117:, which is found in Bengal tigers with orange color fur. When compared to Bengal tigers, the white Bengal tigers tend to grow faster and become heavier than the orange Bengal tiger. They also tend to be somewhat bigger at birth, and as fully grown adults. White Bengal tigers are fully grown when they are 2–3 years of age. White male tigers reach weights of 200 to 230 kilograms (440 to 510 lb) and can grow up to 3 meters (9.8 ft) in length. As with all tigers, the white Bengal tiger's stripes are like fingerprints, with no two tigers having the same pattern. The stripes of the tiger are a pigmentation of the skin; if an individual were to be shaved, its distinctive coat pattern would still be visible.
468:"We have not experienced premature death among our white tigers. Forty-two animals born in our collection are still alive. Mohan, a large white tiger, died just short of his 20th birthday, an enviable age for a male of any subspecies, since most males live shorter captive lives. Premature deaths in other collections may be artifacts of captive environmental conditions...in 52 births we had four stillbirths, one of which was an unexplained loss. We lost two additional cubs from viral pneumonia, which is not excessive. Without data from non-inbred tiger lines, it is difficult to determine whether this number is high or low with any degree of accuracy."
537:'s white tigers were a group of orange tigers from outcrosses which were bought by a Pakistani senator and shipped to Pakistan. Rajiv, Pretoria Zoo's white tiger, who was born in the Cincinnati Zoo, was also outcrossed and sired at least two litters of orange cubs at Pretoria Zoo. Outcrossing is not necessarily done with the intent of producing more white cubs by resuming inbreeding further down the line. Outcrossing is a way of bringing fresh blood into the white strain. The New Delhi Zoo loaned out white tigers to some of India's better zoos for outcrossing, and the government had to impose a
498:
320:, their part-Siberian ancestor Tony. Continued inbreeding appears to have caused a recessive gene to become homozygous and produce the stripeless phenotype. About one fourth of Bhim and Sumita's offspring were stripeless. Their striped white offspring, which have been sold to zoos around the world, may also carry the gene for the stripeless trait. Because Tony's genome is present in many white tiger pedigrees, the gene may also be present in other captive white tigers. As a result, stripeless white tigers have appeared in zoos as far afield as the
103:
486:
125:) as well as having been reported historically in several other subspecies. Currently, several hundred white tigers are in captivity worldwide, with about one hundred being found in India. Their unique colouring has made them popular in entertainment showcasing exotic animals, and at zoos. Their rarity could be because the recessive allele is the result of a one-time mutation, or because white tigers lack adequate camouflage, reducing their ability to stalk prey or avoid other predators.
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476:"Other than a case of hip dysplasia that occurred in a male white tiger, we have not encountered any other body deformities or any physiological or neurological disorders. Some of these reported maladies in mutant tigers in other collections may be a direct result of inbreeding or improper rearing management of tigers generally."
437:. It appears that white tigers also react strangely to anaesthesia. The best drug for immobilizing a tiger is CI 744, but a few tigers, white ones in particular, undergo a re-sedation effect 24–36 hours later. This is due to their inability to produce normal tyrosinase, a trait they share with albinos, according to zoo
588:
also produce congenital defects that impact health and welfare. Sometimes the traits themselves can cause problems, such as albinism's visual and neural effects. Additionally, animals with an abnormal appearance do not serve as well as ambassadors for their species in the zoos' mission to educate the public.
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Because of the extreme rarity of the white tiger allele in the wild, the breeding pool was limited to the small number of white tigers in captivity. According to
Kailash Sankhala, the last white tiger ever seen in the wild was shot in 1958. Today there is a large number of white tigers in captivity.
