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Fessenden began his service as
Secretary of the Treasury on July 5, 1864. The financial situation becoming favorable on the raising of another large loan, in accordance with his expressed intention, he resigned the secretaryship, leaving on March 3, 1865, to return to the Senate, to which he had now
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into the Union. He wrote its report, which vindicated the power of
Congress over the rebellious states, showed their relations to the government under the constitution and the law of nations, and recommended the constitutional safeguards made necessary by the rebellion. At this point, Fessenden was
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of
Massachusetts conducted hearings on the widespread reports that Republican senators had been bribed to vote for Johnson's acquittal. In Butler's hearings, and in subsequent inquiries, there was increasing evidence that some acquittal votes were acquired by promises of patronage jobs and cash
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as a Whig in 1840. During this term, he moved to repeal the rule that excluded anti-slavery petitions and spoke upon the loan and bankrupt bills, and the army. At the end of his term in
Congress, he turned his attention wholly to his law business until he was again in the Maine legislature in
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In 1867, Radical
Republican senator Charles Sumner introduced legislation that would expand Reconstruction efforts that included the provision of homesteads to freedmen. Fessenden lamented in opposition: "That is more than we do for white men," to which Sumner retorted:
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in 1868, Fessenden broke party ranks, along with six other
Republican senators, and voted for acquittal. These seven Republican senators were disturbed by how the proceedings had been manipulated in order to give a one-sided presentation of the evidence. He,
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from Russia. His last speech in the Senate was upon the bill to strengthen the public credit. He advocated the payment of the principal of the public debt in gold and opposed the notion that it might lawfully be paid in depreciated greenbacks.
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and building support for
Lincoln's 1860 Republican presidential nomination. During the war, Senator Fessenden helped shape the Union's taxation and financial policies. He abandoned his earlier radicalism, joining pro-Lincoln
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in 1832 and was its leading debater. He refused nominations to
Congress in 1831 and in 1838, and served in the Maine legislature again in 1840, becoming chairman of the house committee to revise the statutes of the state.
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909:) and all nine Democrats in voting against conviction. As a result, a 35–19 vote in favor of removing the President from office failed by a single vote of reaching a 2/3 majority. After the trial, Congressman
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as unnecessary and unjust. As chairman of the finance committee, Fessenden prepared and carried through the senate all measures relating to revenue, taxation, and appropriations, and, as declared by
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630:" followed by six other Republican senators, ultimately resulting in the acquittal of President Johnson. Fessenden's vote against convicting Johnson were motivated by his support for
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Life and Public
Services of William Pitt Fessenden: United States Senator from Maine 1854-1864; Secretary of the Treasury 1864-1865; United States Senator from Maine 1865-1869
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657:. His mother was Ruth Greene. The parents were unmarried. William was separated from his mother at his birth, and he raised by his paternal grandmother for seven years.
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in 1827. That year he was admitted to the bar, and practiced with his father, who was also a prominent anti-slavery activist. He practiced law first in
Bridgton,
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Fessenden's strong anti-slavery principles caused his election to the U.S. Senate in 1854, with the support of Whigs and Anti-Slavery Democrats.
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He is the only person to have three streets in Portland named for him: William, Pitt and Fessenden streets in the city's Oakdale neighborhood.
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the acknowledged leader in the Senate among Republicans and was considered a moderate rather than Radical Republican. Radical leader
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Cook, Robert J. "Stiffening Abe: William Pitt Fessenden and the Role of the Broker Politician in the Civil War Congress."
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defied their party and public opinion and voted against conviction. They were joined by three other Republican senators (
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1845–46. He acquired a national reputation as a lawyer and an anti-slavery Whig, and in 1849 prosecuted before the
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Cook, Robert J. "'The Grave of All My Comforts': William Pitt Fessenden as Secretary of the Treasury, 1864–65."
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is his great-great-granddaughter who dropped her real name Fessenden and went by her married name Garland.
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pronounced the best he had heard in twenty years. He was again in the Maine legislature in 1853 and 1854.
