30:
199:(pH) of hides once they have finished pickling will typically be between 2.8 and 3.2. At this point the hides are loaded in a drum and immersed in a float containing the tanning liquor. The hides are allowed to soak (while the drum slowly rotates about its axle) and the tanning liquor slowly penetrates through the full substance of the hide. Regular checks will be made to see the penetration by cutting the cross section of a hide and observing the degree of penetration. Once an even degree of penetration is observed, the pH of the float is slowly raised in a process called
154:
212:
181:
228:
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496:, pollution levels were so high that, despite an industry crisis, the pollution control board has decided to seal 49 high-polluting tanneries out of 404 in July 2009. In 2003 for instance, the main tannery's effluent disposal unit was dumping 22 tonnes of chromium-laden solid waste per day in the open.
203:. This basification process fixes the tanning material to the leather, and the more tanning material fixed, the higher the hydrothermal stability and increased shrinkage temperature resistance of the leather. The pH of the leather when chrome tanned would typically finish somewhere between 3.8 and 4.2.
484:
posts precise data on the abatement achievable through industrially proven low-waste advanced methods, while noting that « Even though the chrome pollution load can be decreased by 94% on introducing advanced technologies, the minimum residual load 0.15 kg/t raw hide can still cause difficulties
168:
Tanning is the process that converts the protein of the raw hide or skin into a stable material which will not putrefy and is suitable for a wide variety of end applications. The principal difference between raw hides and tanned hides is that raw hides dry out to form a hard inflexible material that
470:
One tonne of hide or skin generally leads to the production of 20 to 80 m3 of turbid and foul-smelling wastewater, including chromium levels of 100–400 mg/L, sulfide levels of 200–800 mg/L and high levels of fat and other solid wastes, as well as notable pathogen contamination. Pesticides
518:
Nevertheless, several researchers have developed cleaner leather processing methodologies to reduce the environmental impact of conventional leather processing and to lower the burden of end-of-pipe treatment. They include salt-free preservation systems, enzyme-assisted low-sulfide hair removal
288:
Crusting is when the hide/skin is thinned, retanned and lubricated. Often a coloring operation is included in the crusting sub-process. The chemicals added during crusting have to be fixed in place. The culmination of the crusting sub-process is the drying and softening operations. Crusting may
474:
Tanning is especially polluting in countries where environmental norms are lax, such as in India - the world's 3rd largest producer and exporter of leather. To give an example of an efficient pollution prevention system, chromium loads per produced tonne are generally abated from 8 kg to
173:), while tanned material dries out to a flexible form that does not become putrid when wetted back. A large number of different tanning methods and materials can be used; the choice is ultimately dependent on the end application of the leather. The most commonly used tanning material is
510:
No general study seems to exist, but the current news is rife with documented examples of untreated effluent discharge. In
November 2009 for instance, it was discovered that one of Uganda's main leather producing companies directly dumped its waste water in a wetland adjacent to
53:, and crusting. All true leathers will undergo these sub-processes. A further sub-process, surface coating, may be added into the sequence. The list of operations that leathers undergo vary with the type of leather. There are environmental impacts associated with the process.
135:- lowering of the pH value to the acidic region. Must be done in the presence of salts. Pickling is normally done to help with the penetration of certain tanning agents, e.g., chromium (and other metals), aldehydic, and some polymeric tanning agents
479:
emissions are typically reduced from 30 kg/t to 2 kg/t in a properly managed facility. Very clearly, the process remains highly polluting all the same. A review of the total pollution load decrease achievable according to the
471:
are also often added for hide conservation during transport. With solid wastes representing up to 70% of the wet weight of the original hides, the tanning process comes at a considerable strain on water treatment installations.
438:
flow has to follow the preparatory → tanning → crusting → surface coating sub-process order without deviation, but some of the sub-processes can be omitted to make certain leathers (or partially tanned/ untanned products).
