Western Satraps - Knowledge

4209: 2093: 1709: 2767: 3997: 1660: 1526: 1538: 3703: 4108: 3530: 4058: 2848: 1672: 1097: 88: 3671: 3412: 4099: 1648: 1636: 2121: 4818: 2003: 3687: 3581: 1624: 5231:"The Satavahanas did not hold the western Deccan for long. They were gradually pushed out of the west by the Sakas (Western Khatrapas). The Kshaharata Nahapana's coins in the Nasik area indicate that the Western Kshatrapas controlled this region by the 1st century CE. By becoming master of wide regions including Malwa, Southern Gujarat, and Northern Konkan, from Broach to Sopara and the Nasik and Poona districts, Nahapana rose from the status of a mere Kshatrapa in the year 41 (58 AD) to that of Mahakshatrapa in the year 46 (63 AD)." in "History of the Andhras" 3267: 1054: 1373: 1562: 2812: 1074: 1514: 3008: 3767: 3869: 2321: 2482: 2994: 4142:) is the first long inscription in fairly standard Sanskrit that has survived into the modern era. It represents a turning point in Sanskrit epigraphy, states Salomon, being "the first extensive record in the poetic style" in "more or less standard Sanskrit". The Rudradaman inscription is "not pure classical Sanskrit", but with few epic-vernacular Sanskrit exceptions, it approaches high classical Sanskrit. It is important because it is likely the prototype of the extensive Sanskrit inscriptions of the 1698: 2757: 94: 4408: 4271: 1905: 2446: 4399: 1550: 2243: 4305: 4235: 3099: 2339: 4311: 4241: 2345: 648: 51: 932: 4317: 4247: 2351: 660: 643: 638: 63: 46: 41: 654: 57: 3119: 3139: 3015: 770: 3083: 3067: 3051: 1116: 1148: 1132: 3035: 1956:, gold and silver coin, on which there is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country; and ointment, but not very costly and not much. And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments. There are exported from these places 4220: 6073:"later Satavahana named Yajna Satakarni seems to have conquered the Southern Dominions of the Western Satraps. His coins contain figures of ships, probably indicating the naval power of the Andras. He not only ruled Aparanta, but probably also the eastern part of the Central Provinces". Majumdar, p. 135 2668:) and other territories gained by his own valour, the towns, marts and rural parts of which are never troubled by robbers, snakes, wild beasts, diseases and the like, where all subjects are attached to him, (and) where through his might the objects of (religion), wealth and pleasure (are duly attained). 5906:

district . It records the erection of a chhaya-stambha or sculptured pillar at the place. The Satavahanas had, Therefore, to leave Western Maharashtra and Vidarbha. They seem to have repaired to their capital Pratishthana where they continued to abide waiting for a favourable opportunity to oust the

3855:

also have a readable legend "PANNIΩ IATPAΠAC CIASTANCA", transliteration of the Prakrit "Raño Kshatrapasa Castana": "In the reign of the Satrap Castana". After these two rulers, the legend in Greek script becomes denaturated, and seems to lose all signification, only retaining an aesthetic value. By

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for the earliest ones, or, slightly later, the closely related Western Satraps in western and central India. It is thought that they became promoters of Sanskrit as a way to show their attachment to Indian culture: according to Salomon "their motivation in promoting Sanskrit was presumably a desire

3567:

The campaign soon took a turn for the worse and the Gupta army was trapped. The Saka king, Rudrasimha III, demanded that Ramagupta hand over his wife Dhruvadevi in exchange for peace. To avoid the ignominy, the Guptas decided to send Madhavasena, a courtesan and a beloved of Chandragupta, disguised

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tradition of Hinduism, and parts of them reflect both standard Sanskrit and hybridized Sanskrit. An earlier hybrid Sanskrit inscription found on Amaravati slab is dated to the late 2nd-century, while a few later ones include Sanskrit inscriptions along with Prakrit inscriptions related to Hinduism

2037:

Ships are also customarily fitted out from the places across this sea, from Ariaca and Barygaza, bringing to these far-side market-towns the products of their own places; wheat, rice, clarified butter, sesame oil, cotton cloth (the monache and the sagmatogene), and girdles, and honey from the reed

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Kings, with Greek or pseudo-Greek legend and stylized profiles of royal busts on the obverse. The reverse of the coins, however, is original and typically depict a thunderbolt and an arrow, and later, a chaitya or three-arched hill and river symbol with a crescent and the sun, within a legend in

2022:

Inland from this place and to the east, is the city called Ozene, formerly a royal capital; from this place are brought down all things needed for the welfare of the country about Barygaza, and many things for our trade: agate and carnelian, Indian muslins and mallow cloth, and much ordinary

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behind the king's head. This is of immense value to date precisely Western Satrap rulers, and to clarify perfectly the chronology and succession between them, as they also mention their predecessor on their coins. According to his coins, Jivadaman seems to have ruled two times, once between

6131:

Report on the Elura cave temples and the Brahmanical and Jaina caves in western India; completing the results of the fifth, sixth, and seventh seasons' operations of the Archaeological survey, 1877-78, 1878-79, 1879-80. Supplementary to the volume on "The cave temples of

6113:

5785:

6592:"During the course of this expedition he is believed to have attacked and defeated the Saka Chief Shridhar Varman, ruling over Eran-Vidisha region. He then annexed the area and erected a monument at Eran (modern Sagar District) "for the sake cf augmenting his fame"." in 1342:...And by order of the lord I went to release the chief of the Uttamabhadras, who had been besieged for the rainy season by the Malayas, and those Malayas fled at the mere roar (of my approaching) as it were, and were all made prisoners of the Uttamabhadra warriors. 5724:"The three letters give us a complete name, which I read as Ṣastana (vide facsimile and cast). Dr. Vogel read it as Mastana but that is incorrect for Ma was always written with a circular or triangular knob below with two slanting lines joining the knob" 2919:, and is dated to the 2nd century CE. Although this Great Satrap is not otherwise known from coinage, this memorial pillar is thought to mark the southern extent of the conquests of the Western Satraps, much beyond the traditionally held boundary of the 6723:

is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type ... for the

3234:

was again captured from the Satavahanas during the rule of Rudrasena II (255-278 CE), as shown by finds of Rudrasena II's coinage in the area. The region would then remain under Western Satrap rule until the 4th century CE, as attested by the

6056:"The pillar inscription of Rupiamma from Pauni (1-41) may present a similar example. In it, Rupiamma is described as Mahakhattava-kumära; he is a son or prince of the mahäksatrapa; the title in itself is felt to be sufficient identification" 3210:

and the Western Satraps seems to have occurred during the time of Rudrasena II, as the Andhra Ikshvaku ruler Māṭharīputra Vīrapuruṣadatta (250-275 CE) seems to have had as one of his wives Rudradhara-bhattarika, the daughter of "the ruler of

1610:

donated 3000 gold coins for this cave as well as for the food and clothing of the monks. Usabhdatta's wife (Nahapana's daughter), Dakshmitra also donated one cave for the Buddhist monks. Cave 10 - 'Nahapana Vihara' is spacious with 16 rooms.

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sixteen villages, who at the pure tirtha Prabhasa gave eight wives to the Brahmanas, and who also fed annually a hundred thousand Brahmanas- there has been given the village of Karajika for the support of the ascetics living in the caves at

2140:. Gautamiputra drove the Sakas from Malwa and Western Maharashtra, forcing Nahapana west to Gujarat. His victory is known from the fact that Gautamiputra restruck many of Nahapana's coins (such a hoard was found in Jogalthambi, 3802:, allowing for a quite precise datation of the rule of each king. This is a rather uncommon case in Indian numismatics. Some, such as the numismat R.C Senior considered that these dates might correspond to the much earlier 3517:

inscription of Samudragupta, as having "paid homage" to the Gupta Emperor, forced to "self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces".

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as the queen. However, Chandragupta changed the plan and himself went to the Saka King disguised as the queen. He then killed Rudrasimha and later his own brother, Ramagupta. Dhruvadevi was then married to Chandragupta.

3380:, and have been described as examples of the Western Indian art of the Western Satraps. It has been suggested that the art of Devnimori represented a Western Indian artistic tradition that was anterior to the rise of 2736:

Rudradarman is known for his sponsoring of the arts. He is known to have written poetry in the purest of Sanskrit, and made it his court language. His name is forever attached to the inscription by Sudharshini lake.

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The spread of the usage of Sanskrit inscriptions to the south can also probably be attributed to the influence of the Western Satraps, who were in close relation with southern Indian rulers: according to Salomon "a

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The Satavahanas and the Western Satraps remained at war however, and Rudradaman I defeated the Satavahanas twice in these conflicts, only sparing the life of Vashishtiputra Satakarni due to their family alliance:

3513:(r.336-380 CE), established "for the sake of augmenting his fame", who may therefore have ousted Sridharavarman's Sakas in his campaigns to the West. Sridharavarman is probably the "Saka" ruler mentioned in the 3294:(r. 304–348 CE). He declared on his coins to be the son of a Lord (Svami) Jivadaman. His rule is partly coeval with that of other rulers, who were his sons as written on their coins and may have been sub-kings: 5919:

Mc Evilley "The shape of ancient thought", p385 ("The Yavanajataka is the earliest surviving Sanskrit text in astrology, and constitute the basis of all later Indian developments in horoscopy", himself quoting

2525:. The conflict between Rudradaman and Satavahanas became so gruelling, that in order to contain the conflict, a matrimonial relationship was concluded by giving Rudradaman's daughter to the Satavahana king 3604:

The glorious Candragupta (II), (...) who proclaims in the world the good behaviour of the excellent people, namely, the dependents (of the king), and who has acquired banners of victory and fame in many

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An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman, Richard Salomon, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 116, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1996), pp. 442

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inscription of Samudragupta: "Self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces through the Garuḍa badge, by the

4331:, the classical capital of the Western Satrap realm. This combined with the presence of the Chastana statue side by side with Kanishka would also suggest Kushan alliance with the Western Satraps. 6399:

Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka dynasty, and the "Bodhi" dynasty, by British Museum. Dept. of Coins and Medals; Rapson, E. J. (Edward James)

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inscriptions are the earliest substantial South Indian Sanskrit inscriptions, probably from the late 3rd-century to early 4th-century CE. These inscriptions are related to Buddhism and to the

2277:. This is consistent with the fact that his descendants (who we know used the Saka era on their coins and inscriptions) would use the date of their founder as their era. Castana was satrap of 4034:

inscriptions, although Prakrit is considered as a descendant of the Sanskrit language. This is because Prakrit, in its multiple variants, had been favoured since the time of the influential

3215:", possibly king Rudrasena II. According to an inscription at Nagarjunakonda, Iksvaku king Virapurushadatta had multiple wives, including Rudradhara-bhattarika, the daughter of the ruler of 2222:

took place during the time of the Western Satraps. People may have fled the sub-continent due to the conflicts there. Some foundation legends of Java describe the leader of the colonists as

4008:, runs the length of the entrance wall of one of the Nasik caves, over the doors, and is here visible in parts between the pillars. Actual image, and corresponding rubbing. Cave No.10, 2786:, in the year 100 (corresponding to 178 CE). His reign is otherwise undocumented, but he is the first Western Satrap ruler who started to print the minting date on his coins, using the 2545:, descended from the race of Karddamaka kings, (and) daughter of the Mahakshatrapa Ru(dra)....... .........of the confidential minister Sateraka, a water-cistern, the meritorious gift. 1890:

and the Indian cloths made therefrom, of the coarser sorts. Very many cattle are pastured there, and the men are of great stature and black in color. The metropolis of this country is

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According to the inscriptions, Ushavadata accomplished various charities and conquests on behalf of his father-in-law. He constructed rest-houses, gardens and tanks at Bharukachchha (

9380: 2939:

defeated the Western Satraps in the late 2nd century CE, thereby reconquering their southern regions in western and central India, which led to the decline of the Western Satraps.

6202:"Another queen of Virapurusha was Rudradhara-bhattarika. According to D.C. Sircar she might have been related to Rudrasena II (c. a.d. 254-74) the Saka ruler of Western India" in 3702: 1236:

Location of Western Satrap inscriptions in Buddhist rock-cut caves, indicating the southern extent of their territory, circa 120 CE, and main neighbouring polities at that time.

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The large number of stone inscriptions from Kutch and Saurastra as well as hundreds of coins throughout Gujarat are found belonging to the Satrap period. The earlier caves at

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bear the Greek script legend "PANNIΩ IAHAPATAC NAHAΠANAC", transliteration of the Prakrit "Raño Kshaharatasa Nahapanasa": "In the reign of Kshaharata Nahapana". The coins of

3670: 2705:

Rudradaman (...) who by force destroyed the Yaudheyas who were loath to submit, rendered proud as they were by having manifested their title of 'heroes among all Kshatriyas'.

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of Junagadh. They are comparable to Andhra-Satrap period caves in Deccan. As they have almost no carvings, the determination of their date and chronology is difficult. The

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Brahmi. These coins are very informative, since they record the name of the King, of his father, and the date of issue, and have helped clarify the early history of India.

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A Kharosthī Reliquary Inscription of the Time of the Apraca Prince Visnuvarma, by Richard Salomon, South Asian Studies 11 1995, Pages 27-32, Published online: 09 Aug 2010

4748: 2766: 7191: 6185:

Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016

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rule in the western Deccan during the 1st century." in Guide to Monuments of India 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu - by George Michell, Philip H. Davies, Viking - 1989 Page 374

4208: 593: 579: 565: 551: 537: 512: 498: 484: 2701:"who would not submit because they were proud of their title 'heroes among the Kshatriyas'", before explaining that they were ultimately vanquished by Rudradaman I. 3717:

The campaigns of Chandragupta II brought an end to nearly four centuries of Saka rule on the subcontinent. This period also corresponds to the wane of the very last

7091:"The titles "Kshatrap" and "Mahakshatrapa" certainly show that the Western Kshatrapas were originally feudatories" in Rapson, "Coins of the British Museum", p.cv 4799: 1561: 9375: 9052: 8959: 3686: 4161:

from Greek to Sanskrit, for "the use of those who could not speak Greek", a translation which became an authority for all later astrology works in India.

2006:

The Western Satraps under Nahapana, with their harbour of Barigaza, were among the main actors of the 1st century CE international trade according to the

2873:, that is 185 CE, confirming the expansion of the Western Satraps to the east at that date. There is also an earlier inscription related to Saka rule in 2293:, and bearing the name "Shastana" is often attributed to Castana himself, and suggests Castana may have been a feudatory of the Kushans. Conversely, the 7227: 6980:"A Scythian dvarapala standing wearing his typical draperies, boots and head dress. Distinct ethnic and sartorial characteristics are noreworthy.", in 1988:

cloth, mallow cloth, yarn, long pepper and such other things as are brought here from the various market-towns. Those bound for this market-town from

1830:

This inscription, the last one of the reign of Nahapana, suggests that Nahapana may have become an independent ruler since he is described as a King.

