White House travel office controversy

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involvement of Vince Foster and Harry Thomason. "Foster regularly informed me that the First Lady was concerned and desired action. The action desired was the firing of the Travel Office staff." Written in fall 1993, apparently intended for McLarty, the Watkins memo also said "we both know that there would be hell to pay" if "we failed to take swift and decisive action in conformity with the First Lady's wishes." This memo contradicted the First Lady's previous statements in the GAO investigation, that she had played no role in the firings and had not consulted with Thomason beforehand. The White House also found it difficult to explain why the memo was so late in surfacing when all the previous investigations had requested all relevant materials. House committee chair Clinger charged a

421:, who called for an independent investigation. As Chief of Staff McLarty personally apologized to the fired Travel Office employees—some of whom had all their personal documents and travel photographs related to years of service thrown out during the firing process—and said they would be given other jobs (which five of them were; Dale and his assistant director retired.) The White House report also contained the initial indications of the First Lady's involvement in the firings, saying that she had taken an interest in the Travel Office's alleged mismanagement and had been informed two days in advance that the firings would take place. There was no indication of involvement from President Clinton himself, although he had earlier taken broad public responsibility for what had happened. 593: 796:

saying that the First Lady had told Watkins to "fire the sons of bitches." Ray cited eight separate conversations between the First Lady and senior staff and concluded: "Mrs. Clinton’s input into the process was significant, if not the significant factor influencing the pace of events in the Travel Office firings and the ultimate decision to fire the employees." Moreover, Ray determined Hillary Clinton had given "factually false" testimony when questioned by the GAO, the Independent Counsel, and Congress about the travel office firings, but reiterated that "the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt" that she knew her statements were false or understood that they may have prompted the firings.

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office affair, more than any other investigation. The report's chapter titles were lurid: "The White House Stonewalled All Investigations into the White House Travel Office Firings and Related Matters", "The White House Initiated a Full-Scale Campaign of Misinformation in the Aftermath of the Travel Office Firings and President Clinton Led the Misinformation Campaign from the First Days of the Travelgate Debacle", "Foster's Death Shattered a White House Just Recovering from an Abysmal First 6 Months of Administration", and so forth. Democratic members of the Committee walked out in protest over the report, with ranking member

2720: 554:, charged with wrongfully depositing into his own bank account $ 68,000 in checks from media organizations traveling with the president during the period between 1988 and 1991. He faced up to 20 years in prison if convicted. Dale's attorneys conceded that funds had been co-mingled, but stated that Dale had not stolen anything but rather used the monies for the substantial tips and off-the-book payments that the job required, especially in foreign countries, and that anything left over was used as a discount against future trips. 688:, which had begun the previous year, issued its findings in a majority report on June 18, 1996; it did not investigate Travelgate directly, but did say that " Clinton, upon learning of Foster's death, at least realized its connection to Travelgate scandal, and perhaps to the Whitewater matter, and dispatched her trusted lieutenants to contain any potential embarrassment or political damage." Minority Democratic members of the Committee derided these findings as "a legislative travesty," "a witch hunt," and "a political game." 327:, a friend of both Clintons, and his business partner, Darnell Martens, were looking to get their air charter company, TRM, the White House business in place of Airline of the Americas. The Clinton campaign had been TRM's sole client during 1992, collecting commissions from booking charter flights for the campaign. Martens wanted the White House to award TRM a $ 500,000 contract for an aircraft audit, while also seeking Travel Office charter business as an intermediary which did not own any planes. 432:. In his torn-up resignation note from a few days before, he wrote "No one in The White House, to my knowledge, violated any law or standard of conduct, including any action in the Travel Office. There was no intent to benefit any individual or specific group. The press is covering up the illegal benefits they received from the travel staff". (In the last part, Foster may have been referring to lax customs treatment by the Travel Office of goods brought back from foreign trips by reporters.) 2713: 445:

potential business interests involved, had possibly influenced the decision. Moreover, the GAO report indicated that the First Lady played a larger role than previously thought before the firings, with Watkins saying she had urged "that action be taken to get 'our people' into the travel office." The First Lady, who had given a written statement to the inquiry, said she did "not recall this conversation with the same level of detail as Mr. Watkins."

718: 292: 875:'Travelgate'... was perhaps worthy of a two- or three-week life span; instead, in a partisan political climate, it became the first manifestation of an obsession for investigation that persisted into the next millennium." Many in the Clinton inner circle would always believe that political motivations had been behind the investigation, including an attempt to derail Hillary Clinton's role in the 627:, who had endorsed Bill Clinton in the previous election, wrote that many Americans were coming to the "sad realization that our First Lady—a woman of undoubted talents who was a role model for many in her generation—is a congenital liar" who "has never been called to account for lying herself or in suborning lying in her aides and friends," followed by White House Press Secretary 787:

contrary to her statements, "ultimately influenced" the decision to fire the employees. However, "the evidence was insufficient to prove to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt that any of Mrs. Clinton's statements and testimony regarding her involvement in the travel office firings were knowingly false," and thus prosecution was declined. White House press secretary

