231:
517:, 1631) we have already a more distinct statement of the attraction of one body by another. "The force which emanates from the moon reaches to the earth, and, in like manner, the magnetic virtue of the earth pervades the region of the moon: both correspond and conspire by the joint action of both, according to a proportion and conformity of motions, but the earth has more effect in consequence of its superior mass; the earth attracts and repels, the moon, and the moon within certain limits, the earth; not so as to make the bodies come together, as magnetic bodies do, but so that they may go on in a continuous course." Though this phraseology is capable of representing a good deal of the truth, it does not appear to have been connected... with any very definite notions of mechanical action in detail.
223:
670:
33:
310:(doubting even that they exist) rotate daily, as opposed to the diurnal rotation of the much smaller Earth. He also posits that the "fixed" stars are at remote variable distances rather than fixed to an imaginary sphere. He states that, situated "in thinnest aether, or in the most subtle fifth essence, or in vacuity â how shall the stars keep their places in the mighty swirl of these enormous spheres composed of a substance of which no one knows aught?"
1748:
1186:
1175:
452:
631:
subject, but became at once the father of experimental philosophy in this island, and by a singular felicity and acuteness of genius, the founder of theories which have been revived after the lapse of ages, and are almost universally received into the creed of the science. The magnetism of the earth itself, his own original hypothesis,
328:". The term had been in use since the 13th century, but Gilbert was the first to use it to mean "like amber in its attractive properties". He recognized that friction with these objects removed a so-called "effluvium", which would cause the attraction effect in returning to the object, though he did not realize that this substance (
655:
When
Gilbert of Colchester, in his âNew Philosophy,â founded on his researches in magnetism, was dealing with tides, he did not suggest that the moon attracted the water, but that âsubterranean spirits and humors, rising in sympathy with the moon, cause the sea also to rise and flow to the shores and
390:
Lucid gems are made of water; just as
Crystal, which has been concreted from clear water, not always by a very great cold, as some used to judge, and by very hard frost, but sometimes by a less severe one, the nature of the soil fashioning it, the humour or juices being shut up in definite cavities,
630:
The year 1600 was the first in which
England produced a remarkable work in physical science; but this was one sufficient to raise a lasting reputation to its author. Gilbert, a physician, in his Latin treatise on the magnet, not only collected all the knowledge which others had possessed on that
432:
was the invisible force that many other natural philosophers seized upon, incorrectly, as governing the motions that they observed. While not attributing magnetism to attraction among the stars, Gilbert pointed out the motion of the skies was due to Earth's rotation, and not the rotation of the
447:
published in 1543 ) (see external reference below). Gilbert made the first attempt to map the surface markings on the Moon in the 1590s. His chart, made without the use of a telescope, showed outlines of dark and light patches on the Moon's face. Contrary to most of his contemporaries, Gilbert
410:
Gilbert argued that electricity and magnetism were not the same thing. For evidence, he (incorrectly) pointed out that, while electrical attraction disappeared with heat, magnetic attraction did not (although it is proven that magnetism does in fact become damaged and weakened with heat).
336:
The electric effluvia differ much from air, and as air is the earth's effluvium, so electric bodies have their own distinctive effluvia; and each peculiar effluvium has its own individual power of leading to union, its own movement to its origin, to its fount, and to the body emitting the
299:) or a large magnetic island on the north pole that attracted the compass). He was the first to argue that the centre of the Earth was iron, and he considered an important and related property of magnets, being that they can be cut, each forming a new magnet with north and south poles.
641:, or artificial spherical magnet. ...Gilbert was also one of our earliest Copernicans, at least as to the rotation of the earth; and with his usual sagacity inferred, before the invention of the telescope, that there are a multitude of fixed stars beyond the reach of our vision.
478:, "this work of Gilbert's, which is so little known, is a very remarkable one both in style and matter; and there is a vigor and energy of expression belonging to it very suitable to its originality. Possessed of a more minute and practical knowledge of natural philosophy than
512:
printed in 1600 has only some vague notions that the magnetic virtue of the earth in some way determines the direction of the earth's axis, the rate of its diurnal rotation, and that of the revolution of the moon about it. Gilbert died in 1603, and in his posthumous work
613:
Gilbert... repeatedly asserts the paramount value of experiments. He himself, no doubt, acted up to his own precepts; for his work contains all the fundamental facts of the science , so fully examined, indeed, that even at this day we have little to add to them.
593:
The magnetic laws were first generalized and explained by Dr. Gilbert, whose book on magnetism published in 1600, is one of the finest examples of inductive philosophy that has ever been presented to the world. It is the more remarkable, because it preceded the
792:
470:(New Philosophy about our Sublunary World), edited â some say by his brother William Gilbert Junior, and others say, by the eminent English scholar and critic John Gruter â from two manuscripts found in the library of Sir
656:
up riversâ. It appears that an idea, presented in some such way as this, was more readily received than a plain statement. This so-called philosophical method was, in fact, very generally applied, and
547:
and was critical of
Gilbert's philosophical work in support of the diurnal motion of the Earth. Bacon's criticism includes the following two statements. The first was repeated in three of his worksâ
1814:
2039:
250:
from
Cambridge in 1569, and a short spell as bursar of St John's College, he left to practice medicine in London and travelled on the continent. In 1573, he was elected a Fellow of the
1764:
by
Silvanus Thompson for the Gilbert Club, London 1900. Full text, free to read and search. Go to page 9 and read Gilbert saying the Earth revolves leading to the motion of the skies.