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Landis, Michael Todd. "'A Champion Had Come': William Pitt Fessenden and the Republican Party, 1854–60,"
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Fessenden married Ellen M. Deering in 1832, and she died in 1857. They had three sons who served in the
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Williams, George H. (1895). Occasional Addresses. Portland, Oregon: F.W. Baltes and Company. pp. 21–28.
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How Republican Reformers Fought the Civil War, Defied Lincoln, Ended Slavery, and Remade America
2312:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875"
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Fessenden died on September 8, 1869, while serving in the U.S. Senate. He was interred at the
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A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875
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Civil War Senator: William Pitt Fessenden and the Fight to Save the American Republic
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for the third time been elected, and where he would serve for the rest of his life.
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The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War
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Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy
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2424:(Louisiana State University Press; 2011) 344 pages; a standard scholarly biography
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addressed the U.S. Senate to deliver a tribute to his friend and fellow Senator.
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The Origins of the Street Names of the City of Portland, Maine as of 1995
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of Kansas, and his criticisms of the opinion of the supreme court in the
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571:. Fessenden then re-entered the Senate, where he died in office in 1869.
2392:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 293.
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2051:
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
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Edmund G. Ross Was a Profile in Impeachment Corruption, not Courage
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After the war, Fessenden was back in the Senate, as chair of the
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against the Radicals and becoming Lincoln's Treasury Secretary.
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Republican Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
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United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works
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Upon taking office, he immediately began speaking against the
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in 1823 and then studied law. He was a founding member of the
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531:(October 16, 1806 – September 8, 1869) was an
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on October 16, 1806. His father was attorney and legislator
2253:. 40th Cong., 2nd sess., 16 / 26 May 1868, 943–51"
2141:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
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30:"Senator Fessenden" redirects here. For other uses, see
2181:– Norm and Althea Green, Portland Public Library (1995)
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922:, who was actively embroiled in patronage corruption.
626:. He was the first Republican senator to ring out "...
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Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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2549:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
2483:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4880:Republican Party United States senators from Maine
860:'s portrait of Fessenden, posthumous. Circa. 1870
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3870:United States Senate Committee on Appropriations
2135:
2133:
1052:The Life and Services of William Pitt Fessenden,
317:
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2325:Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution
2165:Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution
2046:Economic history of the United States Civil War
2195:. Gardiner, ME: Harpswell Press. p. 175.
961:of Vermont) who voted against the purchase of
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4850:Union (American Civil War) political leaders
1054:which was published in 1907. A fourth son,
740:takes a swing at the Lincoln administration.
700:an appeal from an adverse decision of Judge
2507:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
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2458:Sept 2008, Vol. 9 Issue 3, pp. 269–285
1141:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1011:in Portland, Maine. On December 14, 1869,
796:portrait of Fessenden as Treasury Secretary
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2518:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
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2035:, Fessenden is played by actor Walt Smith.
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1038:: Samuel Fessenden, who was killed at the
992:For several years, he was a regent of the
473: 1832–1857)
188:March 4, 1865 – September 8, 1869
151:
4900:Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)
4845:People of Maine in the American Civil War
4840:United States secretaries of the treasury
4142:United States Secretaries of the Treasury
3157:United States Senate Committee on Finance
2143:, pp. 239–41. New York: Harper & Row.
2116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1161:Learn how and when to remove this message
939:Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds
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308:U.S. House of Representatives
223:February 10, 1854 – July 1, 1864
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2079:This article includes a list of general
979:1868 United States presidential election
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2826:United States Secretary of the Treasury
2293:Stewart, David O. (December 15, 2019).
821:Fessenden was one of only three people
808:United States Secretary of the Treasury
254:United States Secretary of the Treasury
14:
4885:Lincoln administration cabinet members
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2451:(1962), a standard scholarly biography
2394:, the source for much of this article.
693:United States House of Representatives
553:United States House of Representatives
333:March 4, 1841 – March 3, 1843
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2530:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
2441:Fessenden of Maine, Civil War Senator
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724:An 1864 cartoon featuring Fessenden,
266:July 5, 1864 – March 3, 1865
2544:"William P. Fessenden (id: F000099)"
2478:"William P. Fessenden (id: F000099)"
2456:American Nineteenth Century History,
2237:"The Trial of Andrew Johnson, 1868".