74:. During the preparatory stages many of the unwanted raw skin components are removed. Many options for pretreatment of the skin exist. Not all of the options may be performed. Preparatory stages may include:
971:
754:
200:
132:
729:. United Nations Industrial Development Organization - Regional Programme for Pollution Control in the Tanning Industry in South-East Asia. 2000-08-09. Archived from
994:"Synthesis and application of sulfonated adipic dihydrazide formaldehyde-based resins under different molar ratios as effective leather re-tanning agents"
481:
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810:
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when using landfills and composting sludge from wastewater treatment on account of the regulations currently in force in some countries. »
17:
249:
699:
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in 2001, proper pollution abatement cost 70-100 USD/t of raw hides processed against US$ 43/t for irresponsible behaviour.
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366:
For some leathers a surface coating is applied. Tanners refer to this as finishing. Finishing operations may include:
114:- proteolytic proteins are introduced to the skin to remove further proteins and to assist with softening of the hide.
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561:
275:
257:
1501:
905:
Thanikaivelan, Palanisamy; Rao, Jonnalagadda
Raghava; Nair, Balachandran Unni; Ramasami, Thirumalachari (2002).
499:
The higher cost associated to the treatment of effluents as compared to untreated effluent discharging leads to
336:
253:
992:
Saleem, Rashid; Adnan, Ahmad; Hanif, Muhammad; Saleem, Muhammad; Lee, Ki-Hwan; Qureshi, Fahim Ashraf (2014).
105:
138:
depickling - raising of the pH out of the acidic region to assist with penetration of certain tanning agents
29:
492:, the self-proclaimed "Leather City of the World" and a city of 3 million people on the banks of the river
693:"Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook - Environmental Guidelines for Tanning and Leather Finishing"
1496:
1391:
1371:
866:
Thanikaivelan, Palanisamy; Rao, Jonnalagadda R.; Nair, Balachandran U.; Ramasami, Thirumalachari (2004).
370:
177:, which leaves the leather, once tanned, a pale blue colour. This product is commonly called “wet blue”.
87:
434:, but if the surface coating sub-process is added, then some continuous processing can be included. The
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309:
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408:
1044:"Study of solvent-free sulfonated waterborne polyurethane as an advanced leather finishing material"
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238:
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and solvent-free finishing systems. Some of these processes have found commercial acceptance.
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102:
reliming - the hide is further treated to achieve more "opening up" or more protein removal.
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78:
preservation- the hide is treated with a method which renders it temporarily imputrescible.
342:
fixation - all unbound chemicals are chemically bonded/trapped or removed from the leather
8:
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frizing - physical removal of the fat layer inside the skin. Also similar to
Slicking.
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887:
724:"The scope for decreasing pollution load in leather processing (US/RAS/92/120/11-51)"
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filling - heavy/dense chemicals that make the leather harder and heavier are added.
111:
907:"Zero Discharge Tanning: A Shift from Chemical to Biocatalytic Leather Processing"
883:
451:, the production processes have a high environmental impact, most notably due to:
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1414:
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buffing - abrasion of the surfaces of the leather to reduce nap or grain defects.
153:
1298:
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1185:
1180:
1175:
868:"Progress and recent trends in biotechnological methods for leather processing"
730:
354:
softening - physical softening of the leather by separating the leather fibres.
306:
shaving - the leather is thinned using a machine which cuts leather fibres off.
1059:
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drying - the leather is dried to various moisture levels (commonly 14-25%).
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129:- chemical modification of dark pigments to yield a lighter colored hide.
120:- natural fats/oils are stripped or as much as is possible from the hide.
67:
49:. The procedure is divided into three sub-processes: preparatory stages,
46:
1455:
788:. Clean Ganga - Campaign for a cleaner Ganga. June 2003. Archived from
294:
216:
184:
117:
930:
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setting - area, grain flatness are imparted and excess water removed.
315:
retanning - additional tanning agents are added to impart properties.
303:
splitting - the leather is split into one or more horizontal layers.