2460:
2417:
2396:
2378:
635:... was by no means one of those vague conjectures that are sometimes unduly applauded... He relied on the analogy of terrestrial phenomena to those exhibited by what he calls a
3018:
1859:
1959:
1839:
2129:
1939:
1807:
2169:
2134:
2019:
1864:
573:
The
Alchemists have made a philosophy out of a few experiments of the furnace and Gilbert our countryman hath made a philosophy out of observations of the lodestone.
2099:
2453:
1800:
1823:
774:
While today he is generally referred to as
William Gilbert, he also went under the name of William Gilberd. The latter was used in both his and his father's
560:
548:
852:
3096:
3106:
2446:
3014:
2094:
306:, he argues in support of diurnal rotation though he does not talk about heliocentrism, stating that it is an absurdity to think that the immense
1051:
2688:
1929:
1914:
660:, who shared Galileoâs admiration for Gilbertâs work, adopted it in his own attempt to extend the idea of magnetic attraction to the planets.
528:
Gilbert was buried in his home town, in Holy
Trinity Church, Colchester. His marble wall monument can still be seen in this Saxon church, now
3046:
2409:
2024:
2014:
684:
De
Magnete, Magnetisque Corporoibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure: Physiologia noua, Plurimis & Argumentis, & Experimentis Demonstrata
1574:
Shipley, Brian C. (August 2003). "Gilbert, Translated: Silvanus P. Thompson, the Gilbert Club, and the Tercentenary Edition of De Magnete".
694:
On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies, and on That Great Magnet the Earth: A New Physiology, Demonstrated with Many Arguments and Experiments
230:
3022:
2325:
1486:
705:
On the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies Also, and on the Great Magnet the Earth: A new Physiology, Demonstrated by Many Arguments & Experiments
3066:
303:
3116:
3056:
3041:
2154:
2827:
1909:
1712:
421:
3091:
3086:
2968:
2279:
1729:
977:
1787:
3111:
3051:
2104:
1667:
Ugaglia, Monica (19 February 2007). "The Science of Magnetism Before Gilbert Leonardo Garzoni's Treatise on the Loadstone".
222:
443:
2315:
578:
has himself become a magnet; that is, he has ascribed too many things to that force and built a ship out of a shell.
2330:
2304:
1874:
1564:
835:
1081:
494:
consists of an attempt to establish a new system of natural philosophy upon the ruins of the Aristotelian doctrine.
2807:
3101:
2383:
2335:
2294:
2289:
2259:
2224:
1403:
243:
91:
2817:
2355:
2320:
2299:
2234:
883:
2846:
2310:
2274:
2109:
234:
William Gilbert M.D. demonstrating his experiments before Queen Elizabeth I (painting by A. Auckland Hunt).
2406:
486:
was more searching and particular, and at the same time probably little less efficient." In the opinion of
3071:
2532:
2269:
2219:
2209:
2199:
2184:
2124:
1979:
1954:
251:
419:
showed that both effects were aspects of a single force: electromagnetism. Maxwell surmised this in his
279:) published in 1600. In this work, he describes many of his experiments with his model Earth called the
2697:
2179:
1999:
1067:
402:
1048:
2857:
2365:
2345:
2249:
2214:
2204:
2194:
2114:
2084:
1849:
284:
201:
1595:
Smith, Michael (22 June 2016). "William Gilbert (1544â1603): Physician and Founder of Electricity".
2009:
1984:
1964:
1854:
582:
544:
487:
2797:
412:
2867:
2767:
2632:
2481:
2375:
2244:
2229:
1884:
730:
180:
1792:
1736:
High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of William Gilbert in .jpg and .tiff format.
2998:
624:
Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries
255:
1270:
Carter, Richard B. (1982). "Gilbert and Descartes: The science of conserving the human body".
3061:
2898:
2427:
740:
735:
2717:
1189:
521:
Gilbert died on 30 November 1603 in London. His cause of death is thought to have been the
3081:
3076:
2737:
2672:
2582:
2438:
2340:
2264:
1645:
1455:
1248:
1215:
366:
1373:
Jarrell, Richard A. (March 1972). "The Latest Date of Composition of Gilbert's De mundo".
8:
2787:
1782:
692:
475:
416:
197:
1649:
1459:
1410:. Vol. 5. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 396â401
1252:
1219:
1109:
2622:
2422:
2370:
2064:
1944:
1684:
1620:
1473:
1390:
1361:
1332:
1303:
1287:
1126:
History of the Royal Society: from its Institution to the End of the Eighteenth Century
1105:
875:
350:
259:
247:
176:
95:
53:
2978:
1709:
1532:
Pumfrey, Stephen; Tilley, David (November 2003). "William Gilbert: Forgotten Genius".