2065:
1139:adding citations to reliable sources
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955:U.S. Senate Committee on the Library
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
4870:People from Boscawen, New Hampshire
4830:19th-century American Episcopalians
2535:
2406:American Nineteenth Century History
691:He was elected for one term in the
24:
2595:Maine's 2nd congressional district
2564:Biography at Lincoln's White House
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2085:it lacks sufficient corresponding
985:, who defeated Democratic nominee
712:Service in U.S. Senate and Cabinet
32:Senator Fessenden (disambiguation)
25:
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4825:19th-century American politicians
2875:United States senators from Maine
2766:Senate Public Buildings Committee
2699:U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Maine
2629:U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Maine
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2170:
839:Joint Committee on Reconstruction
837:From 1865 to 1867, he headed the
608:Joint Committee on Reconstruction
4865:Politicians from Portland, Maine
4622:
4546:
4099:
3556:
3446:
3002:
2070:
1111:
1018:
794:Bureau of Engraving and Printing
770:In 1861, he was a member of the
514:
41:
2794:Senate Appropriations Committee
2521:"Fessenden, William Pitt"
2383:"Fessenden, William Pitt"
2357:
2330:
2318:
2304:
2287:
1000:from Bowdoin in 1858, and from
624:had been impeached by the House
470:
52:needs additional citations for
27:American politician (1806–1869)
2527:New International Encyclopedia
2274:
2241:
2230:
2184:
2146:
1029:Thomas Amory Deblois Fessenden
685:Maine House of Representatives
13:
1:
2590:U.S. House of Representatives
2573:U.S. House of Representatives
2560:where his papers are located.
2557:Guide to Research Collections
2301:. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
2284:(2009), pp. 240–249, 284–299.
925:He served as chairman of the
3746:Environment and Public Works
3566:Public Buildings and Grounds
996:. He received the degree of
7:
2039:
698:United States Supreme Court
10:
4916:
2193:Maine: A Narrative History
616:the 1868 impeachment trial
549:Fessenden political family
29:
4781:
4758:Secretary of the Interior
4756:
4737:
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4687:
4662:
4633:Secretary of the Treasury
4631:
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2571:
2501:"Fessenden, Samuel"
2461:Richardson, Heather Cox.
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1031:, were also Congressmen.
561:Secretary of the Treasury
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2738:Senate Finance Committee
2672:Senate Finance Committee
2542:United States Congress.
2510:. New York: D. Appleton.
2476:United States Congress.
2061:
2056:Liberal Republican Party
1056:William Howard Fessenden
1046:, and the Major-General
1042:, the Brigadier-General
1025:Samuel Clement Fessenden
947:Appropriations Committee
666:Maine Temperance Society
2389:Encyclopædia Britannica
2100:more precise citations.
1875:James Deering Fessenden
1784:William Fessenden Allen
1044:James Deering Fessenden
994:Smithsonian Institution
683:He was a member of the
651:Boscawen, New Hampshire
582:in attacking Democrats
535:from the U.S. state of
388:Boscawen, New Hampshire
4855:Bowdoin College alumni
2446:July 16, 2012, at the
861:
858:Frederic Porter Vinton
830:
829:during their lifetime.
797:
757:Lecompton Constitution
741:
649:Fessenden was born in
645:Youth and early career
529:William Pitt Fessenden
375:William Pitt Fessenden
145:William Pitt Fessenden
76:"William P. Fessenden"
18:William Pitt Fessenden
4739:Secretary of the Navy
2415:41.3 (1995): 208–226.
2397:Bordewich, Fergus M.
1100:Fessenden family tree
1023:Two of his brothers,
1013:George Henry Williams
914:cards. This included
907:Daniel Sheldon Norton
856:
820:
792:
753:Clayton–Bulwer Treaty
721:Running the "Machine"
719:
171:United States Senator
4875:Maine Oppositionists
4728:William Dennison Jr.
4647:William P. Fessenden
2427:Fessenden, Francis.
2408:8.2 (2007): 145–167.
