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302:. Because wheat was the most expensive grain to grow, and the process to sift it labor-intensive, white flour was generally limited to special occasions and the wealthy, until the mid-19th century. Then industrial processes eliminated the labor cost, allowing prices to fall until it was accessible to the middle class.
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363:. Eventually, the transformation of white bread from an elite to a common foodstuff became symbolic of the success of industrialization and capitalism in general, especially paired with the advent of machine
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more digestible, some studies finding that the added nutrition in whole grains tends to pass through the body unabsorbed. For some body types and diets, white flour may have been a nutritional benefit.
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by removing the natural oils from the whole grain. Removing the oil allows products made with the flour, like white bread, to be stored for longer periods of time avoiding potential
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has decreased by approximately one-third in the US. Folic acid supplementation was mandated in the UK in
September 2021, joining more than 80 countries in the world with this
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status there. Bread was not a traditional food in Japan, but it came into culinary use there after the
American response to post-World War II Japanese
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proto-civilization 12,000 years ago. But only wheat can feasibly be sifted to produce pure white starch, a technique that goes back to at least
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However, there was a backlash from the popularity of white flour, giving rise to whole grain alternatives popular to this day, such as
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While a bran- and wheatgerm-discarding milling process can help improve white flour's shelf life, it does remove nutrients like some
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1179:
American
Dietetic Association (2005). "Position of the American Dietetic Association: Fortification and Nutritional Supplements".
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466:, these grains have been fortified with mandatory levels of folic acid since 1998 because of its important role in preventing
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Reevaluating the benefits of folic acid fortification in the United States: economic analysis, regulation, and public health
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456:(deficiencies of niacin and thiamine, respectively) and white bread continues to contain these added vitamins to this day.
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gas to remove any slight natural yellow shade and make its baking properties more predictable. This is banned in the
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is another nutrient that some governments have mandated is added to enriched grains like white bread. In the US and
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Ancient
Egyptian aristocracy had access to white bread. In this image bread is depicted in Egypt in about 2,500 BC.
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It also was easier to see as pure and clean, at a time when some foods could be poorly made and adulterated.
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was the standard grain for bread until closing in on the 20th century, while in Europe it was other grains.
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But once accessible, white bread became very popular in industrialized countries for a number of reasons:
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Once it could be easily produced, it went from the most expensive to among the cheapest kinds of flour.
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It can last longer. The wheat oil in whole grain breads can go rancid over time, spoiling its flavor.
19:
This article is about bread made from a light-colored flour. For all bread made for sandwiches, see
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448:. This fortification led to nearly universal eradication of deficiency diseases in the US, such as
374:" or "sandwich loaf". It is often perceived as an unhealthy, bland, and unsophisticated menu item.
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674:"Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan"
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Rajakumar, Kumaravel (March 2000). "Pellagra in the United States: A Historical
Perspective".
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1086:"LA's Latest Hot-Ticket Food Item Is a Plush Loaf of Japanese Bread Baked in a Ghost Kitchen"
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380:, a type of soft white bread, is popular in Asia, particularly in Japan, and has
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That it was traditionally for the wealthy made white wheat bread seem desirable.
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It is more easily chewed and digested. This allows it to be a source of more
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of white flour-based foods with some of the nutrients lost in milling, like
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1316:"Flour will be fortified by folic acid to help reduce spinal birth defects"
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Decline in the prevalence of spina bifida and anencephaly by race/ethnicity
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1045:"LA's 'orgasmic' $ 18 Japanese milk bread sells out in seconds every day"
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The flour used in white breads is often bleached further—by the use of
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749:"Whole Wheat Is No Healthier than White Bread, Food Scientists Claim"
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In the United States, consumers sometimes refer to white bread as "
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359:, which (in their original whole grain form) have more fiber and
244:, and it is generally considered to be less nutritionally dense.
538:, a bleached flour typically used to make a white bread in India
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396:. The style of bread became popular outside Asia in the 2020s.
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Bread made with grass grains goes back to the pre-agriculture
278:. Some chemicals are also banned from use in other countries.