803:, Hillary Clinton's lawyer, said that Ray's words were "highly unfair and misleading" and that Ray's conclusions were inconsistent, that evidence regarding her innocence had been buried in the document, and that the report confirmed that her fears about financial improprieties in the Travel Office were warranted. On the other hand, 417:

allowing friends of the Clintons to become involved in a matter with which they had a business stake. It said that the employees should instead have been placed on administrative leave. However, the White House said no illegal actions had occurred, and no officials would be terminated; this did not satisfy Senate Minority Leader

334:(FBI), since on May 12, 1993, a week before the firings, associate White House counsel William Kennedy had requested that the FBI look into possible improprieties in the Travel Office operation. FBI agents went there and, although initially reluctant, authorized a preliminary investigation. Deputy White House Counsel 471:, Foster, and indirectly the travel office matter. On July 22, 1995, Hillary Clinton gave a deposition under oath to the Independent Counsel that touched on travel office questions; she denied having had a role in the firings, but was unable to recall many specifics of conversations with Foster and Watkins. 575:

testified as character witnesses on Dale's behalf. Much of the trial focused on the details of the movement of Travel Office funds into Dale's personal account, and not on the political overtones of the case. The jury acquitted Dale of both charges on November 16, 1995, following less than two hours

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The Congressional investigation continued; on March 21, 1996, Hillary Clinton submitted a deposition under oath to the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, again acknowledging concern about irregularities in the Travel Office but denying a direct role in the firings and expressing a lack

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termed "strikingly self-critical". Co-written by Chief of Staff McLarty, it criticized five White House officials, included McLarty himself, Watkins, Kennedy, Cornelius, and another, for dismissing the Travel Office members improperly, for appearing to pressure the FBI into its involvement, and for

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became an important Supreme Court decision. The length, expense, and results of the Travelgate and the other investigations grouped under the Whitewater umbrella turned much of the public against the Independent Counsel mechanism. As such, the Independent Counsel law expired in 1999, with critics

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calling it "an embarrassment to you , this committee and this Congress" and "a crassly partisan smear campaign against President Clinton, Mrs. Clinton and this administration." The following month Clinger forwarded the report, along with one on Filegate, to the Independent Counsel, suggesting that

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The House Government Reform and Oversight Committee issued its majority report on September 18, 1996, in which it accused the Clinton administration of having obstructed the committee's efforts to investigate the Travelgate scandal. It portrayed Bill Clinton as being heavily involved in the travel

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became worried about the firings about to take place and ordered the KPMG Peat Marwick review, asking the FBI to hold off in the meantime. The accounting review started on May 14 and the report was given to the White House on May 17. KPMG was unable to do an actual audit, because there were so few

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Ray's full 243-page report was unsealed and made public on October 18, 2000, three weeks before the Senatorial election. It confirmed that neither Hillary Clinton nor David Watkins would be indicted. It included some new detail, including a somewhat unsubstantiated claim from a friend of Watkins

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The travel office affair quickly became the first major ethics controversy of the Clinton presidency and an embarrassment for the new administration. Criticism from political opponents and especially the news media became intense; the White House was later described as having been "paralyzed for a

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thus decided to fire the Travel Office staff and reorganize it. The actual terminations were done on May 19, 1993, by White House director of administration David Watkins. There was also a feeling among the White House and its supporters that the Travel Office had never been investigated by the

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over charges related to the Lewinsky scandal. Here, for the first time, Starr exonerated President Clinton of complicity in the travel office affair, saying that while investigations were not complete, "the president was not involved in our... investigation." (Starr also chose this occasion to

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On June 23, 2000, the suspense ended when Ray submitted the final Independent Counsel report on the travel office affair under seal to the judicial panel in charge of the investigation and publicly announced that he would seek no criminal charges against Hillary Clinton. Ray said that she had,

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Meanwhile, the FBI investigation of the Travel Office practices themselves continued, soon focusing on Travel Office Director Billy Dale. who was charged with embezzlement but found not guilty in 1995. During the summer of 1993, the other staffers of the office were informed that they were no

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expand his inquiry to specifically include the travel office affair, in particular allegations that White House employees had lied about Hillary Clinton's role in the firings, and that David Watkins or Hillary Clinton had made false statements in previous testimony to the GAO, Congress, or the

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On January 5, 1996, a new development thrust the travel office matter again to the forefront. A two-year-old memo from White House director of administration David Watkins surfaced that identified First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton as the motivating force behind the firings, with the additional

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investigate the firings; on May 2, 1994, the GAO concluded that the White House did have legal authority to terminate the Travel Office employees without cause, because they served at the pleasure of the president. However, it also concluded that Cornelius, Thomason, and Martens, who all had

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On June 5, 1996, Clinger announced that the committee's investigations had discovered that the White House had requested access to Billy Dale's FBI background check report seven months after the terminations, in what Clinger said was an improper effort to justify the firings. It was rapidly

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would claim that the magazine's early Travelgate stories provided useful material to the congressional investigations. In general, Clinton administration controversies such as Travelgate allowed opinion magazines and political debate television shows to attract subscribers and viewers.

