583:. Stories were publicised that the new gun was too difficult to use, that it was too expensive, that it was dangerous to use, that it frequently needed repair and so on. All of this smacked of a concerted campaign against Armstrong. Armstrong was able to refute all of these claims in front of various government committees, but he found the constant criticism very wearying and depressing. In 1862 the government decided to stop ordering the new gun and return to muzzle loaders. Also, because of a drop in demand, future orders for guns would be supplied from Woolwich, leaving Elswick without new business. Compensation was eventually agreed with the government for the loss of business to the company, which went on legitimately to sell its products to foreign powers. Speculation that guns were sold to both sides in the
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778:, and over the years Armstrong added to the Cragside estate. Eventually the estate was 1,729 acres (7.00 km) and had seven million trees planted, together with five artificial lakes and 31 miles (50 km) of carriage drives. The lakes were used to generate hydro-electricity, and the house was the first in the world to be lit by hydro-electricity, using incandescent lamps provided by the inventor
498:, a cast-iron cylinder fitted with a plunger supporting a very heavy weight. The plunger would slowly be raised, drawing in water, until the downward force of the weight was sufficient to force the water below it into pipes at great pressure. The accumulator was a very significant, if unspectacular, invention, which found many applications in the following years.
452:. The company soon began to expand. In 1850 the company produced 45 cranes and two years later, 75. It averaged 100 cranes per year for the rest of the century. In 1850 over 300 men were employed at the works, but by 1863 this had risen to 3,800. The company soon branched out into bridge building, one of the first orders being for the
909:
There is no evidence that
Armstrong agonised over his decision to go into armament production. He once said: "If I thought that war would be fomented, or the interests of humanity suffer, by what I have done, I would greatly regret it. I have no such apprehension." He also said: "It is our province,
406:
quarry. It struck
Armstrong that much of the available power was being wasted. When he returned to Newcastle, he designed a rotary engine powered by water, and this was built in the High Bridge works of his friend Henry Watson. Little interest was shown in the engine. Armstrong subsequently developed
741:
From 1863 onwards, although
Armstrong remained the head of his company, he became less involved in its day-to-day running. He appointed several very able men to senior positions and they continued his work. When he married, he acquired a house called Jesmond Dean (sic), which is now demolished, and
699:
The
Elswick works continued to prosper, and by 1870 stretched for three-quarters of a mile along the riverside. The population of Elswick, which had been 3,539 in 1851, had increased to 27,800 by 1871. In 1894, Elswick built and installed the steam-driven pumping engines, hydraulic accumulators and
869:
on the
Northumberland coast, which remains in the hands of the Armstrong family. His wife, Margaret, died in September 1893, at their house in Jesmond. Armstrong died at Cragside on 27 December 1900, aged ninety. He was buried in Rothbury churchyard, alongside his wife. The couple had no children,
595:
In 1864 the two companies, W. G. Armstrong & Company and
Elswick Ordnance Company merged to form Sir W. G. Armstrong & Company. Armstrong had resigned from his employment with the War Office, so there was no longer a conflict of interest. The company turned its attention to naval guns. In
435:
The success of his hydraulic crane led
Armstrong to consider setting up a business to manufacture cranes and other hydraulic equipment. He therefore resigned from his legal practice. Donkin, his legal colleague, supported him in his career move, providing financial backing for the new venture. In
630:
to be built, so that warships could have their guns fitted at
Elswick. In 1882 Armstrong's company merged with Mitchell's to form Sir William Armstrong, Mitchell and Co. Ltd. and in 1884 a shipyard opened at Elswick to specialise in warship production. The first vessels produced were the torpedo
431:
crane specially adapted by himself. He claimed that his hydraulic crane could unload ships faster and more cheaply than conventional cranes. The
Corporation agreed to his suggestion, and the experiment proved so successful that three more hydraulic cranes were installed on the Quayside.