4965:, in which they were paying allegiance to the Kushanas. Source: "A Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc." Rapson, p ciii 9013: 4596: 9215: 9211: 4738: 4716: 3299: 4357:

Generally, the position taken by modern scholarship is that the Western Satraps were vassals of the Kushans, at least in the early period until

2193: 9223: 6006:"Siddham. The Asian Inscription Database, Pauni (पवनी Bhandara district). Memorial Pillar (OBNAG0032) with Inscription (INNAG0031) of Rupiamma" 4758: 2389:

Moreover the region which is next to the western part of India, is called Indoscythia. A part of this region around the (Indus) river mouth is

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caves (inscription No. 26 in Cave VI of the Bhimasankar group of caves), mentions a gift by Nahapana's prime minister Ayama in the "year 46":

9130: 9068: 9064: 9025: 9021: 9005: 4626: 4616: 4576: 4566: 2145: 9056: 9048: 9041: 4666: 2092: 711:

who ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, and were possibly vassals of the Kushans. They were also contemporaneous with the

9017: 8967: 8963: 6526: 4792: 4606: 3884:

The coins of the Kshatrapas were also very influential and imitated by neighbouring or later dynasties, such as the Satavahanas, and the

2847: 1096: 87: 5504: 2560:

Rudradaman (...) who obtained good report because he, in spite of having twice in fair fight completely defeated Satakarni, the lord of

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called sacchari. Some make the voyage especially to these market-towns, and others exchange their cargoes while sailing along the coast.

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Also the father of each king is systematically mentioned in the reverse legends, which allows reconstruction of the regnal succession.

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to establish themselves as legitimate Indian or at least Indianized rulers and to curry the favor of the educated Brahmanical elite".

6684: 5861: 5804: 1733:, son of Dinika, son-in-law of king Nahapana, the Kshaharata Kshatrapa, (...) inspired by (true) religion, in the Trirasmi hills at 9060: 8267: 1866:, which is the beginning of the Kingdom of Nambanus and of all India. That part of it lying inland and adjoining Scythia is called 1513: 5346:

If Konow is right, then the length of time for Ksatrapa rule in the Nasik-Karla-Junnar region would be at least thirty-fire years.

7468: 7426: 5899: 4131: 4062: 2923:. The use of the word "Kumara" may also mean that Rupiamma was the son of a Great Satrap, rather than holding the title himself. 2710: 2673: 2569: 2502: 2261:

King in profile. The legend typically reads "PANNIΩ IATPAΠAC CIASTANCA" (corrupted Greek script), transliteration of the Prakrit

1659: 6962:"In Nagarjunakonda Scythian influence is noticed and the cap and coat of a soldier on a pillar may be cited as an example.", in 715:

who ruled in Central India. They are called "Western Satraps" in modern historiography in order to differentiate them from the "

7220: 5898:"Vidarbha also was under the rule of another Mahakshatrapa named Rupiamma, whose pillar inscription was recently discovered at 4785: 2273:. The date of Castana is not certain, but many believe his reign started in the year 78 CE, thus making him the founder of the 1427:

The Western Satraps are known for the construction and dedication of numerous Buddhist caves in Central India, particularly in

5908: 5452:: " By permanent charities of Ushavadata, the Saka, , son-in-law of king Nahapana, the ta Kshatrapa...." in Epigraphia Indica 7141: 6356: 5039: 4993: 3610: 3585: 1764: 1742: 1525: 730:

The power of the Western Satraps started to decline in the 2nd century CE after the Saka rulers were defeated by the Emperor

3968:, Sidhasar, Prabhas Patan and Ranapar in the Barada Hills are mostly plain and austere in looks except some carvings in the 2187:), who rooted out the Khakharata family (the Kshaharata family of Nahapana); who restored the glory of the Satavahana race. 1089:ΞΑΗΑΡΑΤΑ(Ϲ)", Prakrit for "King Kshaharata" rendered in corrupted Greek letters) on the obverse of the coinage of Nahapana. 1038:(king). Nahapana's rule is variously dated to 24-70 CE, 66-71 CE, or 119–124 CE, according to one of his coins, which bear 5543:

Pollard, Elizabeth Ann (7 August 2013). "Indian Spices and Roman "Magic" in Imperial and Late Antique Indomediterranea".

3836:. From that time, only the Brahmi script would remain, together with the pseudo-Greek script on the facing, to write the 1948:; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds; bright-colored girdles a cubit wide; storax, sweet clover, flint glass, 7111:

Claudius Ptolemy, "The geography", Translated and edited by Edward Luther Stevenson, Dover Publications Inc., New York,

3007: 2576:

Rudradaman regained all the previous territories held by Nahapana, probably with the exception of the southern areas of

6810: 6465: 6438: 5597: 3622:(455-467 CE) is known for a long inscription where he describes himself as "the ruler of the earth" on a large rock at 3162: 5311:

World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008

2405:. (...) The Larica region of Indoscythia is located eastward from the swamp near the sea, in which on the west of the 1708: 7213: 7116: 7040: 6577: 6509: 6313: 6283: 6221: 6094: 5989: 5837: 5754: 5668: 5641: 5392: 5189: 5159: 5132: 5105: 6768:

Catalogue of the coins of the Andhra dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka dynasty, and the "Bodhi" dynasty

6766: 5407:

Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums, by George Michell, Roli Books Private Limited, 1 mai 2013

826:

Although they called themselves "Satraps" on their coins, leading to their modern designation of "Western Satraps",

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Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Zoroastrianism, Suresh K. Sharma, Usha Sharma, Mittal Publications, 2004

1537: 1820:

The meritorious gift.... of Ayama of the Vachhasagotra, prime minister of the King Mahakshatrapa the lord Nahapana

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Artefacts of History: Archaeology, Historiography and Indian Pasts, Sudeshna Guha, SAGE Publications India, 2015

4041:

Besides a few examples from the 1st century BCE, most of the early Sanskrit inscriptions date to the time of the

2954:, testifying to the renewed extent of Satavahana territory. There are two inscriptions of Yajna Sri Satakarni at 1590: 1312:, inscription of the year 46) to have been viceroy of Nahapana, ruling over the southern part of his territory. 8065: 7418: 7196: 7133:

Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages

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with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc.", p.cli

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in his "Geographia", where he qualifies them as "Indo-Scythians". He describes this territory as starting from

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symbol and three arched mountain symbol struck respectively on the obverse and reverse of a drachm of Nahapana.

2007: 1839: 17: 4323:). This also would suggest at least alliance and friendship, if not vassalage. Finally Kanishka claims in the 2065:

in the 1st century CE. There is a possibility that the statuette found its way to the west during the rule of

9390: 8245: 6921: 4656: 3957: 3775: 3200: 2997: 2787: 1671: 1450:

Numerous inscriptions in the caves are known, which were made by the family of Nahapana: six inscriptions in

288: 283: 8260: 7921: 7535: 7358: 4922: 3949:. They are the earliest dated monuments of the Satrap period and were erected in the time of Rudradaman I. 2125: 5935: 5384:

Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West

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also claims Kushan dominion over Western Satrap territory (by mentioning Kushan control over the capital

8040: 3000:(256-278 CE). Head right, wearing close-fitting cap / Three-arched hill; group of five pellets to right. 2365:

The territory of the Western Satraps at the time of Chastana is described extensively by the geographer

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The Western Satraps were eventually conquered by emperor Chandragupta II. Inscriptions of a victorious

2062: 1647: 1004: 4267:" on their coin would suggest a recognized subjection to a higher ruler, possibly the Kushan emperor. 1755:, son of Dinika, son-in-law of king Nahapana, the Kshaharata Kshatrapa, has bestowed this cave on the 1635: 1595:

Parts of the Nasik Caves, also called Pandavleni Caves, were also carved during the time of Nahapana.

9385: 7340: 6999: 5961: 5950: 3529: 3448: 3435:

further expanded into the northwest of the subcontinent, particularly in the regions of Gandhara and

3416: 3342:(339-368 CE). Another inscription of the same Sridhavarman with his military commander is known from 9336: 5531: 3753:

The Kshatrapas have a very rich and interesting coinage. It was based on the coinage of the earlier

2748:("Saying of the Greeks"), an astrological treatise and India's earliest Sanskrit work in horoscopy. 823:, and his successors under the Kushans, the "Great Satrap" Kharapallana and the "Satrap" Vanaspara. 9370: 9347: 8371: 8003: 7741: 7657: 7501: 7454: 7364: 7236: 3860:

exhibit the following type of meaningless legend in corrupted Greek script: "...ΛIOΛVICIVIIIΛ...".

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inscriptions, as here in a dedicatory inscription by Prime Minister Ayama in the name of his ruler

558: 261: 192: 4365:, who are usually thought to be Kushan vassals. The question is not considered perfectly settled. 4107: 4069:

circa 150 CE, is "the first long inscription recorded entirely in more or less standard Sanskrit".

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in the year 412-413 CE can be found on the railing near the Eastern Gateway of the Great Stupa in

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Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"

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Some ships were also fitted out from Barigaza, to export goods westward across the Indian Ocean:

1623: 1206: 203: 5477: 5465: 5453: 4057: 3411: 761:

Altogether, there were 27 independent Western Satrap rulers during a period of about 350 years.

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and the Śaka lords and by (rulers) occupying all Island countries, such as Siṁhala and others."

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Transregional Trade and Traders: Situating Gujarat in the Indian Ocean from Early Times to 1900

5097:

Transregional Trade and Traders: Situating Gujarat in the Indian Ocean from Early Times to 1900

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and Buddhism. After the 3rd-century CE, Sanskrit inscriptions dominate and many have survived.

3545: 2978: 2109: 1913: 1061:(whose rule is variously dated to 24-70 CE, 66-71 CE, or 119–124 CE), a direct derivation from 731: 376: 7030: 6567: 6541: 6499: 6482: 6455: 6084: 5827: 5744: 5687: 5658: 5631: 5492: 5370: 5358: 5327: 5262: 5122: 5095: 5031: 4098: 3506:, it seems that Sridharavarman's inscription is succeeded by a monument and an inscription by 8640: 8624: 7823: 7707: 7678: 7578: 7176: 6931: 6645: 6428: 6303: 6273: 6186: 5770: 5587: 5408: 5382: 5312: 5149: 3499: 3327: 3236: 2878: 2269:

A new dynasty, called the Bhadramukhas or Kardamaka dynasty, was established by the "Satrap"

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script on the first coins of the Western Satraps, but is finally abandoned from the time of

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Under Rudrasimha II, the Western Satraps are known to have maintained their presence in the

2002: 875:

was given to the heir apparent. The western Kshatrapas were also known as Sakas to Indians.

5491:

Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Zoroastrianism, by Suresh K. Sharma, Usha Sharma

3937:

s of 1st century were recovered from a hillock near Andhau village in the Khavda region of

3451:. It is probable that the Sasanian expansion in India, which put an end to the remnants of 1409: 831: 6612: 4259:

It is still unclear whether the Western Satraps were independent rulers or vassals of the

2926: 857:, which means viceroy or governor of a province, and according to John Marshall, the word 8: 8086: 8024: 7476: 7271: 7032:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

6716: 6376:

The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 4 1981 Number I

5027: 4324: 3900:) with bust of the ruler and pseudo-Greek inscription on the obverse, and a royal eagle ( 3653:) with bust of the ruler and pseudo-Greek inscription on the obverse, and a royal eagle ( 3580: 3266: 3199:

The Kshatrapa dynasty seems to have reached a high level of prosperity under the rule of

2963: 2932: 2398: 2294: 1372: 1053: 992: 739: 680: 5295: 2717:

Recently discovered pillar inscriptions describe the presence of a Western Satrap named

9253: 9085: 8451: 8355: 7835: 7662: 7606: 7562: 6866: 6847: 6827: 6206: 6039: 5733:

The Dynastic Art of the Kushans, John Rosenfield, University of California Press, xxxiv

5568: 5515: 4836: 4153:. During the reign of Rudradaman, circa 150 CE, it is also known that the Greek writer 4073:

In western India, the first known inscription in Sanskrit appears to have been made by

3916: 3877: 3825: 3373: 3346:. These inscriptions point to the extent of Saka rule as of the time of Rudrasimha II. 3279: 2936: 2840: 2811: 2791: 2466: 2325: 1682:

Two inscriptions in Cave 10 mention the building and the gift of the whole cave to the

1602:, reveal that in 105-106 CE, Kshatrapas defeated the Satavahanas after which Kshatrapa 1073: 960: 911: 735: 586: 572: 517: 346: 6673: 6661: 6412: 5686:

Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992

5433: 5326:

Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992

1241:

Nahapana succeeded him, and became a very powerful ruler. He occupied portions of the

897:, meaning "lord of the country", and was likely the Saka synonym for the Indian title 9324: 8074: 8070: 8028: 8017: 7995: 7963: 7949: 7634: 7158: 7137: 7112: 7036: 6573: 6505: 6461: 6434: 6400: 6352: 6309: 6279: 6217: 6129: 6111: 6090: 6031: 5985: 5903: 5833: 5783: 5750: 5664: 5637: 5633:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

5593: 5572: 5560: 5388: 5212: 5185: 5155: 5128: 5101: 5035: 4989: 4939: 4883: 3977: 3873: 3428: 2866: 2722: 2521:, took the title "Mahakshatrapa" ("Great Satrap"), and defended his kingdom from the 1396: 1242: 1162: 6022:

Mirashi, V. V. (1965). "A Pillar Inscription of Mahakshatrapa Rupiamma from Pawni".

5013: 5009: 2324:

Statue of Chastana, with costume details. The belt displays designs of horsemen and

9400: 8712: 8544: 7959: 7944: 7940: 7893: 7889: 7849: 7815: 7811: 7630: 6839: 6628: 6348: 6163: 5552: 4831: 4335: 4170: 4046: 4035: 3969: 3766: 3514: 3334:

mentioning the construction of a well by the Saka chief and "righteous conqueror" (

2584:(epigraphical remains in these two areas at that time are exclusively Satavahana): 2494: 2197: 2149: 1920:

There are imported into this market-town (Barigaza), wine, Italian preferred, also

1549: 1436: 808: 716: 544: 143: 6755:

Rapson, "A Catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc.", p.cxcii

6498:

Schindel, Nikolaus; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj; Pendleton, Elizabeth (2016).