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issued his final report on Travelgate. He sought no charges against her, saying that while some of Clinton's statements were factually false, there was insufficient evidence that these statements were either knowingly false or that she understood that her statements led to the firings.

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that audits are based upon. One KPMG representative later described the office as "an ungodly mess in terms of records" with ten years of material piled up in a closet. When the review came back with its reports of irregularities, Watkins went ahead with the terminations on May 19.

134:. It began in May 1993, when seven employees of the White House Travel Office were fired. This action was unusual because executive-branch employees typically remain in their posts for many years (even though they can be terminated by, and serve at the pleasure of, the President). 480: 397: 1383:"Final Report of the Independent Counsel ... of Matters Related to the White House Travel office" – Martens Complained to Thomason About His Rejection by the Travel Office, Which Ultimately Was Communicated to the President, First Lady, and Other Senior White House Staff 729:

Almost two years passed. Independent Counsel Starr continued his investigation. Starr wanted access to notes that Vince Foster's attorney took in a conversation with Foster about the travel office affair shortly before Foster's suicide, but on June 25, 1998, the

228:, and had seven employees with a yearly budget of $ 7 million. Staffers serve at the pleasure of the president; however, in practice, the staffers were career employees who in some cases had worked in the Travel Office since the 1960s and 1970s, through both 525:, which had a well-established animus towards the First Couple, focused on the Travelgate story as one of many Clinton-related matters it thought scandalous, describing it as "a story about influence-peddling and sleazy deal-making... in the Clinton White House". 511:, launched an investigation into the White House Travel Office firings. In October 1995, the committee began hearings on the matter; Clinger soon accused the White House of withholding pertinent documents and sought subpoenas to compel witnesses to appear. 842:

Opinions would differ over the legacy of the affair. Some agreed with Safire, who had said that Hillary Clinton was "a vindictive power player who used the FBI to ruin the lives of people standing in the way of juicy patronage." Conservative commentator

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clear President Clinton in the Filegate matter, and to say he had not committed impeachable wrongdoing in the Whitewater matter; Democrats on the committee immediately criticized Starr for withholding all these findings until after the

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to take over the travel business and that the involvement of the FBI was unwarranted. Heavy media attention forced the White House to reinstate most of the employees in other jobs and remove the Clinton associates from the travel role.

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was critical of Ray's statement: "By inappropriately characterizing the results of a legally sealed report through innuendo, the Office of Independent Counsel has further politicized an investigation that has dragged on far too long."

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led an unsuccessful attempt to block this measure. In May 1996, the seven filed a $ 35 million lawsuit against Harry Thomason and Darnell Martens, alleging unlawful interference with their employment and emotional distress.

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of recollection to a number of questions. A battle of wills took place between the legislative and executive branches. On May 9, 1996, President Clinton refused to turn over additional documents related to the matter, claiming

2670: 783:, Clinton's then-opponent in the Senate race. Regardless, Ray vowed his investigation would have "no untoward effect on the political process." Ray was determined to wrap up the case before the end of Bill Clinton's term. 267:

According to the White House, the incoming Clinton administration had heard rumors of irregularities in the Travel Office and possible kickbacks to an office employee from a charter air company. They looked at a review by

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Bill Clinton later described the allegations and investigation as "a fraud", while in her 2003 autobiography Hillary Clinton gave short shrift to the matter, never mentioning Billy Dale by name and saying that

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discovered that the White House had additionally gotten improper access to hundreds of other FBI background reports, many on former White House employees in Republican administrations; thus was born the

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columnist Safire updated his description of Hillary Clinton to "habitual prevaricator", saying "the evidence that she has been lying all along is damning" and comparing her dark side to that of

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Meanwhile, the seven dismissed employees were back in the picture. In March 1996 the House voted 350–43 to reimburse them for all of their legal expenses; in September 1996, Democratic Senator

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Hillary Clinton gradually came under scrutiny for allegedly having played a central role in the firings and making false statements about her involvement therein. In 2000, Independent Counsel

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media due to its close relationship with press corps members and the plush accommodations it afforded them and favors it did for them. (Congress would later discover that in October 1988, a

247:, and had started in the Travel Office in 1961. To handle the frequent last-minute arrangements of presidential travel and the specialized requirements of the press, Dale did not conduct 2700: 197: 1606:"Final Report of the Independent Counsel ... of Matters Related to the White House Travel office" – Mrs. Clinton's Statements Regarding Her Involvement in the Travel Office Firings 500: 488: 162: 3074: 2760: 376:

On May 28, 1993, the FBI issued a report saying it had done nothing wrong in its contacts with the White House. (This conclusion was reiterated by a March 1994 report by the

2350: 1432: 2323: 1608: 1385: 1358: 879:. But associate White House counsel William Kennedy would also later reflect that some of it was just "pure palpable hatred of the Clintons. It started and it never quit." 1995: 1578: 971: 3144: 216:

The White House Travel Office, known officially as either the White House Travel and Telegraph Office or the White House Telegraph and Travel Office, dates back to the

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The White House stated the firings were done because financial improprieties in the Travel Office operation during previous administrations had been revealed by an

2606: 2426: 851:, in reference to Clinton's Travelgate phrase. However, these had little effect on Hillary Clinton's career, as she won the 2000 election to the Senate, won 2843: 661:

resolution against the president, and the White House partially backed down on May 30, surrendering 1,000 of the 3,000 documents the committee asked for.