2299:History News Network
2259:. Washington, D.C.:
2191:Rolde, Neal (1990).
2139:Foner, Eric (1988).
1746:William P. Fessenden
1135:improve this section
903:James Rood Doolittle
806:appointed Fessenden
751:. His speech on the
601:Moderate Republicans
547:) and member of the
61:improve this article
4895:Radical Republicans
2438:Jellison, Charles.
2261:Library of Congress
1755:Samuel C. Fessenden
1478:Thomas G. Fessenden
891:Peter G. Van Winkle
827:Fractional currency
749:Kansas–Nebraska Act
676:, and afterward in
580:Radical Republicans
551:. He served in the
533:American politician
4714:Postmaster General
4605:Secretary of State
2811:Political offices
2705:Served alongside:
2635:Served alongside:
2338:"Statistics: 1868"
2280:David O. Stewart,
2024:In popular culture
1995:Stirling Fessenden
1902:Nicholas Fessenden
1771:T. A. D. Fessenden
1486:William Fessenden
1466:William Fessenden
1338:William Fessenden
1206:William Fessenden
1036:American Civil War
1009:Evergreen Cemetery
1002:Harvard University
862:
831:
798:
742:
660:He graduated from
569:American Civil War
539:. Fessenden was a
416:Evergreen Cemetery
4802:
4801:
4795:
4772:John Palmer Usher
4766:Caleb Blood Smith
4613:William H. Seward
4555:
4554:
4108:
4107:
3835:
3834:
3455:
3454:
3122:
3121:
2842:
2841:
2833:Succeeded by
2801:Succeeded by
2773:Succeeded by
2745:Succeeded by
2717:Succeeded by
2703:1865–1869
2692:Nathan A. Farwell
2679:Succeeded by
2654:Nathan A. Farwell
2651:Succeeded by
2633:1854–1864
2622:James W. Bradbury
2602:Succeeded by
2413:Civil War History
2126:
2125:
2118:
2029:In the 2012 film
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
1884:Francis Fessenden
1763:Hewett Fessenden
1738:Ellen M. Deering
1616:Elisha Hunt Allen
1353:Thomas Fessenden
1171:
1170:
1163:
1048:Francis Fessenden
959:Justin S. Morrill
927:Finance Committee
883:John B. Henderson
870:impeachment trial
864:During President
825:on United States
526:
525:
398:September 8, 1869
246:Nathan A. Farwell
234:James W. Bradbury
199:Nathan A. Farwell
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4907:
4860:Fessenden family
4793:
4722:Montgomery Blair
4689:Attorney General
4664:Secretary of War
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3497:Public Buildings
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2816:Preceded by
2783:Preceded by
2755:Preceded by
2727:Preceded by
2689:Preceded by
2661:Preceded by
2619:Preceded by
2605:Robert P. Dunlap
2579:Preceded by
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2418:Cook, Robert J.
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2107:
2101:
2096:this article by
2087:inline citations
2074:
2073:
2066:
1893:Samuel Fessenden
1608:Sarah Fessenden
1588:Samuel Fessenden
1175:
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983:Ulysses S. Grant
875:Joseph S. Fowler
780:Legal Tender Act
765:Republican Party
655:Samuel Fessenden
614:. Later, during
563:under President
559:before becoming
518:
474:
472:
401:
385:October 16, 1806
384:
382:
366:Personal details
356:Robert P. Dunlap
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4641:Salmon P. Chase
4627:
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4596:Abraham Lincoln
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2712:Hannibal Hamlin
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2638:Hannibal Hamlin
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2498:, eds. (1900).