363:
in the brains of white tigers. When stressed or confused, all white tigers cross their eyes. Strabismus is associated with white tigers of mixed Bengal and
Siberian ancestry. The only pure-Bengal white tiger reported to be cross-eyed was Mohini's daughter Rewati. Strabismus is directly linked to the
300:
said that, "a white tiger, in which the fur was of a creamy tint, with the usual stripes faintly visible in certain parts, was exhibited at the old menagerie at Exeter Change about the year 1820." Hamilton Smith said, "A wholly white tiger, with the stripe-pattern visible only under reflected light,
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in a white paper adopted by the board of directors in July 2011. The paper explains that selecting for or against any particular allele would result in a loss of genetic diversity. Instead, the alleles should be maintained at their natural frequencies. Inbreeding to produce abnormal appearances can
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are routed to the wrong side of the brain, white tigers have a problem with spatial orientation, and bump into things until they learn to compensate. Some tigers compensate by crossing their eyes. When the neurons pass from the retina to the brain and reach the optic chiasma, some cross and some do
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residue that protrudes into the transport protein's central passageway, apparently blocking it, and by a mechanism yet to be determined, this prevents pheomelanin expression in the fur. Mutations in the same gene are known to result in 'cream' coloration in horses, and play a role in the paler skin
455:
in 1960, but the results were inconclusive. This condition is similar to albino mutations and causes bluish lightening of the fur color, crossed eyes, and prolonged bleeding after surgery. Also, in the event of an injury, the blood is slow to coagulate. This condition has been observed in domestic
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white tigers with unrelated orange tigers and then using the cubs to produce more white tigers. The white tigers Ranjit, Bharat, Priya and Bhim were all outcrossed, in some instances to more than one tiger. Bharat was bred to an unrelated orange tiger named Jack from the
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in their fur which react to temperature, causing them to grow darker in the cold. In the
Bristol Zoo, a white tiger named Mohini was whiter than her relatives, who showed more cream tones. This may have been because she spent less time outdoors in the winter.
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Siegfried & Roy performed at least one outcross. In the mid-1980s they offered to work with the Indian government in the creation of a healthier strain of white tigers. The Indian government reportedly considered the offer; however, India had a
120:
For a white Bengal tiger to be born, both parents must carry the unusual gene for white colouring, which only happens naturally about once in 10,000 births. Dark-striped white individuals are well-documented in the Bengal tiger subspecies
139:
463:
There is a myth that white tigers have an 80% infant mortality rate. However, the infant mortality rate for white tigers is no higher than it is for normal orange tigers bred in captivity. Cincinnati Zoo director Ed
Maruska said:
175:, the ability to make neither pheomelanin (red and yellow pigments) nor eumelanin (black and brown pigments), while a less severe mutation in the same gene in other mammals results in selective loss of pheomelanin, the so-called
411:. A condition known as "star-gazing" (the head and neck are raised almost straight up, as if the affected animal is gazing at the stars), which is associated with inbreeding in big cats, has also been reported in white tigers.
387:. The visual pathway abnormality was first documented in white tigers in the brain of a white tiger called Moni after he died, although his eyes were of normal alignment. The abnormality is that there is a disruption in the
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for this mutation, and that while the progeny of white tigers will all be white, white tigers can be also bred from colored Bengal tiger pairs in which each possesses a single copy of the unique mutation.
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A white tiger's pale coloration is due to the lack of the red and yellow pheomelanin pigments that normally produce the orange coloration. This had long been attributed to a mutation in the gene for the
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A white Amur tiger may have been born at Center Hill and has given rise to a strain of white Amur tigers. A man named Robert Baudy realized that his tigers had white genes when a tiger he sold to
407:, kidney problems, arched or crooked backbone and twisted neck. Reduced fertility and miscarriages, noted by "tiger man" Kailash Sankhala in pure-Bengal white tigers, were attributed to
460:, reported from the Milwaukee County Zoo, which could be related to reduced pigmentation in the eye. The white tiger in question was a male named Mota on loan from the Cincinnati Zoo.