3186: 3139: 3079: 361:. Within three days of the firings, World Wide Travel voluntarily withdrew from the White House travel operation and were replaced on a temporary basis by 634:

As a result of the discovery of the Watkins memo, and based upon a suggestion from the Office of Independent Counsel, on March 20, 1996, Attorney General

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search conducted July 24, 2011, for the years 1993–2010 found about 10,000 hits for "White House" "travel office" and about 6,000 hits for "Travelgate".

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had endorsed Bill Clinton in 1992, but by 1996 he was the First Lady's most infamous critic and his nose a metaphorical target for the President's ire.

1993:"Final Report of the Independent Counsel... of Matters Related to the White House Travel office" – The Jurisdictional Grant to the Independent Counsel 2665: 2614: 2075: 1914: 631:

saying that "the President, if he were not the President, would have delivered a more forceful response to that—on the bridge of Mr. Safire's nose."

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tangentially investigated travel office events during the first half of 1994, as part of investigating the circumstances surrounding Foster's death.

3374: 3338: 2378: 3224: 2695: 1078: 3049: 3044: 2734: 1261: 1170: 224:, with costs billed to the participating news organizations. By the time of the start of the Clinton administration, it was quartered in the 3364: 1551: 3134: 3059: 2848: 2802: 2675: 2625: 852: 772: 864: 856: 1862: 1761: 288:

within the Travel Office had alleged financial improprieties; the Reagan White House counsel looked into the claim but took no action.)

3102: 2868: 592: 319:-based World Wide Travel, a company with a substantial reputation in the industry but with several ties to the Clintons. In addition, 2585: 1326: 610: 2066: 315:

Catherine Cornelius, had sought the firings in order to get the business for themselves. Dale and his staff had been replaced with

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Starr explicitly did not exonerate Hillary Clinton, however; her case remained unsettled. More time passed. By 2000, she was

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which discovered that Dale kept an off-book ledger, had $ 18,000 of unaccounted-for checks, and kept chaotic office records.

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Meanwhile, as a consequence of the FBI investigation, former Travel Office Director Billy Dale was indicted by a federal

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Travel Services. (Later, after a competitive bid, American Express received the permanent role to book press charters.)

3359: 2919: 2786: 2780: 2690: 2443: 2293: 2235: 2162: 2088: 2047: 1970: 1935: 1886: 1718: 1644: 1628: 1526: 1493: 1474: 1209: 1144: 1126: 2966: 2765: 2617: 929: 894: 876: 244: 233: 229: 3196: 3191: 2940: 2833: 2637: 340: 331: 2534: 2180: 1841: 1695: 969:"Final Report of the Independent Counsel ... of Matters Related to the White House Travel office" – Introduction 2817: 2807: 2680: 628: 815:, her Republican opponent in the Senate election, said "We believe that character counts in public service." 3307: 2578: 1773: 741: 225: 2998: 2945: 2321:"Final Report of the Independent Counsel... of Matters Related to the White House Travel office" – Findings 2149: 2031: 2015: 1911: 1907: 1544: 1071: 2256: 1052: 3331: 2797: 2744: 2493: 1922: 1559: 1086: 804: 760: 320: 141:

investigation. Critics contended the firings were done to allow friends and campaign donors of President

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Travel Office Director Billy Ray Dale had held that position since 1982, serving through most of the

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Republicans and other critics saw the events differently. They alleged that friends of President

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House Report 104-849 – Investigation of the White House Travel Office Firings and Related Matters

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House Report 104-849 – Investigation of the White House Travel Office Firings and Related Matters

1988: 1601: 1424: 1378: 1351: 964: 860: 776: 508: 221: 201: 184: 2509: 2958: 2863: 1785: 1292: 1191: 811:, said the report "once again makes us question" the believability of Clinton, and Congressman 702: 614: 572: 530: 521: 300: 296: 146: 131: 91: 1817: 725:

exonerated President Clinton with respect to Travelgate, but not the First Lady, in late 1998.

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The travel office controversy was subsequently judged to have been a factor in Vince Foster's

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all took place over the subsequent years. Travel Office Director Billy Dale was charged with

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On July 2, 1993, the White House issued its own 80-page report on the firings, one that the

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saying it cost too much with too few results; even Kenneth Starr favored the law's demise.

