27:
139:
products. In western Europe about 60% of the total white spirit consumption is used in paints, lacquers and varnishes. White spirit is the most widely used solvent in the paint industry. In households, white spirit is commonly used to clean paint brushes after use, to clean auto parts and tools, as a
717:
White spirit is used for regripping golf clubs. After the old grip is removed, the white spirit is poured into the new grip and shaken. After the white spirit is poured on, the new underlying tape and the new grip are slid on. After an hour of drying out, the new grip and club are ready to use.
242: 51632). Turpentine substitute can be used for general cleaning but is not recommended for paint thinning as it may adversely affect drying times due to the less volatile components; while it may be used for brush cleaning its heavier components may leave an oily residue.
227:
as a less flammable petroleum-based dry cleaning solvent than the petroleum solvents then in use. Dry cleaners began using the result of their work in 1928 and it soon became the predominant dry cleaning solvent in the United States, until the late 1950s.
791:-like odor. Chemical manufacturers have developed a low odor version of mineral turpentine which contains less of the highly volatile shorter hydrocarbons. Odorless mineral spirits is white spirit that has been further refined to remove the more toxic
902:
of its constituents, white spirit, although it is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms, is unlikely to present significant hazards to the environment. It should not however, be purposely poured down the sink or freshwater drain.
1197:
765:, and it has inferior solvent properties. Artists use white spirit as an alternative to turpentine since it is less flammable and less toxic. Because of interactions with pigments in
895:(CTE) among house painters. In severe cases CTE may lead to disability and personality changes. These effects in painters were first studied in the 1970s in the Nordic countries.
856:. It has a fairly low acute toxicity by inhalation of the vapour, dermal (touching the skin) and oral (ingestion) routes. However, acute exposure can lead to
915:
234:
is generally not made to a standard and can have a wider range of components than products marketed as white spirit, which is made to a standard (in the UK,
1280:
1205:
907:
840:, this is not advisable as typical grades of white spirit have a lower flash point than kerosene. It cannot be used as an alternative to
201:
In addition there is type 0, which is defined as distillation fraction with no further treatment, consisting predominantly of saturated C
879:
Continuous exposure to an average white spirit concentration of 240 mg/m (40 ppm) for more than 13 years can lead to chronic
802:(also referred to as silk-screening), white spirit is often used to clean and unclog screens after printing with oil-based textile and
922:(REL) of 350 mg/m over an 8-hour workday and 1800 mg/m over 15 minutes. At levels of 20,000 mg/m, Stoddard solvent is
380:
Type 1 white spirit is mainly used in most of Europe and
Stoddard solvent is used in the US, both of which correspond to each other.
860:
resulting in lack of coordination and slowed reactions. Exposure to very high concentrations in enclosed spaces can lead to general
1091:
906:
People can be exposed to
Stoddard solvent in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The
224:
769:, artists require a higher grade of white spirit than many industrial users, including the complete absence of residual sulfur.
892:
1242:
1078:
864:
effects (drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, etc.) and can eventually lead to unconsciousness. Oral ingestion presents a high
1138:
857:
697:
1176:
761:
in other applications. Mineral turpentine is chemically very different from turpentine, which mainly consists of
776:, used to dissolve oils and grease in laundry stains, and as a popular remedy for eliminating the irritant oil
795:, and is recommended for applications such as oil painting, where humans have close contact with the solvent.
1367:
1116:
20:
1377:
1357:
112:
1133:. Sullivan, Thomas F. P., Bell, Christopher L. (21st ed.). Lanham, Md.: Government Institutes. 2011.
1362:
914:) for Stoddard solvent exposure in the workplace as 500 ppm (2900 mg/m) over an 8-hour workday. The
1162:
919:
911:
144:
for charcoal grills, to remove adhesive residue from non-porous surfaces, and many other common tasks.
1331:
868:
hazard. Prolonged or repeated skin exposure over a long period of time can result in severe irritant
258:
1225:
Dieter Stoye “Solvents” in
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2002, Wiley-VCH, Wienheim.