1160:
1143:
1124:
998:
2552:
2239:
2034:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1974:
1969:
1743:
1688:
1612:
1560:
1547:
1394:
1295:
923:
831:
307:
1757:
1739:
1726:
1721:
Commemorating the 400th anniversary of "De Magnete" by William Gilbert of Colchester
1624:
1307:
974:
2877:
2652:
2189:
2089:
2079:
1919:
1752:
1676:
1653:
1604:
1583:
1555:
Pumfrey, Stephen (2000). "Gilbert, William 1544â1603". In Hessenbruch, Arne (ed.).
1543:
1518:
1477:
1463:
1382:
1353:
1324:
1279:
1256:
1223:
932:
867:
239:
142:
2972:
1727:
Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries
2982:
2938:
2757:
2727:
2542:
2512:
2139:
2074:
2054:
2044:
1869:
1844:
1733:
1716:
1055:
981:
657:
602:
497:
471:
329:
1778:
2992:
2948:
2942:
2842:
2791:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2751:
2626:
2572:
2522:
2393:
2388:
2254:
2174:
2149:
2144:
1894:
1834:
1608:
598:
of Bacon, in which the inductive method of philosophizing was first explained.
522:
448:
believed that the light spots on the Moon were water, and the dark spots land.
206:
1680:
1157:
Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries
936:
3035:
2988:
2932:
2881:
2821:
2761:
2721:
2616:
2612:
2596:
2350:
2164:
2049:
1934:
1772:
1534:
1357:
645:
Walter William Bryant of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, wrote in his book
555:
540:
529:
483:
479:
314:
266:
184:
646:
466:, there appeared at Amsterdam in 1651 a quarto volume of 316 pages entitled
187:
method of university teaching. He is remembered today largely for his book
2952:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2871:
2811:
2741:
2676:
2646:
2642:
2592:
2566:
2562:
2360:
2284:
2119:
1904:
1879:
1703:
1616:
1523:
1506:
1328:
1299:
619:
370:
719:(in Latin). (Published posthumously. Amsterdam: Apud Ludovicum Elzevirium.
2958:
2928:
2908:
2707:
2556:
2491:
2401:
2159:
2069:
1767:
1658:
1633:
1587:
763:
211:
32:
1291:
2902:
2861:
2731:
2662:
2414:
2059:
2029:
1924:
1899:
1889:
1283:
1140:
History of the Inductive Sciences from the Earliest to the Present Time
879:
438:
397:
271:
189:
108:
49:
1365:
1336:
1227:
226:
Timperleys, the 15th-century home of the Gilbert family in Colchester.
2602:
2516:
1468:
1443:
1261:
1236:
1178:
697:. Translated by Mottelay, P. Fleury. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
429:
375:
318:
871:
708:. Translated by Thompson, Silvanus Phillips. London: Chiswick Press.
386:) was an especially hard form of water, formed from compressed ice:
277:
On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth
2701:
1424:
1386:
637:
288:
280:
1185:
1174:
295:
point north (previously, some believed that it was the pole star (
2801:
2636:
2536:
2526:
1822:
1344:
Hesse, Mary B. (August 1960). "Gilbert and the historians (II)".
1206:
Boyer, Carl B. (October 1952). "William Gilbert on the Rainbow".
775:
434:
296:
292:
272:
De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure
265:
His primary scientific work â much inspired by earlier works of
2495:
2485:
383:
71:
1768:
The Natural Philosophy of William Gilbert and His Predecessors
160:
2962:
2711:
2586:
2576:
2546:
1315:
Hesse, Mary B. (May 1960). "Gilbert and the historians (I)".
354:
325:
2468:
669:
238:
Gilbert was born in Colchester to Jerome Gilberd, a borough
3002:
2831:
2666:
2656:
703:
254:. In 1600 he was elected President of the college. He was
451:
2606:
1487:"Celebrating the Book That Ushered In the Age of Science"
313:
The English word "electricity" was first used in 1646 by
151:
148:
1781:
in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the
1082:"Colchester, Holy Trinity Church | Historic Essex Guide"
913:
Heathcote, Niels H. de V. (1967). "The early meaning of
258:'s own physician from 1601 until her death in 1603, and
1426:
William Gilbert's Renaissance Philosophy of the Magnet
812:
Mottelay, P. Fleury (1893). "Biographical memoir". In
3023:
People whose names are used in chemical element names
3019:
Scientists whose names are used in physical constants
361:
in Greek, so Gilbert decided to call its effect the
163:
157:
154:
1507:"William Gilbert and 'Magnetization by Percussion'"
853:"The Origin of William Gilbert's Scientific Method"
145:
758:"Gilbert, William (1544?â1603)", Stephen Pumfrey,
382:Like others of his day, he believed that crystal (
171:; 24 May 1544? â 30 November 1603), also known as
1444:"William Gilbert: His Place in the Medical World"
1346:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
1317:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
633:nova illa nostra et inaudita de tellure sententia
565:(1623). The more severe second statement is from
210:in his honour; it has now been superseded by the
3033:
3015:List of scientists whose names are used as units
391:in the way in which spars are produced in mines.