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extends beyond the grave. In September 1998 Independent Counsel Starr released the famous

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records in the Travel Office that could be audited and because the office did not use the

8: 3232: 2218: 2114: 2063: 1867: 1201: 1032: 913: 899: 654: 642: 551: 461: 425: 280: 248: 209: 169: 3313: 2950: 2884: 2448: 2404: 2298: 2240: 2231: 2167: 2144: 1975: 1940: 1891: 1741: 1723: 1583: 1531: 1498: 1479: 1149: 748:, concerning offenses that may have been committed by President Clinton as part of the 731: 358: 2462: 857:

strong contender for the Democratic Party nomination in the 2008 presidential election

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These developments, following Hillary Clinton's prior disputed statements about her

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At the 13-day trial in October and November 1995, prominent journalists such as

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Starting in May 1993, Travelgate was the first major ethics controversy of the

217: 2549: 3353: 2853: 1265: 844: 820: 780: 722: 681: 645: 562: 464: 285: 205: 177: 2528: 2376:"Ray: First lady's answers false in travel office probe, but no prosecution" 1405: 925: 3259: 3218: 2982: 2792: 788: 745: 693: 547: 504: 484: 403: 335: 312: 308: 276: 173: 142: 85: 3301: 3295: 2770: 2467: 2145:"Republican Report Stokes the Partisan Fires : Whitewater Unchained" 1736: 1692: 1226: 2105: 812: 665: 635: 543: 2463:"Will D.C. Circuit Nominee's Conservative Credentials Be His Undoing?" 1836: 291: 196: 1842:"104-484 Reimbursement of Former White House Travel Office Employees" 1790:

The Clinton Crack-Up: The Boy President's Life After the White House

775:, and Starr had been replaced as Independent Counsel by prosecutor 717: 674: 586: 499:

which switched Congress from Democratic to Republican control, the

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Historical Encyclopedia of U.S. Independent Counsel Investigations

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Historical Encyclopedia of U.S. Independent Counsel Investigations

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Historical Encyclopedia of U.S. Independent Counsel Investigations

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Not all investigations were by governmental bodies. The magazine

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administration and serves to handle travel arrangements for the

1759:"Why We Couldn't Get Enough: Clinton's Legacy of Entertainment" 1629:"Clinton and Hollywood Producer Met on Contract, a Memo Shows" 1579:"Note Left by White House Aide: Accusation, Anger and Despair" 826:

Regardless, after 7½ years, Travelgate was finally over.

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The White House Travel Office was responsible for getting the

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the testimony of several witnesses be looked at for possible

2548:. Department of Justice, Independent Counsel. Archived from 2400:" New Criticism of First Lady In Final Travel Office Report" 2016:"Clinton Invokes Executive Privilege In Travel Office Probe" 1887:"Memo Places Hillary Clinton At Core of Travel Office Case" 1028:"For White House Travel Office, a Two-Year Trip of Trouble" 579: 474: 448: 176:

but found not guilty in 1995. In 1998, Independent Counsel

64:

Fired White House travel office director acquitted at trial

2197:"High Court Upholds Attorney-Client Privilege After Death" 1645:"Clintons' Friend Threatened With Subpoena in Travel Case" 1494:"Travel Outfit Tied to Clinton Halts Work for White House" 1475:"First Lady Urged Dismissals At Travel Office, Study Says" 849:

Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton

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exonerated Bill Clinton of any involvement in the matter.

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UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict

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op-ed page, October 23, 2000. Retrieved March 23, 2008.

1971:"White House Says President Would Like to Punch Safire" 1818:"Former Director of White House Travel Office Indicted" 2312: 2310: 2308: 1802:"A history of indictments involving White House staff" 1420: 1418: 2110:"White House Obtained FBI Data on Fired Travel Chief" 1597: 1595: 1593: 865:

ran for president again in 2016, becoming the nominee

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would entitle her highly unflattering 1999 book

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White House director of administration David Watkins

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class notes, March 8, 2000. Retrieved July 1, 2007.

2032:"White House Surrenders Documents, Avoids Contempt" 1415: 960: 958: 773:

a candidate for United States Senator from New York

589:was taking place and vowed to pursue new material. 406:

took some of the early heat for Travelgate in 1993.

