frequently was their ill-treatment by the whites ... Our hut was one day surrounded by a large party of blacks, fully equipped for war, under the leadership of their great fierce chief and warrior, named by the whites
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Following Windradyne's release hostilities continued to escalate, and some particularly violent incidents are reported from May 1824. The murder of Wiradjuri people by settlers, including women and children, is recorded from this time, with some sources stating this included close members of
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must now have beef! ... The strength of these men is amazing. One of the chiefs (named Saturday) of a desperate tribe, took six men to secure him, and they had actually to break a musket over his body before he yielded, which he did at length with broken ribs ... Saturday, for his
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After breakfasting this morning we were visited by three male natives of the country, all very handsome good looking young men, and whom we had not seen before ... to the best looking and stoutest of them I gave a piece of yellow cloth in exchange for his mantle, which he presented me
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The inscription in the NSW Parliament Buildings apparently has several errors. Windradyne reportedly met with Brisbane, not Macquarie, it was in 1824, not 1825, and it was in Parramatta, not Sydney (quite distinct places at the time); in fact by 1825 both these governors were gone and
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The revenge attack on the settler, Samuel Terry, occurred on 24 May at Millah Murrah in the Wyagdon Ranges north of Bathurst, where he and six other stockmen were killed, with his hut burnt down, and his sheep and cattle slaughtered. Reportedly this homestead had been built upon a
582:. The Wiradjuri people decided that would be an ideal and safe venue for the proposed meeting, with a large number of the Aboriginal community from throughout the colony present, and the Governor on the spot, therefore making any reprisals against Windradyne unlikely.
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Windradyne reportedly stayed at Parramatta for some time after the conference, before returning to Bathurst, and did not attend the feast the following year. Reports from later years occasionally implicated him in raids on crops and altercations with settlers around
598:... Parramatta ... never presented a scene more interesting to philanthropy since the institution of the conference, than was displayed on this occasion. There appeared to be 7 or 8 different tribes that flocked in from various quarters of the Colony ...
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Water; I gave them what Fish we had, some Fish Hooks, Twine and a Tomahawk, they appeared glad to get from us; two Boys ran away; the other small Children cried much at first; a little while after I played with them they began to be good humoured and laugh ...
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A number of factors indicate a British influence on Windradyne here, possibly that of the Suttors—the straw hat with the word peace in English, the olive branch, even the knowledge that he would be relatively safe at the feast. Brisbane reported the meeting to
698:, meaning "I am a man, I consider nothing human as alien to me". An editorial comment added: "This quotation from the Roman dramatist contains a fine sentiment for those persons who think no more of man in a state of nature than they do of a wild animal".
638:... I am most happy to have it in my power to report to Your Lordship that Saturday, their great and most warlike Chieftain, has been with me to receive his pardon and that He, with most of His Tribe, attended the annual conference ...
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and pursued the Wiradjuri people, shooting and killing an unknown number of this family group. The Wiradjuri regrouped, and Windradyne told the elders that, in line with Wiradjuri custom, he would lead the revenge against the whites.
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On Wiradjuri country tensions started increasing after the British began settling the area following Macquarie's visit. While Macquarie had favoured a slow pace of settlement causing few problems, this changed when he was replaced by
33:
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The Wiradjuri, led by Windradyne, travelled nearly 200 kilometres (124 mi) across the mountains to attend the feast on Tuesday 28 December 1824, with Windradyne becoming the focus of attention and receiving a formal
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captured nor betrayed. The high casualty rate of the Wiradjuri people however took its toll, with many surrendering to the government, leading to the crisis subsiding. Despite Windradyne remaining at large, Brisbane
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Coe's biography of Windradyne from 1989 states that he was handsome and well built, with broad shoulders and muscular limbs. He had dark brown skin, thick black curly hair, and a long beard. He typically wore a
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The Wiradjuri warriors dressed for battle and set out at night to seek retribution, with the first place they called being the Suttor's Brucedale Station. While George was not home, his eighteen-year-old son,
647:. With little substantial evidence, however, these may have simply been vexatious claims against the "notorious Saturday", or attempts by individuals to glorify themselves by association with him.