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391:. The examination of Moni's brain suggested the disruption is less severe in white tigers than it is in Siamese cats. Because of the visual pathway abnormality, by which some
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of every species which have been studied all exhibit the same visual pathway abnormality found in white tigers. Siamese cats are also sometimes cross-eyed, as are some albino
530:, and Ranjit was bred to this tiger's sister, also from Knoxville Zoo. Bhim fathered several litters with an unrelated orange tigress named Kimanthi at the Cincinnati Zoo.
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in
England developed white spots, and bred them accordingly. The Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa Bay had four of these white Amur tigers, descended from Robert Baudy's stock.
1262:
Bush, Mitchell; Phillips, Lindsay G.; & Montali, Richard J. (1987) "Clinical
Management of Captive Tigers", p. 186 in Ronald Lewis Tilson, Ulysses S. Seal (eds.)
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A male tiger named 'Cheytan', a son of Bhim and Sumita who was born at the
Cincinnati Zoo, died at the San Antonio Zoo in 1992, from anaesthesia complications during
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promotes recessive traits and has been used as a strategy to produce white tigers in captivity, but this has also resulted in a range of other genetic defects.
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An additional genetic condition can result in near-complete absence of stripes, making the tiger almost pure white. One such specimen was exhibited at
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cats, but there has never been a case of a white tiger having Chédiak–Higashi syndrome. There has been a single case of a white tiger having central
1317:
Maruska, Edward J. (1987) "White Tiger
Phantom Or Freak?", Chapter 33, Part IV White Tiger Politics, in Ronald Lewis Tilson, Ulysses S. Seal (eds.)
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as "A white variety of Tiger is sometimes seen, with the stripes very opaque, and not to be observed except in certain angles of light." Naturalist
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not, so that visual images are projected to the wrong hemisphere of the brain. White tigers cannot see as well as normal tigers and suffer from
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260:, even when they were born in New Delhi and returned there. "In spite of living in a dusty courtyard, they were always snow white." A weakened
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Xu, Xiao; Dong, Gui-Xin; Hu, Xue-Song; Miao, Lin; Zhang, Xue-Li; Zhang, De-Lu; Yang, Han-Dong; Zhang, Tian-You; et al. (2013).
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stated that, "a creamy white, with the ordinary tigerine stripes so faintly marked that they were only visible in certain lights."
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Soejima M, Koda Y (January 2007). "Population differences of two coding SNPs in pigmentation-related genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2".
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The white Bengal tigers are distinctive due to the color of their fur. The white fur is caused by a lack of the pigment
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magician Dirk Arthur. There is a picture of a white tiger which appears to be cross-eyed on just one side in the book
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444:. He treated a pair of white tigers from the Cincinnati Zoo at Fritz Wurm's safari park in Stukenbrock, Germany, for
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were the first to attempt to selectively breed for stripeless tigers; they owned snow-white Bengal tigers taken from
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on breeding white tigers after cubs were born at New Delhi Zoo with arched backs and clubbed feet, necessitating
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and had an orange daughter named
Kanchana. Bharat and Priya were also bred with an unrelated orange tiger from
1584:
1513:"Welfare and Conservation Implications of Intentional Breeding for the Expression of Rare Recessive Alleles"
1053:
Guillery, R.W.; Kaas, J.H. (22 June 1973). "Genetic abnormality of the visual pathways in a 'white tiger'".
806:
Yun Sung Cho et al. (2013). "The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes",
187:
mutation in tyrosinase, and in the past white tigers were sometimes referred to as 'partial albinos'. While
20:
895:
Leyhausen, Paul; Reed, Theodore H. (April 1971). "The white tiger: care and breeding of a genetic freak".
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457:
441:
1366:
Beehler, B.A.; Moore, C.P.; Picket, J.P. (1984). "Central retinal degeneration in a white Bengal tiger (
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gene was found to underlie its pigmentation. The resultant single amino acid substitution introduces an
415:
312:
The modern strain of snow white tigers came from repeated brother–sister matings of Bhim and Sumita at
244:
430:. A white tiger, named Scarlett O'Hara, who was Tony's sister, was cross-eyed only on the right side.
