361:
33:
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in the accuracy of the gun that at the battle of
Hairini Ridge the artillery was fired over the heads of the advancing infantry as they stormed the ridge. The infantry took cover in a slight depression in the ground in front of the Maori trenches and then stormed the trenches when the shelling stopped.
333:
is at the Te
Awamutu museum. The barrel can traverse 6 degrees left or right without moving the gun carriage. The wheels are wooden with a 75 mm wide steel band. The wheel diameter is 1.7 m. The track width is 1.8 m. Barrel width at the muzzle is 140 mm. Such was the confidence of the army
320:
Numbers of dead
Chinese lay about the guns, some most fearfully lacerated. The wall afforded very little protection to the Tartar gunners, and it was astonishing how they managed to stand so long against the destructive fire that our Armstrongs poured on them; but I observed, in more instances than
429:
Tests conducted in 1859 with the
Armstrong 40-pounder, and again in 1869 with the Armstrong rifled 100-pounder had demonstrated that neither rifled cannon was capable of penetrating 4 inches of armour, even at as little as 50 yards. This was crucial because Britain, as a maritime power, relied for
392:
The many-grooved system of rifling with its lead-coated projectiles and complicated breech-loading arrangements is far inferior for the general purpose of war to the muzzle-loading system and has the disadvantage of being more expensive in both original cost and ammunition. Muzzle-loading guns are
251:
The
Armstrong breech loaders used a vertical sliding block, called a vent-piece, which had a conical copper-ringed plug on its front surface which sealed the firing chamber, to close the breech. To hold both block and plug tightly in place the guns used a hollow breech screw (hence the name "screw
425:
Despite a further report which remarked on the advantages of breech-loaders, cost dominated the proceedings and the
Committee finally announced that "The balance of advantages is in favour of muzzle-loading field guns", and in 1865 Britain reverted from breech-loading ordnance to muzzle-loading.
539:
first patented the concept of a central steel tube kept under compression by wrought-iron coils.. and that
Armstrong's assertion that he (Armstrong) first used a wrought-iron A-tube and hence did not infringe the patent, was disingenuous, as the main point in Treadwell's patent was the tension
413:
Their report did admit that
Armstrong's guns, while more expensive, were undoubtedly safer in that while it was not uncommon for cast iron muzzle-loaders to burst, not one Armstrong gun had ever done so. (Furthermore, gunners could clear a misfire from the breech; when the
387:
met to consider the merits of muzzle-loading and breech-loading guns. In 1864, even before they had concluded their investigations, the
Government stopped the manufacture of Armstrong breech-loaders. When the Committee finally reported, in August 1865, they announced that:
433:
Armstrong developed an alternative horizontal sliding wedge version of his breechloader, for 40-pounder and 64-pounder guns, in an attempt to address the limitations of the screw breech, but the
Government had already decided to return to muzzle-loading guns.
677:
96:
3-pounder gun for trial. Later increased in bore to 5-pounder, the design performed successfully with respect to both range and accuracy. Over the next three years he developed his system of construction and adapted it to guns of heavier calibre.
237:. The lubricator followed the shell down the bore, the lubricant was squeezed out between the tin plates and the wad behind it cleaned out any lead deposits left from the shell coating leaving the bore clean for the next round.
1219:
490:
methods of sealing the bore which relied upon the power of the gun's firing to effect the gas seal ("obturation") rather than the manual labour in the 1858 design. It was a major supplier of modern "
299:
which ignited a gunpowder charge in the vent tube, the flash passed through the vent in the vent-piece, assisted by the primer if present, into the powder chamber and ignited the gunpowder charge
437:
To allow rifling to be used with muzzle-loaders, Armstrong proposed in 1866 a new system whereby the shells had studs on the outside, which aligned with grooves in the barrel of the
393:
far superior to breech-loaders in simplicity of construction and efficiency in this respect for active service; they can be loaded and worked with perfect ease and abundant rapidity.
372:. Originally used as mobile guns for defending areas of Bermuda's South Shore without fixed coastal artillery, they were soon replaced and became part of a saluting battery at
713:
1686:
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244:; the 6 inches of the bore at the muzzle end was of slightly smaller diameter, which centered the shell before it left the barrel and at the same time slightly
1806:
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as a result of the tight fit, enabled the gun to achieve greater range and accuracy than existing smoothbore muzzle-loaders with a smaller powder charge.
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ring. The guns' rifling was on the "polygroove" system; the bore of the gun had 38 grooves along its length with a twist of one turn per 38 calibres.
706:
1224:
792:
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exerted by the wrought-iron coils, which Armstrong used in exactly the same fashion. Holley, Treatise on Ordnance and Armour, 1865, pages 863–870
53:
240:
An innovative feature which is more usually associated with 20th-century guns was what Armstrong called its "grip", which was essentially a
699:
352:, in which Howard Hensman describes six being captured by a combined Anglo-Indian expedition under the command of Brigadier-General Baker.