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There is evidence that the early encounters between the Wiradjuri and the British were quite affable. The first recorded meeting with them was by the surveyor Evans in December 1813 on the
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For the first twenty-five years of British settlement, the Wiradjuri's land in the central part of New South Wales remained isolated from the settlers due to the intervening barrier of the
545:. With the armed settlers now backed by the military the violence quickly escalated, and the Wiradjuri people were terrorised and killed in increasing numbers. While there were reports of
240:—stated "His age did not, I think, exceed 30 years", thus putting his year of birth at approximately 1800. It is believed he had no children and there are no descendants of his bloodline.
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Advices from Bathurst say, that the natives have been very troublesome in that country. Numbers of cattle have been killed. In justification of their conduct, the natives urge, that the
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who fought against European settlement in the Sydney district. Two cloaks representing each of the fighters were on display. The inscription for the cloak representing Windradyne read:
705:(the young man who had faced Windradyne and the Wiradjuri on the night they were seeking retribution in 1824), also paid tribute to Windradyne in the Sydney press during April 1829.
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was, and he met Windradyne at the door, assuring him that they had had no part in the murders and expressing his disgust at the actions. William's son would later recount the story:
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Although only limited information about Windradyne is available, mainly from the contemporary British accounts, it is possible to put together an approximate description of the man.
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wore a straw hat, on which was affixed a label, with the word "PEACE" inserted, besides a little branch representing the olive, which rather increased the interest as regarded him.
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numbers of Aboriginal people of different tribes and nations, and the frequency and intensity of the conflicts increased. These conflicts would come to be known as the
336:, the explorers claimed to have seen "enough grass to support the stock of the colony for thirty years" on the other side of the mountains—the Wiradjuri country.
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of warriors as they attempted to bury their dead, the main victims appear to have been the Wiradjuri women and children, shot, poisoned, and driven into
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into three sections. However, Coe's description does not fully correlate with a drawing of a Wiradjuri warrior that is thought to depict Windradyne.
862:
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553:. Recent estimates suggest that between a quarter and a third of the Wiradjuri in the Bathurst region were killed during these hostilities.
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at Bathurst, Major Morisset, was given greater powers over Aboriginal people, troop numbers at Bathurst were increased to seventy-five, and
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Macquarie then spent a week touring the surrounding area, meeting with a number of the other indigenous inhabitants. On 10 May he wrote:
663:. Early reports then suggest that he died in the hospital soon after, talking to his people until the end, and was then wrapped in his
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998:
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is, without doubt, the most manly black native we have ever beheld—a fact pretty generally acknowledged by the numbers that saw him.
1161:(1988). "The Struggle for Australia : Aboriginal-European Warfare, 1770–1930". In McKernan, Michael; Browne, Margaret (eds.).
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Details of Windradyne's death and burial in 1829 are somewhat conflicting. They agree that he was injured in a tribal fight by the
284:
At the same event, another observer wrote that he was "a very fine figure , very muscular ... a good model for the figure of
889:, when most sources say he was killed in a tribal battle a number of years after the main battles of the Bathurst War were over.
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beholder with other than disagreeable feelings towards a character who has been so much dreaded by the Bathurst settler.
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original account may have given only limited details to minimise the risk of some white settlers looking to seek a
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were attacked and livestock were released or killed. A number of other attacks on settlers—and in particular their
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arose as the key figure from the Aboriginal community resisting this change, in what would come to be known as the
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found a route across the mountains, essentially by following existing Aboriginal trails. From a peak later named
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placed a boundary fence around the graves. The grave site was subsequently gazetted on 10 March 2006 under the
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was reporting genuine concerns about the ability of the colony to withstand the force of the Wiradjuri people.
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Hostilities between the Indigenous Australians and the British settlers began just a few months after the
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In 2004 Windradyne was one of two Indigenous Australians commemorated as part of an installation in the
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people have planted a group of trees around the grave site in a traditional diamond shaped pattern.