373:, in the form of a pivoted needle he called the
283:. From these experiments, he concluded that the
1272:Zeitschrift fĂŒr allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie
778:and in the records of the town of Colchester. (
179:. He passionately rejected both the prevailing
2454:
1824:Presidents of the Royal College of Physicians
1808:
1531:
1441:
1237:"William Gilbert and the Science of his Time"
984:. University of Illinois Astronomical Society
455:Diagram of the universe appearing on p202 of
1408:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2461:
2447:
1815:
1801:
808:
806:
717:De Mundo Nostro Sublunari Philosophia Nova
515:De Mundo nostro Sublunari Philosophia nova
468:De Mundo Nostro Sublunari Philosophia Nova
175:, was an English physician, physicist and
31:
3107:17th-century deaths from plague (disease)
1657:
1522:
1467:
1260:
1058:. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
912:
16:English physician and natural philosopher
2469:Scientists whose names are used as units
1557:Reader's guide to the history of science
906:
791:
668:
535:
450:
229:
221:
2828:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
1788:William Gilbert, the first electrician.
1666:
1573:
1554:
1372:
1234:
1163:. Little, Brown, and Company. pp. 232â3
1036:
961:
949:
825:
813:
803:
779:
760:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
690:
681:
422:A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
342:
3097:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
3034:
2280:Sir John Russell Reynolds, 1st Baronet
1559:. Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 302â304.
1511:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
1442:Langdon-Brown, Walter (29 July 1944).
1269:
975:"A Short History of Lunar Cartography"
850:
819:
764:https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/10705
482:, his opposition to the philosophy of
2442:
1796:
1631:
1594:
1504:
1484:
1401:
1343:
1314:
1205:
3047:16th-century English medical doctors
675:On the loadstone and magnetic bodies
365:. He invented the first electrical
1422:
444:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
13:
3067:People associated with electricity
1198:
1114:J. Wiley & Sons (1898) p.327-8
332:) was universal to all materials.
14:
3128:
3117:17th-century English male writers
3057:16th-century English male writers
2969:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
2331:Sir Robert Hutchison, 1st Baronet
1749:Works by or about William Gilbert
1697:
1485:Leary, Warren E. (13 June 2000).
995:History of the Inductive Sciences
901:The De Magnete of William Gilbert
828:Latitude & the Magnetic Earth
607:History of the Inductive Sciences
567:History of Heavy and Light Bodies
502:History of the Inductive Sciences
441:who stated it openly in his work
3042:16th-century English astronomers
2366:Sir Douglas Andrew Kilgour Black
1235:Chapman, Sydney (29 July 1944).
1184:
1173:
1079:
686:(in Latin). London: Peter Short.
217:
141:
2295:Sir Richard Douglas Powell, Bt.
2260:Sir George Burrows, 1st Baronet
1706:â biography of William Gilbert.
1166:
1149:
1132:
1117:
1099:
1073:
1061:
1042:
1030:
1017:
1004:
987:
973:Bochenski, Leslie (April 1996)
967:
955:
860:Journal of the History of Ideas
664:
569:published after Bacon's death.
532:and used as a café and market.
2818:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
2300:Sir Thomas Barlow, 1st Baronet
1634:"A millennium of geomagnetism"
1172:Bryant, Walter William (1920)
943:
893:
844:
785:
768:
752:
550:In the Advancement of Learning
317:, derived from Gilbert's 1600
1:
3092:16th-century writers in Latin
3087:People of the Elizabethan era
2878:William John Macquorn Rankine
2808:Jean LĂ©onard Marie Poiseuille
2351:Sir Edward Charles Dodds, Bt.
2341:Sir Walter Russell Brain, Bt.
2311:Sir Norman Moore, 1st Baronet
2290:Sir William Selby Church, Bt.
2275:Sir Andrew Clark, 1st Baronet
793:"Gilbert, William (GLBT558W)"
746:
349:In his book, he also studied
291:and that this was the reason
3112:17th-century English writers
3052:16th-century English writers
2376:Dame Margaret Turner-Warwick
1597:Journal of Medical Biography
587:History of the Royal Society
244:St John's College, Cambridge
92:St John's College, Cambridge
7:
2533:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
2326:The Viscount Dawson of Penn
1779:English Printing Collection
1719:â website hosted by NASA â
1710:The Great Magnet, the Earth
1576:Canadian Journal of History
1208:American Journal of Physics
1068:William Gilbert (1544â1603)
797:A Cambridge Alumni Database
724:
252:Royal College of Physicians
10:
3133:
2384:Sir Leslie Arnold Turnberg
1609:10.1177/096777209700500303
1548:10.1088/2058-7058/16/11/24
1429:. University of Pittsburgh
1183:.. The Macmillan Company.
799:. University of Cambridge.
714:
403:Silvanus Phillips Thompson
3012:
2891:
2858:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
2841:
2686:
2505:
2474:
1830:
1681:10.1080/00033790500405185
1505:Mills, A. (1 June 2011).
