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sanguinary
Retaliations. AND WHEREAS the ordinary Powers of the CIVIL MAGISTRATES (although most anxiously exerted) have failed to protect the Lives of HIS MAJESTY'S Subjects; and every conciliatory Measure has been pursued in vain; and the Slaughter of Black Women and Children and Unoffending White Men, as well as of the lawless Objects of Terror, continue to threaten the before mentioned Districts; AND WHEREAS by Experience, it hath been found that mutual Bloodshed may be stopped by the Use of Arms against the Natives beyond the ordinary Rule of Law in Time of Peace, and for this End Resort to summary Justice has become necessary: NOW THEREFORE, by Virtue of the Authority in me vested by His Majesty's Royal Commission, I do declare, in Order to restore Tranquillity, MARTIAL LAW TO BE IN ALL THE COUNTRY WESTWARD OF MOUNT YORK; And all Soldiers are hereby ordered to assist and obey their lawful Superiors in suppressing the Violences aforesaid; and all His Majesty's Subjects are also called upon to assist the MAGISTRATES in executing such Measures, as any one or more of the said Magistrates shall direct to be taken for the same purpose, by such Ways and Means as are expedient, so long as Martial Law shall last; being always mindful that the Shedding of Blood is only just, where all other Means of Defence or of Peace are exhausted; that Cruelty is never Lawful; and that, when personal Attacks become necessary, the helpless Women and Children are to be spared."
544:, Commandant at Bathurst, thanking him for effecting 'the purpose of the proclamation...by the judicious measures taken by you and the other magistrates at Bathurst, the aboriginal natives have learned to respect our power.' He goes on to say that 'it is impossible perhaps at all times to prevent the infliction of injury upon them by individuals and...if justice cannot always be done, it deserves consideration upon such occasion whether the wrong may not be repaired by compensation. For this service and for rewards to the natives who assisted in the police, I have directed £50 subject to detailed accounts of its expenditure to be at your disposal.'
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550:, appointed Head of NSW Police and Lt Governor of the Colony helped oversee some of the government response to the Bathurst Uprising. His reward was to stand on a high point (Mount Pleasant) at the edge of Bathurst township and declare his right to all the land he could see. Governor Darling formalized the grant of 3200 acres in 1826. It included unlimited and unrestricted water rights to the Macquarie River. The historical records, original deeds and agreements are held by the family at "Strath" Bathurst. Today the great wealth that came to Stewart and his descendants continues to be seen in the form of
387:, who formally took over on 1 December 1821. Brisbane who had different views through which he began asserting his authority. Under Brisbane, land settlement laws were changed leading to a flood of land grants across the Blue Mountains. An enormous influx of the British onto the Wiradjuri lands put great strain on traditional food sources, and destroyed some of the Wiradjuri social and sacred sites. In response, the Wiradjuri resistance was born. Well aware that they had no chance against guns, they adopted a guerrilla-warfare approach, in which attacks were made against outlying and undefended stations.
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354:"We found here also three male natives and four boys of this newly discovered tract of country, who showed great surprise, mixed with no small degree of fear, at seeing so many strangers, horses and carriages but to whom they soon appeared to be reconciled on being kindly spoken to. They were all clothed with Mantles made of the skins of o'possums which were neatly sewn together and the outside of the skins were carved in a remarkably neat manner. They appear to be very inoffensive and cleanly in their persons."
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them in their own language in such a manner as not to let them suppose he anticipated any evil from them. They stood there, sullen, silent, motionless. My father's cheerful courage and friendly tone disarmed animosity. They consulted in an undertone, and departed as sullenly and noiselessly as they came. The next thing known of them is that they killed... all the men at a settler's place some miles distant, the very place where it was rumoured, the poisoned bread had been laid for them.
531:...one of the finest looking natives we have seen in this part of the country. He is not particularly tall but much stouter and more proportionable limbed than the majority of his countrymen; which combined with a noble looking countenance and piercing eye, are calculated to impress the beholder with other than disagreeable feelings towards a character who has been so much dreaded by the Bathurst settler. Saturday is, without doubt, the most manly native we have ever beheld.
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government. However, Windradyne continued to elude attempts to find him, and as such martial law remained in place for a further seven weeks. On 11 December 1824, martial law was finally repealed, and on 28 December
Windradyne appeared at the head of his people in Parramatta to attend the Governor's annual feast. He wore the word "peace" on his hat and knew the British could not arrest him because of the possibility of a riot with so many aboriginals there.