67:

President Clinton exonerated by Independent Counsel

2257:"Robert Ray '82 picks up where Ken Starr left off" 2236:"Democrats Challenge Starr on Delayed Exoneration" 1590: 956: 954: 952: 950: 948: 946: 944: 942: 940: 938: 440:In July 1993, Congress requested the non-partisan 2337: 1527:"White House Rebukes 4 In Travel Office Shake-Up" 755:On November 19, 1998, Starr testified before the 617:, led to a famous exchange in which high-profile 37:Originating events 1993; investigations 1993–2000 3351: 1982: 752:. It did not mention the travel office matter. 191: 130:, was the first major ethics controversy of the 16:Ethics controversy of the Clinton administration 2064:"Reid Leaks Documents, Slams Travelgate Figure" 1871:, November 2, 1995. Retrieved January 10, 2009. 1347: 1345: 1297:The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr 935: 712: 501:House Government Reform and Oversight Committee 489:House Government Reform and Oversight Committee 330:Attention initially focused on the role of the 163:House Government Reform and Oversight Committee 2418:"Ray: Hillary testimony was 'factually false'" 2163:" Excerpts From Majority Report on Whitewater" 1319: 1317: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1059:, September 18, 1996. Retrieved June 16, 2007. 657:. House committee chair Clinger threatened a 262: 2607:11th Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast 2579: 2474: 2244:, November 20, 1998. Retrieved June 12, 2007. 2222:, November 19, 1998. Retrieved June 12, 2007. 2089:" Ex-Staff of White House Travel Office Sues" 2079:, September 22, 1996. Retrieved July 1, 2007. 1954:"Criticism continues against Hillary Clinton" 1944:, January 8, 1996. Retrieved August 20, 2008. 1832: 1830: 1808:, November 26, 2005. 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Retrieved January 10, 2009. 1139: 1137: 1135: 1067: 1065: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 823:, in whose White House he had once worked. 70:First Lady Clinton and Watkins not indicted 3370:Presidential scandals in the United States 2681:Foreign policy of the Obama administration 2586: 2572: 2206: 2098: 1827: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1246: 1156: 153:Further investigations by the FBI and the 2803:State Children's Health Insurance Program 2531:– GAO Report GAO/GGD-94-132. May 2, 1994. 2516:, June 24, 2004. Retrieved June 16, 2007. 2503: 2487: 2471:, March 7, 2006. Retrieved April 4, 2009. 2392: 2364: 2279: 2247: 2225: 2190: 2171:, June 16, 1996. Retrieved June 30, 2007. 2156: 2153:, June 19, 1996. Retrieved June 30, 2007. 2134: 2025: 2009: 1963: 1947: 1898: 1874: 1811: 1795: 1748: 1739:, "Confessions of a Right-Wing Hit Man", 1565: 1538: 1505: 1502:, May 22, 1993. 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Retrieved June 28, 2007. 1179:, June 7, 1993. Retrieved June 16, 2007. 1132: 1089:, June 6, 1996. Retrieved June 16, 2007. 1062: 1039: 980:United States Government Printing Office 926:"White House – Travel Office Operations" 716: 591: 580:A memo surfaces regarding the First Lady 478: 475:Oversight Committee investigation begins 449:Independent Counsel investigation begins 395: 290: 195: 3375:1993 controversies in the United States 2174: 2095:, May 18, 1996. Retrieved July 1, 2007. 2022:, May 9, 1996. Retrieved June 17, 2007. 1779: 1680: 1483:, May 3, 1994. Retrieved June 30, 2007. 1273: 538:Prosecution and acquittal of Billy Dale 251:for travel services, but relied upon a 21:For the South African controversy, see 3352: 2529:White House – Travel Office Operations 2510:"Clinton 'Proud' of Impeachment Fight" 2185:United States House of Representatives 1838:United States House of Representatives 546:on December 7, 1994, on two counts of 467:took over from Fiske in investigating 388:longer a target of the investigation. 2567: 2057: 1446: 1369:, October 18, 2000. pp. 44–48, 61–65. 1187: 1185: 888: 836:Swidler & Berlin v. United States 737:Swidler & Berlin v. United States 382:Office of Professional Responsibility 353:week". The effect was intensified by 204:into place, including landing before 124:White House travel office controversy 29:White House travel office controversy 3365:Clinton administration controversies 1145:"White House Ousts Its Travel Staff" 3050:2006 US Senate election in New York 3045:2000 US Senate election in New York 2740:Family Entertainment Protection Act 2696:UN Security Council Resolution 1888 2593: 2540: 809:New York Republican State Committee 686:Senate Special Whitewater Committee 368:Various investigations took place. 323:producer and Inauguration chairman 13: 1182: 14: 3391: 2844:Tenures as First Lady of Arkansas 2522: 2048:" House Votes To Repay 7 Workers" 766:1998 Congressional elections 347: 245:George H. W. Bush administrations 2968:An Invitation to the White House 2718: 2711: 2618:United States Secretary of State 1824:press release, December 7, 1994. 