370:, a solicitor friend of his father's. He spent five years in London studying law and returned to Newcastle in 1833. In 1835 he became a partner in Donkin's business and the firm became Donkin, Stable and Armstrong. Armstrong married Margaret Ramshaw in 1835, and they built a house in
426:
In 1845 a scheme was set in motion to provide piped water from distant reservoirs to the households of
Newcastle. Armstrong was involved in this scheme and he proposed to Newcastle Corporation that the excess water pressure in the lower part of town could be used to power a
758:
overlooking the Dene, which still survives, though it is now roofless. His house close to Newcastle was convenient for his practice as a solicitor and his work as an industrialist, but when he had more spare time he longed for a house in the country.
770:
near Rothbury. He had the land cleared and supervised the building of a house perched on a ledge of rock, overlooking the burn. He also supervised a programme of planting trees and mosses so as to cover the rocky hillside with vegetation.
352:, was a corn merchant on the Newcastle quayside, who rose through the ranks of Newcastle society to become mayor of the town in 1850. An elder sister, Anne, born in 1802, was named after his mother, the daughter of Addison Potter.
1861:
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to the people of the city of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1883, as well as Armstrong Bridge and Armstrong Park nearby. He was involved in the foundation in 1871 of the College of Physical Science - a forerunner of the
971:
in Newcastle upon Tyne. Its original 1753 building at Forth Banks near the River Tyne was inadequate and impossible to expand. In 1903 the barony of Armstrong was revived in favour of William Watson-Armstrong.
551:
After trials, this gun was declared to be superior to all its rivals. Armstrong surrendered the patent for the gun to the British government, rather than profit from its design. As a result he was created a
1999:
922:. Stating that coal "was used wastefully and extravagantly in all its applications", he predicted in 1863 that Britain would cease to produce coal within two centuries. As well as advocating the use of
575:
However, just when it looked as if the new gun was about to become a great success, a great deal of opposition to the gun arose, both inside the army and from rival arms manufacturers, particularly
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548:
ready for inspection by a government committee. The gun proved successful in trials, but the committee thought a higher calibre gun was needed, so Armstrong built an 18-pounder on the same design.
673:
in 1905. It was claimed that every Japanese gun used in the battle had been provided by Elswick. Elswick was the only factory in the world that could build a battleship and arm it completely.
766:
as a child, when he was afflicted by a severe cough, and he had fond memories of the area. In 1863 he bought some land in a steep-sided, narrow valley where the Debdon Burn flows towards the
568:, in which he had no financial involvement. The new company agreed to manufacture armaments for the British government and no other. Under his new position, Armstrong worked to bring the old
793:, together with its banqueting hall to the city of Newcastle. He retained his house next to the Dene. Armstrong entertained several eminent guests at Cragside, including the Shah of
1242:
On either side a Smith shirt sleeves rolled up, leather apron, and dark blue breeches, dark grey stockings, holding over the shoulder in the exterior hand a Sledge Hammer all proper
785:
As Armstrong spent less and less time at the Elswick works, he spent more and more time at Cragside, and it became his main home. In 1869 he commissioned the celebrated architect
704:. In 1897 the company merged with the company of Armstrong's old rival, Joseph Whitworth, and became Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co Ltd. Whitworth was by this time dead.
2263:
658:, but the name was changed in honour of the Queen's Golden Jubilee. Armstrong drove the first and last rivets. The ship was ill-fated, as she was involved in a collision with
363:. While there, he often visited the nearby engineering works of William Ramshaw. During his visits he met his future wife, Ramshaw's daughter Margaret, six years his senior.
834:
173:
17:
374:, on the eastern edge of Newcastle. Armstrong worked for eleven years as a solicitor, but during his spare time he showed great interest in engineering, developing the "
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952:
177:
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910:
as engineers to make the forces of matter obedient to the will of man; those who use the means we supply must be responsible for their legitimate application."