3384:

art, and that it may have influenced not only the latter, but also the art of the

3326:

well into the 4th century: during his rule, in 319 CE, a Saka ruler inscribed the

707:

states), between 35 and 415 CE. The Western Satraps were contemporaneous with the

9410: 9307: 9033: 8612: 8579: 8490: 8197: 8078: 8036: 8032: 7999: 7971: 7967: 7913: 7819: 7713: 7519: 7181: 7131: 6983: 6965: 6814: 6720: 6695: 6614:

Corpus inscriptionum indicarum vol.4 pt.2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri Chedi Era

6595: 6241: 6058: 5868: 5811: 5717: 5339: 5179: 5021: 4856: 4646: 4174: 3911:

The Western Satrap coin design was also adopted by the subsequent dynasty of the

3889: 3799: 3677: 3642: 3593: 3573: 3557: 3468: 3432: 3207: 3187: 2588:

Rudradaman (...) who is the lord of the whole of eastern and western Akaravanti (

2136:

Nahapana and Ushavadata were ultimately defeated by the powerful Satavahana king

2054: 1504:, was constructed and dedicated in 120 CE by the Western Satraps ruler Nahapana. 1169: 904: 847: 743: 427: 272: 172: 163: 134: 6800: 5746:

The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States

3868: 2993: 2481: 2397:. That which is about the mouth of the Indus and the Canthicolpus bay is called 2320: 9300: 9283: 9076: 8849: 8772: 8575: 8458: 8423: 7933: 7806: 7703: 7304: 7178:

History of the Andhras, Prasad 1988 With many references to Western Satrap rule

5274: 5252:"Catalogue of Indian coins of the British Museum. Andhras etc." Rapson. p. LVII 5241: 5017: 4846: 4841: 4768: 4727: 4291: 4178: 4166: 4121: 3988:

excavated at Shamlaji probably belonged to this period or to the Gupta period.

3829: 3541: 3534: 3495: 3447:, the Sasanians exerted some sort of control or influence, as suggested by the 3400: 3395:

Overall, the Western Satraps may have played a role in the transmission of the

3372:

of Devnimori. The Buddha images in Devnimori clearly show the influence of the

3339: 3254:, in the burnt-brick monastery facing the caves on the right bank of the river 3191: 3105: 2597: 2358: 2184: 2101: 2066: 1785: 1734: 1697: 1215: 1066: 996: 704: 489: 413: 223: 100: 8275: 7353: 4085:. The inscription dates to the early 2nd century CE, and has hybrid features. 3984:

excavated at Boria and Intwa near Junagadh belonged to the Satrap period. The

3544:

seems to have been the last of the Western Satrap rulers. A fragment from the

2756: 9364: 9159: 8924: 8707: 8338: 8333: 8314: 8276: 8082: 7885: 7845: 7746: 7729: 7682: 7667: 7653: 7626: 7622: 7582: 7567: 7556: 7508: 6632: 6275:

Buddhist Remains in Andhra and the History of Andhra Between 225 and 610 A.D.

6035: 5921: 5564: 4851: 4696: 4494: 4299: 4275: 4260: 4229: 4147: 4117: 4042: 3973: 3893: 3857: 3718: 3693: 3646: 3452: 3311: 3291: 3250:

and son of Rudrasena II. A coin of Visvasena was found in excavations at the

2920: 2665: 2561: 2406: 2333: 2282: 2105: 1855: 1479: 1459: 1319: 1309: 1282: 1183: 1176: 1122: 885: 788: 780: 708: 672: 181: 109: 93: 6807: 6005: 5981:

Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh

5012:(1999). "Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms". In 971:

The Western Satraps are thought to have started with the rather short-lived

9286: 9279: 9207: 9181: 9125: 9109: 9037: 8932: 8920: 8892: 8564: 8536: 8483: 8477: 7801: 7674: 7574: 7444: 7382: 7347: 7329: 7321: 7265: 7205: 7200: 7162: 6388: 6342: 4706: 4524: 4514: 4478: 4358: 4343: 4158: 4143: 4135: 4066: 3965: 3942: 3885: 3840:

language employed by the Western satraps. Occasionally, the legends are in

3791: 3742: 3734: 3635: 3549: 3510: 3507: 3475: 3464: 3396: 3385: 3381: 3295: 3251: 3247: 3183: 3125: 2907:

A memorial pillar with an inscription in the name of "Mahakshatrapa Kumara

2862: 2853: 2816: 2800: 2745: 2694: 2514: 2498: 2450: 2281:

during that period. A statue found in Mathura together with statues of the

1348: 1327: 1078: 1043: 956: 747: 530: 241: 7061: 5556: 4407: 3473: 3353:

during the later part of Western Satrap rule is attested with the site of

2529:. The inscription relating the marriage between Rudradaman's daughter and 2116:

3 inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri (end of line 5 of the inscription).

1833: 9246: 9185: 9143: 9099: 8875: 8645: 8629: 8588: 8568: 8385: 8378: 8309: 8222:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

7990: 7983: 7866: 7840: 7648: 7618: 7279: 7105:

Rapson, "A Catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc."

6873:. Vol. X. Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. pp. 223–224. 6378:

An Exceptional Group of Painted Buddha Figures at Ajanṭā, p.97 and Note 2

5702:, Nashik: Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies, 1992, p. 7. 5449: 4676: 4154: 4082: 4009: 3961: 3927:

Sudarshan Lake of the Satrap period is mentioned in major rock edicts of

3912: 3897: 3738: 3730: 3709: 3650: 3619: 3444: 2959: 2943: 2741: 2730: 2625: 2522: 2506: 2237: 2113: 2097: 1721: 1701: 1615: 1586: 1491: 1471: 1455: 1451: 1428: 1405: 1376: 1366: 1301: 1278: 1274: 1224: 1197: 1154: 1138: 915: 812: 696: 8978: 6043: 1388:, the son of Dinaka and the son-in-law of the king, the Kshaharata, the 1326:, whom they finally crushed. The claim appears in an inscription at the 750:

in the 4th century CE. The Western Satraps, having been defeated by the

9242: 9189: 9136: 9080: 9029: 8988: 8936: 8824: 8718: 8684: 8676: 8606: 8473: 8445: 8052: 7862: 6851: 5420: 5081: 4957:

Kharapallana and Vanaspara are known from an inscription discovered in

4636: 4535: 4270: 4219: 4074: 4001: 3953: 3817: 3754: 2985:, as there are no epigraphical records of the Kardamakas in this area. 2927:

Loss of southern territories to the Satavahanas (end of 2nd century CE)

2824: 2402: 2290: 2176: 2164: 1871: 1752: 1730: 1713: 1687: 1607: 1572: 1501: 1435:. It is thought that Nahapana ruled at least 35 years in the region of 1389: 1385: 1335: 1293: 1062: 944: 926: 869:

or the "Great Satrap" was given to the ruling Satrap, and the title of

712: 333: 1904: 1408:

without any distinction of sect or origin, for all who would keep the

1273:

districts. At that time, the area northwest of the Western Satraps in

9238: 9233: 9219: 9163: 9155: 9104: 9090: 8940: 8928: 8916: 8897: 8816: 8745: 8724: 8690: 8664: 8635: 8600: 8583: 8548: 8511: 8408: 8318: 7795: 6457:

The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion

5889:

Rapson, "A catalogue of the Indian coins in the British Museum", p.lx

5589:

The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion

4686: 4545: 4504: 4463: 4398: 4362: 4347: 4228:

Inscribed statue of Saka King Chastana, with inscription "Shastana" (

3787: 3726: 3553: 3523: 3502:

at Sanchi, and another inscription with his Naga general at Eran. At

3440: 3354: 3271: 3243: 3089: 2779: 2761: 2698: 2645: 2613: 2564:, on account of the nearness of their connection did not destroy him. 2474: 2445: 2418: 2231: 2144:

District),) and that he claimed victory on them in an inscription at

2073: 1977: 1957: 1891: 1400: 1395:, who gave three hundred thousand cows, who made gifts of gold and a 1296:(married to his daughter Dakshamitra), is known from inscriptions in 700: 319: 252: 232: 6843: 5211:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (e). 4882:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (h). 4173:

attests to a marital alliance between the Western Ksatrapas and the

3560:, decided to expand his kingdom by attacking the Western Satraps in 2457:

Bust of Rudradaman, with corrupted Greek legend "OVONIΛOOCVΛCHΛNO".

2377:

in the east ("Ozena-Regia Tiastani", "Ozene/Ujjain, capital of king

1318:

Circa 120 CE, the Western Satraps are known to have allied with the

1046:), or the lion seated on a capital, a representation of a pillar of 884:

by which the Western Satraps styled themselves is a derivation of a

9270: 9173: 9009: 8983: 8904: 8885: 8870: 8841: 8651: 8594: 8526: 8401: 8328: 8305: 7873: 7756: 7614: 7440: 7432: 7386: 7377: 4962: 4586: 4447: 4437: 4417: 4310: 4295: 4283: 4240: 4182: 4078: 4027: 4017: 4005: 3928: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3833: 3821: 3803: 3795: 3779: 3771: 3623: 3455:

rule, was also made in part at the expense of the Western Satraps.

3424: 3377: 3366: 3283: 3151: 2982: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2870: 2796: 2783: 2771: 2726: 2649: 2589: 2518: 2486: 2471:

Rajno Ksatrapasa Jayadamasaputrasa Rajno Mahaksatrapasa Rudradamasa

2410: 2401:. (...) In the island formed by this river are the cities Pantala, 2390: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2344: 2329: 2302: 2286: 2274: 2270: 2247: 2242: 2223: 2081: 2069: 1965: 1953: 1912:

Under the Western Satraps, Barigaza was one of the main centers of

1847: 1809: 1777: 1717: 1603: 1475: 1474:, also left donative inscriptions at the Nasik Caves, Karla Caves, 1392: 1362: 1331: 1058: 1039: 1027: 1019: 955:

Capital of a pillar with seated lion with upraised paw, and wheel (

820: 784: 679:) rulers of the western and central parts of India (extending from 647: 615: 401: 361: 357: 338: 315: 301:

Approximate territory of the Western Satraps (35–415) circa 350 CE.

214: 50: 4304: 4234: 2744:("Lord of the Greeks"), who translated from Greek to Sanskrit the 2338: 1992:

make the voyage favorably about the month of July, that is Epiphi.

1030:, who only used on his coins the title of Satrap, and not that of 931: 910:

The Sakas of Western India spoke the Saka language, also known as

653: 56: 9265: 8866: 8670: 8530: 8343: 7954: 7880: 7781: 7762: 7610: 7483: 7436: 7398: 7391: 6725: 6501:

The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: adaptation and expansion

6255: 6253: 4958: 4427: 4351: 4316: 4246: 4139: 4050: 4031: 4023: 3905: 3837: 3658: 3627: 3561: 3483: 3389: 3350: 3315: 3275: 3255: 3231: 3171: 3073: 3021: 2955: 2947: 2882: 2836: 2832: 2657: 2633: 2617: 2534: 2462: 2366: 2350: 2227: 2219: 2180: 1949: 1859: 1773: 1497: 1432: 1323: 1286: 1258: 1250: 1082: 1023: 936: 827: 816: 751: 724: 692: 659: 642: 637: 503: 342: 62: 45: 40: 3782:, therefore 232 CE, clearly appears behind the head of the king. 3419:, circa 400 CE, in relation with the other polities of the time. 3186:(256–278) well into the 4th century. Marital alliances with the 2852:"King and Great Satrap Rudrasimha, son of King and Great Satrap 758:, declined rapidly during the second half of the third century. 8751: 8695: 8505: 8323: 7917: 7488: 7403: 7335: 7261: 5800: 5798: 5796: 4328: 4264: 3933: 3901: 3722: 3654: 3641:

Following these conquests, the silver coins of the Gupta kings

3631: 3597: 3571: 3487: 3436: 3358: 3331: 3319: 3227: 3216: 3212: 3175: 3057: 3025: 2977:

had remained in the hands of the Satavahanas since the time of

2951: 2886: 2874: 2823:

Bust of Rudrasimha, with corrupted Greek legend "..OHIIOIH.." (

2653: 2641: 2629: 2621: 2609: 2490: 2414: 2394: 2374: 2298: 2278: 2201: 2172: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2058: 2015: 1981: 1961: 1929: 1925: 1887: 1883: 1867: 1863: 1813: 1793: 1756: 1683: 1568: 1467: 1463: 1440: 1305: 1262: 1254: 1047: 842: 720: 668: 632: 311: 118: 6771:. London : Printed by order of the Trustees. p. 198. 6322: 6250: 5261:

Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen

3798:, is usually written on the obverse behind the king's head in 3286:, an example of the Western Indian art of the Western Satraps. 769: 9257: 8778: 8427: 8299: 6497: 4902:

World history from early times to A D 2000 by B .V. Rao: p.97

3938: 3369: 3362: 3167: 3145: 2974: 2970: 2912: 2661: 2637: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2581: 2577: 1989: 1973: 1969: 1945: 1941: 1875: 1797: 1789: 1781: 1599: 1580: 1444: 1297: 1270: 1266: 1246: 1000: 688: 684: 611: 27:

Indo-Scythian rulers of western and central India (35-415 CE)

6911: 6909: 6907: 6882: 6880: 6430:

The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India

5793: 3872:

An imitation of Western Satrap coinage: silver coin of king

2473:: "King and Great Satrap Rudradaman, son of King and Satrap 2332:, the coat has a highly ornate hem. Inscription "Shastana" ( 9193: 7448: 7289: 6297: 6295: 6235: 6233: 5445: 3946: 3896:

adopted the Western Satrap design (itself derived from the

3649:

adopted the Western Satrap design (itself derived from the

3503: 3491: 3343: 3323: 3179: 3041: 2890: 2215: 2168: 2077: 1985: 1937: 1894:, from which much cotton cloth is brought down to Barygaza. 1879: 1691: 1315:

Nahapana established the silver coinage of the Kshatrapas.

995:

inscription, in which it qualifies the Indo-Scythian ruler

863:

means the viceroy of the "King of kings". The title of the

791:, circa 100 CE. Nahapana was also attributed the titles of 755: 676: 329: 6798: 3931:

but no trace of it remains. Six inscription-stones called

3458: 2676:. Geographical interpretations in parentheses from Rapson. 7073: 7049: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6904: 6892: 6877: 6527:"The Coinage of Sind from 250 AD up to the Arab Conquest" 5285:

Valukura is thought to be an ancient name for Karla Caves

5080:"Kharoshthi inscription, Taxila copper plate of Patika", 4290:

at the Temple of Mat together with the famous statues of

3166:

Western Satrap territory extended from the west coast of

2896: 1933: 9381:

States and territories disestablished in the 5th century

7108:

John Rosenfield, "The dynastic art of the Kushans", 1976

7000:"National Portal and Digital Repository: Record Details" 6292: 6230: 3820:, a script in use in more northern territories (area of 3443:

circa 350 CE. Further south, as far as the mouth of the

3261: 2958:, in cave No. 81, and in the Chaitya cave No. 3. In the 2214:

It seems that the Indian colonization of the islands of

6593: 3741:

in turn invaded northern India, bringing an end to the

1834:

International trade: the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

1598:

The inscriptions of cave no.10 in the Nasik Caves near

7035:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 906. 6937: 4022:

In what has been described as "the great linguistical

3665:

Gupta Empire coins on the model of the Western Satraps

3406: 3349:

The construction of Buddhist monuments in the area of

2803:, and once between Saka Era 119 and 120 (197-198 CE). 2238:

Kardamaka dynasty, family of Castana (1st–4th century)

1245:

in western and central India. Nahapana held sway over

1018:

The earliest Kshaharata for whom there is evidence is

898: 879: 870: 864: 858: 835: 798: 792: 774: 5369:

The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, John M. Rosenfield

3991: 2751: 1737:, has caused this cave to be made and these cisterns. 1447:, giving him ample time for construction work there. 6617:. Archaeological Society of India. pp. 605–611. 4189: 3794:, the date of minting of each coin, reckoned in the 3638:, confirming the Gupta hold on the western regions. 3246:(Vishwasen, r.293–304 CE), brother and successor to 3242:

The last Kshatrapa ruler of the Chastana family was

2760:

A coin dated to the beginning of the first reign of

2128:

struck over a drachm of Nahapana. Circa 167-196 CE.