710:
White spirit is commonly used for cutting fluid in ultraprecision lathes (commonly referred to as
883:
effects. Similar long-term studies have been made in which some of the observed effects included
147:
The word "mineral" in "mineral spirits" or "mineral turpentine" is meant to distinguish it from
968:
Primarily in the United
Kingdom and Australia. In New Zealand "white spirit" can also refer to
880:
650:
496:
1372:
824:
White spirits are a major ingredient in some popular automotive fuel/oil additives, such as
865:
176:
8:
618:
253:
186:
Each type comprises three grades: low flash grade, regular grade, and high flash grade (
1156:
873:
825:
818:
152:
89:
1336:
1327:
1144:
1134:
1110:
1036:
1002:
148:
124:
73:, or as a component thereof, though paint thinner is a broader category of solvent.
1226:
567:
446:
235:
814:
899:
799:
758:
711:
533:
479:
61:
in painting. There are also terms for specific kinds of white spirit, including
837:
660:
550:
430:
141:
1342:
1300:
1351:
1230:
1148:
731:
634:
404:
180:
116:
70:
171:
Three different types and three different grades of white spirit exist. The
969:
948:
888:
766:
727:
516:
220:
82:
792:
773:
693:
463:
191:
108:
78:
209:
hydrocarbons with a boiling range of 140–200 °C (284–392 °F).
869:
853:
781:
750:
689:
156:
93:
973:
841:
807:
803:
746:
742:
704:
584:
195:
115:, as a cleaning solvent, as a degreasing solvent and as a solvent in
97:
54:
861:
788:
777:
772:
White spirit was formerly an active ingredient in the laundry soap
179:(removal of sulfur) alone (type 1), solvent extraction (type 2) or
198:
used as the starting material and the conditions of distillation.
1301:"CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Stoddard solvent"
935:
884:
735:
601:
280:
136:
132:
128:
58:
828:, as they are capable of dissolving varnish and sludge buildup.
836:
Although white spirit is used as an alternative to kerosene in
762:
701:
160:
26:
1079:"Annex 1 – Background document to RAC opinion on white spirit"
754:
303:
is a North
American term corresponding to white spirit type 1
120:
424:
IBP+21 °C (70 °F), max. 220 °C (428 °F)
923:
215:
is a specific mixture of hydrocarbons, typically over 65% C
155:
distilled from fermented biological material) or from true
30:
A 2-litre (3.5 imp pt) container of white spirit
1077:
European
Chemical Agency: Committee for Risk Assessment,
239:
1177:"A Chronology of Historical Developments in Drycleaning"
1186:. State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners. 2007.
753:. It is commonly used as a paint thinner for oil-based
111:, white spirit is insoluble in water and is used as an
1281:"National Transportation Safety Board Incident Report"
891:
etc. White spirit is implicated in the development of
916:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
219:
or higher hydrocarbons, developed in 1924 by
Atlanta
844:, which is a much more volatile gasoline-like fuel.
175:
refers to whether the solvent has been subjected to
688:In industry, white spirit is used for cleaning and
806:inks. It is also used to thin inks used in making
1328:ICPS safety sheet White Spirit (Stoddard Solvent)
692:machine tools and parts, and in conjunction with
1349:
81:, and are recommended for applications such as
57:-derived clear liquid used as a common organic
1243:"Mineral Turpentine (Low Odour) Product Sheet"
784:. It was removed as a potential health risk.
908:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
787:White spirit has a characteristic unpleasant
683:
1343:CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
721:
335:hydrodesulphurized heavy naphtha (petroleum)
319:medium aliphatic solvent naphtha (petroleum)
245:
938:, a combination of aliphatic hydrocarbons C
384:White spirit types 1–3 physical properties
223:W. J. Stoddard and Lloyd E. Jackson of the
77:have been refined to remove the more toxic
16:Petroleum-derived clear, transparent liquid
1098:. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
951:, a form of white gas used as a stove fuel
159:(distilled tree resin, composed mostly of
1009:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1996
351:solvent-refined heavy naphtha (petroleum)
924:immediately dangerous to life and health
423:
25:
1198:"Cleaning Up the Dry Cleaning Standard"
1054:
225:Mellon Institute of Industrial Research
1350:
655:reaction with strong oxidizing agents
375:
367:hydrotreated heavy naphtha (petroleum)
852:White spirit is mainly classed as an
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
997:
995:
993:
166:
13:
1339:– World Health Organization (1996)
831:
813:White spirit is often used inside
534:Explosion limits (Flammable Range)
416:175–200 °C (347–392 °F)
194:). The grade is determined by the
69:. White spirit is often used as a
14:
1389:
1337:Environmental Health Criteria 187
1321:
1020:
990:
858:central nervous system depression
413:145–174 °C (293–345 °F)
410:130–144 °C (266–291 °F)
910:(OSHA) has set the legal limit (
898:Owing to the volatility and low
887:, poor concentration, increased
757:and cleaning brushes, and as an
645:60–75 °C (140–167 °F)
1293:
1273:
1258:
1235:
741:White spirit is an inexpensive
642:60–75 °C (140–167 °F)
639:60–75 °C (140–167 °F)
1219:
1190:
1169:
1123:
1084:
1037:"White spirit (HSG 103, 1996)"
1003:"White spirit (EHC 187, 1996)"
962:
482:kPa at 20 °C (68 °F)
474:> 55 °C (131 °F)
471:31–54 °C (88–129 °F)
75:Odorless mineral spirits (OMS)
1:
1081:, p. 5, adopted 10 June 2011.
983:
468:21–30 °C (70–86 °F)
21:White spirit (disambiguation)
955:
893:chronic toxic encephalopathy
587:cps, 25 °C (77 °F)
41:(US, Canada), also known as
7:
929:
847:
745:-based replacement for the
67:solvent naphtha (petroleum)
10:
1394:
1131:Environmental law handbook
920:recommended exposure limit
912:Permissible exposure limit
684:Degreasing and lubricating
604: % by weight in water
570:at 20 °C (68 °F)
528:230 °C (446 °F)
18:
1332:World Health Organization
1115:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
722:Solvent and paint thinner
654:
525:240 °C (464 °F)
522:240 °C (464 °F)
246:Chemical registry numbers
238:BS 245, in Germany,
1265:"The Prince of Guides".
1231:10.1002/14356007.a24_437
536: % by volume in air
37:(AU, UK and Ireland) or
815:liquid-filled compasses
449:15 °C (59 °F)
1161:: CS1 maint: others (
881:central nervous system
678:
31:
1269:: 24. September 2004.
1184:drycleancoalition.org
232:Turpentine substitute
47:turpentine substitute
29:
1368:Hydrocarbon solvents
728:petroleum distillate
177:hydrodesulfurization
19:For other uses, see
1378:Commodity chemicals
1358:Household chemicals
619:Kauri-butanol value
421:Final boiling point
385:
376:Physical properties
364:white spirit type 3
348:white spirit type 2
332:white spirit type 1
316:white spirit type 0
153:alcoholic beverages
1363:Painting materials
1092:"STODDARD SOLVENT"
918:(NIOSH) has set a
874:contact dermatitis
826:Marvel Mystery Oil
793:aromatic compounds
726:White Spirit is a
502:-butyl acetate = 1
383:
125:wood preservatives
113:extraction solvent
79:aromatic compounds
43:mineral turpentine
32:
885:memory impairment
676:
675:
429:Average relative
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149:distilled spirits
51:petroleum spirits
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1208:on 18 March 2019
1204:. Archived from
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568:Refractive index
447:Relative density
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301:Stoddard solvent
297:Stoddard solvent
266:Descriptive name
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236:British Standard
213:Stoddard solvent
167:Types and grades
63:Stoddard solvent
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900:bioavailability
850:
838:portable stoves
834:
832:Portable stoves
800:screen printing
759:organic solvent
724:
712:diamond turning
686:
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480:Vapour pressure
398:T3: High flash
378:
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218:
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1373:Dry cleaning
1308:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1284:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1260:
1249:. Retrieved
1237:
1221:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1202:www.nfpa.org
1201:
1192:
1183:
1171:
1130:
1125:
1100:. Retrieved
1095:
1086:
1045:. Retrieved
1040:
1011:. Retrieved
1006:
970:Coleman fuel
964:
949:Coleman fuel
905:
897:
889:irritability
878:
851:
835:
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517:Autoignition
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395:T2: Regular
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109:hydrocarbons
87:
83:oil painting
74:
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50:
46:
45:(AU/NZ/ZA),
42:
38:
35:White spirit
34:
33:
1305:www.cdc.gov
774:Fels Naptha
714:machines).