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910:"'In defence of white bread: It's not a political statement'"
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515:, a whole grain bread sometimes made with molasses or coffee
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440:, and iron. This mandate came about in response to the vast
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1345:"white bread unenriched" search results at FoodData Central
979:"What makes shokupan so popular – and where you can buy it"
946:"Three Recipes to Savor to the Last Crumb (Published 2014)"
409:
103:
724:"Why did our ancestors prefer white bread to wholegrains?"
1521:
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872:"Bizarre 'Anglo men' white bread claim triggers backlash"
567:, baking processes that lead to lighter, less sour breads
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made it a popular medium for the delivery of flavorful
275:
1270:"Cambridge Journals Online - Public Health Nutrition"
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561:, pre-sliced and packaged bread, first sold in 1928
870:
247:The milling process can give white flour a longer
1119:"That hyped £11 milk bread has arrived in London"
1917:
791:
555:, a bread that can be darker or neutral in color
532:, an early reintroduction of an unbleached bread
521:, another common process for mass-produced bread
611:"Glycemic index for 60+ foods - Harvard Health"
1012:"Japanese Milk Bread Is Coming for Your Lunch"
774:"White Bread May Not Be Bad for You After All"
638:Manufacture of Food & Beverages (2nd Edn.)
1375:
1151:"Grains - What foods are in the grain group?"
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444:seen in US military recruits at the start of
1259:: 1995-2002. Pediatrics. 2005; 116: 580-586.
1181:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
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424:. The US government has mandated since 1941
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322:And the lack of both coarseness and complex
641:. Niir Project Consultancy Services, 2012.
160:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1304:. Am J Public Health. 2005; 95: 1917-1922.
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118:process, producing a light-colored flour.
16:Type of bread made from white wheat flour
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470:. Since fortification began, the rate of
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
592:Homemade white bread with strawberry jam
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110:layers have been removed from the whole
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578:, one common alternative to white bread
1918:
1157:. USDA.gov. 2009-10-01. Archived from
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836:Borrow-Strain, Aaron (4 March 2012).
804:. Gibbs Smith, Publisher. p. 9.
1322:from the original on 7 February 2023
1314:Knapton, Sarah (19 September 2021).
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925:from the original on 7 February 2023
889:from the original on 7 February 2023
850:from the original on 7 February 2023
158:adding citations to reliable sources
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908:de Graaff, Jane (9 February 2022).
13:
1043:Beckett, Lois (11 December 2022).
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1010:Krader, Kate (18 September 2019).
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869:Clark, Georgia (9 February 2022).
838:"The rise and fall of white bread"
613:. Health.harvard.edu. 2021-11-16.
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1318:. Telegraph Media Group Limited.
1131:from the original on 30 July 2023
1098:from the original on 30 July 2023
1065:from the original on 30 July 2023
991:from the original on 30 July 2023
977:Imada, Kaila (13 February 2023).
958:from the original on 30 July 2023
236:White bread contains half of the
114:as part of the flour grinding or
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1228:10.1097/00007611-200093030-00005
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1117:Sims, Alex (28 December 2022).
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1084:Trinh, Jean (9 November 2022).
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944:Moskin, Julia (22 April 2014).
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780:from the original on 2023-02-07
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680:from the original on 2022-02-28
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617:from the original on 2023-02-24
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699:"THE HISTORY OF WHITE FLOUR"
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1272:. Journals.cambridge.org.
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635:NPCS board (2012-10-01).
519:Chorleywood bread process
400:White bread fortification
337:. It also does make some
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1216:Southern Medical Journal
66:glycaemic load 37 (100g)
1248:Williams, L.J., et al.
920:Nine Entertainment Co.
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260:flour bleaching agents
81:Media: White bread
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525:Flour treatment agent
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442:nutrient deficiencies
422:essential fatty acids
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798:Mercuri, B. (2009).
751:. 13 November 2017.
571:Ultra-processed food
154:improve this section
94:typically refers to
1293:Grosse, S., et al.
883:News Corp Australia
878:The Daily Telegraph
726:. 29 January 2017.