1485: 927:

First expansion: Kshaharata dynasty (1st century CE)

8215:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 6828:"The Maitraka and the Saindhava Temples of Gujarat" 6198: 6196: 6194: 5937:

Catalogue Of The Indian Coins In The British Museum

5880:

Rosenfield, "The dynastic art of the Kushans", p132

3904:, the dynastic symbol of the Guptas) replacing the 3657:, the dynastic symbol of the Guptas) replacing the 3190:of southern India are mentioned in inscriptions at 2969:There is a possibility, however, that the areas of 2209: 2087: 1916:. The Periplus describes the many goods exchanged: 807:

They are named Western Satraps in contrast to the "

6205: 3118: 3098: 2440: 2163:(…) who crushed down the pride and conceit of the 1022:, whose rare coins are known. He was succeeded by 903:, which had itself been borrowed from the Iranian 7150: 6594:Pradesh (India), Madhya; Krishnan, V. S. (1982). 6328: 6259: 5852:Rapson, "Indian coins of the British Museum" p.lx 3712:(r.455-467), in the style of the Western Satraps. 3423:After a period of control of the areas as far as 1422: 9362: 6826:Nanavati, J. M.; Dhaky, M. A. (1 January 1969). 6191: 5719:Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society 5344:. Asiatic Society of Bombay. 1986. p. 219. 4169:memorial pillar inscription of the time of King 3680:(r.380–415) in the style of the Western Satraps. 3521: 2681: 2192:Inscription of Queen Mother Gautami Balashri at 1519:Hall of the Great Chaitya Cave at Karla (120 CE) 1500:cave complex of the Karla Caves, the largest in 738:. After this, the Saka kingdom revived, but was 9083:, Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (c. 230 – 250) 6802:The Archaeology of Gujarat: Including Kathiawar 4911:Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p. 234 3290:A new family took over, started by the rule of 3138: 2550:Kanheri inscription of Rudradaman I's daughter. 1751:Success! In the year 42, in the month Vesakha, 1399:on the river Banasa, who gave to the Devas and 834:" still called them "Indo-Scythians". The word 6422: 6420: 6208:Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh 5700:Studies in the Coinage of the Western Ksatraps 5419:"This hall is assigned to the brief period of 3980:belong to the later years of the Satraps. The 3392:and other places from the 5th century onward. 2413:emporium. On the east side of the river (...) 2014:Goods were also brought down in quantity from 1356: 890: 773:The rulers of the Western Satraps were called 9376:States and territories established in the 30s 8261: 7221: 7010: 6963: 6825: 6792: 6127: 6109: 5781: 5742: 5240:"New light on the Paratarajas" Pankaj Tandon 5147: 5093: 4793: 4298:. The statue has the inscription "Shastana" ( 2799:100 and 103 (178-181 CE), before the rule of 7235: 6389:Los Angeles County Museum of Art description 5204: 4953: 4951: 4875: 4263:(30–375 CE). The continued use of the word " 4030:inscriptions first appeared much later than 3908:hill with star and crescent on the reverse. 3661:hill with star and crescent on the reverse. 3365:. Coins of Rudrasimha were found inside the 2865:(178–197) was recently found at Setkhedi in 2435: 1369:shows his support of Buddhism and Hinduism: 851: 8196: 7197:The Origins of the Indian Coinage Tradition 7182:Online catalogue of Western Kshatrapa coins 6871:Journal Of Oriental Institute Baroda Vol.10 6685:"Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman", 6417: 6347:. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 6271: 5749:. Cambridge University Press. p. 279. 5173: 5171: 5148:Alpers, Edward A.; Goswami, Chhaya (2019). 5094:Alpers, Edward A.; Goswami, Chhaya (2019). 2315: 2043:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chapter 14. 2028:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chapter 48. 1997:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chapter 49. 1704:inscription No.10. of Nahapana, Cave No.10. 8268: 8254: 7228: 7214: 6453: 6243:Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Ujjain 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6063:(in German). E.J. Brill. 1974. p. 21. 6024:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5585: 4800: 4786: 4375:List of Indo-Scythian dynasties and rulers 3774:. The minting date, here 153 (100-50-3 in 2061:and is thought to have been the result of 1581:Cave No.10 of Nasik, the 'Nahapana Vihara' 1289:were expanding their empire in the North. 5862:Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman I 5821: 5819: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5487: 5485: 4988:. Patna: Eastern book House. p. 16. 4948: 4821:Genealogical table of the Western Satraps 4354:to have been feudatories of the Kushans. 4077:, son-in-law of the Western Satrap ruler 2988: 2942:Yajna Sri Satakarni left inscriptions in 2806: 2740:He had at his court a Greek writer named 1899:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chap. 41 1042:symbols, such as the eight-spoked wheel ( 8210: 6864: 6426: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6301: 6278:Asian Educational Services. p. 82. 5973: 5971: 5969: 5636:. Pearson Education India. p. 383. 5612: 5448:in inscription 14a of Cave No.10 of the 5341:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay 5177: 5168: 5058:Alphabet A Key To The History Of Mankind 5054: 5023:History of civilizations of Central Asia 5008: 4983: 4816: 4269: 4146:era. These inscriptions are also in the 4056: 3995: 3867: 3765: 3579: 3528: 3494:had been occupied by a Saka ruler named 3410: 3265: 2992: 2810: 2755: 2480: 2444: 2319: 2241: 2119: 2091: 2001: 1903: 1707: 1696: 1458:, and one by Nahapana's minister in the 1371: 1072: 1052: 930: 779:(𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀔𑀢𑀧, "Great Satrap") in their 768: 9236:Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (c. 325) 7129: 7079: 7067: 7055: 7016: 6950: 6927: 6915: 6898: 6886: 6610: 6600:. Government Central Press. p. 28. 6565: 6305:Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. 6246:. Government Central Press. p. 26. 6239: 6168: 6145: 6135:. London, Trübner & Co. p. 75. 6117:. London, Trübner & Co. p. 79. 6086:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 6021: 5789:. London, Trübner & Co. p. 78. 5743:Allchin, F. R.; Erdosy, George (1995). 5542: 5503:"History of the Andhras", Durga Prasad 5154:. Oxford University Press. p. 99. 5100:. Oxford University Press. p. 99. 4937: 3459:Conquered by the Guptas (c. 335–415 CE) 3014: 2835:, with river, crescent and sun, within 2711:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman 2697:acknowledged the military might of the 2674:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman 2570:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman 2503:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman 14: 9363: 8219: 7785:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 6805:. Natwarlal & Company. p. 46. 6764: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6647:The Cambridge Shorter History of India 6524: 6149:Archaeological Survey Of Western India 6128:Burgess, James; Bühler, Georg (1883). 6110:Burgess, James; Bühler, Georg (1883). 6089:. New Age International. p. 174. 6017: 6015: 5933: 5924:"The Yavanajataka of Sphujidhvaja" p5) 5825: 5816: 5782:Burgess, James; Bühler, Georg (1883). 5712: 5710: 5708: 5682: 5680: 5520: 5482: 5444:Ushavadata also presents himself as a 5294:Epigraphia Indica Vol.7, Hultzsch, E. 4941:Archaeological Survey Of Western India 4334:Finally, following the period of the " 3533:Coin of the last Western Satrap ruler 2897:Great Satrap Rupiamma (2nd century CE) 2881:, related to Saka rule in the area of 2729:, in the extreme northeastern area of 2686:Later, the Junagadh rock inscription ( 2108:: 𑀲𑀓 𑀬𑀯𑀦 𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀯) defeated by 2018:, the capital of the Western Satraps: 1204: 1167: 281: 239: 230: 221: 212: 201: 170: 150: 141: 132: 107: 98: 8249: 8187: 7982: 7799: 7728: 7701: 7652: 7647: 7209: 7028: 6781: 6765:Rapson, E. J. (Edward James) (1908). 6540:(June–July 1991): 3–4. Archived from 6480: 6365: 6340: 6060:Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies 5977: 5966: 5629: 5322: 5320: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5120: 5048: 4920: 4274:The Western Satraps (orange) and the 3611:Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II 3586:Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II 3262:Rudrasimha II dynasty (c. 304–396 CE) 2782:became king for the centenary of the 1417:Inscription of Nahapana, Karla Caves. 1322:in order to repulse an attack by the 1174: 1160: 161: 9251:Peroz III "Kushanshah" (c. 350 –360) 6604: 6572:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 335. 5832:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 118. 5763: 5606: 5234: 5184:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 216. 5028:Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House 4081:, at the front of Cave no.10 in the 3630:, next to the older inscriptions of 3203:(256–278), 19th ruler of Kshatrapa. 2815:Coin of the Western Kshatrapa ruler 2541:Of the queen ... of the illustrious 1874:. It is a fertile country, yielding 1803: 1694:son-in-law and viceroy of Nahapana: 1361:An important inscription related to 1222: 1195: 1188: 1181: 1100: 259: 190: 179: 116: 7136:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6981: 6974: 6956: 6819: 6799:Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia (1941). 6700: 6597:Madhya Pradesh: District Gazetteers 6518: 6203: 6082: 6012: 5705: 5677: 5656: 5198: 3745:and the Classical period of India. 3407:Sasanian expansion in the northwest 1213: 270: 24: 9323:From the dated inscription on the 8279:kings, territories and chronology 7070:, pp. 90-91 with footnote 51. 6867:"A Kshatrapa Head from Saurashtra" 6411:Marshall, The Monuments of Sanchi 5984:. Mittal Publications. p. 6. 5536: 5413: 5401: 5317: 5300: 4406: 4397: 4124:Palace site, circa 2nd century CE. 3992:Contribution to Sanskrit epigraphy 3888:. Silver coins of the Gupta kings 3696:(r.414–455) (Western territories). 2752:Jivadaman (178-181 CE, 197-198 CE) 965:Kshaharatasa Kshatrapasa Bhumakasa 250: 25: 9422: 7170: 6672:Marshall, The Monuments of India 6660:Marshall, The Monuments of India 6504:. Oxbow Books. pp. 127–128. 6308:Motilal Banarsidass. p. 66. 6302:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1986). 4961:, and dated to the third year of 4368: 4350:are known from an inscription in 4190:Possible vassalage to the Kushans 3824:), is employed together with the 3737:. Less than a century later, the 3482:The Central Indian region around 3082: 2048: 1825:Junnar inscription No. 26, 124 CE 1486:Great Chaitya hall at Karla Caves 1347:Inscription in Cave No.10 of the 687:in the east, covering modern-day 9340: 9329: 9317: 8168: 8159: 8150: 8141: 8132: 8123: 8114: 8105: 8095:References and sources for table 7154:Nāgārjunakoṇḍā: A Cultural Study 7085: 7022: 6992: 6985:Life and Art of Early Andhradesa 6970:. Allied Publishers. p. 51. 6858: 6782:Virji, krishnakumari J. (1952). 6775: 6758: 6749: 6740: 6731: 6611:Mirashi, Vasudev Vishnu (1955). 6487:. CUP Archive. pp. 790–791. 6240:(India), Madhya Pradesh (1982). 5208:A Historical atlas of South Asia 5205:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 4879:A Historical atlas of South Asia 4876:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 4315: 4309: 4303: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4218: 4207: 4106: 4097: 3701: 3685: 3669: 3137: 3117: 3097: 3081: 3066: 3065: 3049: 3033: 3013: 3006: 2966:, in the 7th year of his reign. 2846: 2765: 2733:, where he erected the pillars. 2349: 2343: 2337: 2210:Colonization of Java and Sumatra 2088:Defeat by Gautamiputra Satakarni 1862:and the coast of the country of 1670: 1658: 1646: 1634: 1622: 1606:’s son-in-law and Dinika's son- 1560: 1548: 1536: 1524: 1512: 1146: 1130: 1114: 1095: 1085:title "RANNIO KSAHARATA" ("ΡΑΝΝΙ 1003:inscription of the 19th year of 987:depending on sources). The term 949:Chaharasada Chatrapasa Bhumakasa 943:Arrow, pellet, and thunderbolt. 840:has the same origin as the word 658: 652: 646: 641: 636: 591: 577: 563: 549: 535: 510: 496: 482: 92: 86: 61: 55: 49: 44: 39: 7187:Coins of the Western Kshatrapas 6678: 6666: 6654: 6638: 6621: 6586: 6559: 6491: 6474: 6447: 6405: 6393: 6382: 6334: 6265: 6212:. Sterling Publishers. p. 6156: 6139: 6121: 6103: 6076: 6067: 6050: 5998: 5955: 5944: 5927: 5913: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5855: 5846: 5775: 5736: 5727: 5692: 5650: 5623: 5579: 5509: 5497: 5470: 5458: 5438: 5426: 5375: 5363: 5351: 5332: 5288: 5279: 5267: 5255: 5246: 5225: 5178:Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1942). 5141: 5114: 5087: 5074: 5065: 4177:rulers of Nagarjunakonda". The 3761: 3206:A marital alliance between the 2441:Victory against the Satavahanas 1591:Nasik inscription of Ushavadata 914:as it is first attested in the 9176:, "Kushanshah" (c. 300 – 325) 9139:, "Kushanshah" (c. 295 – 300) 6865:Nanavati, J. M. (March 1961). 5002: 4977: 4968: 4931: 4914: 4905: 4896: 4869: 4278:(green), in the 2nd century CE 3856:the 4th century, the coins of 3050: 2962:, there is one inscription of 2877:, as well as a later one, the 2489:rock contains inscriptions of 2465:with river, crescent and sun. 2234:(which is also the Java era). 2008:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1846:, as ruler of the area around 1840:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1423:Construction of Buddhist caves 1115: 951:: "Ksaharata Satrap Bhumaka". 13: 1: 9093:, "Kushanshah" (c. 265 – 295) 9088:, "Kushanshah" (c. 250 – 265) 7098: 6869:. In Sandesara, B. J. (ed.). 6785:Ancient History Of Saurashtra 6715:"Evidence of the conquest of 5934:Rapson, Edward James (1967). 5592:. BRILL. p. 64 Note 94. 