937:10.1080/00033796700203316
899:Roller, Duane H D (1959)
826:Pumfrey, Stephen (2002).
715:Gilbert, William (1651).
682:Gilbert, William (1600).
433:spheres, 20 years before
401:, English translation by
262:renewed his appointment.
130:
122:
115:
102:
87:
79:
60:
42:
30:
23:
2356:Lord Rosenheim of Camden
2250:Sir Thomas Watson, Bart.
1740:Works by William Gilbert
1632:Stern, David P. (2002).
1423:Kay, Charles D. (1981).
1138:Whewell, William (1859)
1111:A History of Electricity
993:Whewell, William (1859)
622:wrote of Gilbert in his
545:Copernican heliocentrism
2868:Johann Heinrich Lambert
2768:Johann Heinrich Lambert
2633:Rolf Maximilian Sievert
2389:Sir Kurt George Alberti
2361:Sir Cyril Astley Clarke
2270:Sir William Jenner, Bt.
2225:Sir Francis Milman, Bt.
1402:Kelly, Suzanne (2008).
1123:Thomson, Thomas (1812)
731:History of geomagnetism
181:Aristotelian philosophy
3102:People from Colchester
2999:Evangelista Torricelli
2371:Sir Raymond Hoffenberg
2235:Sir Henry Halford, Bt.
2065:Sir John Micklethwaite
1715:28 August 2014 at the
1524:10.1098/rsnr.2011.0014
1358:10.1093/bjps/xi.42.130
851:Zilsel, Edgar (1941).
677:
662:
643:
616:
600:
580:
575:
519:
508:Gilbert, in his work,
459:
408:
347:
235:
227:
106:Studies of magnetism,
2899:Alexander Graham Bell
2798:Hans Christian Ărsted
2698:Anders Jonas Ă
ngström
2346:Sir Robert Platt, Bt.
2316:Sir Humphry Rolleston
2285:Sir Samuel Wilks, Bt.
2215:Sir George Baker, Bt.
2205:Sir George Baker, Bt.
2195:Sir George Baker, Bt.
2110:Sir Thomas Millington
1638:Reviews of Geophysics
1155:Hallam, Henry (1854)
1054:26 April 2007 at the
980:3 August 2010 at the
919:Pseudodoxia Epidemica
741:Scientific revolution
736:List of geophysicists
672:
653:
628:
611:
591:
576:
571:
536:Commentary on Gilbert
506:
454:
425:after much analysis.
413:Hans Christian Ărsted
388:
334:
246:. After gaining his
242:. He was educated at
233:
225:
2892:Non-systematic units
2738:Carl Friedrich Gauss
2673:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
2583:James Prescott Joule
2407:Sir Richard Thompson
2305:Sir Frederick Taylor
2265:James Risdon Bennett
2080:Sir Thomas Witherley
1659:10.1029/2000RG000097
1588:10.3138/cjh.38.2.259
1329:10.1093/bjps/xi.41.1
1129:. R. Baldwin. p. 461
437:(but 57 years after
367:measuring instrument
2788:James Clerk Maxwell
2394:Dame Carol M. Black
2045:Sir Francis Prujean
1783:Library of Congress
1732:15 May 2015 at the
1704:The Galileo Project
1650:2002RvGeo..40.1007S
1460:1944Natur.154..136L
1253:1944Natur.154..132C
1220:1952AmJPh..20..416B
816:, pp. ixâxxvii
417:James Clerk Maxwell
198:magnetomotive force
177:natural philosopher
3072:English physicists
2623:Werner von Siemens
2482:André-Marie AmpÚre
2423:Sir Andrew Goddard
2180:Sir William Browne
1945:William Baronsdale
1491:The New York Times
1404:"Gilbert, William"
1284:10.1007/bf01801557
678:
488:Prof. John Robison
462:Besides Gilbert's
460:
357:; amber is called
351:static electricity
236:
228:
202:magnetic potential
3029:
3028:
2553:Louis Harold Gray
2436:
2435:
2321:Sir John Bradford
2240:John Ayrton Paris
2035:Othowell Meverall
2005:Thomas Moundeford
1995:Thomas Moundeford
1990:Sir William Paddy
1975:Thomas Moundeford
1970:Sir William Paddy
1760:â Translation of
1744:Project Gutenberg
1669:Annals of Science
1454:(3900): 136â139.
1247:(3900): 132â136.
1228:10.1119/1.1933270
1023:Gilbert, William
1014:, Book 6, Ch. 6,7
1010:Gilbert, William
924:Annals of Science
315:Sir Thomas Browne
308:celestial spheres
304:Book 6, Chapter 3
134:
133:
117:Scientific career
3124:
2653:Alessandro Volta
2506:SI derived units
2463:
2456:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2190:William Pitcairn
2090:Walter Charleton
1920:Richard Caldwell
1817:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1753:Internet Archive
1692:
1663:
1661:
1628:
1591:
1570:
1551:
1528:
1526:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1481:
1471:
1469:10.1038/154136a0
1438:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1398:
1369:
1340:
1311:
1266:
1264:
1262:10.1038/154132a0
1231:
1193:
1188:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1153:
1147:
1136:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1027:, Book 2, Ch. 19
1021:
1015:
1008:
1002:
997:. D. Appleton.