472:neural tube defects
378:Japanese milk bread
30:
1507:Calcium propanoate
1350:Bread, white wheat
1300:2019-05-14 at the
1255:2023-02-05 at the
951:The New York Times
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1829:Brand name breads
1666:Maillard reaction
1512:Dough conditioner
1155:ChooseMyPlate.gov
811:978-1-4236-1192-9
801:American Sandwich
576:Whole wheat bread
264:potassium bromate
242:whole-wheat bread
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63:Other information
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1808:History of bread
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1691:Sponge and dough
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173:"White bread"
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169:Find sources:
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139:This section
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1926:Wheat breads
1904:
1889:Toast dishes
1884:Swiss breads
1879:Sweet breads
1869:Quick breads
1834:Bread dishes
1747:French toast
1732:Bread pakora
1722:Bread crumbs
1466:
1355:Bread, white
1326:20 September
1324:. Retrieved
1309:
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1278:. Retrieved
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1159:the original
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1050:The Guardian
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668:
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637:
630:
619:. Retrieved
605:
582:Wonder Bread
565:Vienna bread
559:Sliced bread
547:Pullman loaf
530:Graham bread
458:
446:World War II
403:
376:
369:
365:sliced bread
350:
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293:
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168:
152:Please help
140:
91:
90:
1839:Bread rolls
1788:Breadmaking
1686:Pre-slicing
1681:Pre-ferment
1603:Stand mixer
1588:Farinograph
1490:Ingredients
1472:Whole wheat
1467:White bread
1437:Salt-rising
1407:Brown bread
929:10 February
893:10 February
536:Maida flour
513:Brown bread
504:Food portal
490:White bread
357:corn flakes
305:In the US,
214:August 2023
100:wheat flour
92:White bread
57:Wheat flour
28:White bread
1762:Sandwiches
1727:Bread bowl
1629:techniques
1462:Unleavened
1447:Soda bread
1422:Multigrain
1280:2010-11-07
1165:2012-01-06
822:2016-03-13
784:2020-04-12
759:2020-04-12
734:2020-04-12
709:2020-04-12
684:2020-04-12
659:2021-11-26
621:2022-02-12
597:References
542:Plain loaf
460:Folic acid
434:riboflavin
414:B vitamins
328:condiments
249:shelf life
184:newspapers
112:wheatberry
98:made from
1661:Leavening
1636:Autolysis
1578:Bread pan
1561:Equipment
1452:Sourdough
1432:Rye bread
1417:Flatbread
1059:0261-3077
553:Rye bread
478:measure.
388:included
307:corn meal
253:rancidity
240:found in
238:magnesium
141:does not
122:Nutrition
1920:Category
1906:Category
1757:Stuffing
1742:Croutons
1696:Steaming
1676:Proofing
1656:Kneading
1457:Sprouted
1320:Archived
1298:Archived
1274:Archived
1253:Archived
1236:10728513
1201:16182650
1129:Archived
1096:Archived
1091:Eater LA
1063:Archived
1022:Archived
989:Archived
956:Archived
923:Archived
915:9Kitchen
887:Archived
854:26 March
848:Archived
816:Archived
778:Archived
753:Archived
728:Archived
703:Archived
678:Archived
653:Archived
615:Archived
482:See also
454:beriberi
450:pellagra
335:calories
262:such as
106:and the
1613:Toaster
1135:30 July
1102:30 July
1069:30 July
1028:30 July
995:30 July
962:30 July
430:thiamin
382:artisan
282:History
198:scholar
162:removed
147:sources
116:milling
1783:Bakery
1641:Baking
1608:Warmer
1234:
1199:
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645:
464:Canada
438:niacin
390:relief
296:Natufi
200:
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171:
96:breads
74:
1776:Other
1767:Toast
1752:Rusks
1552:Water
1547:Sugar
1527:Flour
1427:Quick
1399:Types
1391:Bread
843:Salon
394:wheat
270:, or
205:JSTOR
191:books
47:Bread
1849:Buns
1715:Uses
1646:Biga
1598:Peel
1593:Lame
1568:Oven
1542:Salt
1537:Milk
1517:Eggs
1502:Barm
1328:2021
1232:PMID
1197:PMID
1137:2023
1104:2023
1071:2023
1055:ISSN
1030:2023
997:2023
964:2023
931:2022
895:2022
856:2021
806:ISBN
643:ISBN
452:and
420:and
410:iron
355:and
177:news
145:any
143:cite
108:germ
104:bran
43:Type
1522:Fat
1412:Bun
1224:doi
1189:doi
1185:105
156:by
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