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870:
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in
October 2000. He experienced many health problems over the course of his life and died in 2008.
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like the pattern of a white tabby cat, was exhibited in the Exeter Change Menagerie in 1820" and
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characteristic makes the stripes of the tiger very pale; white tigers of this type are called
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Outside of India, inbred white tigers have been prone to crossed eyes, a condition known as
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337:
306:
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Fischbacher, Siegfried; Horn, Roy Uwe Ludwig; Tapert, Annette; Roy, Siegfried and (1992).
1213:
325:
8:
1164:
1339:
Berrier, H.H.; Robinson, F.R.; Reed, T.H.; Gray, C.W. (1975). "The white tiger enigma".
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1441:
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1319:
Tigers Of The World, Biopolitics, Management, and Conservation of an Endangered Species
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Tigers Of The World, Biopolitics, Management, and Conservation of an Endangered Species
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852:
768:
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347:, Spain. Its parents are normal orange Bengals. The cub was named "Artico" ("Arctic").
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The orange litter-mates of white tigers are not prone to strabismus. Siamese cats and
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The stripe color varies due to the influence and interaction of other genes. Another
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340:, Mexico (Vishnu and Jahan), as well as a stripeless Siberian tiger called Apollo.
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In 2004, a blue-eyed, stripeless white tiger was born in a wildlife refuge in
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37:
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Bernays, M.E.; Smith, R. (1999). "Convergent strabismus in a white tiger".
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to force zoos to return either the white tigers or their orange offspring.
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There was a 200 kg (450 lb) male cross-eyed white tiger at the
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barred member zoos from intentionally breeding to produce white tigers,
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leucistic variant, a normal TYR gene was found in both white tigers and
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62:. It is reported in the wild from time to time in the Indian states of
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Fischbacher, Siegfried; Horn, Roy Uwe Ludwig; Tapert, Annette (1992).
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404:
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Genetic defects do little to mar beauty of India's rare white tigers
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To better preserve genetic diversity and avoid genetic defects, the
1017:"The Truth About White Tigers and Why Their Breeding Needs to Stop"
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272:
232:
172:
155:
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Sunquist, Fiona (December 2000). "The Secret Of The White Tiger".
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Other genetic problems include shortened tendons of the forelegs,
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52:
544:
419:
384:
380:
248:
79:
1497:
Rai, Usha (15 March 1987). "Will they outlast this century?".
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753:
Mystery Cats of the World: From Blue Tigers to Exmoor Beasts
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white gene and is not a separate consequence of inbreeding.
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is directly linked to reduced pigmentation in white tigers.
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It has also been possible to expand the white-gene pool by
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determined that such a TYR mutation is responsible for the
894:
1000:
Geringer, Dan (21 July 1986). "Now He's The Cat's Meow".
789:"A rare albino cat comes to live in the Washington zoo",
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94:
is otherwise white or near-white, and it has blue eyes.
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poisoning, which reacted strangely to the anaesthesia.
219:, meaning that it is only seen in individuals that are
90:. It has the typical black stripes of a tiger, but its
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Ed Maruska also addressed the issue of deformities:
1321:, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA,
1266:, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA,
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1446:. New York: Dembner Books: Distributed by Norton.
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199:. Instead, in white tigers, a naturally-occurring
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568:have bred white tigers in collaboration with the
256:observed that white tigers were always whiter in
1571:
1518:. Association of Zoos & Aquariums. June 2011
797:
1403:Iverson, S.J. (1982). "Breeding White Tigers".
993:
914:
912:
910:
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949:The Animal Kingdom they can grow to as tall as
770:Comparative Genetics of Coat Colour in Mammals
336:(Tsumura, Mantra, Mirage and Akbar-Kabul) and
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371:Kenny, a victim of inbreeding rescued by the
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660:. London: Rivington Books and André Deutsch.