2472:
2448:Wayback Machine
2373:
2371:Further reading
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1063:Beverly Garland
1021:
987:Horatio Seymour
935:39th Congresses
911:Benjamin Butler
879:James W. Grimes
812:Salmon P. Chase
804:Abraham Lincoln
761:Dred Scott case
730:Abraham Lincoln
723:
714:
662:Bowdoin College
647:
634:and fears of a
596:Abraham Lincoln
588:Franklin Pierce
584:Stephen Douglas
565:Abraham Lincoln
500:Bowdoin College
476:
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433:Other political
422:Political party
405:Portland, Maine
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4790:Team of Rivals
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2804:Lot M. Morrill
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2776:Justin Morrill
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2378:Chisholm, Hugh
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1188:
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1119:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1020:
1017:
920:Edmund G. Ross
895:Edmund G. Ross
887:Lyman Trumbull
866:Andrew Johnson
848:Charles Sumner
784:Charles Sumner
772:Peace Congress
734:William Seward
713:
710:
706:Daniel Webster
646:
643:
620:Andrew Johnson
592:James Buchanan
524:
523:
520:
519:
512:
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507:
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493:
492:
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478:
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451:
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438:
436:
430:
429:
423:
419:
418:
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402:(aged 62)
396:
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374:
372:
368:
367:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
347:
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305:Member of the
302:
301:
299:Hugh McCulloch
296:
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268:
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211:Lot M. Morrill
208:
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157:Photograph by
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49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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4773:
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4748:
4747:Gideon Welles
4745:
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4729:
4726:
4723:
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4715:
4711:
4704:
4701:
4698:
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4690:
4686:
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4678:Edwin Stanton
4676:
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4672:Simon Cameron
4670:
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3017:
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2995:
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2897:
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2876:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2792:Chair of the
2787:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2764:Chair of the
2759:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2736:Chair of the
2731:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2670:Chair of the
2665:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2517:
2516:Gilman, D. C.
2513:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2492:Wilson, J. G.
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2360:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2225:Chisholm 1911
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2202:0-88448-069-0
2198:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2152:Landis (2008)
2149:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2120:
2117:
2109:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2013:
1996:
1964:
1962:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1868:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1756:
1747:
1732:
1729:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1675:
1663:
1661:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1617:
1589:
1561:
1559:
1497:
1495:
1479:
1440:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1362:
1360:
1312:
1309:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1213:Martha Brown
1176:
1165:
1162:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1120:This section
1118:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1019:Personal life
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
967:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:41st Congress
948:
944:
943:40th Congress
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
867:
859:
855:
851:
849:
844:
840:
835:
828:
824:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
802:
795:
791:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
739:
738:Gideon Welles
735:
731:
727:
726:Edwin Stanton
722:
718:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
689:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
642:
639:
637:
636:Benjamin Wade
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:of President
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:
494:
491:
487:
484:5, including
483:
479:
463:Ellen Deering
460:
456:
449:
446:
443:
440:
439:
437:
431:
427:
424:
420:
417:
414:
412:Resting place
410:
406:
397:
393:
389:
373:
369:
364:
360:
357:
354:
348:
345:
342:
336:
330:
325:
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315:
309:
303:
300:
297:
291:
288:
285:
279:
276:
273:
269:
263:
258:
255:
250:
247:
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117:February 2022
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72:Find sources:
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50:This article
48:
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4788:
4697:Edward Bates
4646:
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3701:Public Works
3591:
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3043:
2824:
2791:
2763:
2748:John Sherman
2735:
2730:John Sherman
2706:
2697:
2682:John Sherman
2669:
2664:James Pearce
2636:
2627:
2587:
2582:Albert Smith
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1133:Please help
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702:Joseph Story
690:
682:
672:, a year in
659:
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638:presidency.