4974:Ptolemy, "Geographia", Chap 7 4483: 4468: 4452: 3863: 3733:invaders from the steppes of 2687: 2682:Victory against the Yaudheyas 2652:("Western Border" – Northern 2306: 2251: 1984:, cotton cloth of all kinds, 1838:Nahapana is mentioned in the 1765:Inscription No.12 of Nahapana 1743:Inscription No.10 of Nahapana 1147: 1131: 1104: 392: 122: 9249:"Kushanshahs" (c. 325 – 350) 8810:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the 8562:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the 8542:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the 8224:, Cambridge University Press 8192:, Cambridge University Press 7922:Decline of Buddhism in India 7359:Northern Black Polished Ware 6633:Dēvaputra-Shāhi-Shāhānushāhi 6566:Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (2016). 6083:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). 5871:, accessed on 23 March 2007. 4924:The Cave Paintings of Ajanta 3922: 3812: 3336:dharmaviyagi mahadandanayaka 3278:(375–400). Derived from the 3034: 2644:districts), Kukura (Eastern 2265:: "King and Satrap Castana". 2126:Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni 2057:, was found in the ruins of 1712:One of the pillars built by 991:is also known from the 6 CE 880: 846:and are both descended from 799: 793: 775: 7: 8190:An Introduction to Hinduism 6832:Artibus Asiae. Supplementum 6534:Oriental Numismatic Society 6272:Subramanian, K. R. (1989). 6204:Rao, P. Raghunadha (1993). 5387:. BRILL. 2013. p. 97. 4825: 4338:" who ruled in the area of 3474:Central India conquered by 3270:Head of Buddha Shakyamuni, 3221:Uj(e)nika mahara(ja) balika 2246:Coin of the Western Satrap 1508:Great Chaitya hall at Karla 1357:Support of Indian religions 899: 871: 865: 859: 836: 10: 9427: 8991:(c. 190 – to at least 230) 8213:Hinduism. Past and present 8083:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 8041:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 7433:Rise of Shramana movements 7151:K. Krishna Murthy (1977). 7123: 6964:Sivaramamurti, C. (1961). 6650:. CUP Archive. p. 93. 6481:Ghosh, Amalananda (1965). 6427:Schastok, Sara L. (1985). 5978:Misra, Om Prakash (2003). 5127:. Routledge. p. 310. 4372: 4327:that his power extends to 4015: 3748: 3462: 2900: 2893:in the early 4th century. 2774:(corresponding to 178 CE). 2230:, at the beginning of the 2063:Indo-Roman trade relations 1886:oil and clarified butter, 1870:, but the coast is called 1584: 1567:Donative inscription by a 1489: 1379:, inscription of Nahapana. 921: 892: 852: 727:until the 2nd century CE. 9306: 9304: 9299: 9296: 9277: 9263: 9231: 9229: 9205: 9202: 9179: 9171: 9169: 9153: 9150: 9142: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9121: 9097: 9074: 9046: 9003: 9000: 8976: 8953: 8914: 8911: 8890: 8883: 8874: 8865: 8862: 8857: 8854: 8847: 8845: 8840: 8837: 8832: 8829: 8822: 8820: 8809: 8806: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8786: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8759: 8756: 8749: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8732: 8729: 8722: 8717: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8694: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8650: 8639: 8634: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8611: 8598: 8587: 8574: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8541: 8534: 8525: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8504: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8481: 8472: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8440: 8438: 8431: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8351: 8287: 8220:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), 8092: 7989: 7968:Pandyan kingdom (revival) 7953: 7932: 7907: 7879: 7839: 7834: 7775: 7661: 7596: 7554: 7533: 7517: 7506: 7499: 7482: 7466: 7452: 7423: 7416: 7362: 7344: 7341:Painted Grey Ware culture 7326: 7318: 7302: 7278: 7275: 7270: 7257: 7252: 7243: 7130:Salomon, Richard (1998). 6433:. BRILL. pp. 23–31. 5432:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 5124:Indian Ocean In Antiquity 5020:; Etemadi, G. F. (eds.). 4921:Singh, Madanjeet (1965). 4134:of Western Satraps ruler 4132:Junagadh rock inscription 4063:Junagadh rock inscription 3498:, who his known from the 3449:Sasanian coinage of Sindh 3417:Sasanian coinage of Sindh 3306:Contributions to Buddhism 2915:in the central region of 2436:Rudradaman I (130-150 CE) 2076:area, and was shipped to 2053:An Indian statuette, the 1292:His son-in-law, the Saka 607: 461: 457: 447: 437: 433: 423: 419: 407: 389: 385: 375: 367: 353: 325: 307: 81: 76: 34: 8188:Flood, Gavin D. (1996), 7777:"Golden Age of Hinduism" 7742:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom 7658:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty 7419:Persian-Greek influences 7237:Middle kingdoms of India 6694:23 February 2009 at the 6454:Brancaccio, Pia (2010). 5867:23 February 2009 at the 5810:23 February 2009 at the 5586:Brancaccio, Pia (2010). 5545:Journal of World History 5273:Epigraphia Indica Vol.8 5181:History of Ancient India 5055:Diringer, David (1948). 4862: 3876:(c. 415–455 CE), of the 3136: 3116: 3096: 3080: 3064: 3048: 3032: 3012: 2911:" has been recovered in 2725:district of the area of 2543:Satakarni Vasishthiputra 2531:Vashishtiputra Satakarni 2527:Vashishtiputra Satakarni 2409:is the interior city of 2316:Territory under Chastana 2263:Raño Kshatrapasa Castana 1365:in the Great Chaitya at 1145: 1129: 1113: 559:Kalachuris of Mahishmati 8572:(ruled 12 BCE - 15 CE) 8211:Michaels, Axel (2004), 7909:Late-Classical Hinduism 7192:The Kshatrapas in Nasik 7029:Selin, Helaine (2013). 5829:Studies in Indian Coins 5663:. S. Chand Publishing. 5630:Singh, Upinder (2008). 5616:Epigraphia Indica Vol.8 4984:Marshall, John (1936). 3725:and the arrival of the 3556:, the elder brother of 2981:after his victory over 2931:The south Indian ruler 2477:" 16mm, 2.0 grams. 2430:, Book Seven, Chapter I 764: 7295:Middle Gangetic Plain 6460:. BRILL. p. 107. 6341:Mitra, Debala (2004). 6329:K. Krishna Murthy 1977 6260:K. Krishna Murthy 1977 5826:Sircar, D. C. (2005). 5698:A. Jha and D. Rajgor: 5026:. Vol. 2. Delhi: 4822: 4411: 4402: 4279: 4070: 4013: 3941:and were moved to the 3881: 3783: 3776:Brahmi script numerals 3616: 3589: 3538: 3420: 3287: 3001: 2989:Rudrasena II (256–278) 2979:Gautamiputra Satakarni 2858: 2807:Rudrasimha I (180-197) 2775: 2715: 2679: 2660:(an aboriginal tribe, 2574: 2553: 2510: 2478: 2433: 2417:-Regia Tiastani (...) 2362: 2301:) during the reign of 2266: 2207: 2161:Gautamiputra Satakarni 2138:Gautamiputra Satakarni 2133: 2117: 2110:Gautamiputra Satakarni 2046: 2031: 2011: 2000: 1914:Roman trade with India 1909: 1902: 1828: 1770: 1748: 1725: 1705: 1575:") named Vitasamghata. 1420: 1380: 1354: 1090: 1070: 968: 804: 732:Gautamiputra Satakarni 449:• Disestablished 8641:INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM 8625:INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM 8592:(ruled 10 BCE– 10 CE) 8424:INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGDOM 7824:Western Ganga Dynasty 7691: 1st century BCE 7679:Early Pandyan kingdom 7644: 2nd century BCE 7604:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE) 7598:Preclassical Hinduism 7579:Early Pandyan kingdom 7551: 3rd century BCE 7496: 4th century BCE 7463: 5th century BCE 7373: 6th century BCE 7298:Lower Gangetic Plain 7286:Upper Gangetic Plain 7004:museumsofindia.gov.in 6813:3 August 2017 at the 6674:p.388 inscription 833 6525:Senior, R.C. (1991). 6146:Burgess, Jas (1883). 5657:V.D, Mahajan (2016). 5613:Hultzsch, E. (1906). 5557:10.1353/jwh.2013.0012 5434:p.326 Inscription No1 4938:Burgess, Jas (1883). 4820: 4410: 4401: 4342:, the "Great Satrap" 4273: 4060: 3999: 3871: 3769: 3602: 3583: 3532: 3500:Kanakerha inscription 3414: 3357:, which incorporates 3328:Kanakerha inscription 3269: 3237:Kanakerha inscription 2996: 2879:Kanakerha inscription 2831:Three-arched hill or 2814: 2759: 2703: 2586: 2558: 2539: 2533:appears in a cave at 2484: 2461:Three-arched hill or 2448: 2387: 2323: 2245: 2158: 2123: 2095: 2035: 2020: 2005: 1918: 1907: 1852: 1818: 1749: 1727: 1711: 1700: 1665:Chaitya and Umbrellas 1466:. At the same time, " 1454:, one inscription at 1382: 1375: 1340: 1076: 1056: 975:dynasty (also called 934: 772: 326:Common languages 9391:History of Rajasthan 8174:Michaels (2004) p.41 8165:Michaels (2004) p.40 8147:Michaels (2004) p.39 8129:Michaels (2004) p.39 8066:Kamboja-Pala dynasty 7698: 1st century CE 7019:, pp. 10, 86–90 6988:. Agam. p. 249. 6719:during the reign of 6547:on 26 September 2019 5722:. The Society. 1920. 4927:. Thames and Hudson. 4300:Middle Brahmi script 4230:Middle Brahmi script 3976:of Junagadh and the 3708:Coin of Gupta ruler 3692:Coin of Gupta ruler 3676:Coin of Gupta ruler 3522:Gujarat campaign of 3298:(r. 317–332 CE) and 3163:class=notpageimage| 2935:(170-199 CE) of the 2616:, Svabhra (northern 2334:Middle Brahmi script 2167:; who destroyed the 1908:Nahapana coin hoard. 1808:A dedication in the 1531:Right row of columns 1233:class=notpageimage| 830:in his 2nd century " 803:("Lord") conjointly. 8025:Rashtrakuta dynasty 7477:Shaishunaga dynasty 7427:Second Urbanisation 7272:Indo-Gangetic Plain 6982:Ray, Amita (1982). 6627:Lines 23-24 of the 5121:Cribb, Joe (2013). 4325:Rabatak inscription 4045:rulers, either the 4000:The inscription of 3786:From the reigns of 3439:, from the time of 3182:, from the time of 3129:(Viśvasena coinage) 2964:Sri Yajna Satakarni 2933:Yajna Sri Satakarni 2764:, in the year 100 ( 2295:Rabatak inscription 2171:(Western Satraps), 2112:, mentioned in the 1767:, Cave No.10, Nasik 1745:, Cave No.10, Nasik 1496:In particular, the 993:Taxila copper plate 811:" who ruled around 740:ultimately defeated 439:• Established 9406:History of Gujarat 9396:Dynasties of India 8680:(ruled c.0-20 CE) 8356:INDO-GREEK KINGDOM 8156:Hiltebeitel (2002) 8138:Hiltebeitel (2002) 7836:Hephthalite Empire 7672:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 7663:Satavahana dynasty 7649:Indo-Greek Kingdom 7572:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 7563:Satavahana dynasty 7536:Spread of Buddhism 7258:Northwestern India 6687:Project South Asia 5476:Epigraphia Indica 5464:Epigraphia Indica 4837:Indo-Greek Kingdom 4823: 4412: 4403: 4387:1st c. – 4th c. CE 4282:Also, a statue of 4280: 4197:Statue of Chastana 4071: 4014: 3917:Kingdom of Valabhi 3882: 3878:Traikutaka dynasty 3784: 3590: 3548:mentions that the 3539: 3421: 3374:Greco-Buddhist art 3288: 3280:Greco-Buddhist art 3002: 2937:Satavahana dynasty 2861:An inscription of 2859: 2776: 2511: 2479: 2363: 2267: 2134: 2118: 2012: 1910: 1792:) and Shorparaga ( 1726: 1706: 1381: 1285:polity, while the 1091: 1071: 1007:also mentions the 969: 805: 736:Satavahana dynasty 629:Western Kshatrapas 587:Kingdom of Valabhi 573:Traikutaka dynasty 518:Satavahana dynasty 9358: 9357: 9325:Rukhana reliquary 9313: 9312: 8986:(c. 160 – c. 190) 8981:(c. 140 – c. 160) 8243: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8075:Eastern Chalukyas 8071:Kalyani Chalukyas 8029:Eastern Chalukyas 8018:Gurjara-Pratihara 8011: 9th century 7996:Eastern Chalukyas 7979: 8th century 7964:Eastern Chalukyas 7950:Mlechchha dynasty 7929: 7th century 7911:(ca. CE 650-1100) 7858: 6th century 7831: 5th century 7791: 4th century 7737: 3rd century 7725: 2nd century 7635:Mahayana Buddhism 7602:"Hindu Synthesis" 7469:Persian conquests 7354:Shramanic culture 7290:Ganga-Yamuna doab 7143:978-0-19-509984-3 7082:, pp. 91–93. 7058:, pp. 90–91. 6918:, pp. 93–94. 6901:, pp. 87–88. 6889:, pp. 86–87. 6358:978-81-87780-19-9 5907:Shaka invaders." 5041:978-8-120-81408-0 4995:978-81-85204-32-1 4986:A guide to Sanchi 4810: 4809: 4777: 4776: 4346:and the "Satrap" 4253:). Kushan period. 4201: 4091:Scythian warriors 4038:(circa 250 BCE). 3978:Khambhalida Caves 3915:(388–456) or the 3429:Kushano-Sasanians 3330:, on the hill of 3302:(r. 332–348 CE). 3194:(3rd century CE). 3155: 3130: 3111: 2867:Shajapur district 2493:(fourteen of the 2393:, above which is 2080:from the port of 1804:Junnar dedication 1277:was ruled by the 1243:Satavahana Empire 683:in the south and 621: 620: 603: 602: 599: 598: 523: 522: 16:(Redirected from 9418: 9386:History of Sindh 9349: 9344: 9338: 9333: 9327: 9321: 8713:Kujula Kadphises 8545:NORTHERN SATRAPS 8290: 8289: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8247: 8246: 8225: 8216: 8207: 8198:Hiltebeitel, Alf 8193: 8175: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8157: 8154: 8148: 8145: 8139: 8136: 8130: 8127: 8121: 8118: 8112: 8109: 7960:Badami Chalukyas 7955:Adivasi (tribes) 7945:Empire of Harsha 7941:Vakataka dynasty 7894:Kalabhra dynasty 7890:Badami Chalukyas 7881:Adivasi (tribes) 7850:Kalabhra dynasty 7816:Kalabhra dynasty 7812:Andhra Ikshvakus 7779:(ca. CE 320-650) 7763:Adivasi (tribes) 7631:Smarta Tradition 7484:Adivasi (tribes) 7399:Adivasi (tribes) 7255:cultural period 7250: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7166: 7147: 7092: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7007: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6967:Indian Sculpture 6960: 6954: 6948: 6935: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6875: 6874: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6823: 6817: 6806: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6762: 6756: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6738: 6735: 6729: 6713: 6698: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6642: 6636: 6629:Allahabad pillar 6625: 6619: 6618: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6546: 6531: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6424: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6363: 6362: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6299: 6290: 6289: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6248: 6247: 6237: 6228: 6227: 6211: 6200: 6189: 6183: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6019: 6010: 6009: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5975: 5964: 5959: 5953: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5931: 5925: 5917: 5911: 5896: 5890: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5872: 5859: 5853: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5823: 5814: 5802: 