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1470:Siegfried and Roy: mastering the impossible
1240:Siegfried and Roy: Mastering the Impossible
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428:Siegfried and Roy: Mastering the Impossible
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1341:Veterinary Medicine/Small Animal Clinician
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1311:
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1194:
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983:"Litter of white tigers debuts in Mexico"
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888:
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316:. The gene involved may have come from a
215:of humans of European descent. This is a
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276:A white tiger with almost no stripes at
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183:in tigers had been attributed to such a
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27:
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829:International Journal of Legal Medicine
146:(video) A white tiger in a zoo in Japan
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1423:"Mutant Big Cats-White Tiger (Page 2)"
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1015:Aisling Maria Cronin (30 April 2014).
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765:
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328:), Spain and Mexico. Stage magicians
292:in England in 1820, and described by
1545:White Tigers (with genealogy charts)
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921:Tiger! The Story Of The Indian Tiger
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700:
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696:
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267:
86:region and especially in the former
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709:"The Genetic Basis of White Tigers"
13:
1212:Fischer, John (12 December 2017).
1118:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb11220.x
687:from the original on 1 April 2008.
422:, which was donated to the zoo by
14:
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1533:
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793:, pp. 47–8, 19 December 1960
691:
577:Association of Zoos and Aquariums
1177:from the original on 17 May 2021
1170:Turpentine Creek Wildlife Refuge
1146:Turpentine Creek Wildlife Refuge
373:Turpentine Creek Wildlife Refuge
309:also drew this tigress in 1824.
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766:Searle, Antony Gilbert (1968).
239:or "pure white". White tigers,
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284:, the United States of America
1:
1555:Indian Tigers Welfare Society
1106:Australian Veterinary Journal
1075:10.1126/science.180.4092.1287
643:
951:. G & C & H Carvill.
548:A white Bengal tiger at the
359:, due to incorrectly routed
97:
21:White tiger (disambiguation)
7:
751:Shuker, Karl P. N. (1989).
591:
128:
10:
1606:
481:Inbreeding and outcrossing
350:
18:
1427:Hybrid and Mutant Animals
1387:National Geographic World
1198:Gorham, Mary Ellen, DVM.
968:The Royal Natural History
841:10.1007/s00414-006-0112-z
726:10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.054
501:A captive white tiger in
489:A captive white tiger in
1372:Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet
533:The last descendants of
453:Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
171:in this gene results in
1590:Fauna of Madhya Pradesh
1473:. New York: W. Morrow.
1440:Tongren, Sally (1985).
1214:"Hilo Area Attractions"
871:"Save the White Tigers"
638:White Tiger (mythology)
451:Mohini was checked for
416:Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo
189:whole genome sequencing
1368:Panthera tigris tigris
1290:. St. Martin's Press.
1284:Taylor, David (1991).
923:. Simon and Schuster.
552:
506:
494:
478:
470:
376:
285:
159:
147:
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40:
1034:"Cross-eyed tigers".
919:Sankhala, K. (1997).
808:Nature Communications
658:The Face of the Tiger
656:McDougal, C. (1977).
623:Inbreeding depression
608:Conservation genetics
547:
500:
488:
474:
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409:inbreeding depression
370:
275:
153:
145:
106:A white tiger at the
105:
31:
1585:Rewa, Madhya Pradesh
1287:Vet On The Wild Side
677:"White Bengal Tiger"
458:retinal degeneration
307:Edwin Henry Landseer
19:For other uses, see
1165:"Action Gives Hope"
1139:Quinn, Patricia A.
1067:1973Sci...180.1287G
1036:Scientific American
875:Scientific American
566:Siegfried & Roy
330:Siegfried & Roy
36:white tiger at the
1580:Tiger color morphs
1560:White Bengal Tiger
1499:The Times of India
1443:To keep them alive
1141:"Kenny and Willie"
1042:(43). August 1973.