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its security on the ability of its naval ordnance to defeat any new armour-protected warships being developed by potential enemy powers.
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1183:
494:" guns to the Royal Navy, British Army and the world export market until the 1920s. However, it is its earlier generations of "
32:
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637:
100:
Armstrong's system was adopted in 1858, initially for "special service in the field" and initially he only produced smaller
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80:) tube surrounded by a number of wrought-iron strengthening coils shrunk over the inner tube to keep it under compression.
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at Gibraltar misfired, a gunner had to be lowered head-first down the bore to attach an extractor to the shell.)
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pieces, 6-pounder (2.5 in/64 mm) mountain or light field guns, 9-pounder (3 in/76 mm) guns for
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Armstrong did not consider his system suited to heavier guns but higher authorities had him develop a
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breech") behind the block, which the gunner rotated to tighten and seal the breech before firing.
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312:. As reported by the translator Robert Swinhoe, after the British attack on the Chinese fort at
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and linseed oil between two tin plates, backed by a felt wad coated with beeswax and finally by
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down its lead coating, reducing its diameter and slightly improving its ballistic qualities.
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Armstrong's guns used a "built-up" construction, comprising a central "A" tube (initially of
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displayed at St. George's Foundation's UNESCO World Heritage Centre, St. George's Town,
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The shell was inserted through the hollow breech-screw and rammed home into the bore
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644:"A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor" published by D Van Nostrand, New York, 1865
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Armstrong returned to the manufacture of breechloaders in the 1880s, using an
402:
131:
used all these guns and all except the 20-pounder saw service in New Zealand.
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1863 conflict in New Zealand between British troops and Maori in the Waikato
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grooves to impart spin to the shell. This system had just been developed by
203:
1424:
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with lanyard attached was inserted in the hole at the top of the vent-piece
268:
The powder cartridge was inserted through the breech-screw into the chamber
241:
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coils which kept the central tube under compression, a breech-piece, and a
188:
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one, that the unfortunate creatures had been tied to the guns by the legs.
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A primer tube was inserted into the vent piece (only necessary for the
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Armstrong guns were used against British and Indian troops during the
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The Armstrong gun—mainly the 12-pounder—was used extensively in the
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The British used Armstrong guns extensively to great effect in the
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65:
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toughened in oil) holding the bore over which were shrunk several
1149:
441:. This was adopted by the Government for the first generation of
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296:
207:
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230:
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498:" guns that are typically referred to as "Armstrong guns".
84:
The Armstrong rifled breechloading guns of the 1850s-1860s
341:
by forces supporting the Imperial government of Japan.
218:
in Sweden. This spin, together with the elimination of
117:
20-pounder (3.75 inches /95 mm) field & naval gun
56:
and manufactured in England beginning in 1855 by the
329:. A well preserved 12-pounder which was used in the
688:
21, no. 4 (Winter 1957) ed. Morton Borden, 193–198.
486:breech with its own "Armstrong cup" and later the
134:
337:On July 4, 1868, Armstrong guns were used at the
1773:
452:
355:
121:40-pounder (4.75 inches (121 mm)) siege gun
550:Armstrong Rifled Breech Loading (RBL) 6-Pounder
1184:
707:
580:(London: Smith, Elder & Co, 1861) p. 105.
578:Narrative of the North China Campaign of 1860
638:Treatise on Ammunition. War Office, UK, 1877
1807:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom
593:(London, W.H. Allen & Co., 1882) p. 35.
303:
164:Screw breech system of 7-inch Armstrong gun
36:Armstrong gun deployed by Japan during the
1191:
1177:
714:
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684:, April, May and June, 1860, reprinted in
567:Treatise on Ammunition 1877, pages 166–167
376:before being set into a wharf as bollards
456:
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359:
259:The breech screw was turned to loosen it
168:
158:
138:
31:
127:(7 inches /180 mm) heavy gun. The
110:12-pounder (3 inches /76 mm) field guns
14:
1774:
605:"The Gun - Rifled Ordnance: Whitworth"
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24:
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88:In 1854, Armstrong approached the
25:
1818:
1202:small arms & ordnance of the
670:
229:was a "lubricator" consisting of
1797:Naval guns of the United Kingdom
174:Powder cartridge with lubricator
92:, proposing that he construct a
52:field and heavy gun designed by
48:was a uniquely designed type of
1260:Webley .455" Revolver Mk I – IV
135:Armstrong breech-loading system
1307:Pattern 1861 Enfield musketoon
596:
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285:The breech-screw was tightened
13:
1:
680:, articles from the New York
631:
453:Later Armstrong breechloaders
366:RBL 40-pounder Armstrong guns
356:Return to muzzle-loading guns
202:shell, similar in shape to a
7:
517:Armstrong Disappearing Gun.