1324:Letters – Travel Office Travails 930:Government Accountability Office 2638:First Lady of the United States 2455: 2411: 2266: 2121: 1928: 1855: 1730: 1711: 1654: 1399: 707:1996 presidential election 341:double-entry bookkeeping system 332:Federal Bureau of Investigation 45:Washington, D.C., United States 2925:"Basket of deplorables" (2016) 2839:Career in corporate governance 2818:White House Millennium Council 2808:Adoption and Safe Families Act 2361:, October 18, 2000. pp. 70–73. 1770:Undergraduate Research Journal 1396:, October 18, 2000. pp. 66–69. 1231:"Travelgate: The Untold Story" 919: 906: 157:, the White House itself, the 1: 3380:Hillary Clinton controversies 3095:2016 US presidential election 1774:Indiana University South Bend 882: 435: 226:Old Executive Office Building 192:The White House Travel Office 2890:State Department controversy 2813:Foster Care Independence Act 2274:The Death of American Virtue 2150:International Herald-Tribune 877:1993 health care reform plan 863:from 2009 to 2013, and then 713:Independent Counsel findings 497:1994 Congressional elections 495:In late 1994, following the 7: 3121:screen and stage performers 2745:Flag Protection Act of 2005 1243:. Retrieved April 17, 2018. 928:GAO Report GAO/GGD-94-132, 761:impeachment of Bill Clinton 734:ruled 6–3 against Starr in 263:Initial White House actions 126:, sometimes referred to as 10: 3396: 2869:Cattle futures controversy 2859:Legal Services Corporation 2787:Vast right-wing conspiracy 2709: 2212:Ruth Marcus, Peter Baker, 1822:U.S. Department of Justice 1705:American Journalism Review 1459:. Retrieved June 30, 2007. 1443:, October 18, 2000. p. 47. 1336:Columbia Journalism Review 1236:Columbia Journalism Review 401:White House Chief of Staff 392:Clinton White House report 274:White House Chief of Staff 20: 3360:1993 in American politics 3323: 3252: 3210: 3179: 3093: 3058: 3037: 3026: 2933: 2905: 2877: 2826: 2776:Travel office controversy 2753: 2727: 2656: 2601: 2537:Filed September 26, 1996. 1662:"The man behind the mask" 1410:General Accounting Office 829: 757:House Judiciary Committee 742:attorney–client privilege 442:General Accounting Office 159:General Accounting Office 103: 77: 57: 49: 41: 33: 23:Travelgate (South Africa) 3202:Clinton National Airport 3162:General election debates 2798:Save America's Treasures 834:In the legal aftermath, 3008:The Book of Gutsy Women 2766:1993 health care reform 2444:"Habitual Prevaricator" 895:"Untangling Whitewater" 861:U.S. Secretary of State 759:in connection with the 611:cattle futures dealings 483:Republican Congressman 257:Airline of the Americas 222:White House press corps 202:White House press corps 3145:running mate selection 3062:presidential primaries 2960:Dear Socks, Dear Buddy 2864:Whitewater controversy 2648:(1979–1981, 1983–1992) 2646:First Lady of Arkansas 2427:The Rochester Sentinel 1786:R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr. 1192:Hillary Rodham Clinton 779:, who once worked for 726: 703:obstruction of justice 606: 531:R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr. 522:The American Spectator 515:Private investigations 492: 407: 371: 357:and the advent of the 304: 301:Hillary Rodham Clinton 297:Clinton administration 213: 147:Hillary Rodham Clinton 132:Clinton administration 92:Hillary Rodham Clinton 3339:Activities after 2016 3284:Dorothy Howell Rodham 3157:Democratic opposition 2781:FBI files controversy 2187:, September 26, 1996. 1113:Gerald S. Greenberg, 720: 649:Independent Counsel. 595: 568:The Los Angeles Times 482: 399: 355:cable television news 317:Little Rock, Arkansas 294: 199: 155:Department of Justice 3167:Hillary Victory Fund 3135:Democratic primaries 3038:Senatorial elections 2946:Senior thesis (1969) 2761:Tenure as First Lady 2261:Princeton University 1691:Alicia C. Shepard , 1412:, May 2, 1994. p. 32 1202:Simon & Schuster 721:Independent Counsel 659:contempt of Congress 281:White House counsels 3234:Hillary and Clinton 3226:Saturday Night Live 2952:It Takes a Village 2915:Political positions 2666:Tenure as Secretary 2334:, October 18, 2000. 2219:The Washington Post 2115:The Washington Post 2006:, October 18, 2000. 1868:The Washington Post 1693:"Spectator's Sport" 1619:, October 18, 2000. 1033:The Washington Post 982:, October 18, 2000. 914:Google News Archive 900:The Washington Post 853:re-election in 2006 655:executive privilege 643:Independent Counsel 552:criminal conversion 462:Independent Counsel 453:Special prosecutor 428:and July 20, 1993, 249:competitive bidding 210:photo opportunities 170:Independent Counsel 30: 3244:(2020 documentary) 2885:Clinton Foundation 2449:The New York Times 2405:The New York Times 2381:2005-10-30 at the 2353:2007-09-26 at the 2326:2007-06-28 at the 2299:The New York Times 2241:The New York Times 2232:Don Van Natta, Jr. 2168:The New York Times 2069:2007-09-27 at the 1998:2007-09-26 at the 1976:The New York Times 1941:The New York Times 1936:"Blizzard of Lies" 1917:2013-07-15 at the 1892:The New York Times 1840:(March 18, 1996). 