5791: 5790: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5714: 5703: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5675: 5674: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5540: 5534: 5529: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5315: 5309: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5175: 5166: 5165: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5091: 5085: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4966: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4873: 4832:History of India 4802: 4795: 4788: 4488: 4485: 4473: 4470: 4457: 4454: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4336:Northern Satraps 4319: 4313: 4307: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4222: 4211: 4199: 4171:Rudrapurusadatta 4110: 4101: 4047:Northern Satraps 4036:Edicts of Ashoka 4004:, son-in-law of 3970:Bava Pyara Caves 3705: 3689: 3673: 3618:The Gupta ruler 3614: 3515:Allahabad pillar 3415:Location of the 3149: 3141: 3140: 3128: 3121: 3120: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3085: 3084: 3069: 3068: 3053: 3052: 3037: 3036: 3017: 3016: 3010: 2850: 2769: 2713: 2692: 2689: 2677: 2572: 2551: 2495:Edicts of Ashoka 2431: 2373:in the West, to 2353: 2347: 2341: 2311: 2308: 2256: 2253: 2226:, a prince from 2205: 2198:Pandavleni Caves 2150:Pandavleni Caves 2044: 2029: 1998: 1900: 1826: 1810:Lenyadri complex 1768: 1746: 1720:, circa 120 CE, 1674: 1662: 1650: 1638: 1626: 1564: 1552: 1540: 1528: 1516: 1418: 1352: 1227: 1220: 1211: 1202: 1193: 1186: 1179: 1172: 1165: 1150: 1149: 1134: 1133: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1099: 902: 895: 894: 883: 874: 868: 862: 855: 854: 839: 815:and the area of 809:Northern Satraps 802: 796: 778: 719:", who ruled in 717:Northern Satraps 662: 656: 650: 645: 640: 595: 594: 581: 580: 567: 566: 553: 552: 545:Vakataka dynasty 539: 538: 527: 526: 514: 513: 500: 499: 486: 485: 479: 478: 463: 462: 397: 394: 293: 291: 286: 279: 277: 268: 266: 257: 255: 248: 246: 237: 235: 228: 226: 219: 217: 210: 208: 199: 197: 188: 186: 177: 175: 168: 166: 159: 157: 148: 146: 139: 137: 130: 128: 127: 124: 114: 112: 105: 103: 96: 90: 71: 65: 59: 53: 48: 43: 32: 31: 21: 9426: 9425: 9421: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9415: 9371:Western Satraps 9361: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9345: 9341: 9334: 9330: 9322: 9318: 9308:Chandragupta II 9291: 9282: 9274: 9269: 9252: 9250: 9237: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9197: 9196:(c. 310? – 325) 9192: 9188: 9184: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9146:(c. 275 – 310) 9116: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9040: 9036: 9034:Damajadasri III 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 8995: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8973: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8902: 8900: 8895: 8878: 8869: 8815: 8813:WESTERN SATRAPS 8811: 8710: 8679: 8668: 8643: 8627: 8593: 8591: 8582: 8580:Patika Kusulaka 8578: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8555:25 BCE – 10 CE 8547: 8543: 8529: 8476: 8444: 8426: 8317: 8308: 8294: 8283: 8274: 8244: 8239: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8178: 8173: 8169: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8151: 8146: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8119: 8115: 8110: 8106: 8096: 8085: 8081: 8079:Medieval Cholas 8077: 8073: 8064: 8039: 8037:Medieval Cholas 8035: 8033:Pandyan kingdom 8031: 8027: 8002: 8000:Pandyan kingdom 7998: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7943: 7920: 7914:Advaita Vedanta 7912: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7865: 7852: 7848: 7822: 7820:Kadamba Dynasty 7818: 7814: 7805: 7784: 7780: 7752:Western Satraps 7714:Kuninda Kingdom 7706: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7671: 7665: 7656: 7633: 7605: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7571: 7565: 7502:Greek conquests 7435: 7431: 7357: 7351: 7339: 7333: 7287: 7259: 7254: 7239: 7234: 7173: 7144: 7126: 7121: 7101: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7027: 7023: 7015: 7011: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6979: 6975: 6961: 6957: 6949: 6938: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6885: 6878: 6863: 6859: 6844:10.2307/1522666 6824: 6820: 6815:Wayback Machine 6797: 6793: 6780: 6776: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6736: 6732: 6721:Chandragupta II 6714: 6701: 6696:Wayback Machine 6683: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6626: 6622: 6609: 6605: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6529: 6523: 6519: 6512: 6496: 6492: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6425: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6366: 6359: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6251: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6201: 6192: 6184: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6144: 6140: 6126: 6122: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6020: 6013: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5976: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5951:Rapson, p.cxxiv 5949: 5945: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5914: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5869:Wayback Machine 5860: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5824: 5817: 5812:Wayback Machine 5803: 5794: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5716: 5715: 5706: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5628: 5624: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5584: 5580: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5521: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5092: 5088: 5079: 5075: 5071:Rapson, p. CVII 5070: 5066: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5014:Harmatta, János 5010:Harmatta, János 5007: 5003: 4996: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4956: 4949: 4936: 4932: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4857:Rulers of Malwa 4828: 4806: 4647:Damajadasri III 4486: 4471: 4455: 4386: 4385: 4383:Western Satraps 4377: 4371: 4314: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4157:translated the 4128: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4103: 4102: 4093: 4092: 4065:, inscribed by 4020: 3994: 3925: 3890:Chandragupta II 3866: 3828:script and the 3815: 3800:Brahmi numerals 3764: 3751: 3713: 3706: 3697: 3690: 3681: 3678:Chandragupta II 3674: 3643:Chandragupta II 3615: 3609: 3594:Chandragupta II 3584:The victorious 3578: 3576:(r. 380–415 CE) 3574:Chandragupta II 3558:Chandragupta II 3527: 3480: 3478:(r. 336–380 CE) 3471: 3469:Gupta-Saka Wars 3463:Main articles: 3461: 3433:Sasanian Empire 3409: 3399:to the western 3397:art of Gandhara 3264: 3208:Andhra Ikshvaku 3197: 3196: 3195: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3152:Rupiamma pillar 3148: 3142: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3086: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3070: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3038: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3018: 2991: 2929: 2905: 2899: 2869:, dated to 107 2857: 2851: 2844: 2809: 2788:Brāhmī numerals 2754: 2714: 2709: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2573: 2568: 2552: 2549: 2513:Around 130 CE, 2449:Silver coin of 2443: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2381:"), and beyond 2348: 2318: 2309: 2254: 2240: 2212: 2206: 2191: 2090: 2055:Pompeii Lakshmi 2051: 2045: 2042: 2030: 2027: 1999: 1996: 1901: 1898: 1842:under the name 1836: 1827: 1824: 1806: 1769: 1763: 1747: 1741: 1678: 1675: 1666: 1663: 1654: 1651: 1642: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1593: 1583: 1576: 1565: 1556: 1553: 1544: 1541: 1532: 1529: 1520: 1517: 1494: 1488: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1359: 1353: 1346: 1253:, and Northern 1239: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1151: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1088: 929: 924: 905:Median language 767: 744:Chandragupta II 657: 625:Western Satraps 614: 592: 578: 564: 550: 536: 511: 497: 483: 450: 440: 410: 409:• 388–415 398: 395: 360: 337: 318: 314: 303: 302: 298: 297: 296: 295: 294: 289: 284: 282: 280: 275: 273: 271: 269: 264: 262: 260: 258: 253: 251: 249: 244: 242: 240: 238: 233: 231: 229: 224: 222: 220: 215: 213: 211: 206: 204: 202: 200: 195: 193: 191: 189: 184: 182: 180: 178: 173: 171: 169: 164: 162: 160: 155: 153: 151: 149: 144: 142: 140: 135: 133: 131: 125: 121: 119: 117: 115: 110: 108: 106: 101: 99: 97: 72: 67: 66: 60: 37: 36:Western Satraps 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9424: 9414: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9350: 9339: 9328: 9315: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9303: 9301:Rudrasimha III 9298: 9294: 9293: 9284:Chandragupta I 9276: 9273:(c. 345 – 375) 9268:(c. 325 – 345) 9262: 9230: 9228: 9204: 9200: 9199: 9178: 9170: 9168: 9152: 9148: 9147: 9141: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9119: 9118: 9112:(c. 250 – 275) 9107:(c. 240 – 250) 9102:(c. 230 – 240) 9096: 9077:INDO-SASANIANS 9073: 9045: 9014:Damajadasri II 9002: 8998: 8997: 8975: 8952: 8913: 8909: 8908: 8889: 8882: 8873: 8864: 8860: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8850:Vima Kadphises 8846: 8844: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8821: 8819: 8808: 8804: 8803: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8785: 8782: 8775: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8748: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8721: 8716: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8638: 8633: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8597: 8586: 8576:Liaka Kusulaka 8573: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8540: 8533: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8508: 8503: 8501: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8487: 8480: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8459:Apollodotus II 8455: 8448: 8439: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8339:Eastern Punjab 8336: 8334:Western Punjab 8331: 8326: 8321: 8312: 8302: 8296: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8273: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8250: 8241: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8217: 8208: 8194: 8184: 8177: 8176: 8167: 8158: 8149: 8140: 8131: 8122: 8113: 8103: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8068: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8022: 8020: 8015: 8013: 8007: 8006: 7993: 7988: 7986: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7938: 7936: 7934:Indo-Sassanids 7931: 7925: 7924: 7906: 7898: 7897: 7883: 7878: 7876: 7871: 7869: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7809: 7807:Varman dynasty 7798: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7774: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7711: 7708:Indo-Parthians 7704:Indo-Scythians 7700: 7694: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7660: 7651: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7595: 7587: 7586: 7560: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7539: 7532: 7524: 7523: 7520:HISTORICAL AGE 7515: 7514: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7472: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7451: 7422: 7415: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7394: 7389: 7380: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7361: 7343: 7325: 7317: 7309: 7308: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7283: 7282: 7280:Southern India 7277: 7276:Central India 7274: 7269: 7256: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7233: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7172: 7171:External links 7169: 7168: 7167: 7148: 7142: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7084: 7072: 7060: 7048: 7041: 7021: 7009: 6991: 6973: 6955: 6936: 6920: 6903: 6891: 6876: 6857: 6818: 6791: 6788:. p. 225. 6774: 6757: 6748: 6739: 6730: 6699: 6677: 6665: 6653: 6637: 6620: 6603: 6585: 6578: 6558: 6517: 6510: 6490: 6473: 6467:978-9004185258 6466: 6446: 6440:978-9004069411 6439: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6381: 6364: 6357: 6333: 6321: 6314: 6291: 6284: 6264: 6249: 6229: 6222: 6190: 6167: 6155: 6152:. p. 114. 6138: 6120: 6102: 6095: 6075: 6066: 6049: 6011: 5997: 5990: 5965: 5954: 5943: 5926: 5912: 5891: 5882: 5873: 5854: 5845: 5838: 5815: 5792: 5774: 5762: 5755: 5735: 5726: 5704: 5691: 5676: 5669: 5649: 5642: 5622: 5605: 5599:978-9004185258 5598: 5578: 5535: 5519: 5508: 5496: 5481: 5469: 5457: 5437: 5425: 5412: 5400: 5393: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5331: 5316: 5299: 5287: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5245: 5233: 5224: 5217: 5197: 5190: 5167: 5160: 5140: 5133: 5113: 5106: 5086: 5073: 5064: 5061:. p. 350. 5047: 5040: 5001: 4994: 4976: 4967: 4947: 4944:. p. 103. 4930: 4913: 4904: 4895: 4888: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4847:Indo-Parthians 4844: 4842:Indo-Scythians 4839: 4834: 4827: 4824: 4815: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4769:Rudrasimha III 4765: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4728:Sridharavarman 4723: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4597:Damajadasri II 4593: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4404: 4390: 4389: 4373:Main article: 4370: 4369:List of rulers 4367: 4361:conquered the 4308: 4292:Vima Kadphises 4238: 4227: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4200:Mathura Museum 4196: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4179:Nagarjunakonda 4167:Nagarjunakonda 4122:Nagarjunakonda 4115: 4114: 4105: 4104: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4016:Main article: 3993: 3990: 3924: 3921: 3865: 3862: 3814: 3811: 3763: 3760: 3750: 3747: 3721:rulers in the 3715: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3698: 3691: 3684: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3666: 3607: 3577: 3570: 3542:Rudrasimha III 3535:Rudrasimha III 3526: 3520: 3496:Sridharavarman 3479: 3472: 3460: 3457: 3408: 3405: 3340:Sridharavarman 3312:Central Indian 3308: 3307: 3263: 3260: 3226:The region of 3192:Nagarjunakonda 3161: 3160: 3144: 3143: 3135: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3106:Nagarjunakonda 3104: 3103: 3095: 3088: 3087: 3079: 3072: 3071: 3063: 3056: 3055: 3047: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3020: 3019: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2990: 2987: 2928: 2925: 2901:Main article: 2898: 2895: 2845: 2808: 2805: 2753: 2750: 2707: 2683: 2680: 2670: 2566: 2547: 2517:, grandson of 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2423: 2385:in the south. 