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1451:
1325:
1295:
750:, Newcastle, and thus not far from his birthplace, and he began to landscape and improve land that he bought within the Dene. In 1860 he paid local architect
842:
2223:
1894:
344:, Although the house in which he was born no longer exists, an inscribed granite tablet marks the site where it stood. At that time the area, next to the
963:, which was completed in 1882. This sum is equivalent to over £555,000 in 2010. Lord Armstrong's generosity extended beyond his death. In 1901 his heir,
440:, near Newcastle, and began to build a factory there. The new company received orders for hydraulic cranes from Edinburgh and Northern Railways and from
378:" between 1840 and 1842. In 1837, he laid the foundations for the engineering and environmental consultancy which is today known as Wardell Armstrong.
157:
1291:"On the transmission of power by water pressure, with the application to railway goods stations, forge and foundry cranes, and blast-furnace hoists"
532:
experienced in manoeuvring its heavy field guns. He decided to design a lighter, more mobile field gun, with greater range and accuracy. He built a
850:
367:
964:
871:
2268:
2183:
1787:
564:. In order to avoid a conflict of interests if his own company were to manufacture armaments, Armstrong created a separate company, called
626:
In 1876, because the 18th-century bridge at Newcastle restricted access by ships to the Elswick works, Armstrong's company paid for a new
600:, a shipbuilder in Low Walker, whereby Mitchells would build warships and Elswick would provide the guns. The first ship, in 1868 was HMS
356:
669:. An important customer of the Elswick yard was Japan, which took several cruisers, some of which defeated the Russian fleet at the
2238:
2163:
865:, of Cragside in the County of Northumberland. His last great project, begun in 1894, was the purchase and restoration of the huge
276:
in Northumberland, the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity. He is regarded as the inventor of modern artillery.
1888:
1762:
611:
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545:
2258:
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as a naval vessel. There was great rivalry and dislike between Noble and Rendel, which became open after Armstrong's death.
1956:
1025:
345:
214:
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Gules a Tilting spear in fess Or headed Argent between two Dexter Arms embowed in Armour fesswise proper Hands of the last
1189:
2066:
2035:
1334:
1303:
956:
169:
2208:
252:
45:
1986:
1971:
1938:
1710:
1408:
349:
319:
802:
715:, whose design of gun-mountings and hydraulic control of gun-turrets were adopted worldwide. Rendel introduced the
2188:
841:
in December 1881 and served in that capacity for the next year. He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the
494:, he was unable to do this because the foundations consisted of sand. After much careful thought he produced the
487:
375:
189:
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1847 the firm of W. G. Armstrong & Company bought 5.5 acres (22,000 m) of land alongside the river at
165:
309:
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875:
708:
478:. Where water pressure was not available on site for the use of hydraulic cranes, Armstrong often built high
536:
with a strong, rifled barrel made from wrought iron wrapped around a steel inner lining, designed to fire a
2253:
2213:
1230:
A Dexter Arm embowed in Armour holding a Sledge Hammer encircled at the elbow by a Wreath of Oak all proper
789:
to enlarge and improve the house, and this was done over a period of 15 years. In 1883 Armstrong gave
755:
495:
2062:
2031:
982:
822:
733:
256:
49:
1321:"Description of the hydraulic swing bridge for the North Eastern Railway over the River Ouse near Goole"
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268:. He was also an eminent scientist, inventor and philanthropist. In collaboration with the architect
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2024:
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565:
238:
1889:"Armstrong, William George, Baron Armstrong (1810–1900), armaments manufacturer and industrialist"
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1109:
751:
712:
1791:
260:(26 November 1810 – 27 December 1900) was an English engineer and industrialist who founded the
1625:
1401:
W.G. Armstrong: The Life and Times of Sir William George Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
853:, but was unsuccessful, coming third in the election. That same year he was presented with the
846:
437:
147:
143:
139:
1267:
930:, stating that the amount of solar energy received by an area of 1 acre (4,000 m) in the
411:. In 1846 his work as an amateur scientist was recognized when he was elected a Fellow of the
1657:
1029:
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a piston engine instead of a rotary one and decided that it might be suitable for driving a
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just six years later in 1893 and sank with the loss of 358 men, including Vice-Admiral Sir
366:
Armstrong's father was set on his following a career in the law, and so he was articled to
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36:
8:
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858:
854:
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445:
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269:
261:
73:
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would "exert the amazing power of 4,000 horses acting for nearly nine hours every day".