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presented me with". It has been theorized that this unknown
Wiradjuri man may have been Windradyne, but this cannot be proven. Nevertheless, it would be another eight years before he would become famous to the colony. In 1820, the population of Bathurst was only 114 due to Macquarie's slow and cautious approach to new settlement. His experience of the
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began helping themselves. The farmer then fired upon the group and in the mayhem several
Wurudjuri people were killed and some wounded. One of the survivors of this misunderstanding was Windradyne; enraged at the attack he and his warriors immediately began a series of violent attacks against nearby stations.
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day the station hands returned to find the war parties' camp deserted as they were burying their dead, however most of the weapons were left in the camp and were subsequently destroyed. As the
Wiradjuri returned to the war camp, the station hands fired on them killing at least sixteen and wounding many more.
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At the outset of martial law, Windradyne's people had been informed that military operations against them would continue until their leaders were given up. Windradyne himself had a reward of 500 acres of land upon his head. By late 1824, large numbers of
Wiradjuri were surrendering themselves to the
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The Battle of
Bathurst began on 10 September when a Wiradjuri war party attacked a station on the Cudgegong River, they drove off the cattle before being pursued by the station hands. In an ambush, the stationhands were chased back and in the retreat three Wiradjuri warriors were shot. The following
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was sent to garrison
Bathurst. Bolstered by a local settler militia, the detachment began conducting several sweeps across the landscape to restore order and enforce martial law. However, these proved to have little impact on Wiradjuri or settler activities; according to historian W. H. Suttor, "The
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Similar attacks occurred nearby, at "The Mill" and "Warren Gunyah". These attacks included men being speared, weapons stolen, buildings burned, and stock killed. While
Windradyne and his warriors engaged the area north-east of Bathurst, to the south related tribes also attacked, terrorising settlers
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At the conclusion of the war, the NSW colonial government also recognized the need to have a mounted infantry to effectively place the frontier under
British control. Foot soldiers were proven to be an inadequate force on the wide plains of the interior. As a result, in 1825, Colonel Stewart formed
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Advices from Bathurst say that the natives have been very troublesome in that country. Numbers of cattle have been killed. In justification of their conduct, the natives urge that the white men have driven away all the kangaroos and opossums, and the black men must now have beef!... The strength of
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Three days later Macquarie inaugurated the town of Bathurst, then continued to tour the surrounding country. In his journal, Macquarie writes of being visited by three male natives and that "to the best looking and stoutest of them I gave a piece of yellow cloth in exchange for his mantle, which he
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WHEREAS THE ABORIGINAL NATIVES of the Districts near Bathurst have for many Weeks past carried on a Series of indiscriminate Attacks on the Stock Station there, putting some of the Keepers to cruel Deaths, wounding others, and dispersing and plundering the Flocks and Herds; themselves not escaping
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Our hut was one day surrounded by a large party of blacks, fully equipped for war, under the leadership of their great fierce chief and warrior, named by the whites ‘Saturday’. There was no means of resistance so my father, then a lad of eighteen years, met them fearlessly at the door. He spoke to
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in which they drove away the stockman, let the cattle out of the yard and killed several of the sheep. More attacks followed with the murder of convict hut-keepers, scattered herds and speared cattle. Stockmen were intimidated and would not leave their huts to round up the cattle and bring them in
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Attempts to cross the Blue Mountains had been made from 1790 onwards with convicts seeking a way to escape and adventurers eager to explore the region. However, all of these attempts failed, and it was to be over 20 years before a way across was found. In May 1813, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson
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In early 1824, on the river flats opposite the town of Bathurst, a farmer, Antonio Hose Rodrigues, in a friendly gesture offered a group of passing Wiradjuri people some potatoes. The next day the families returned to the field, however, with no concept of private ownership of food supplies they
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This was in fact the land of the Wiradjuri people, one of the largest language groups in Australia. The Wiradjuri inhabited an area bounded by the Blue Mountains in the east, the western slopes in the south, and the change of open forest to grassy plains in the north and west. The tribes led by
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these men is amazing. One of the chiefs (named Saturday) of a desperate tribe, took six men to secure him and they had actually to break a musket over his body before he yielded, which he did at length with broken ribs... Saturday for his exploits was sentenced to a month's imprisonment.
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The Wiradjuri continued to launch attacks on the settlers, engaging in numerous skirmishes which were consistently followed by settler reprisals, typically on Aboriginal warriors attempting to bury their casualties. However, the majority of Wiradjuri casualties during the conflict were
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562:. This force, which was manned with soldiers not civilians, initially consisted of two detachments, one stationed in Bathurst and the other at Maitland. The NSW Mounted Police became the principal instrument of enforcement of colonial rule on the frontier for the next 15 years.