991:
985:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
940:
910:
904:
897:
891:
890:
889:on 14 July 2014.
888:
882:. Archived from
857:
848:
842:
841:
823:
817:
810:
801:
800:
789:
783:
772:
766:
756:
720:
709:
702:— (1900).
698:
691:— (1893).
687:
406:
345:
324:, meaning "like
204:, was named the
200:, also known as
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
67:
64:30 November 1603
35:
21:
20:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3008:
2979:Wilhelm Röntgen
2939:Michael Faraday
2887:
2848:
2837:
2758:Heinrich Kayser
2748:William Gilbert
2728:Galileo Galilei
2687:Non-SI metric (
2682:
2543:Michael Faraday
2513:Henri Becquerel
2501:
2470:
2467:
2437:
2432:
2415:Dame Jane Dacre
2402:Sir Ian Gilmore
2220:Thomas Gisborne
2210:Thomas Gisborne
2200:Thomas Gisborne
2185:Thomas Lawrence
2140:Sir Hans Sloane
2125:Charles Goodall
2075:Daniel Whistler
2055:Francis Glisson
1980:Richard Forster
1955:Richard Forster
1950:William Gilbert
1895:Richard Masters
1870:Richard Bartlot
1860:William Freeman
1845:Richard Bartlot
1826:
1821:
1734:Wayback Machine
1717:Wayback Machine
1700:
1695:
1567:
1495:
1493:
1432:
1430:
1413:
1411:
1352:(42): 130â142.
1201:
1199:Further reading
1196:
1171:
1167:
1154:
1150:
1142:. D. Appleton,
1137:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1086:Britain Express
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1056:Wayback Machine
1049:William Gilbert
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1005:
992:
988:
982:Wayback Machine
972:
968:
960:
956:
948:
944:
911:
907:
898:
894:
886:
872:10.2307/2707279
855:
849:
845:
838:
824:
820:
811:
804:
790:
786:
773:
769:
757:
753:
749:
727:
701:
667:
603:William Whewell
543:never accepted
538:
498:William Whewell
474:. According to
472:William Boswell
407:
395:
346:
341:
330:electric charge
220:
144:
140:
137:William Gilbert
75:
69:
65:
56:
47:
38:
37:William Gilbert
26:
25:William Gilbert
17:
12:
11:
5:
3130:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3027:
3026:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2986:
2976:
2973:degree RĂ©aumur
2966:
2956:
2949:Heinrich Mache
2946:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2882:degree Rankine
2875:
2865:
2854:
2852:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2778:Samuel Langley
2775:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2694:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2590:
2580:
2573:Heinrich Hertz
2570:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2523:Anders Celsius
2520:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2336:The Lord Moran
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:James Alderson
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:William Battie
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:Henry Plumptre
2147:
2145:Thomas Pellett
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:Samuel Collins
2102:
2097:
2095:Thomas Burwell
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Richard Palmer
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:Thomas Langton
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1910:Thomas Francis
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1840:Thomas Bentley
1837:
1835:Thomas Linacre
1831:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1770:
1765:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1724:
1707:
1699:
1698:External links
1696:
1694:
1693:
1664:
1629:
1603:(3): 137â145.
1592:
1582:(2): 259â279.
1571:
1565:
1552:
1529:
1517:(4): 411â416.
1502:
1482:
1439:
1420:
1399:
1387:10.1086/350844
1370:
1341:
1312:
1278:(2): 224â233.
1267:
1232:
1214:(7): 416â421.
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1165:
1148:
1131:
1116:
1098:
1072:
1060:
1041:
1029:
1016:
1003:
986:
966:
954:
942:
905:
892:
843:
836:
830:. Icon Books.
818:
802:
784:
767:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
738:
733:
726:
723:
722:
721:
712:
711:
710:
699:
666:
663:
605:writes in his
585:writes in his
583:Thomas Thomson
537:
534:
523:bubonic plague
393:
363:electric force
339:
260:James VI and I
219:
216:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
113:
112:
104:
103:Known for
100:
99:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
70:
68:(aged 59)
62:
58:
57:
48:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3129:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:J. J. Thomson
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:Lorånd Eötvös
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2613:Blaise Pascal
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:SI base units
2473:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:William Wasey
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:Richard Tyson
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:William Dawes
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Edward Browne
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:George Rogers
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Edward Alston
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:Richard Smith
1938:
1936:
1935:Roger Giffard
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Edward Wotton
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:On the Magnet
1756:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1566:9781884964299
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:(11): 15â16.
1541:
1537:
1536:
1535:Physics World
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:Park Benjamin
1102:
1087:
1083:
1080:Ross, David.