1772:, Volume 5, 2002, 1764:2007-09-30 at the 1724:The New York Times 1698:2006-05-10 at the 1667:2004-04-04 at the 1611:2007-09-26 at the 1584:The New York Times 1554:2012-11-10 at the 1532:The New York Times 1499:The New York Times 1492:Richard L. Berke, 1480:The New York Times 1435:2007-09-26 at the 1388:2008-05-28 at the 1361:2008-05-28 at the 1329:2007-10-06 at the 1303:(New York), 2010. 1169:George J. Church, 1150:The New York Times 1143:Richard L. Berke, 1081:2013-04-03 at the 974:2007-06-28 at the 732:U.S. Supreme Court 727: 607: 576:of deliberations. 493: 408: 378:Justice Department 359:24-hour news cycle 305: 299:, with First Lady 214: 28: 3347: 3346: 3335:(2011 photograph) 3187:Awards and honors 3175: 3174: 3126:other celebrities 2992:Stronger Together 2691:Email controversy 1473:Stephen Labaton, 1457:The History Place 1309:978-0-307-40944-7 859:, then served as 270:KPMG Peat Marwick 236:administrations. 212:such as this one. 120: 119: 3387: 3035: 3034: 2722: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2686:Hillary Doctrine 2649: 2641: 2633: 2621: 2610: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2517: 2507: 2501: 2491: 2485: 2478: 2472: 2459: 2453: 2437: 2431: 2422:Associated Press 2415: 2409: 2396: 2390: 2373: 2362: 2341: 2335: 2314: 2303: 2290: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2254: 2245: 2229: 2223: 2210: 2204: 2194: 2188: 2178: 2172: 2160: 2154: 2143:Brian Knowlton, 2141: 2132: 2125: 2119: 2102: 2096: 2093:Associated Press 2086: 2080: 2061: 2055: 2052:Associated Press 2045: 2039: 2029: 2023: 2013: 2007: 1986: 1980: 1967: 1961: 1951: 1945: 1934:William Safire, 1932: 1926: 1908:Online News Hour 1905: 1896: 1885:David Johnston, 1883: 1872: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1834: 1825: 1815: 1809: 1806:Associated Press 1799: 1793: 1783: 1777: 1757:Carl Lestinsky, 1755: 1746: 1734: 1728: 1715: 1709: 1689: 1678: 1660:Karen Rothmyer, 1658: 1652: 1649:Associated Press 1642: 1636: 1633:Associated Press 1626: 1620: 1599: 1588: 1575:R. 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Kendall 750:Lewinsky scandal 460:In August 1994, 363:American Express 311:, including his 208:in order to get 31: 27: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3319: 3272:Chelsea Clinton 3248: 3211:Popular culture 3206: 3171: 3089: 3061: 3060:2008 Democratic 3054: 3029: 3022: 3016:State of Terror 2929: 2907: 2901: 2897:Onward Together 2873: 2822: 2749: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2658: 2652: 2644: 2636: 2624: 2613: 2605: 2597: 2595:Hillary Clinton 2592: 2555: 2553: 2525: 2520: 2508: 2504: 2492: 2488: 2479: 2475: 2461:Emma Schwartz, 2460: 2456: 2438: 2434: 2416: 2412: 2398:Neil A. Lewis, 2397: 2393: 2383:Wayback Machine 2374: 2365: 2355:Wayback Machine 2342: 2338: 2328:Wayback Machine 2315: 2306: 2292:Neil A. 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Fiske 451: 438: 394: 374: 350: 265: 253:charter company 194: 145:and First Lady 116: 99: 73: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3393: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3332:Situation Room 3327: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3278:Hugh E. Rodham 3275: 3269: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3238: 3230: 3222: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3113: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3012: 3004: 2996: 2988: 2980: 2976:Living History 2972: 2964: 2956: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2662: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2634: 2622: 2611: 2609:(2020–present) 2602: 2599: 2598: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2544:(2000-06-22). 2538: 2532: 2524: 2523:External links 2521: 2519: 2518: 2502: 2486: 2484:, pp. 362-364. 2473: 2454: 2440:William Safire 2432: 2410: 2391: 2363: 2336: 2304: 2278: 2265: 2246: 2224: 2205: 2189: 2173: 2155: 2133: 2131:, pp. 124–125. 2120: 2097: 2081: 2056: 2040: 2024: 2008: 1981: 1962: 1946: 1927: 1912:"Travel Probe" 1897: 1873: 1854: 1826: 1810: 1794: 1778: 1747: 1729: 1717:Erik Eckholm, 1710: 1679: 1653: 1637: 1621: 1589: 1564: 1537: 1504: 1485: 1461: 1453:"Bill Clinton" 1445: 1414: 1398: 1371: 1341: 1313: 1272: 1262:"Shear Dismay" 1245: 1214: 1197:Living History 1181: 1171:"Flying Blind" 1155: 1131: 1129:. pp. 342–344. 1091: 1061: 1038: 984: 934: 932:. 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White House travel office controversy

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