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came to power allowing a flood of land grants to the west of the Blue Mountains. The enormous influx of British colonists put massive strain on the traditional food sources and sacred landmarks of the Wiradjuri. By early 1824, war had broken out in which the Wiradjuri adopted a
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and driving off cattle. Revenge parties were formed in which a group of armed servants attacked and killed three Wiradjuri women. For several months the attacks by the Wiradjuri continued; they struck at unexpected locations then retreated back to the bush. By August 1824, the
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Following Governor Brisbane's decision to open the flood gates to the west of the Blue Mountains, various attacks were soon made against the growing settlement. In 1822, Wiradjuri warriors attacked a station on the
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of 1795–1816 may also have made him hesitant to start a new conflict. It seems that the Wiradjuri were willing to tolerate this slow level of growth and peaceful relations were maintained during this period.
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and his party had been instructed to further explore the country. Evans' reports confirmed of excellent pastures beyond the mountains to which Governor Macquarie ordered a road be built from the
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without protection. The government centre at Swallow Creek was soon abandoned in fear of attack. In late 1823, Windradyne (known as Saturday by the British) was captured for the first time.
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Macquarie offered his resignation several times, due to undermining forces within his own government, and in late 1820 his third application was accepted. His replacement was Governor
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311:. From here they saw a vast expanse of forest and grass in which Blaxland wrote was rich enough "to support the stock of the colony for the next thirty years".
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Windradyne lived in the eastern parts of this territory, connected to the other groups by a common language as well as cultural and trade links.
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summed up the situation by stating that "Bathurst and its surrounding vicinity is engaged in an exterminating war".
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289:-style approach. After Governor Thomas Brisbane declared martial law, the resistance soon collapsed in late 1824.
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and a large accompanying party set out to view the country. The journey took nine days by coach from
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1018:. Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
339:. In less than six months the 100-mile (160 km) road had been completed. Soon after Governor
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One settler account describes an encounter that took place soon after the Potato Field Incident:
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proclamation of martial law was as undecipherable to the natives as an Egyptian hieroglyph".
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Invasion of the new land was initially slow, but following a change of government, Governor
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described it as "to have exposed the strength and wealth of the Colony... to destruction".
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586:. Allen & Unwin Publishing. p. Chapter 19, subheading: Myall Creek and Beyond.
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in 1813, this allowed the colony to expand onto the vast fertile plains of the west.
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nation and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Following the successful
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and on arrival Macquarie's welcoming ceremony was observed by seven Wiradjuri.
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832:. Vol. IV (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 347.
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After passage through the Blue Mountains had been secured, assistant surveyor
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939:. Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser. 14 October 1824. p. 2.
809:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 573–574.
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Aboriginal Protection and restriction of the sale of opium act 1897
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Act to provide certain matters connected with the Aborigines 1889
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993:"Papers relating to Colonel and Mrs Emily Morisset, 1822-1838".
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Australian Stories Retold and Sketches of Country Life, Bathurst
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On 13 December 1824 Governor Brisbane wrote a letter to Major
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non-combatants, who were killed by mounted settler patrols or
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and William Charles Wentworth set out with a plan to find a
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W.H. Suttor, quoted in Salisbury and Gresser, op cit, p.22
779:. London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 56–57 – via
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On 14 August Governor Brisbane issued a proclamation of
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Wiradjuri resistance to European settlement in Australia
1790:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Oceania
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expedition to find a route through the "impenetrable"
609:"Forgotten Rebels: Black Australians Who Fought Back"
690:
Journal of Tours in NSW and Van Diemen's Land, 1810–
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Journal of Tours in NSW and Van Diemen's Land, 1810–
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Assistant Surveyor George Evans, Journal, 21/12/1813
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Parliamentary Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes
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903:Bells Falls Gorge: An Interactive Investigation
305:passage through the impenetrable Blue Mountains
91:The Bathurst county in which the war was fought
1550:List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians
772:"Brisbane, General Sir Thos. Makdougall"
453:
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846:quoted in Salisbury and Gresser, op cit, p.19
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736:"Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane (1773–1860)"
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1694:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
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408:described the situation in the following:
1699:Mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians
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65:Learn how and when to remove this message
1555:Aboriginals Fire Arm Regulation Act 1840
899:"Transcript: Declaration of Martial Law"
793:
777:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography
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554:that was later built on the land grant.