627:
605:
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528:
527:
444:(until 1854)
435:affiliations
400:(1869-09-08)
351:Succeeded by
344:Albert Smith
328:
294:Succeeded by
261:
241:Succeeded by
218:
206:Succeeded by
183:
159:Mathew Brady
138:
123:
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
4820:1869 deaths
4815:1806 births
4794:(2005 book)
4774:(1863–1865)
4768:(1861–1862)
4749:(1861–1865)
4730:(1864–1865)
4724:(1861–1864)
4705:(1864–1865)
4703:James Speed
4699:(1861–1864)
4680:(1862–1865)
4674:(1861–1862)
4649:(1864–1865)
4643:(1861–1864)
4615:(1861–1865)
4598:(1861–1865)
3704:(1947–1977)
3569:(1857–1947)
3500:(1838–1857)
2758:Gratz Brown
2642:Amos Nourse
2613:U.S. Senate
2349:January 14,
2098:introducing
1998:(1875-1944)
1905:(1847-1927)
1896:(1847–1908)
1887:(1839–1907)
1878:(1833–1897)
1787:(1831–1906)
1774:(1826–1868)
1765:(1819–1885)
1758:(1815–1881)
1749:(1808–1869)
1740:(1809-1857)
1619:(1804–1883)
1610:(1808–1845)
1591:(1784–1869)
1488:(1779–1815)
1481:(1771–1837)
1468:(1747–1805)
1355:(1739–1813)
1340:(1718–1758)
1215:(1699–1746)
1208:(1694–1756)
1151:April 2015
977:During the
949:during the
941:during the
929:during the
899:James Dixon
843:Confederacy
576:Slave Power
567:during the
450:(1854–1860)
428:(1860–1869)
339:Preceded by
282:Preceded by
229:Preceded by
194:Preceded by
4809:Categories
4468:Blumenthal
4408:Morgenthau
4293:Richardson
3652:Sutherland
2830:1864–1865
2770:1867–1869
2742:1865–1867
2676:1861–1864
2599:1841–1843
2081:references
632:free trade
628:not guilty
545:Republican
448:Opposition
426:Republican
381:1806-10-16
87:newspapers
4593:President
4368:Cortelyou
4338:Fairchild
4328:McCulloch
4283:McCulloch
4278:Fessenden
4001:McClellan
3886:Fessenden
3712:Revercomb
3637:Fairbanks
3592:Fessenden
3268:Fessenden
3258:Fessenden
3243:Dickinson
3054:Fessenden
3044:Fessenden
2919:Fairfield
2554:Includes
2496:Fiske, J.
2327:, p. 308.
2167:, p. 336.
2106:July 2020
1122:does not
1004:in 1864.
801:President
776:Civil War
543:(later a
511:Signature
496:Education
329:In office
271:President
262:In office
219:In office
184:In office
4523:Geithner
4453:Connally
4428:Anderson
4423:Humphrey
4373:MacVeagh
4353:Carlisle
4288:Boutwell
4243:Meredith
4213:Woodbury
4183:Crawford
4173:Campbell
4168:Gallatin
4153:Hamilton
4071:Mikulski
4026:Hatfield
4011:Hatfield
4006:Magnuson
3996:Ellender
3976:McKellar
3966:McKellar
3921:Cockrell
3822:Barrasso
3802:Jeffords
3772:Moynihan
3762:Stafford
3757:Randolph
3737:Randolph
3732:McNamara
3682:Connally
3622:Stanford
3538:Whitcomb
3433:Grassley
3413:Grassley
3403:Grassley
3388:Packwood
3383:Moynihan
3373:Packwood
3353:Millikin
3343:Millikin
3333:Harrison
3323:McCumber
3293:Voorhees
3238:Atherton
3223:Woodbury
3168:Campbell
3104:Hathaway
3079:Burleigh
3039:Bradbury
3019:Chandler
2984:Mitchell
2969:Brewster
2914:Williams
2444:Archived
2040:See also
1061:Actress
953:and the
933:through
918:senator
823:depicted
678:Portland
481:Children
322:district
4782:Related
4589:Cabinet
4533:Mnuchin
4518:Paulson
4508:O'Neill
4503:Summers
4493:Bentsen
4448:Kennedy
4388:Houston
4333:Manning
4323:Gresham
4308:Sherman
4303:Morrill
4298:Bristow
4253:Guthrie
4228:Spencer