501:
10:
1823:
1635:BL 9.2-inch Mk IV & VI
1433:RML 7-pounder mountain gun
282:The vent-piece was lowered
255:To load and fire the gun:
146:7-inch 110lb Armstrong gun
90:Secretary of State for War
1736:
1698:
1672:
1580:
1567:BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer
1544:RML 64-pounder 71 cwt gun
1534:RML 64-pounder 64 cwt gun
1485:
1446:
1438:RML 2.5-inch mountain gun
1423:
1354:
1345:
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1094:QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mk I
1069:
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779:Smoothbore muzzle-loading
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735:Smoothbore muzzle-loading
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420:Napier of Magdala Battery
262:The vent-piece was raised
225:On top of each gunpowder
72:construction system of a
1645:BL 12-inch Mk I, VI, VII
1600:BL 6-inch Mk III, IV, VI
1489:& garrison artillery
891:68-pounder Lancaster gun
642:Alexander Lyman Holley,
555:20 February 2002 at the
522:
304:Armstrong guns in action
58:Elswick Ordnance Company
1590:QF 3-pounder Nordenfelt
1400:BL 12-pounder 6 cwt gun
1230:Beaumont–Adams revolver
1089:QF 6-pounder Nordenfelt
880:Rifled muzzle-loaders (
346:Second Anglo-Afghan War
68:. Such guns involved a
27:British artillery piece
1562:BL 5-inch gun Mk I – V
1250:Kerr's Patent revolver
1084:QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss
1079:QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss
1031:BL 9.2-inch Mk I – VII
871:RBL 7-inch 110-pounder
657:The Chinese Opium Wars
479:
410:
395:
377:
323:
295:The gunner pulled the
212:Martin von Wahrendorff
176:
166:
156:
144:Fibreglass replica of
41:
1687:10-inch 18 cwt mortar
1682:13-inch 36 cwt mortar
1572:BL 9.45-inch howitzer
1539:RML 64-pounder 58 cwt
1524:RML 25-pounder 18 cwt
1496:4.1-inch 'Long Cecil'
1467:RML 6.6-inch howitzer
1462:RML 6.3-inch howitzer
1390:RML 16-pounder 12 cwt
1363:SBML 9 pounder 13 cwt
1140:1-inch Nordenfelt gun
1046:BL 12-inch Mk I – VII
942:RML 64-pounder 64 cwt
924:Rifled muzzle-loaders
914:RML 64-pounder 71 cwt
901:Rifled muzzle-loaders
725:naval weapons of the
591:Afghan War of 1979-80
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443:rifled muzzle-loaders
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94:rifled breech-loading
54:Sir William Armstrong
50:rifled breech-loading
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1477:BL 5.4-inch howitzer
1415:QF 1-pounder pom-pom
1385:RML 13-pounder 8 cwt
1302:Pattern 1853 Enfield
1021:BL 6-inch Mk II – VI
1016:BL 6-inch 80-pounder
849:Rifled breechloaders
508:Rifled breech loader
469:of the 1880s at the
464:6-inch breechloading
1691:8-inch 9 cwt mortar
1557:RML 8-inch howitzer
1405:QF 12-pounder 8 cwt
1395:BL 12-pounder 7 cwt
1380:RML 9-pounder 8 cwt
1225:1897 infantry sword
1036:BL 9.2-inch Mk VIII
937:RML 9-pounder 8 cwt
676:Friedrich Engels, "
615:on 13 February 2008
535:Holley states that
350:Battle of Charasiab
331:battle of Rangiriri
183:, and from 1863 of
1782:1858 introductions
1529:RML 40-pounder gun
1509:SBML 8-inch 65 cwt
1472:BL 5-inch howitzer
1425:Mountain artillery
1297:Pattern 1851 Minié
1051:BL 12-inch Mk VIII
977:RML 12-inch 35-ton
972:RML 12-inch 25-ton
816:13-inch Blomefield
811:10-inch Blomefield
678:"On Rifled Cannon"
484:interrupted thread
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471:Chulachomklao Fort
416:RML 17.72 inch gun
411:
378:
177:
167:
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42:
1792:Coastal artillery
1769:
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1751:0.45" Gatling gun
1668:
1667:
1582:Coastal artillery
1410:BL 15-pounder gun
1166:
1165:
1158:Whitehead torpedo
1071:Quick-firing guns
839:24-pounder Millar
834:12-pounder Millar
754:32-pounder 55 cwt
401:Armstrong Gun in
16:(Redirected from
1814:
1729:Hales 24-pounder
1625:BL 8-inch Mk VII
1553:RML 6.6-inch gun
1352:
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1255:Tranter revolver
1245:Enfield revolver
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576:Robert Swinhoe,
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537:Daniel Treadwell
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513:Disappearing gun
467:disappearing gun
385:Select committee
310:Second Opium War
279:due to the size)
216:Giovanni Cavalli
21:
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1505:SBML 24-pounder
1501:SBBL 32-pounder
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759:32-pounder gun
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723:British Empire
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133:
85:
82:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1819:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:RML 12.5-inch
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:RBL 9 pounder
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:Martini–Henry
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:Victorian era
1201:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:Light weapons
1116:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1061:BL 16.25-inch
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:(new pattern)
998:
994:
988:
985:
983:
982:RML 12.5-inch
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
929:
925:
921:
915:
912:
911:
909:
906:
902:
898:
892:
889:
888:
886:
883:
878:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:RBL 9 pounder
856:
855:
853:
850:
846:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
829:
827:
823:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
806:
804:
800:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
783:
780:
776:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
739:
736:
732:
728:
727:Victorian era
724:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
697:
694:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
666:
665:0-15-617094-9
662:
658:
654:
653:
645:
641:
639:
636:
635:
614:
610:
606:
603:Ruffell, WL.