1828:
1686:
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Such was Armstrong's fame as a gun-maker that he is thought to be a possible model for
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632:
584:
537:
483:
468:
387:
1342:
1311:
1982:
1967:
1952:
1934:
1706:
1661:
1574:
1404:
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479:
441:
287:'s golden jubilee year, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Armstrong of Cragside.
135:
2003:
1899:
1647:
1489:
1338:
1307:
923:
919:
576:
464:
1911:
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2086:
1979:
Arms and the State, Sir William Armstrong and the Remaking of British Naval Power
1834:
1651:
1571:
Arms and the State, Sir William Armstrong and the Remaking of British Naval Power
1268:"On the application of a column of water as a motive power for driving machinery"
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1004:
897:
866:
553:
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391:
280:
707:
Armstrong gathered many excellent engineers at Elswick. Notable among them were
2107:
1839:
1835:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
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1114:
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gave £100,000 (equivalent to £13,712,955 in 2023), for the building of the new
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The entrance front of Cragside – Shaw's "Wagnerian" overture
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874:. He was succeeded as chairman of the company by his one-time protégé,
580:
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453:
2008:
1815:
The contribution of William, Lord Armstrong to science and education
283:
in 1859 after giving his gun patents to the government. In 1887, in
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The Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland
560:. Armstrong became employed as Engineer of Rifled Ordnance to the
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605:
449:
2174:
People educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne
1813:
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to provide a supply of water at pressure - for instance, the
1726:"IESIS Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland"
959:. Armstrong gave £11,500 towards the building of Newcastle's
955:
from 1860 until his death, as well as twice president of the
951:, renamed Armstrong College in 1906. He was President of the
835:
North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers
174:
North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers
572:
up to date so that it could build guns designed at Elswick.
386:
Armstrong was a very keen angler, and while fishing on the
837:
from 1872 to 1875. He was elected as the president of the
953:
Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne
322:(right) and Ann (left), in two oil paintings held by the
178:
Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne
2000:
Works by or about William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong
654:, launched in 1887. The ship was originally to be named
1452:"End of industrial era as last munitions factory shuts"
1220:
Coat of arms of William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong
821:
Armstrong statue, Newcastle upon Tyne, in front of the
27:
English inventor, scientist, engineer and industrialist
1656:. The Buildings Of England. New Haven, US and London:
1017:
In 1874 he was elected an International Member of the
2264:
Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria
1065:
In 1891 he received the Bessemer Gold Medal from the
843:
Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
1887:
158:British Association for the Advancement of Science
1951:. Alnwick, Northumberland: McNidder & Grace.
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
845:in 1884. In 1886, he was persuaded to stand as a
2229:Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
2145:
1931:The Great Gun-Maker: The Story of Lord Armstrong
1818:. Doctoral thesis, Durham University. Chapter X.
2249:Liberal Unionist Party parliamentary candidates
1964:Emperor of Industry: Lord Armstrong of Cragside
1646:
1398:
647:. The first battleship produced at Elswick was
1744:"Death of Lord Armstrong | History Today"
1437:
700:hydraulic pumping engines to operate London's
2274:Members of the American Philosophical Society
474:Armstrong was responsible for developing the
248:William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong
18:William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong
1966:. Newcastle: Tyne Bridge Publishing, 48 pp.
1898:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1821:
913:
904:
528:, Armstrong read about the difficulties the
486:. However, when supplying cranes for use at
359:, until he was sixteen, when he was sent to
2224:People associated with Newcastle University
1705:, London: Thomas Telford Ltd, p. 251,
1623:
942:Armstrong donated the long wooded gorge of
516:Armstrong gun deployed by Japan during the
1626:"William Armstrong | Learning Centre"
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1046:In 1887 he was raised to the peerage as a
870:and Armstrong's heir was his great-nephew
861:. In 1887 he was raised to the peerage as
58:
1831:inflation figures are based on data from
1754:
1613:: Letters to the Editor. 21 January 1864.