4223:Forward
4158:Wolcott
4076:Cochran
4056:Cochran
4051:Stevens
4041:Stevens
4031:Stevens
4016:Stennis
3991:Russell
3981:Bridges
3971:Bridges
3956:F. Hale
3931:E. Hale
3926:Allison
3916:Allison
3901:Morrill
3891:Morrill
3881:Morrill
3767:Burdick
3692:Andrews
3687:Maloney
3672:Lenroot
3667:Fernald
3657:Swanson
3612:Rollins
3597:Morrill
3523:Cameron
3378:Bentsen
3318:Penrose
3313:Simmons
3308:Penrose
3303:Aldrich
3298:Morrill
3288:Morrill
3278:Morrill
3273:Sherman
3263:Sherman
3228:Calhoun
3203:Webster
3198:Forsyth
3178:Sanford
3114:Collins
3084:Fernald
3074:Gardner
3059:Morrill
3049:Farwell
3029:Ruggles
3024:Sprague
3012:Class 2
2964:F. Hale
2959:Johnson
2954:E. Hale
2944:Morrill
2904:Shepley
2882:Class 1
2431:(1907)
2266:June 7,
2094:improve
2032:Lincoln
1143:removed
1128:sources
490:Francis
475:
467:
101:scholar
4655:(1865)
4538:Yellen
4473:Miller
4458:Shultz
4438:Fowler
4433:Dillon
4418:Snyder
4413:Vinson
4403:Woodin
4393:Mellon
4378:McAdoo
4348:Foster
4343:Windom
4318:Folger
4313:Windom
4263:Thomas
4248:Corwin
4238:Walker
4198:McLane
4193:Ingham
4178:Dallas
4163:Dexter
4091:Murray
4081:Shelby
4066:Inouye
3986:Hayden
3946:Warren
3941:Martin
3936:Warren
3906:Windom
3827:Carper
3817:Inhofe
3807:Inhofe
3782:Chafee
3777:Baucus
3727:Chávez
3722:Martin
3717:Chávez
3642:Warren
3617:Mahone
3577:Bright
3548:Bayard
3533:Hunter
3528:Bright
3518:Dayton
3508:Fulton
3418:Baucus
3408:Baucus
3398:Baucus
3348:George
3338:George
3283:Bayard
3253:Pearce
3248:Hunter
3208:Wright
3188:Lowrie
3183:Holmes
3064:Blaine
2979:Muskie
2949:Hamlin
2939:Hamlin
2934:Nourse
2929:Hamlin
2899:Holmes
2894:Parris
2889:Holmes
2465:(1997)
2433:online
2401:(2020)
2199:
2083:, but
963:Alaska
945:, the
916:Kansas
893:, and
674:Bangor
590:, and
557:Senate
458:Spouse
407:, U.S.
390:, U.S.
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
4498:Rubin
4488:Brady
4483:Baker
4478:Regan
4463:Simon
4398:Mills
4383:Glass
4273:Chase
4218:Ewing
4208:Taney
4203:Duane
4086:Leahy
3961:Glass
3951:Jones
3911:Davis
3812:Boxer
3797:Smith
3787:Smith
3677:Keyes
3647:Scott
3607:Jones
3602:Dawes
3587:Brown
3543:James
3438:Wyden
3428:Hatch
3423:Wyden
3328:Smoot
3233:Lewis
3218:Evans
3193:Smith
3173:Eppes
3109:Cohen
3099:Smith
3094:White
3089:Gould
3034:Evans
2989:Snowe
2974:Payne
2798:1869
2593:from
2062:Notes
998:LL.D.
810:upon
670:Maine
537:Maine
486:James
469:(
465:
314:Maine
312:from
252:26th
176:Maine
174:from
108:JSTOR
94:books
4513:Snow
4443:Barr
4363:Shaw
4358:Gage
4258:Cobb
4233:Bibb
4188:Rush
4061:Byrd
4046:Byrd
4036:Byrd
4021:Byrd
3896:Cole
3792:Reid
3662:Reed
3632:Quay
3627:Vest
3582:Foot
3513:Kerr
3393:Roth
3368:Dole
3363:Long
3358:Byrd
3213:Clay
3069:Frye
2994:King
2924:Moor
2909:Dana
2351:2023
2268:2019
2197:ISBN
1126:any
1124:cite
1027:and
931:37th
736:and
555:and
541:Whig
488:and
442:Whig
395:Died
371:Born
80:news
4591:of
4528:Lew
4268:Dix
1137:by
868:'s
319:2nd
316:'s
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4811::
2710:,
2644:,
2640:,
2546:.
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2480:.
2386:.
2340:.
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2255:.
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