1076:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1039:, p. 346
1038:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1000:
996:
990:
983:
979:
976:
970:
963:
958:
951:
946:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:
920:
916:
909:
902:
896:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
847:
839:
837:1-84046-486-0
833:
829:
822:
815:
809:
807:
798:
794:
788:
782:, p. ix)
781:
777:
771:
765:
761:
755:
751:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
718:
713:
707:
706:
700:
696:
695:
689:
688:
685:
680:
679:
676:
673:1893 copy of
671:
661:
659:
652:
650:
649:
642:
640:
639:
634:
627:
625:
621:
615:
610:
609:(1837/1859):
608:
604:
599:
597:
596:Novum Organum
590:
588:
584:
579:
574:
570:
568:
564:
563:
558:
557:
556:Novum Organum
552:
551:
546:
542:
541:Francis Bacon
533:
531:
530:deconsecrated
526:
524:
518:
516:
511:
505:
503:
499:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
458:
453:
449:
446:
445:
440:
436:
431:
426:
424:
423:
418:
414:
404:
400:
399:
392:
387:
385:
380:
378:
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:
268:
267:Robert Norman
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
232:
224:
218:Life and work
215:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
194:
192:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
168:
138:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3062:Magneticians
2919:Pierre Curie
2872:foot-lambert
2747:
2643:Nikola Tesla
2593:Isaac Newton
2563:Joseph Henry
2428:Sarah Clarke
2170:Thomas Reeve
2135:John Bateman
2120:Josiah Clerk
2020:John Giffard
2010:Henry Atkins
1985:Henry Atkins
1965:Henry Atkins
1949:
1930:John Symings
1915:John Symings
1905:Robert Huick
1880:Robert Huick
1865:John Burgess
1855:John Clement
1773:
1761:
1720:
1675:(1): 59â84.
1672:
1668:
1641:
1637:
1600:
1596:
1579:
1575:
1556:
1539:
1533:
1514:
1510:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:
1451:
1447:
1431:. Retrieved
1425:
1412:. Retrieved
1407:
1381:(1): 94â95.
1378:
1374:
1349:
1345:
1323:(41): 1â10.
1320:
1316:
1275:
1271:
1244:
1240:
1211:
1207:
1179:
1168:
1156:
1151:
1139:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1075:
1063:
1044:
1037:Gilbert 1893
1032:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1006:
994:
989:
969:
964:, p. 79
962:Gilbert 1893
957:
952:, p. 92
950:Gilbert 1893
945:
928:
922:
918:
914:
908:
903:, Amsterdam.
900:
895:
884:the original
863:
859:
846:
827:
821:
814:Gilbert 1893
796:
787:
780:Gilbert 1893
770:
759:
754:
716:
704:
693:
683:
674:
665:Bibliography
654:
647:
644:
636:
632:
629:
623:
620:Henry Hallam
617:
612:
606:
601:
595:
592:
586:
581:
577:
572:
566:
562:De Augmentis
561:
554:
549:
539:
527:
520:
514:
509:
507:
501:
500:says in his
496:
491:
467:
463:
461:
456:
442:
427:
420:
409:
396:
389:
381:
374:
371:electroscope
362:
358:
348:
343:Gilbert 1600
335:
321:
312:
301:
276:
270:
264:
237:
205:
195:
188:
172:
136:
135:
116:
107:
66:(1603-11-30)
18:
3082:1603 deaths
3077:1544 births
2959:John Napier
2929:John Dalton
2909:Marie Curie
2708:Peter Debye
2492:Lord Kelvin
2245:Thomas Mayo
2230:John Latham
2160:James Jurin
2100:John Lawson
2070:Thomas Coxe
2025:John Argent
2015:John Argent
1885:George Owen
1644:(3): 1007.
1433:10 February
915:electricity
866:(1): 1â32.
559:(1620) and
484:the schools
287:was itself
256:Elizabeth I
212:Ampere-turn
80:Nationality
46:24 May 1544
3036:Categories
2862:Fahrenheit
2663:James Watt
2060:George Ent
2040:John Clark
2030:Simeon Fox
1925:John Caius
1900:John Caius
1890:John Caius
1875:John Fryer
1774:De Magnete
1762:De Magnete
1414:6 November
1091:29 October
1012:De Magnete
931:(4): 261.
747:References
618:Historian
510:De Magnete
464:De Magnete
439:Copernicus
428:Gilbert's
398:De Magnete
337:effluvium.
322:electricus
196:A unit of
190:De Magnete
185:Scholastic
109:De Magnete
50:Colchester
2849:customary
2603:Georg Ohm
2517:becquerel
1777:From the
1689:143292503
1395:144926718
476:John Davy
430:magnetism
376:versorium
319:Neo-Latin
293:compasses
126:Physician
88:Education
74:, England
2983:roentgen
2860:(degree
2843:Imperial
2702:angstrom
2525:(degree
1730:Archived
1713:Archived
1625:31303087
1617:11619454
1496:27 March
1308:21597894
1300:11636296
1292:25170621
1146:, p. 217
1052:Archived
1025:De Mundo
1001:. p. 394
978:Archived
776:epitaphs
725:See also
651:(1920):
638:terrella
626:(1848):
589:(1812):
553:(1605),
504:(1859):
492:De Mundo
457:De Mundo
394:â
359:elektron
340:â
289:magnetic
281:terrella
240:recorder
193:(1600).