2359:Mathura Museum 2342: 2317: 2314: 2239: 2236: 2211: 2208: 2189: 2185:Indo-Parthians 2089: 2086: 2067:Western Satrap 2050: 2049:Pompei Lakshmi 2047: 2040: 2025: 1994: 1896: 1856:gulf of Baraca 1835: 1832: 1822: 1805: 1802: 1776:), Dashapura ( 1761: 1739: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1621: 1619: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1487: 1484: 1424: 1421: 1414: 1358: 1355: 1344: 1330:, made by the 1231: 1230: 1153: 1152: 1144: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1086: 1067:British Museum 1009:Khakharatavasa 997:Liaka Kusulaka 928: 925: 923: 920: 766: 763: 705:Madhya Pradesh 651: 619: 618: 609: 605: 604: 601: 600: 597: 596: 589: 583: 582: 575: 569: 568: 561: 555: 554: 547: 541: 540: 533: 524: 521: 520: 515: 507: 506: 501: 493: 492: 490:Indo-Scythians 487: 475: 474: 469: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 448: 445: 444: 441: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 425: 424:Historical era 421: 420: 417: 416: 414:Rudrasimha III 411: 408: 405: 404: 399: 390: 387: 386: 383: 382: 379: 373: 372: 369: 365: 364: 355: 351: 350: 327: 323: 322: 309: 305: 304: 300: 299: 91: 85: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 74: 73: 54: 38: 35: 26: 18:Western Satrap 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9423: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9348: 9343: 9337: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9316: 9309: 9302: 9295: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9272: 9267: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9235: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9216:Rudrasena III 9213: 9212:Rudradaman II 9209: 9201: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9177: 9175: 9167: 9165: 9161: 9160:Rudrasimha II 9157: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9138: 9132: 9127: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9095: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 8999: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8925:Damajadasri I 8922: 8918: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8899: 8894: 8891:Great Satrap 8888: 8887: 8881: 8877: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8852: 8851: 8843: 8836: 8827: 8826: 8818: 8814: 8805: 8790: 8781: 8780: 8774: 8763: 8754: 8753: 8747: 8736: 8727: 8726: 8720: 8715: 8714: 8709: 8708:KUSHAN EMPIRE 8700: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8686: 8678: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8666: 8656: 8653: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8617: 8614: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8566: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8546: 8539: 8538: 8532: 8528: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8507: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8479: 8475: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8416: 8411: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8364: 8363: 8358: 8357: 8349: 8348: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8315:Paropamisadae 8313: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8277:Indo-Scythian 8271: 8266: 8264: 8259: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8223: 8218: 8214: 8209: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8171: 8162: 8153: 8144: 8135: 8126: 8117: 8108: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7987: 7985: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7886:Vishnukundina 7884: 7882: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7846:Vishnukundina 7844: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7747:Kushan Empire 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7730:Kushan Empire 7726: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7668:Sangam period 7664: 7659: 7655: 7654:Shunga Empire 7650: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7627:Brahma Sutras 7624: 7623:Bhagavad Gita 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7599: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7568:Sangam period 7564: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7557:Maurya Empire 7552: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7503: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7428: 7421: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7349: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7331: 7324: 7323: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7226: 7224: 7219: 7217: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7118: 7117:0-486-26896-9 7114: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7044: 7042:9789401714167 7038: 7034: 7033: 7025: 7018: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6987: 6986: 6977: 6969: 6968: 6959: 6953:, p. 89. 6952: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6900: 6895: 6888: 6883: 6881: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6804: 6803: 6795: 6787: 6786: 6778: 6770: 6769: 6761: 6752: 6746:Rapson p. CIV 6743: 6737:Rapson CCVIII 6734: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6649: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6616: 6615: 6607: 6599: 6598: 6589: 6581: 6579:9789352531325 6575: 6571: 6570: 6569:Ancient India 6562: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6513: 6511:9781785702105 6507: 6503: 6502: 6494: 6486: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6450: 6442: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6423: 6421: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6360: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6317: 6315:9788120800267 6311: 6307: 6306: 6298: 6296: 6287: 6285:9788120604445 6281: 6277: 6276: 6268: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6245: 6244: 6236: 6234: 6225: 6223:9788120714953 6219: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6165: 6159: 6151: 6150: 6142: 6134: 6133: 6124: 6116: 6115: 6106: 6098: 6096:9788122411980 6092: 6088: 6087: 6079: 6070: 6062: 6061: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6016: 6007: 6001: 5993: 5991:9788170998747 5987: 5983: 5982: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5947: 5940:. p. 83. 5939: 5938: 5930: 5923: 5922:David Pingree 5916: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5858: 5849: 5841: 5839:9788120829732 5835: 5831: 5830: 5822: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5788: 5787: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5758: 5756:9780521376952 5752: 5748: 5747: 5739: 5730: 5721: 5720: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5672: 5670:9789352531325 5666: 5662: 5661: 5660:Ancient India 5653: 5645: 5643:9788131711200 5639: 5635: 5634: 5626: 5619:. p. 60. 5618: 5617: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5533: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5396: 5394:9789004255302 5390: 5386: 5385: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5297: 5291: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5228: 5220: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5201: 5193: 5191:9788120800182 5187: 5183: 5182: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5161:9780199096138 5157: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5136: 5134:9781136155314 5130: 5126: 5125: 5117: 5109: 5107:9780199096138 5103: 5099: 5098: 5090: 5083: 5077: 5068: 5060: 5059: 5051: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4971: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4934: 4926: 4925: 4917: 4908: 4899: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Kushan Empire 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4819: 4812: 4811: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4740: 4739:Rudrasena III 4737: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4717:Rudradaman II 4715: 4714: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4698: 4697:Rudrasimha II 4695: 4694: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4496: 4495:Damajadasri I 4493: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4286:was found in 4285: 4277: 4276:Kushan Empire 4272: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4261:Kushan Empire 4252: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4231: 4221: 4210: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4100: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4043:Indo-Scythian 4039: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3974:Uparkot Caves 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3894:Kumaragupta I 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3861: 3859: 3858:Rudrasimha II 3854: 3850: 3847:The coins of 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3759: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3727:Kidarite Huns 3724: 3720: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3694:Kumaragupta I 3688: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3647:Kumaragupta I 3644: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3613:, 412-413 CE. 3612: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3588:(412-413 CE). 3587: 3582: 3575: 3572:Conquests of 3569: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3546:Natya-darpana 3543: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3413: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3300:Rudradaman II 3297: 3293: 3292:Rudrasimha II 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3153: 3147: 3131: 3107: 3091: 3075: 3059: 3043: 3027: 3023: 3009: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2921:Narmada River 2918: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2792:Brāhmī script 2789: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2691: 150 CE 2675: 2669: 2667: 2666:Central India 2664:and parts of 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2624:), Kachchha ( 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2562:Dakshinapatha 2557: 2546: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2429: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407:Namadus river 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2255: 130 CE 2249: 2244: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106:Brahmi script 2103: 2099: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2039: 2034: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2009: 2004: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1915: 1906: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1766: 1760: 1759:generally.... 1758: 1754: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1723: 1719: 1716:, viceroy of 1715: 1710: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1673: 1668: 1661: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1620: 1618:, cave No. 10 1617: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1574: 1570: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1527: 1522: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1480:Manmodi Caves 1477: 1473: 1470:", Greeks or 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460:Manmodi Caves 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1384:Success!! By 1378: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1350: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1320:Uttamabhadras 1316: 1313: 1311: 1310:Manmodi Caves 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1283:Indo-Parthian 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1234: 1226: 1219: 1210: 1201: 1185: 1184:KUSHAN EMPIRE 1178: 1171: 1164: 1156: 1140: 1124: 1108: 120 CE 1098: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 966: 963:inscription: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 919: 917: 913: 908: 906: 901: 896: 887: 886:Saka language 882: 876: 873: 867: 861: 856: 849: 845: 844: 838: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 801: 797:("King") and 795: 790: 789:Manmodi Caves 786: 782: 781:Brahmi script 777: 771: 762: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 673:Indo-Scythian 670: 666: 661: 655: 649: 644: 639: 634: 630: 626: 617: 613: 610: 608:Today part of 606: 590: 588: 585: 584: 576: 574: 571: 570: 562: 560: 557: 556: 548: 546: 543: 542: 534: 532: 529: 528: 525: 519: 516: 509: 508: 505: 502: 495: 494: 491: 488: 481: 480: 477: 476: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 460: 456: 452: 446: 442: 436: 432: 429: 426: 422: 418: 415: 412: 406: 403: 400: 388: 384: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 363: 359: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 331: 328: 324: 321: 317: 313: 310: 306: 292: 287: 278: 267: 256: 247: 236: 227: 218: 209: 198: 187: 176: 167: 158: 147: 138: 129: 126: 350 CE 113: 104: 95: 89: 80: 75: 70: 64: 58: 52: 47: 42: 33: 30: 19: 9342: 9331: 9319: 9290: 9287:Samudragupta 9280:GUPTA EMPIRE 9278: 9264: 9232: 9224:Rudrasena IV 9208:Yasodaman II 9206: 9182:Vasudeva III 9180: 9172: 9154: 9135: 9126:Bhratadarman 9115: 9110:Kanishka III 9098: 9075: 9047: 9038:Rudrasena II 9004: 8994: 8977: 8972: 8954: 8949: 8933:Rudrasimha I 8921:Rudradaman I 8915: 8903: 8893:Kharapallana 8884: 8848: 8823: 8812: 8777: 8750: 8723: 8711: 8683: 8669: 8663: 8644: 8628: 8605: 8599: 8565:APRACHARAJAS 8537:Apollophanes 8535: 8510: 8489: 8484:Hippostratos 8482: 8478:Spalagadames 8457: 8450: 8407: 8400: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8354: 8293:Territories/ 8280: 8221: 8212: 8202: 8189: 8180: 8179: 8170: 8161: 8152: 8143: 8134: 8125: 8116: 8107: 8099: 8098: 8062:Pala dynasty 8048:10th century 8047: 8010: 7978: 7928: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7857: 7830: 7802:Gupta Empire 7800: 7790: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7751: 7736: 7724: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7675:Early Cholas 7666: 7643: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7575:Early Cholas 7566: 7555: 7550: 7541: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7518: 7509:Nanda empire 7507: 7495: 7462: 7453: 7424: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7372: 7363: 7348:Vedic Period 7345: 7330:Vedic Period 7327: 7322:Vedic Period 7319: 7313: 7312: 7303: 7266:Sapta Sindhu 7253:Timeline and 7201:Academia.edu 7153: 7132: 7087: 7080:Salomon 1998 7075: 7068:Salomon 1998 7063: 7056:Salomon 1998 7051: 7031: 7024: 7017:Salomon 1998 7012: 7003: 6994: 6984: 6976: 6966: 6958: 6951:Salomon 1998 6928:Salomon 1998 6923: 6916:Salomon 1998 6899:Salomon 1998 6894: 6887:Salomon 1998 6870: 6860: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6801: 6794: 6784: 6777: 6767: 6760: 6751: 6742: 6733: 6686: 6680: 6668: 6656: 6646: 6640: 6623: 6613: 6606: 6596: 6588: 6568: 6561: 6551:27 September 6549:. Retrieved 6542:the original 6537: 6533: 6520: 6500: 6493: 6483: 6476: 6456: 6449: 6429: 6407: 6395: 6384: 6343: 6336: 6331:, p. 5. 