227:
180:
1376:
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324:
fatliquoring - fats/oils and waxes are fixed to the leather fibres.
312:- the pH of the leather is adjusted to a value between 4.5 and 6.5.
174:
351:
conditioning - water is added to the leather to a level of 18-28%.
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504:
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811:"Introduction of Low Pollution Processes in Leather Production"
519:
processes, chemical-free enzymatic fiber opening, ammonia-free
493:
489:
318:
126:
99:
splitting - the hide is cut into two or more horizontal layers.
84:- water for purposes of washing or rehydration is reintroduced.
1097:
698:. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, World Bank Group.
1440:
1318:
1291:
1276:
1255:
162:
904:
865:
581:. Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists. p. 23.
330:
stuffing - fats/oils and waxes are added between the fibres.
1313:
1303:
455:
the heavy use of polluting chemicals in the tanning process
108:- liming and unhairing chemicals are removed from the hide.
1125:
527:
process, waterless chrome tanning technology, chrome-free
1353:
1333:
300:
sammying - 45-55%(m/m) water is squeezed out the leather.
430:
The leather making process is in general restricted to
196:
991:
842:"Uganda: leather factory faces closure over pollution"
333:
stripping - superficially fixed tannins are removed.
482:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
1108:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 330–345.
458:air pollution due to the transformation process (
90:- unwanted proteins and "opening up" is achieved.
1540:
755:"How much time needed to check tanneries' waste"
646:. Leather Producer's Association. p. 212.
1042:Yang, Zhihui; Zang, Hu; Wu, Guangfeng (2019).
556:. Leather Producer's Association. p. 37.
1141:
616:
96:fleshing - subcutaneous material is removed.
93:unhairing - the majority of hair is removed.
551:
256:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1148:
1134:
1041:
641:
666:
591:
339:- the colour of the leather is lightened.
276:Learn how and when to remove this message
425:
293:wetting back- semi-processed leather is
210:
179:
152:
28:
442:
14:
1541:
449:other environmental impacts of leather
1129:
61:
619:Physical Chemistry of Leather Making
254:adding citations to reliable sources
221:
66:The preparatory stages are when the
669:Fundamentals of Leather Manufacture
594:Fundamentals of Leather Manufacture
41:are the operations taken to create
24:
671:. Eduard Roether KG. p. 296.
621:. Robert E. Krieger. p. 298.
596:. Eduard Roether KG. p. 211.
579:Leather Technologist's Pocket Book
503:to reduce costs. For instance, in
466:during deliming, solvent vapours).
361:
289:include the following operations:
25:
1560:
1089:
576:
1436:Artificial leather / Leatherette
1113:
816:. EcoLinks. 2001. Archived from
226:
56:
1502:British Museum leather dressing
1074:from the original on 2022-10-29
1035:
1024:from the original on 2022-10-29
985:
974:from the original on 2022-10-29
956:
945:from the original on 2021-12-22
898:
859:
848:from the original on 2011-06-04
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803:
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705:from the original on 2017-07-06
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18:Whitening (leather processing)
13:
1:
884:10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.02.008
644:Leather Technician's Handbook
554:Leather Technician's Handbook
538:
39:leather manufacturing process
763:. 2009-07-11. Archived from
523:systems, pickle-free chrome
169:can putrefy when re-wetted (
157:Barrel for leather tanning,
33:A tanning worker in Morocco.
7:
1497:Leather Archives and Museum
1155:
1110:(includes several diagrams)
1048:Journal of Polymer Research
844:. The Monitor. 2009-11-05.
786:"Kanpur: chromium disaster"
531:methods, formaldehyde-free
206:
10:
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552:Sharphotuse, J.H. (1983).
321:- the leather is coloured.
146:
142:
1518:History of hide materials
1510:
1474:
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1362:
1264:
1163:
1060:10.1007/s10965-019-1884-4
1010:10.1007/s13726-013-0201-z
642:Sharphouse, J.H. (1983).