1527:
1525:
1523:
1318:
1288:
1262:
596:1867 Armstrong reached an agreement with
357:Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne
1949:William Armstrong: Magician of the North
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1568:
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1054:. He took the title Baron Armstrong, of
816:
732:
686:
675:
610:
511:
463:
459:
422:Armstrong hydraulic jigger winch of 1888
417:
2017:Professional and academic associations
1895:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1885:
1760:
1470:
1379:
746:. Armstrong's house was to the west of
14:
2146:
1928:
1700:
1694:
1531:
1433:. London: Whitaker and Co. p. 93.
801:, the prime minister of China and the
1832:
1593:
1500:
1424:
1422:
1420:
348:, was rural. His father, also called
1598:. UK: Ernest Benn. pp. 277–278.
1176:
901:also has similarities to Armstrong.
2269:19th-century English businesspeople
2184:Companions of the Order of the Bath
2067:Institution of Mechanical Engineers
2036:Institution of Mechanical Engineers
1761:Higgins, Polly (6 September 2009).
1428:
1366:
1335:Institution of Mechanical Engineers
1304:Institution of Mechanical Engineers
957:Institution of Mechanical Engineers
742:not to be confused with the nearby
381:
170:Institution of Mechanical Engineers
24:
1922:
1596:The Personal Papers of Lord Rendel
1417:
25:
2285:
1993:
1763:"The origins of Hydroelectricity"
1573:. UK: Ashgate. pp. 126–128.
1369:"William Armstrong marble plaque"
1343:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1869_020_013_02
1312:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1868_019_007_02
937:
1280:(871), J.C. Robertson: 530–536,
1180:
1150:
1123:
1096:
402:in action, supplying power to a
308:
299:
237:
2239:High sheriffs of Northumberland
2164:People from Newcastle upon Tyne
1879:
1854:
1806:
1780:
1736:
1718:
1690:. 6 February 1873. p. 513.
1674:
1640:
1617:
1602:
1256:
1010:He was made a Companion of the
918:Armstrong advocated the use of
376:Armstrong Hydroelectric Machine
2102:December 1881 – December 1882
2098:Institution of Civil Engineers
1977:Bastable, Marshall J. (2004),
1587:
1569:Bastable, Marshall J. (2004).
1562:
1536:
1360:
1019:American Philosophical Society
999:In 1859 William Armstrong was
994:Institution of Civil Engineers
961:Hancock Natural History Museum
839:Institution of Civil Engineers
831:High Sheriff of Northumberland
361:Bishop Auckland Grammar School
355:Armstrong was educated at the
166:Institution of Civil Engineers
13:
1:
2244:Mayors of Newcastle upon Tyne
2116:Peerage of the United Kingdom
1886:Linsley, Stafford M. (2004).
1812:Short, Alice Isabella (1989)
1353:
1050:, allowing him to sit in the
812:
556:and in 1859 was presented to
290:
2259:19th-century English lawyers
2204:Fellows of the Royal Society
1912:UK public library membership
1477:Anderson, Antony F. (1978).
501:
7:
1035:In 1886 he was awarded the
983:Fellow of the Royal Society
895:' historical-mystery novel
823:Great North Museum: Hancock
722:
590:
456:Bridge, completed in 1855.
10:
2290:
975:
833:. He was President of the
726:
505:
120:William and Anne Armstrong
2209:History of Northumberland
2126:
2121:
2114:
2104:
2091:
2083:
2073:
2060:
2052:
2042:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2009:William Armstrong website
1947:Heald, Henrietta (2012),
1544:"Death of Lord Armstrong"
914:Views on renewable energy
905:His attitude to armaments
891:. The title character in
774:His new house was called
264:manufacturing concern on
236:
231:
227:
203:
184:
153:
131:
124:
116:
108:
100:
95:, Northumberland, England
81:
66:
57:
34:
1650:; Richmond, Ian (2002).