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Windradyne's family. There are also reports of settlers leaving out poisoned food, in particular
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to restrain him. Taken back to Bathurst, Windradyne was sentenced to prison for one month. The
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In 2008 Windradyne's story was featured in the first episode of the award-winning seven-part
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It is suggested that the first hostilities led by Windradyne took place in early 1822 on the
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Writing in his obituary, George Suttor described Windradyne's appearance and character as:
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What contributed to give peculiar interest to the scene was the circumstance of the noted
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about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from present day Bathurst. Evans wrote in his journal:
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Blood on the Wattle: Massacres and maltreatment of Aboriginal Australians since 1788
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was governor. Additionally this inscription suggests he was killed as part of the
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Australian Discovery edited by Ernest Scott: Book 2. Australian Discovery by Land
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was an Aboriginal Australian resistance fighter and Parperloihener clansman from
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1520:"Permanent 'Wall of Reconciliation' NSW Parliament House, Macquarie St, Sydney"
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as being a site of state significance, referred to as the Grave of Windradyne.
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An anonymous author writing from "B-------e" on 24 March 1829—thought to be
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about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north of Bathurst. There he died of
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475:, for the Aboriginal people. Another story states that a settler at
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Windradyne's date of birth is unknown, but on his death in 1829 his
957:. Vol. supplementary. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
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that was published on 21 April of that year. Of his death it says:
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A suburb of Bathurst is named after Windradyne, as is one of the
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609:, the Bathurst chief, being at the head of his tribe. ...
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Lowe, David (1994). "Chapter 1. Windradyne of the Wiradjuri".
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allowed them to attack unexpectedly, and disappear back into
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1383:, New Holland Publishers (Australia), Frenchs Forest, 1988,
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796:. He is the subject of the song of that name, released by
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Due to the ongoing hostilities Governor Brisbane declared
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have driven away all the kangaroos and opossums, and that
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that it ultimately took six soldiers and a beating with a
203:, Australia; he was also known to the British settlers as
1569:"Cassar-Daley finds a way after losing his 'lighthouse'"
211:, a frontier war between his clan and British settlers.
1349:"Evans's Journal of his Journey to the Bathurst Plains"
1303:. Vol. 2. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1202:. Vol. 1. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1507:
Australian Stories Retold and Sketches of Country Life
1583:
522:
before the whites could respond. By August 1824 the
1445:"[untitled] "Advices from Bathurst say ..."
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Forgotten Rebels: Black Australians Who Fought Back
462:, was sentenced to a month's imprisonment in irons.
1522:. NSW Reconciliation Council. 2004. Archived from
1449:The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser
1132:The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser
1042:The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser
680:The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser
229:The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser
1619:
863:List of Indigenous Australian historical figures
1481:"Grave of Windradyne: Database Number: 5051560"
1098:"Grave of Windradyne: Database Number: 5051560"
771:New South Wales Parliament Buildings in Sydney
718:measure of revenge on either the Suttor's, or
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16:Indigenous Australian warrior (c. 1800–1829)
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1471:
1433:. Sydney: ICS and Associates. pp. 4–9.
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632:Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
1452:. 8 January 1824. p. 2, col. 1, last entry
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1163:Australia Two Centuries of War & Peace
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267:(using the British appellation for him of
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851:, a warrior and resistance leader of the
828:, a warrior and resistance leader of the
690:It concluded with a Latin quotation from
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696:Homo sum, humani nihil a me alicuum puto
1487:. New South Wales Heritage Office. 2006
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1104:. New South Wales Heritage Office. 2006
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320:. In May 1813 the exploration party of
199:nation, in what is now central-western
1643:People of the Australian frontier wars
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855:tribe, in what is now the area around
556:At the onset of martial law a special
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1165:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
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741:National Parks & Wildlife Service
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232:—thought to be by his settler friend
1423:
1247:"Episode 1 – They have come to stay"
678:'—sent a biography of "Saturday" to
667:and buried nearby with his weapons.
1567:Gardiner, Stephanie (11 May 2024).
1088:
207:. Windradyne led his people in the
13:
1300:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1236:
1199:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1061:
991:
954:Australian Dictionary of Biography
901:
822:a warrior of the Gai-Mariagal clan
800:on his album "Between the Fires."
14:
1654:
1343:
836:people, in the area around Sydney
773:. The other man commemorated was
565:martial law on 11 December 1824.
510:attacking settlers in the south.