183:and the
2993:thomson
2943:faraday
2802:oersted
2792:maxwell
2782:langley
2772:lambert
2752:gilbert
2691:) units
2637:sievert
2627:siemens
2537:coulomb
2527:Celsius
1751:at the
1646:Bibcode
1478:4120294
1456:Bibcode
1249:Bibcode
1216:Bibcode
917:: Some
880:2707279
435:Galileo
297:Polaris
207:Gilbert
173:Gilberd
98:, 1569)
83:English
54:England
2933:dalton
2822:stokes
2762:kayser
2722:eotvos
2617:pascal
2597:newton
2496:kelvin
2486:ampere
1687:
1623:
1615:
1563:
1476:
1448:Nature
1393:
1366:685585
1364:
1337:685815
1335:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1241:Nature
1180:Kepler
1144:Vol. 2
999:Vol. 1
921:â I".
878:
834:
658:Kepler
648:Kepler
405:, 1900
384:quartz
369:, the
353:using
269:â was
123:Fields
72:London
2963:neper
2953:Mache
2923:curie
2913:curie
2851:units
2812:poise
2742:gauss
2712:debye
2677:weber
2647:tesla
2587:joule
2577:hertz
2567:henry
2547:farad
2307:, Bt.
1685:S2CID
1621:S2CID
1474:S2CID
1391:S2CID
1362:JSTOR
1333:JSTOR
1304:S2CID
1288:JSTOR
1190:p. 35
1161:Vol.2
1070:. BBC
887:(PDF)
876:JSTOR
856:(PDF)
480:Bacon
355:amber
326:amber
285:Earth
3003:torr
2845:and
2832:rayl
2667:watt
2657:volt
2557:gray
2410:KCVO
1613:PMID
1561:ISBN
1498:2009
1435:2021
1416:2018
1375:Isis
1296:PMID
1093:2016
832:ISBN
415:and
61:Died
43:Born
2903:bel
2732:gal
2689:cgs
2607:ohm
2418:DBE
2397:DBE
2379:DBE
1742:at
1677:doi
1654:doi
1605:doi
1584:doi
1544:doi
1519:doi
1464:doi
1452:154
1383:doi
1354:doi
1325:doi
1280:doi
1257:doi
1245:154
1224:doi
933:doi
868:doi
302:In
3038::
3021:·
3017:·
2847:US
1683:.
1673:63
1671:.
1652:.
1642:40
1640:.
1636:.
1619:.
1611:.
1599:.
1580:28
1578:.
1540:16
1538:.
1515:65
1513:.
1509:.
1489:.
1472:.
1462:.
1450:.
1446:.
1406:.
1389:.
1379:63
1377:.
1360:.
1350:11
1348:.
1331:.
1321:11
1319:.
1302:.
1294:.
1286:.
1276:13
1274:.
1255:.
1243:.
1239:.
1222:.
1212:20
1210:.
1159:.
1108:,
1084:.
929:23
927:.
874:.
862:.
858:.
805:^
795:.
762:,
525:.
490:,
379:.
248:MD
214:.
161:Ér
96:MD
52:,
3005:)
3001:(
2995:)
2991:(
2985:)
2981:(
2975:)
2971:(
2965:)
2961:(
2955:)
2951:(
2945:)
2941:(
2935:)
2931:(
2925:)
2921:(
2915:)
2911:(
2905:)
2901:(
2884:)
2880:(
2874:)
2870:(
2864:)
2834:)
2830:(
2824:)
2820:(
2814:)
2810:(
2804:)
2800:(
2794:)
2790:(
2784:)
2780:(
2774:)
2770:(
2764:)
2760:(
2754:)
2750:(
2744:)
2740:(
2734:)
2730:(
2724:)
2720:(
2714:)
2710:(
2704:)
2700:(
2679:)
2675:(
2669:)
2665:(
2659:)
2655:(
2649:)
2645:(
2639:)
2635:(
2629:)
2625:(
2619:)
2615:(
2609:)
2605:(
2599:)
2595:(
2589:)
2585:(
2579:)
2575:(
2569:)
2565:(
2559:)
2555:(
2549:)
2545:(
2539:)
2535:(
2529:)
2519:)
2515:(
2498:)
2494:(
2488:)
2484:(
2462:e
2455:t
2448:v
1816:e
1809:t
1802:v
1723:.
1691:.
1679::
1662:.
1656::
1648::
1627:.
1607::
1601:5
1590:.
1586::
1569:.
1550:.
1546::
1527:.
1521::
1500:.
1480:.
1466::
1458::
1437:.
1418:.
1397:.
1385::
1368:.
1356::
1339:.
1327::
1310:.
1282::
1265:.
1259::
1251::
1230:.
1226::
1218::
1192:.
1095:.
939:.
935::
870::
864:2
840:.
513:(
275:(
167:/
164:t
158:b
155:l
152:ÉȘ
149:ÉĄ
146:Ë
143:/
139:(
94:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