1399:McKenzie, Peter (1983).
1067:Iron and Steel Institute
1024:In 1878 he received the
988:In 1850 he received the
969:Royal Victoria Infirmary
965:William Watson-Armstrong
872:William Watson-Armstrong
825:which he helped pay for.
566:Elswick Ordnance Company
1981:. UK: Ashgate, 300 pp.
1833:Clark, Gregory (2017).
1628:. Williamarmstrong.info
1429:Dod, Robert P. (1860).
1319:—— (1869),
1289:—— (1868).
1273:The Mechanics' Magazine
1214:
1110:University of Cambridge
949:University of Newcastle
713:George Wightwick Rendel
2189:English industrialists
1929:Dougan, David (1970).
1701:Watson, Garth (1988),
1609:"The Armstrong Guns".
1326:Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.
1296:Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.
981:In 1846 he was made a
826:
738:
696:
684:
623:
521:
471:
423:
336:Armstrong was born in
1658:Yale University Press
1594:Hamer, F. E. (1931).
1486:Electronics and Power
1030:Royal Society of Arts
1014:in the Civil Division
829:In 1873 he served as
820:
762:He had often visited
736:
690:
679:
645:Austro-Hungarian Navy
614:
515:
476:hydraulic accumulator
467:
460:Hydraulic accumulator
421:
318:Armstrong's parents:
190:hydroelectric machine
2169:People from Rothbury
1904:10.1093/ref:odnb/669
1866:search.amphilsoc.org
1862:"APS Member History"
1748:www.historytoday.com
1494:10.1049/ep.1978.0041
1194:adding missing items
1164:University of Durham
1137:University of Oxford
926:, he also supported
524:In 1854, during the
496:weighted accumulator
37:The Right Honourable
2254:Bessemer Gold Medal
2214:Hydraulic engineers
1962:Smith, Ken (2005),
1479:"Sparks from Steam"
1403:. Longhirst Press.
1221:
1169:Doctor of Civil Law
1142:Doctor of Civil Law
1037:Freedom of the City
885:'s arms magnate in
883:George Bernard Shaw
855:Freedom of the City
787:Richard Norman Shaw
544:. In 1855 he had a
446:hydraulic machinery
340:at 9 Pleasant Row,
338:Newcastle upon Tyne
270:Richard Norman Shaw
262:Armstrong Whitworth
74:Newcastle upon Tyne
1933:. Sandhill Press.
1829:Retail Price Index
1687:The London Gazette
1550:. 12 December 2000
1219:
1192:; you can help by
827:
744:Jesmond Dene House
739:
697:
685:
671:Battle of Tsushima
624:
585:American Civil War
534:breech-loading gun
522:
484:Grimsby Dock Tower
472:
469:Grimsby Dock Tower
448:for dock gates in
424:
185:Significant design
126:Engineering career
41:The Lord Armstrong
2199:English inventors
2194:English engineers
2142:
2141:
2105:Succeeded by
2074:Succeeded by
2043:Succeeded by
1910:(Subscription or
1667:978-0-300-09638-5
1648:Pevsner, Nikolaus
1624:Henrietta Heald.
1266:(18 April 1840),
1254:
1253:
1210:
1209:
1175:
1174:
1058:in the County of
1012:Order of the Bath
807:Princess of Wales
444:, as well as for
245:
244:
220:, Bessemer Medal
188:hydraulic crane,
16:(Redirected from
2281:
2234:Weapon designers
2219:Knights Bachelor
2179:Barons Armstrong
2084:Preceded by
2053:Preceded by
2022:Preceded by
2014:
2013:
2004:Internet Archive
1957:978-0857160-42-3
1944:
1916:
1915:
1907:
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1794:on 25 March 2019
1790:. Archived from
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1102:
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1099:
1078:
1077:
1074:Honorary Degrees
924:hydroelectricity
920:renewable energy
847:Unionist Liberal
598:Charles Mitchell
577:Joseph Whitworth
570:Woolwich Arsenal
382:Change of career
312:
303:
259:
241:
223:
219:
212:
112:Margaret Ramshaw
88:
85:27 December 1900
70:26 November 1810
62:
52:
32:
31:
21:
2289:
2288:
2284:
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2280:
2279:
2278:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2129:Baron Armstrong
2110:
2101:
2089:
2087:James Abernethy
2079:
2077:John Ramsbottom
2070:
2058:
2048:
2039:
2027:
1996:
1941:
1925:
1923:Further reading
1920:
1919:
1909:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1860:
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1845:
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1826:
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1797:
1795:
1788:"Did You Know?"