41:warrior, thought to be Windradyne
1605:
1593:
1295:"Macquarie, Lachlan (1762–1824)"
1127:"Colonel Arthur. The Aborigines"
1037:"Aboriginal Biography. Saturday"
1003:Bells Falls Gorge – virtual tour
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351:
236:from Brucedale Station north of
145:Saturday, Windrodine, Windradene
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1538:
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1280:The Blue Mountains Rediscovered
1194:"Blaxland, Gregory (1778–1853)"
574:people in late December in the
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1547:Troy Cassar-Daley – Windradyne
1485:State Heritage register search
1305:Australian National University
1204:Australian National University
1102:State Heritage register search
959:Australian National University
947:Roberts, David Andrew (2005).
415:
214:
60:Central West (New South Wales)
1:
1135:. 30 December 1824. p. 2
1091:Windradyne A Wiradjuri Koorie
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617:We should have remarked that
541:were empowered to administer
480:theft, rounded up a group of
184:1800 – 21 March 1829) was an
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50:
1257:Special Broadcasting Service
1007:National Museum of Australia
734:Plaque at Windradyne's grave
171:Fighting Australian settlers
7:
1357:Project Gutenberg Australia
949:"Windradyne (c. 1800–1829)"
803:
634:, and Brisbane's superior:
58:Northern Wiradjuri nation (
10:
1659:
1278:Cunningham, Chris (1996).
1045:. 21 April 1829. p. 3
999:"Education: Cabinet items"
390:
341:Governor Lachlan Macquarie
71:21 March 1829 (aged 29–30)
1574:National Indigenous Times
1293:McLachlan, N. D. (1967).
445:wrote on 8 January 1824:
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75:Bathurst, New South Wales
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760:Charles Sturt University
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311:Australian frontier wars
261:Governor Thomas Brisbane
255:When Windradyne visited
533:on 14 August 1824. The
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263:in December 1824, the
108:33.32722°S 149.61000°E
1509:(Bathurst, NSW, 1887)
782:killed in an ambush."
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137:Wiradjuri, Australian
703:William Henry Suttor
348:British settlement.
248:, and had his beard
113:-33.32722; 149.61000
859:, Western Australia
790:documentary series
590:from Brisbane. The
128:Grave of Windradyne
104: /
85:Brucedale Station,
1089:Coe, Mary (1989).
736:
720:Windradyne's grave
343:sent his surveyor
300:British settlement
1526:on 29 August 2007
1314:978-0-522-84459-7
1282:. Kangaroo Press.
1252:First Australians
1213:978-0-522-84459-7
968:978-0-522-84459-7
798:Troy Cassar-Daley
793:First Australians
756:student residence
661:Bathurst Hospital
175:
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160:Years active
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1633:Wiradjuri people
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989:
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840:Tunnerminnerwait
674:from 'Brucedale
659:and was sent to
339:Later that year
183:
142:Other names
119:
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1159:Broome, Richard
1156:
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728:
657:Macquarie River
653:
571:
543:summary justice
422:Cudgegong River
418:
403:Thomas Brisbane
395:
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358:Macquarie River
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302:
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201:New South Wales
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1505:W. H. Suttor,
1498:
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727:
724:
701:George's son,
652:
649:
592:Sydney Gazette
570:
567:
524:Sydney Gazette
443:Sydney Gazette
417:
414:
391:Main article:
388:
385:
353:
350:
334:Mount Blaxland
318:Blue Mountains
301:
298:
271:) wrote that:
265:Sydney Gazette
216:
213:
195:leader of the
173:
172:
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168:Known for
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1389:1-86436-410-6
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1345:Evans, George
1340:
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883:Ralph Darling
877:
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758:buildings at