617:Bienkiewiecz, K. (1983).
187:highest quality leather (
964:"CHROME TANNING PROCESS"
1487:Igualada Leather Museum
1105:Encyclopædia Britannica
1096:Parsons, F. G. (1911).
998:Iranian Polymer Journal
872:Trends in Biotechnology
159:Igualada Leather Museum
1492:Walsall Leather Museum
667:Heidemann, E. (1993).
592:Heidemann, E. (1993).
219:
192:
165:
34:
1482:German Leather Museum
911:Environ. Sci. Technol
501:environmental dumping
462:during dehairing and
426:Production management
215:Drying of leather in
214:
183:
156:
32:
1122:at Wikimedia Commons
443:Environmental impact
250:improve this section
189:Marikina Shoe Museum
923:2002EnST...36.4187T
447:In addition to the
1523:Leather subculture
1120:Leather processing
760:The Times of India
220:
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62:Preparatory stages
35:
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1118:Media related to
931:10.1021/es025618i
917:(19): 4187–4194.
418:combing (hair-on)
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149:Tanning (leather)
16:(Redirected from
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381:impregnation
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248:Please help
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201:basification
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1429:Substitutes
1410:Bookbinding
1211:Law leather
171:wetted back
1456:Ultrasuede
1201:Corinthian
1078:2020-12-08
1054:(9): 213.
1028:2020-12-08
978:2020-12-08
949:2020-12-08
852:2010-01-02
827:2010-01-02
796:2010-01-02
771:2010-01-02
740:2010-01-02
709:2010-01-02
539:References
295:rehydrated
217:East Timor
185:Meycauayan
118:degreasing
1461:Alcantara
1451:Presstoff
1446:Naugahyde
1364:Processes
1299:Crocodile
1272:Alligator
1246:Shearling
1068:199551441
1004:: 69–78.
968:Espacenet
436:operation
409:embossing
401:polishing
337:whitening
266:June 2014
237:does not
127:bleaching
1543:Category
1402:Crafting
1377:Deliming
1324:Kangaroo
1287:Calfskin
1241:Shagreen
1191:Buckskin
1072:Archived
1022:Archived
1018:96766253
972:Archived
943:Archived
939:12380094
892:15038923
846:Archived
700:Archived
521:deliming
387:spraying
375:brushing
207:Crusting
175:chromium
133:pickling
106:deliming
1528:Rawhide
1511:Related
1466:Clarino
1387:Tanning
1329:Ostrich
1216:Morocco
1206:Kidskin
1196:Chamois
1171:Aniline
1157:Leather
919:Bibcode
533:syntans
529:tanning
525:tanning
505:Croatia
464:ammonia
421:glazing
414:ironing
405:plating
384:buffing
378:padding
258:removed
243:sources
197:acidity
143:Tanning
82:soaking
72:tanning
51:tanning
43:leather
1392:Oiling
1382:Bating
1372:Liming
1282:Cattle
1236:Russia
1231:Patent
1226:Nubuck
1186:Bonded
1181:Boiled
1176:Bicast
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494:Ganges
490:Kanpur
371:oiling
319:dyeing
112:bating
88:liming
1441:Kirza
1349:Snake
1344:Sheep
1319:Horse
1292:Slunk
1277:Bison
1256:Suede
1164:Types
1064:S2CID
1014:S2CID
821:(PDF)
814:(PDF)
734:(PDF)
727:(PDF)
703:(PDF)
696:(PDF)
163:Spain
47:hides
45:from
1339:Seal
1314:Goat
1304:Deer
1221:Napa
935:PMID
888:PMID
673:ISBN
648:ISBN
623:ISBN
598:ISBN
558:ISBN
241:any
239:cite
195:The
68:hide
37:The
1354:Yak
1334:Pig
1309:Eel
1056:doi
1006:doi
927:doi
880:doi
488:In
477:VOC
252:by
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