1786:
1785:
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1771:
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1755:
1742:
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1737:
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1660:. p. 244.
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1397:
1380:
1373:openplaques.org
1367:Plaques, Open.
1365:
1361:
1356:
1264:Armstrong, W.G.
1259:
1248:Fortis in armis
1217:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1181:
1151:
1149:
1124:
1122:
1097:
1095:
1048:Hereditary peer
1005:Knight Bachelor
978:
940:
916:
907:
867:Bamburgh Castle
863:Baron Armstrong
815:
756:Banqueting Hall
731:
725:
691:Aerial view of
593:
587:was unfounded.
554:Knight Bachelor
510:
504:
462:
442:Liverpool Docks
409:hydraulic crane
384:
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2108:James Brunlees
2106:
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2019:
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1994:External links
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1991:
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1945:
1939:
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1918:
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1878:
1853:
1840:MeasuringWorth
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1653:Northumberland
1639:
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1458:. 17 June 2012
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1052:House of Lords
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997:
986:
977:
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939:
938:The benefactor
936:
915:
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906:
903:
849:candidate for
814:
811:
797:, the King of
727:Main article:
724:
721:
592:
589:
562:War Department
558:Queen Victoria
540:rather than a
503:
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492:Humber Estuary
461:
458:
383:
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368:Armorer Donkin
324:National Trust
317:
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285:Queen Victoria
279:Armstrong was
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2038:
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2026:
2025:James Kennedy
2020:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1998:
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1988:
1987:0-7546-3404-3
1984:
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1972:1-85795-127-1
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1940:0-946098-23-9
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1767:The Ecologist
1764:
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1731:
1730:www.iesis.org
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1712:0-7277-0392-7
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1548:History Today
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1532:Dougan (1970)
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1188:This list is
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990:Telford Medal
987:
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888:Major Barbara
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508:Armstrong Gun
499:
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226:
216:
209:
208:Telford Medal
206:
202:
199:
198:Armstrong Gun
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:(President),
175:
172:(President),
171:
168:(President),
167:
163:
162:Royal Society
160:(President),
159:
156:
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149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
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119:
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84:
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75:
69:
65:
61:
56:
51:
47:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2136:
2127:
2123:New creation
2122:
2092:
2061:
2030:
1978:
1963:
1948:
1930:
1893:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1838:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:the original
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1702:
1696:
1685:
1676:
1652:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1619:
1610:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1570:
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1485:
1472:
1462:20 September
1460:. Retrieved
1455:
1430:
1400:
1372:
1362:
1330:
1324:
1299:
1294:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1257:Publications
1211:
1198:
1026:Albert Medal
944:Jesmond Dene
941:
917:
908:
898:Stone's Fall
896:
886:
880:
876:Andrew Noble
862:
828:
791:Jesmond Dene
784:
773:
768:River Coquet
761:
754:to design a
748:Jesmond Dene
740:
709:Andrew Noble
706:
702:Tower Bridge
698:
693:Tower Bridge
681:HMS Victoria
667:George Tryon
661:
655:
650:
639:
633:
628:Swing Bridge
625:
617:Swing Bridge
601:
594:
574:
550:
546:five-pounder
530:British Army
523:
480:water towers
473:
434:
425:
385:
372:Jesmond Dene
365:
354:
335:
278:
247:
246:
215:Albert Medal
154:Institutions
125:
87:(1900-12-27)
29:
2159:1900 deaths
2154:1810 births
1772:6 September
1682:"No. 23945"
1488:(January).