6324: 6304: 6274: 6267: 6262:, p. 6. 6242: 6207: 6158: 6148: 6141: 6130: 6123: 6112: 6105: 6085: 6078: 6069: 6059: 6052: 6027: 6023: 6000: 5980: 5957: 5946: 5936: 5929: 5915: 5894: 5885: 5876: 5857: 5848: 5828: 5784: 5777: 5765: 5745: 5738: 5729: 5718: 5699: 5694: 5659: 5652: 5632: 5625: 5615: 5608: 5588: 5581: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5511: 5499: 5472: 5460: 5440: 5428: 5415: 5403: 5383: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5290: 5281: 5269: 5257: 5248: 5236: 5227: 5207: 5200: 5180: 5150: 5143: 5123: 5116: 5096: 5089: 5076: 5067: 5057: 5050: 5022: 5004: 4985: 4979: 4970: 4940: 4933: 4923: 4916: 4907: 4898: 4878: 4871: 4759:Rudrasena IV 4707:Yasodaman II 4657:Rudrasena II 4525:Rudrasimha I 4515:Rudrasimha I 4479:Rudradaman I 4382: 4359:Rudradaman I 4356: 4344:Kharapallana 4333: 4320: 4281: 4258: 4250: 4163: 4159:Yavanajataka 4148: 4144:Gupta Empire 4138:(c. 150 AD, 4136:Rudradaman I 4129: 4072: 4067:Rudradaman I 4040: 4021: 3985: 3981: 3951: 3943:Kutch Museum 3932: 3926: 3910: 3892:and his son 3883: 3846: 3816: 3808: 3792:Rudrasimha I 3785: 3762:Regnal dates 3752: 3743:Gupta Empire 3735:Central Asia 3729:, the first 3716: 3645:and his son 3640: 3636:Rudradaman I 3617: 3603: 3591: 3566: 3540: 3511:Samudragupta 3508:Gupta Empire 3481: 3476:Samudragupta 3465:Gupta Empire 3422: 3394: 3386:Ajanta Caves 3382:Gupta Empire 3348: 3335: 3309: 3296:Yasodaman II 3289: 3252:Ajanta Caves 3241: 3225: 3220: 3205: 3201:Rudrasena II 3198: 3184:Rudrasena II 2998:Rudrasena II 2968: 2941: 2930: 2906: 2863:Rudrasimha I 2860: 2828: 2820: 2817:Rudrasimha I 2801:Rudrasimha I 2777: 2746:Yavanajataka 2739: 2735: 2718: 2716: 2704: 2695:Rudradaman I 2685: 2587: 2575: 2559: 2554: 2540: 2515:Rudradaman I 2512: 2499:Rudradaman I 2470: 2458: 2454: 2451:Rudradaman I 2427: 2388: 2364: 2354: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2213: 2159: 2135: 2052: 2036: 2032: 2021: 2013: 1919: 1911: 1853: 1843: 1837: 1829: 1819: 1807: 1771: 1750: 1728: 1724:, cave No10. 1681: 1597: 1594: 1543:Chaitya roof 1495: 1449: 1426: 1383: 1360: 1349:Nashik Caves 1341: 1328:Nashik Caves 1317: 1314: 1291: 1240: 1044:dharmachakra 1035: 1031: 1026:, father of 1017: 1012: 1008: 1005:Sri Pulamavi 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 970: 964: 957:dharmachakra 952: 948: 947:inscription 940: 909: 889: 877: 866:Mahakṣatrapa 853:xšaθrapāvan- 850: 841: 825: 806: 760: 748:Gupta Empire 729: 665:Mahakṣatrapa 664: 628: 624: 622: 531:Gupta Empire 472:Succeeded by 471: 466: 69:Mahakṣatrapa 68: 29: 9297:388-395 CE 9254:HEPHTHALITE 9247:Varhran III 9203:320-388 CE 9186:Vasudeva IV 9151:300-320 CE 9144:Vasudeva II 9131:Datayola II 9122:280-300 CE 9100:Kanishka II 9069:Datarvharna 9065:Datarvharna 9026:Yasodaman I 9022:Isvaradatta 9006:Samghadaman 9001:230-280 CE 8945:Rudrasena I 8912:130-230 CE 8896:and Satrap 8876:PARATARAJAS 8838:100-120 CE 8646:Gondophares 8630:Gondophares 8589:Kharahostes 8569:Vijayamitra 8386:Artemidoros 8379:Menander II 8310:Balochistan 8206:, Routledge 8087:Rashtrakuta 7991:Pala Empire 7984:Kabul Shahi 7867:Kabul Shahi 7841:Alchon Huns 7619:Mahabharata 7542:Pre-history 7455:Pre-history 7365:Pre-history 7157:. Concept. 5962:Rapson p.92 5551:(1): 1–23. 5450:Nasik Caves 5018:Puri, B. N. 4813:Family tree 4677:Bhartrdaman 4627:Yasodaman I 4617:Isvaradatta 4577:Samghadaman 4567:Prthivisena 4557:Rudrasena I 4155:Yavanesvara 4120:" soldier, 4083:Nasik Caves 4026:of India", 4010:Nasik Caves 3919:(475–776). 3913:Traikutakas 3898:Indo-Greeks 3739:Alchon Huns 3710:Skandagupta 3651:Indo-Greeks 3620:Skandagupta 3445:Indus river 3248:Bhartrdaman 3110:(Alliances) 2960:Nasik Caves 2944:Nasik Caves 2819:(178–197). 2742:Yavanesvara 2731:Maharashtra 2523:Satavahanas 2507:Skandagupta 2453:(130–150). 2177:Indo-Greeks 1858:is that of 1854:Beyond the 1800:district). 1722:Nasik Caves 1677:Inscription 1616:Nasik Caves 1587:Nasik Caves 1492:Karla Caves 1472:Indo-Greeks 1456:Karla Caves 1452:Nasik Caves 1429:Maharashtra 1377:Karla Caves 1367:Karla Caves 1334:'s viceroy 1279:Paratarajas 1275:Baluchistan 1249:, Southern 1225:HAN DYNASTY 1163:SATAVAHANAS 916:Tarim Basin 813:East Punjab 776:Mahākhatapa 697:Maharashtra 467:Preceded by 9365:Categories 9260:invasions 9243:Varhran II 9190:Vasudeva V 9137:Hormizd II 9081:Ardashir I 9057:Bhimarjuna 9049:Miratakhma 9042:Visvasimha 9030:Vijayasena 8989:Vasudeva I 8937:Satyadaman 8905:Kanishka I 8886:Kanishka I 8825:Vima Takto 8807:75-100 CE 8719:Indravarma 8685:Sarpedones 8677:Vispavarma 8607:Strato III 8521:55–35 BCE 8500:55–35 BCE 8474:Spalirises 8468:65–55 BCE 8446:Spalahores 8436:75–70 BCE 8418:85-60 BCE 8395:90–70 BCE 8365:90–85 BCE 8281:(in green) 8100:References 8053:Ghaznavids 7863:Nezak Huns 7099:References 6930:, p. 6164:Coin image 6162:CNG Coins 5421:Kshatrapas 5218:0226742210 5082:Sten Konow 5030:. p. 4889:0226742210 4667:Visvasimha 4637:Vijayasena 4548:(restored) 4536:Satyadaman 4527:(restored) 4487: 130 4472: 130 4321:Sha-sta-na 4251:Sha-sta-na 4075:Ushavadata 4002:Ushavadata 3864:Influences 3818:Kharoshthi 3755:Indo-Greek 3537:(388–395). 2854:Rudradaman 2839:legend in 2825:Indo-Greek 2602:West Malwa 2594:East Malwa 2428:Geographia 2399:Syrastrena 2312:–150 CE). 2310: 127 2291:Vima Taktu 2194:Cave No. 3 2165:Kshatriyas 2146:Cave No. 3 2114:Nasik cave 2096:The "Saka- 1872:Syrastrene 1786:Govardhana 1753:Ushavadata 1735:Govardhana 1731:Ushavadata 1714:Ushavadata 1702:Nasik Cave 1688:Ushavadata 1608:Ushavadata 1585:See also: 1573:Indo-Greek 1502:South Asia 1490:See also: 1386:Ushabadata 1336:Ushavadata 1294:Ushavadata 1102:South-Asia 1063:Indo-Greek 1013:Kshaharata 989:Kshaharata 985:Khakharata 973:Kshaharata 945:Kharoshthi 893:xšaθrapati 878:The title 832:Geographia 819:, such as 713:Satavahana 681:Saurashtra 368:Government 334:Kharoshthi 205:MAHAMEGHA- 120:South-Asia 9239:Varhran I 9234:Shapur II 9220:Simhasena 9164:Jivadaman 9156:Visvasena 9105:Vashishka 9091:Hormizd I 9018:Viradaman 8968:Mirahvara 8964:Hvaramira 8941:Jivadaman 8929:Jivadaman 8917:Jayadaman 8898:Vanaspara 8792:50-75 CE 8765:45-50 CE 8746:Aspavarma 8738:40-45 CE 8725:Abdagases 8702:30-40 CE 8691:Bhadayasa 8665:Ubouzanes 8658:20-30 CE 8636:Indravasu 8619:10-20 CE 8601:Strato II 8584:Zeionises 8549:Hagamasha 8512:Zoilos II 8491:Dionysios 8452:Telephos 8409:Archebius 8319:Arachosia 8004:Kalachuri 7796:Kidarites 6838:: 15–17. 6717:Saurastra 6036:2249-1937 6030:: 51–54. 5573:145360753 5565:1527-8050 4753:380–384/5 4749:Simhasena 4687:Visvasena 4607:Viradaman 4546:Jivadaman 4505:Jivadaman 4464:Jayadaman 4456: 78 4422:1st c. CE 4363:Yaudheyas 4348:Vanaspara 3923:Monuments 3874:Dahrasena 3844:instead. 3813:Languages 3806:instead. 3788:Jivadaman 3778:) of the 3554:Ramagupta 3524:Ramagupta 3441:Shapur II 3355:Devnimori 3314:areas of 3272:Devnimori 3244:Visvasena 3090:Devnimori 2780:Jivadaman 2770:) of the 2762:Jivadaman 2699:Yaudheyas 2646:Rajputana 2620:), Maru ( 2614:Surashtra 2608:country, 2475:Jayadaman 2426:Ptolemy, 2419:Minnagara 2355:Ṣa-sta-na 2330:anguipeds 2232:Shaka era 2074:Bhokardan 1978:carnelian 1958:spikenard 1922:Laodicean 1892:Minnagara 1729:Success! 1401:Brahmanas 1390:Kshatrapa 1218:PARTHIANS 1207:MAHAMEGA- 1065:coinage. 981:Khaharata 977:Chaharada 939:(?–119). 912:Khotanese 881:Kṣaharāta 701:Rajasthan 667:, "Great 428:Antiquity 396: 35 354:Religion 320:Minnagara 265:SASANIANS 254:KIDARITES 234:VAKATAKAS 216:SAMATATAS 145:KALABHRAS 136:IKSHVAKUS 102:KAMARUPAS 77:35–415 CE 9271:Kipunada 9174:Peroz II 9010:Damasena 8984:Huvishka 8979:Vāsishka 8956:Bagamira 8880:Yolamira 8871:Nahapana 8842:Abhiraka 8817:Chastana 8652:Rajuvula 8595:Mujatria 8527:Azilises 8402:Hermaeus 8329:Gandhara 8306:Pakistan 8304:Western 8298:Western 8200:(2002), 7874:Maitraka 7759:kingdom 7757:Kamarupa 7615:Ramayana 7441:Buddhism 7387:Panchala 7378:Gandhara 7338:culture) 7305:IRON AGE 6811:Archived 6692:Archived 6044:44140583 5904:Bhandara 5865:Archived 5808:Archived 4963:Kanishka 4826:See also 4587:Damasena 4448:Chastana 4438:Nahapana 4418:Abhiraka 4296:Kanishka 4284:Chastana 4183:Shaivism 4118:Scythian 4079:Nahapana 4028:Sanskrit 4018:Sanskrit 4006:Nahapana 3958:Junagadh 3929:Junagadh 3849:Nahapana 3842:Sanskrit 3834:Chastana 3822:Gandhara 3804:Azes era 3796:Saka era 3780:Saka era 3772:Damasena 3770:Coin of 3624:Junagadh 3608:— 3425:Gandhara 3403:region. 3378:Gandhara 3367:Buddhist 3284:Gandhara 3188:Ikshvaku 3074:Barigaza 2983:Nahapana 2917:Vidharba 2909:Rupiamma 2903:Rupiamma 2871:Saka Era 2827:style). 2797:Saka Era 2784:Saka Era 2772:Saka Era 2727:Vidarbha 2723:Bhandara 2719:Rupiamma 2708:— 2671:— 2650:Aparanta 2567:— 2548:— 2519:Chastana 2487:Junagadh 2469:legend: 2424:— 2411:Barygaza 2403:Barbaria 2391:Patalena 2383:Barigaza 2379:Chastana 2371:Patalene 2303:Kanishka 2287:Kanishka 2275:Saka era 2248:Chastana 2224:Aji Saka 2190:— 2181:Pahlavas 2124:Coin of 2082:Barigaza 2070:Nahapana 2041:— 2026:— 1995:— 1966:bdellium 1954:antimony 1897:— 1860:Barygaza 1848:Barigaza 1844:Nambanus 1823:— 1778:Mandasor 1762:— 1740:— 1718:Nahapana 1653:Interior 1604:Nahapana 1555:Capitals 1476:Lenyadri 1415:— 1406:Valuraka 1393:Nahapana 1363:Nahapana 1345:— 1332:Nahapana 1265:and the 1059:Nahapana 1057:Coin of 1040:Buddhist 1028:Nahapana 1020:Abhiraka 935:Coin of 900:Kṣatrapa 872:kṣatrapa 860:kṣatrapa 837:Kṣatrapa 821:Rajuvula 785:Nahapana 671:") were 616:Pakistan 402:Abhiraka 371:Monarchy 362:Buddhism 358:Hinduism 339:Sanskrit 316:Barygaza 274:SASANIAN 263:KUSHANO- 194:SASANIAN 174:PALLAVAS 165:KADAMBAS 9401:Satraps 9266:Shaka I 9086:Peroz I 8867:Bhumaka 8863:120 CE 8671:Pakores 8531:Azes II 8442:Vonones 8344:Mathura 8181:Sources 7972:Pallava 7903:Culture 7782:Puranas 7771:Culture 7611:Puranas 7592:Culture 7529:Culture 7445:Ājīvika 7437:Jainism 7412:Culture 7392:Magadha 7314:Culture 7163:4541213 7124:Sources 6852:1522666 6808:Alt URL 6726:chaitya 6132:India." 6114:India." 5902:in the 5786:India." 5478:p.82-83 5466:p.78-79 5454:p.85-86 5275:p.78-79 4959:Sarnath 4773:388–415 4763:382–388 4743:348–380 4733:339-368 4721:332–348 4711:317–332 4701:304–348 4691:293–304 4681:282–295 4671:277–282 4661:255–277 4651:251–255 4641:239–250 4621:236–239 4611:234–238 4601:232–239 4591:223–232 4581:222–223 4561:200–222 4551:197–199 4540:197-198 4530:191–197 4519:180–188 4509:178-181 4499:170–175 4442:119–124 4428:Bhumaka 4352:Sarnath 4340:Mathura 4288:Mathura 4175:Iksvaku 4140:Gujarat 4051:Mathura 4049:around 4032:Prakrit 4024:paradox 3906:chaitya 3853:Castana 3838:Prakrit 3749:Coinage 3659:chaitya 3628:Gujarat 3605:battles 3562:Gujarat 3484:Vidisha 3427:by the 3390:Sarnath 3359:viharas 3351:Gujarat 3316:Vidisha 3276:Gujarat 3256:Waghora 3232:Vidisha 3172:Vidisha 3022:Vidisha 2956:Kanheri 2948:Kanheri 2883:Vidisha 2843:script: 2837:Prakrit 2833:Chaitya 2790:of the 2721:in the 2658:Nishada 2634:Sauvira 2618:Gujarat 2604:), the 2535:Kanheri 2463:Chaitya 2367:Ptolemy 2326:tritons 2271:Castana 2228:Gujarat 2220:Sumatra 2196:of the 2173:Yavanas 2148:of the 2102:Palhava 2072:in the 1950:realgar 1926:Arabian 1812:of the 1796:in the 1641:Veranda 1498:chaitya 1468:Yavanas 1433:Gujarat 1324:Malavas 1287:Kushans 1259:Bharuch 1257:, from 1251:Gujarat 1192:SATRAPS 1190:WESTERN 1170:PANDYAS 1083:Prakrit 1024:Bhumaka 937:Bhumaka 922:History 828:Ptolemy 817:Mathura 752:Abhiras 746:of the 734:of the 725:Mathura 709:Kushans 693:Gujarat 669:Satraps 504:Malavas 391:• 349:script) 343:Prakrit 336:script) 308:Capital 225:ABHIRAS 207:VAHANAS 185:KUSHANS 154:WESTERN 9411:Ujjain 9061:Koziya 9053:Kozana 8960:Arjuna 8752:Gadana 8696:Sodasa 8613:Hagana 8506:Azes I 8372:Nicias 8324:Bajaur 8295:dates 8120:Samuel 8111:Samuel 7918:Tantra 7683:Cheras 7583:Cheras 7489:Assaka 7404:Assaka 7336:Srauta 7262:Punjab 7161: 7140: 7115: 7039: 6850: 6576: 6508: 6484:Taxila 6464: 6437: 6355: 6344:Ajanta 6312: 6282: 6220: 6187:p58-59 6093: 6042: 6034: 5988: 5909:Source 5836: 5805:Source 5753: 5667: 5640: 5596: 5571: 5563: 5532:Source 5516:Source 5505:Source 5391: 5215: 5188: 5158: 5131: 5104: 5038: 4992: 4886: 4329:Ujjain 4265:Satrap 4151:script 4149:Brāhmī 3982:stupas 3966:Talaja 3934:Lashti 3902:Garuda 3886:Guptas 3826:Brahmi 3723:Punjab 3719:Kushan 3655:Garuda 3632:Ashoka 3598:Sanchi 3488:Sanchi 3453:Kushan 3437:Punjab 3431:, the 3401:Deccan 3361:and a 3332:Sanchi 3320:Sanchi 3228:Sanchi 3217:Ujjain 3213:Ujjain 3176:Sanchi 3126:Ajanta 3058:Ujjain 3026:Sanchi 2952:Guntur 2887:Sanchi 2875:Ujjain 2841:Brahmi 2654:Konkan 2642:Multan 2630:Sindhu 2622:Marwar 2610:Anarta 2598:Avanti 2505:) and 2491:Ashoka 2467:Brahmi 2395:Abiria 2375:Ujjain 2299:Ujjain 2283:Kushan 2279:Ujjain 2202:Nashik 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