599:
592:
586:
579:
573:
564:
558:
554:
551:
546:
538:
532:
528:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
476:
472:
468:
465:
459:
450:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
421:
417:
408:
407:LĂ©vis, Quebec
404:
399:
394:
389:
386:
383:
375:
374:Fort Victoria
371:
367:
362:
353:
351:
347:
342:
340:
335:
332:
328:
322:
317:
315:
311:
298:
294:
291:
290:friction tube
287:
284:
281:
278:
274:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
256:
253:
249:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
171:
161:
154:
153:
147:
141:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
98:
95:
91:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:Royal Arsenal
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:Armstrong gun
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Armstrong Gun
1738:Machine guns
1056:BL 13.5-inch
685:
681:
656:
617:. Retrieved
613:the original
608:
598:
590:
585:
577:
572:
563:
545:
531:
516:
481:
475:Samut Prakan
436:
432:
428:
424:
412:
391:
379:
343:
336:
324:
319:
307:
254:
250:
242:squeeze bore
239:
224:
197:
189:wrought iron
181:wrought iron
178:
151:
114:
99:
87:
74:wrought-iron
70:built-up gun
45:
43:
29:
1756:Gardner gun
1699:War rockets
1655:RML 16-inch
1595:QF 4.7-inch
1337:Lee–Enfield
1332:Lee–Metford
1287:Baker rifle
1130:Gardner gun
1125:Gatling gun
1104:QF 4.7-inch
987:RML 16-inch
967:RML 11-inch
962:RML 10-inch
851:(Armstrong)
380:In 1863 an
277:110-pounder
125:110-pounder
1776:Categories
1720:24-pounder
1714:12-pounder
1630:RML 9-inch
1620:RML 8-inch
1615:RML 7-inch
1610:RBL 7-inch
1519:RBL 7-inch
1282:Brown Bess
1240:Webley RIC
1041:BL 10-inch
957:RML 9-inch
952:RML 8-inch
947:RML 7-inch
781:shell guns
764:68-pounder
749:24-pounder
744:18-pounder
632:References
619:6 February
477:, Thailand
462:Armstrong
445:, termed "
273:40-pounder
204:Minié ball
185:mild steel
129:Royal Navy
78:mild steel
76:(later of
40:(1868–69).
38:Boshin War
1802:Scotswood
1761:Maxim gun
1708:6-pounder
1450:, medium,
1448:Howitzers
1347:Artillery
1150:Torpedoes
1109:QF 6-inch
1099:QF 4-inch
1026:BL 8-inch
1011:BL 5-inch
1006:BL 4-inch
905:converted
882:Lancaster
826:Howitzers
403:Fort No 1
235:millboard
227:cartridge
200:cast iron
102:artillery
1718:Congreve
1712:Congreve
1706:Congreve
1212:Sidearms
928:Woolwich
659:(1975),
553:Archived
515:for the
502:See also
488:de Bange
409:, Canada
382:Ordnance
193:trunnion
123:, and a
66:Woolwich
60:and the
1674:Mortars
1270:Muskets
803:Mortars
737:cannons
682:Tribune
609:The Gun
370:Bermuda
348:in the
314:Pehtang
297:lanyard
220:windage
208:rifling
152:Warrior
1274:rifles
788:8-inch
663:
439:cannon
246:swaged
231:tallow
108:, and
1723:Boxer
1487:Siege
523:Notes
1452:and
1272:and
661:ISBN
621:2008
364:Two
275:and
214:and
198:The
150:HMS
119:, a
496:RBL
447:RML
418:at
148:on
64:at
44:An
1778::
607:.
492:BL
473:,
405:,
316::
288:A
112:.
1192:e
1185:t
1178:v
930:)
926:(
907:)
903:(
884:)
715:e
708:t
701:v
623:.
20:)
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