694:cutting oil
519:temperature
464:Flash point
221:dry cleaner
192:flash point
1352:Categories
1310:2015-11-21
1286:2012-11-11
1251:2011-04-30
1212:2017-11-19
1102:2017-11-19
1096:hazard.com
1047:2017-11-19
1013:2017-11-19
984:References
870:dermatitis
866:aspiration
808:monoprints
782:poison ivy
767:oil paints
751:turpentine
730:used as a
690:degreasing
651:Reactivity
602:Solubility
596:0.74–1.65
579:1.41–1.44
497:Volatility
358:64742-48-9
342:64741-92-0
326:64742-82-1
310:64742-88-7
190:refers to
183:(type 3).
157:turpentine
94:open-chain
1157:cite book
1149:757405855
974:white gas
956:Footnotes
842:white gas
804:plastisol
747:vegetable
743:petroleum
734:and mild
705:lubricant
613:< 0.1
593:0.74–1.65
590:0.74–1.65
585:Viscosity
576:1.41–1.44
573:1.41–1.44
389:Property
361:265-150-3
345:265-095-5
329:265-185-4
313:265-191-7
294:232-489-3
291:8052-41-3
277:232-443-2
274:8030-30-6
196:crude oil
133:varnishes
98:alicyclic
90:aliphatic
55:petroleum
1111:cite web
930:See also
862:narcotic
854:irritant
848:Toxicity
789:kerosene
778:urushiol
610:< 0.1
607:< 0.1
403:Initial
129:lacquers
117:aerosols
936:Naphtha
749:-based
736:solvent
702:reaming
542:0.6–6.5
539:0.6–6.5
281:Naphtha
137:asphalt
59:solvent
53:, is a
1147:
1137:
1043:. 1996
819:gauges
763:pinene
629:29–33
562:4.5–5
545:0.6–8
458:0.795
259:EINECS
161:pinene
135:, and
121:paints
49:, and
1246:(PDF)
1180:(PDF)
755:paint
696:as a
669:0.5–6
626:29–33
623:29–33
559:4.5–5
556:4.5–5
553:air=1
511:0.04
455:0.780
452:0.765
407:(IBP)
188:flash
1163:link
1145:OCLC
1135:ISBN
1117:link
817:and
700:and
663:mg/m
508:0.15
505:0.47
491:0.1
441:160
269:Ref
263:Name
205:to C
173:type
104:to C
65:and
1227:doi
798:In
780:in
679:Use
488:0.6
485:1.4
438:150
435:140
254:CAS
240:DIN
163:).
96:or
1354::
1330:–
1303:.
1200:.
1182:.
1159:}}
1155:{{
1143:.
1113:}}
1109:{{
1094:.
1056:^
1039:.
1022:^
1005:.
992:^
976:).
944:12
942:–C
926:.
876:.
821:.
810:.
738:.
707:.
672:4
217:10
207:12
131:,
127:,
123:,
119:,
106:12
92:,
85:.
1313:.
1289:.
1254:.
1229::
1215:.
1165:)
1151:.
1119:)
1105:.
1050:.
1016:.
972:(
940:5
666:—
500:n
203:9
151:(
102:7
100:C
23:.
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