470:. Governor Brisbane's declaration read:
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1601:Commonwealth Aboriginals Ordinance 1911
1591:Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910
800:"Brisbane, Sir Thomas Makdougall"
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823:"Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane"
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1785:Military history of New South Wales
937:"Supreme Court Saturday October 10"
867:Salisbury and Gresser, op cit, p.22
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741:Australian Dictionary of Biography
709:Australian Dictionary of Biography
636:. State Library of New South Wales
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14:
1816:
1775:History of Indigenous Australians
1765:Wars involving the United Kingdom
1066:. Sydney: UNSW Press. p. 62.
496:by the settlers. In October, the
1780:History of Australia (1788–1850)
1770:Resistance to the British Empire
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1012:"William Stewart (1769–1854)".
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704:"Lachlan Macquarie (1762–1824)"
103:January 1824 – 28 December 1824
1704:Aborigines' Protection Society
1581:Aborigines Protection Act 1909
1565:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
952:, by Al Grassby and Marji Hill
905:. National Museum of Australia
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584:Australians: Origins to Eurika
479:A 75-strong detachment of the
298:Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson
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1324:Avenue Range Station massacre
1161:Corn Field Raids of 1827-1828
634:"Crossing the Blue Mountains"
565:
292:
257:(1824) was a war between the
1251:Fighting Waterholes massacre
1064:The Australian Frontier Wars
1038:"Abercrombie House Bathurst"
1015:Stewart, William (1769–1854)
676:Governor Lachlan Macquarie,
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7:
1657:Aboriginal Protection Board
950:Six Australian Battlefields
820:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878).
483:under the command of Major
454:Proclamation of martial law
10:
1821:
1606:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918
1305:War of Southern Queensland
1191:Convincing Ground massacre
1179:Port Phillip District Wars
1119:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
1042:Abercrombie House Bathurst
983:Sydney Gazette, 30/12/1824
658:, Canberra: ANU, 1988, p.2
361:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
327:Governor Lachlan Macquarie
319:Governor Lachlan Macquarie
1800:1820s crimes in Australia
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1149:Minnamurra River massacre
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702:McLachlan, N. D. (1967).
582:Keneally, Thomas (2010).
527:described Windradyne as:
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113:Bathurst, New South Wales
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1634:R. v. Kilmeister (No. 2)
1629:R. v. Kilmeister (No. 1)
1560:Aboriginal Witnesses Act
1372:Koonchera Point massacre
1354:Cullin-La-Ringo massacre
1233:Murdering Gully massacre
1221:Campaspe Plains massacre
1105:Australian frontier wars
963:"The Bathurst Massacres"
514:
368:Governor Thomas Brisbane
227:1,500 (unable to verify)
37:may need to be rewritten
1662:Protector of Aborigines
1378:Jandamarra Guerilla War
1348:Hospital Creek Massacre
1311:Battle of One Tree Hill
1299:Warrigal Creek massacre
1245:Fighting Hills massacre
1209:Waterloo Creek massacre
1125:Battle of Richmond Hill
829:Encyclopædia Britannica
806:Encyclopædia Britannica
548:Colonel William Stewart
1418:Indigenous Australian
1396:Forrest River massacre
1384:Mistake Creek massacre
1203:Battle of Broken River
734:Heydon, J. D. (1966).
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1342:Hornet Bank massacre
1336:East Ballina massacre
1330:Waterloo Bay massacre
1287:Pelican Creek tragedy
1062:Connor, John (2002).
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494:deliberately poisoned
485:James Thomas Morisset
481:40th Regiment of Foot
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423:Potato Field Incident
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232:Casualties and losses
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1360:Flying Foam Massacre
1318:Darkey Flat Massacre
1281:Rufus River massacre
1215:Myall Creek massacre
1169:(Tasmania) (1828–32)
1137:Risdon Cove massacre
1130:Battle of Parramatta
692:, entry of 10/5/1815
614:. ICS and Associates
1611:Aborigines Act 1934
1596:Aborigines Act 1911
1586:Aborigines Act 1910
1420:resistance warriors
1293:Evans Head massacre
1263:Gippsland massacres
1227:Blood Hole massacre
656:A Hundred Years War
224:200+ armed settlers
206:75 British soldiers
1667:Aboriginal reserve
1639:Tuckiar v The King
1408:Caledon Bay crisis
1197:Battle of Pinjarra
1173:Cape Grim massacre
560:NSW Mounted Police
506:Battle of Bathurst
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1805:1824 in Australia
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1572:(statute 24/1889)
1402:Coniston massacre
1275:Wonnerup massacre
995:NSW State Library
965:. Treaty Republic
844:Bathurst, 1813–40
552:Abercrombie House
418:Course of the war
350:Macquarie wrote:
341:Lachlan Macquarie
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1777:
1772:
1767:
1747:
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1731:
1718:
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1714:
1712:
1711:
1709:Half-Caste Act
1706:
1701:
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1507:Tongerlongeter
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1366:Kalkadoon Wars
1363:
1357:
1351:
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1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
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1302:
1296:
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1272:
1269:Eumerella Wars
1266:
1260:
1257:Maria massacre
1254:
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886:Sydney Gazette
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856:Sydney Gazette
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797:, ed. (1911).