1002:Sports Illustrated
971:. Frederick Warne.
816:10.1038/ncomms3433
553:
507:
495:
435:root canal therapy
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160:
148:
111:
41:
1297:978-0-312-05529-5
1153:on 14 March 2007.
930:978-0-00-216124-4
755:. pp. 98–99.
603:Cat coat genetics
524:San Francisco Zoo
268:Stripeless tigers
245:Himalayan rabbits
208:transport protein
179:trait. The white
169:knockout mutation
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1021:One Green Planet
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493:, United Kingdom
400:, like albinos.
303:John George Wood
298:Richard Lydekker
254:Kailash Sankhala
167:(TYR) enzyme. A
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1004:. Vol. 65.
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945:Cuvier, Georges
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713:Current Biology
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361:visual pathways
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217:recessive trait
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123:Panthera tigris
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24:
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1565:Tiger Exchange
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1534:External links
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1480:978-0688105518
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1453:978-0934878661
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1347:(4): 467–472.
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322:Czech Republic
318:Siberian tiger
314:Cincinnati Zoo
294:Georges Cuvier
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64:Madhya Pradesh
49:bleached tiger
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38:Singapore Zoo
35:
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1550:White tigers
1520:. Retrieved
1507:
1501:. New Delhi.
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1221:. Retrieved
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1202:. March 1986
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1179:. Retrieved
1168:
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1151:the original
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1134:
1112:(3): 152–5.
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878:. Retrieved
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613:Golden tiger
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442:David Taylor
439:veterinarian
432:
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389:optic chiasm
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241:Siamese cats
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119:
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44:
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25:
1522:21 February
898:Smithsonian
835:(1): 36–9.
774:. pp.
598:Black tiger
581:white lions
535:Bristol Zoo
519:outcrossing
512:Marwell Zoo
503:Yerevan Zoo
398:photophobia
338:Guadalajara
158:white tiger
115:pheomelanin
72:West Bengal
45:white tiger
16:Tiger morph
1574:Categories
1327:0815511337
1272:0815511337
1249:0688105513
1181:22 January
880:16 October
644:References
618:Inbreeding
562:euthanasia
558:moratorium
491:Birmingham
446:salmonella
357:strabismus
278:The Mirage
258:Rewa State
237:snow-white
226:Inbreeding
221:homozygous
193:white lion
185:Chinchilla
177:Chinchilla
165:tyrosinase
156:melanistic
108:Madrid Zoo
84:Sunderbans
1218:tripsavvy
810:4: 2433,
628:Mukundpur
505:, Armenia
424:Las Vegas
405:club foot
282:Las Vegas
181:phenotype
98:Variation
82:, in the
53:leucistic
1175:Archived
1126:10197239
1091:28568341
987:NBC News
965:(1893).
947:(1832).
857:11192076
849:16847698
735:23707431
685:Archived
592:See also
345:Alicante
173:albinism
129:Genetics
1411:: 5–12.
1405:Zoogoer
1353:1038910
1083:4707916
1063:Bibcode
1055:Science
385:ferrets
381:albinos
351:Defects
326:Liberec
249:enzymes
233:genetic
212:alanine
205:SLC45A2
203:in the
154:Pseudo-
58:of the
51:, is a
34:captive
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1223:25 May
1124:
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927:
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847:
776:149–50
733:
420:Hawaii
243:, and
80:Odisha
1516:(PDF)
1389:: 26.
1087:S2CID
853:S2CID
583:, or
247:have
76:Bihar
68:Assam
60:tiger
56:morph
47:, or
1524:2013
1475:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1370:)".
1349:PMID
1323:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1225:2018
1183:2022
1122:PMID
1079:PMID
925:ISBN
882:2014
845:PMID
731:PMID
539:whip
92:coat
43:The
1114:doi
1071:doi
1059:180
1040:229
837:doi
833:121
812:doi
721:doi
418:in
280:in
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