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726:Commemoration
723:
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712:
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677:
673:
672:George Suttor
668:
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629:
628:Earl Bathurst
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352:First contact
349:
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314:
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307:
296:
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289:
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259:to meet with
258:
253:
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241:
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234:George Suttor
231:
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82:Resting place
80:
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70:
66:
61:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1638:1800s births
1572:
1562:
1551:, retrieved
1546:
1540:
1530:19 September
1528:. Retrieved
1524:the original
1514:
1506:
1501:
1491:19 September
1489:. Retrieved
1484:
1460:– via
1454:. Retrieved
1447:
1439:
1426:
1380:
1377:Elder, Bruce
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1352:
1339:
1298:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1250:
1197:
1190:Conway, Jill
1162:
1153:
1143:– via
1137:. Retrieved
1130:
1108:19 September
1106:. Retrieved
1101:
1090:
1053:– via
1047:. Retrieved
1040:
1010:. Retrieved
1002:
993:
952:
887:Bathurst War
876:
832:clan of the
791:
785:
780:
768:
753:
749:
745:Heritage Act
744:
737:
707:
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695:
689:
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528:
523:
512:
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487:
465:
459:
454:
450:
448:
442:
435:
424:, when some
419:
409:Bathurst War
407:
396:
393:Bathurst War
387:Bathurst War
381:
376:
372:
368:
363:
355:
345:George Evans
338:
315:
303:
294:
290:
283:
277:
274:
268:
264:
254:
242:
227:
221:
218:
209:Bathurst War
204:
177:
176:
18:
1628:1829 deaths
1263:26 February
1139:27 February
1049:25 February
764:Wagga Wagga
645:Lake George
576:marketplace
539:magistrates
531:martial law
416:Hostilities
306:First Fleet
215:Description
134:Nationality
111: /
99:149°36′36″E
54: 1800
1622:Categories
1095:Quoted in
896:References
810:Jandamarra
716:posthumous
594:reported:
580:Parramatta
535:commandant
482:vigilantes
257:Parramatta
193:resistance
186:Aboriginal
178:Windradyne
150:Occupation
96:33°19′38″S
25:Windradyne
1612:Australia
1600:Biography
1323:1833-7538
1222:1833-7538
977:1833-7538
739:year the
547:massacres
516:bushcraft
455:black men
451:white men
330:Wentworth
197:Wiradjuri
163:1822–1829
124:Monuments
39:Wiradjuri
1331:70677943
1230:70677943
1192:(1966).
985:70677943
844:Tasmania
830:Bidjigal
826:Pemulwuy
820:Musquito
804:See also
775:Pemulwuy
711:gangrene
619:Saturday
611:Saturday
607:Saturday
563:repealed
520:the bush
460:exploits
426:stockmen
400:Governor
322:Blaxland
278:Saturday
269:Saturday
246:headband
238:Bathurst
224:obituary
205:Saturday
1586:Portals
1456:6 March
1362:5 March
853:Noongar
812:of the
692:Terence
676:Station
491:William
471:-laced
469:arsenic
430:convict
250:plaited
189:warrior
154:Warrior
1553:12 May
1387:
1329:
1321:
1311:
1259:. 2008
1228:
1220:
1210:
1169:
983:
975:
965:
816:nation
814:Bunuba
665:mantle
588:pardon
558:reward
551:gorges
473:damper
439:musket
328:, and
326:Lawson
286:Apollo
1462:Trove
1431:(PDF)
1391:p. 51
1145:Trove
1055:Trove
1012:3 May
869:Notes
857:Perth
849:Yagan
651:Death
569:Peace
477:Kelso
378:with.
1555:2024
1532:2007
1493:2007
1458:2011
1385:ISBN
1364:2011
1327:OCLC
1319:ISSN
1309:ISBN
1265:2011
1226:OCLC
1218:ISSN
1208:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1141:2011
1110:2007
1051:2011
1014:2007
981:OCLC
973:ISSN
963:ISBN
834:Eora
506:bora
191:and
87:Peel
68:Died
47:Born
788:SBS
578:at
288:".
226:in
1624::
1571:.
1483:.
1470:^
1396:^
1379:,
1355:.
1351:.
1347:.
1325:.
1317:.
1307:.
1297:.
1249:.
1238:^
1224:.
1216:.
1206:.
1196:.
1181:^
1129:.
1118:^
1100:.
1063:^
1039:.
1022:^
1005:.
1001:.
979:.
971:.
961:.
951:.
903:^
766:.
762:,
722:.
694:,
630:,
412:.
324:,
313:.
182:c.
51:c.
37:A
1588::
1577:.
1534:.
1495:.
1464:.
1366:.
1333:.
1267:.
1232:.
1175:.
1147:.
1112:.
1093:.
1057:.
1016:.
987:.
180:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