795:Chisholm, Hugh
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392:
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309:Mount Blaxland
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275:Blue Mountains
246:
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244:others wounded
240:
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32:The article's
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1271:(1840s–1860s)
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1143:Tedbury's War
1141:
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1128:
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923:W.H. Suttor,
920:
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842:J.P.M. Long,
839:
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607:Lowe, David.
603:
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593:9781742374505
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48:
45:and read the
44:
38:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1751:
1738:
1726:
1320:(circa 1845)
1155:Bathurst War
1154:
1121:(1795–1816)
1063:
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1041:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1014:
1007:
998:
994:
988:
979:
967:. Retrieved
957:
949:
945:
931:
924:
919:
907:. Retrieved
902:
893:
885:
881:
872:
863:
855:
851:
843:
838:
827:
815:
804:
789:
776:
761:
749:. Retrieved
745:
739:
729:
717:. Retrieved
713:
707:
697:
689:
684:
677:
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663:
655:
650:
638:. Retrieved
628:
616:. Retrieved
602:
583:
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447:
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411:
405:
403:
394:
382:
357:
353:
349:
337:Nepean River
333:George Evans
330:
313:
301:
279:
251:
249:
133:Belligerents
80:Bathurst War
61:
52:
41:Please help
36:
34:lead section
1648:Committees
1622:Court cases
1517:Windradyne
1497:Tarenorerer
1477:Multuggerah
1442:Cannabaygal
1163:(1827-1828)
688:Macquarie,
468:martial law
242:~100 killed
237:~20 killed
115:, Australia
1795:Proxy wars
1759:Categories
1650:and boards
1462:Kikatapula
1457:Jandamarra
1307:(1843–55)
888:, 5/8/1824
858:, 8/1/1824
781:Wikisource
566:References
462:Windradyne
345:Parramatta
293:Background
188:Windradyne
55:March 2019
1410:(1932–34)
1380:(1894–97)
1368:(1870–90)
1193:(1833/34)
1187:(1831–33)
1181:(1830–50)
1167:Black War
1145:(1804–05)
969:24 August
909:24 August
654:P. Read,
640:24 August
618:24 August
536:Aftermath
376:Governor
287:guerrilla
271:Wentworth
259:Wiradjuri
169:Governor
151:Wiradjuri
1728:Category
1492:Pemulwuy
1487:Nemarluk
1482:Musquito
1452:Eumarrah
1447:Dundalli
769:(1892).
263:Blaxland
253:Bathurst
194:Strength
108:Location
1740:Commons
1527:Yilbung
1502:Tedbury
1437:Calyute
1427:Baulie
1374:(1880s)
1265:(1840s)
1047:29 July
1022:29 July
751:26 July
719:26 July
1432:Beilba
1404:(1928)
1398:(1926)
1392:(1916)
1386:(1915)
1362:(1868)
1356:(1861)
1350:(1859)
1344:(1857)
1338:(1853)
1332:(1849)
1326:(1848)
1301:(1843)
1295:(1842)
1289:(1842)
1283:(1841)
1277:(1841)
1259:(1840)
1253:(1840)
1247:(1840)
1241:(1840)
1235:(1839)
1229:(1839)
1223:(1839)
1217:(1838)
1211:(1838)
1205:(1836)
1199:(1834)
1175:(1828)
1157:(1824)
1151:(1818)
1139:(1804)
1112:Events
590:
269:, and
267:Lawson
181:Major
121:Result
1687:Other
1536:Legal
1522:Yagan
612:(PDF)
515:Peace
1543:Laws
1049:2017
1024:2017
999:Am34
971:2013
911:2013
753:2024
721:2024
642:2013
620:2013
588:ISBN
558:the
523:The
404:The
250:The
100:Date
255:War
1761::
1040:.
997:.
901:.
826:.
803:.
775:.
744:.
738:.
712:.
706:.
574:^
265:,
1097:e
1090:t
1083:v
1051:.
1026:.
1001:.
973:.
913:.
783:.
755:.
746:1
723:.
714:2
644:.
622:.
596:.
68:)
62:(
57:)
53:(
49:.
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
