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187:(1811–1848) was the dominant figure. He worked primarily as a literary critic, because that area was less heavily censored than political pamphlets. He agreed with Slavophiles that society had precedence over individualism, but he insisted the society had to allow the expression of individual ideas and rights. He strongly opposed Slavophiles on the role of Orthodoxy, which he considered a retrograde force. He emphasized reason and knowledge, and attacked
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published in London from 1857 to 1867, was widely read. Herzen combined key ideas of the French
Revolution and German idealism. He disliked bourgeois or middle-class values, and sought authenticity among the peasantry. He agitated for the emancipation of the Russian serfs, and after that took place
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in 1861 he enlarged his platform to include common ownership of land, government by the people and stronger individual rights.
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165:(1794–1856). He exposed the cultural isolation of Russia, from the perspective of Western Europe, and his
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In modern usage, especially in the developing world, the term can refer to supporters of
Western-style
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In Russia since 2000, the debate rages on how much of western values and methods to adopt or reject.
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Zimmerman, William. "Slavophiles and
Westernizers redux: contemporary Russian elite perspectives."
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William
Zimmerman, "Slavophiles and Westernizers redux: contemporary Russian elite perspectives."
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Howard F. Stein, "Russian
Nationalism and the Divided Soul of the Westernizers and Slavophiles."
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Bilenkin, Vladimir. "The ideology of Russia's rulers in 1995: Westernizers and
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needed to be implemented throughout Russia to make it a more successful country. The
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for failing to provide a sound spiritual or theological basis for the
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of 1831. He cast doubt on the greatness of the
Russian past, and criticized
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Vladimir K. Kantor, "The tragedy of Herzen, or seduction by radicalism."
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Raymond T. McNally, "The
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The reforms of Peter the Great: progress through coercion in Russia
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489:19th-century philosophers from the Russian Empire
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128:, "westernists").
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