1337:: 121–126,
928:solar power
780:Joseph Swan
752:John Dobson
526:Crimean War
488:New Holland
398:, he saw a
346:Pandon Dene
342:Shieldfield
272:, he built
194:accumulator
180:(President)
2148:Categories
2133:1887–1900
2071:1868–1869
2040:1861–1862
1914:required.)
1703:The Civils
1580:0754634043
1354:References
1346:, Plates:
1239:Supporters
1233:Escutcheon
1201:March 2019
1190:incomplete
893:Iain Pears
813:Later life
662:Camperdown
581:Manchester
520:(1868–69).
518:Boshin war
506:See also:
400:waterwheel
291:Early life
164:(Fellow),
148:Structural
144:Electrical
140:Mechanical
132:Discipline
101:Occupation
2094:President
2063:President
2056:John Penn
2032:President
1611:The Times
1306:: 21–26.
1041:Newcastle
1028:from the
992:from the
859:Newcastle
851:Newcastle
631:cruisers
621:Newcastle
502:Armaments
454:Inverness
388:River Dee
232:Signature
117:Parent(s)
76:, England
2137:Extinct
1871:16 April
1798:25 March
1632:10 March
1554:10 March
1333:(1869),
1302:(1868).
1081:Location
1056:Cragside
1001:knighted
776:Cragside
764:Rothbury
729:Cragside
723:Cragside
695:, London
651:Victoria
643:for the
591:Warships
429:quayside
396:Pennines
392:Dentdale
328:Cragside
281:knighted
274:Cragside
266:Tyneside
104:Engineer
93:Rothbury
2096:of the
2065:of the
2034:of the
2002:at the
1157:England
1130:England
1117:(LL.D)
1103:England
1090:Degree
976:Honours
932:tropics
717:cruiser
683:in 1887
640:Leopard
634:Panther
606:gunboat
602:Staunch
490:on the
450:Grimsby
438:Elswick
394:in the
350:William
320:William
1985:
1970:
1955:
1937:
1908:
1709:
1664:
1577:
1407:
1284:p. 529
1282:illus.
1171:(DCL)
1155:
1144:(DCL)
1128:
1101:
1087:School
985:(FRS).
803:Prince
795:Persia
656:Renown
404:marble
222:(1891)
218:(1878)
211:(1850)
204:Awards
109:Spouse
1846:7 May
1482:(PDF)
1348:17–24
1245:Motto
1227:Crest
1007:(Kt).
1003:as a
538:shell
255:
136:Civil
48:
1983:ISBN
1968:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1873:2024
1848:2024
1800:2019
1774:2007
1707:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1634:2018
1575:ISBN
1556:2018
1464:2020
1405:ISBN
1215:Arms
1160:1882
1133:1870
1106:1862
1084:Date
805:and
799:Siam
711:and
660:HMS
649:HMS
637:and
615:The
604:, a
542:ball
82:Died
67:Born
1900:doi
1827:UK
1490:doi
1339:doi
1308:doi
1196:.
1039:of
857:of
619:in
579:of
390:at
326:at
257:FRS
50:FRS
2150::
1892:.
1864:.
1837:.
1765:.
1746:.
1728:.
1684:.
1546:.
1502:^
1484:.
1454:.
1439:^
1419:^
1381:^
1371:.
1331:20
1329:,
1323:,
1300:19
1293:.
1278:32
1276:,
1270:,
878:.
809:.
782:.
608:.
415:.
253:CB
250:,
213:,
196:,
192:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
46:CB
1989:.
1974:.
1959:.
1943:.
1906:.
1902::
1875:.
1850:.
1802:.
1776:.
1750:.
1732:.
1670:.
1636:.
1583:.
1558:.
1496:.
1492::
1466:.
1413:.
1375:.
1341::
1314:.
1310::
1203:)
1199:(
1069:.
1062:.
1043:.
1032:.
1021:.
996:.
330:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
