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654:. Demonstrations and clashes later occurred outside Springer offices in reaction to the shooting. In the aftermath of the shooting, student leaders became more willing to embrace violent tactics in their movements. With Dutschke incapacitated, many in the SDS looked to Hans-JĂĽrgen Krahl for leadership. Krahl however favored theory to direct action.
558:. Dutschke argued that the time was ripe for students to engage in direct action. Habermas, although generally sympathetic to the student movements, criticized Dutschke's plan as action for its own sake without regard for consequences. When Dutschke would not clarify his stance on employing violence, Habermas accused him of
396:
Social movements grew as younger people became disillusioned with the political establishment, worrying it was reminiscent of
Germany's Nazi past. West Berlin became a center for these movements since many left leaning people would take residence in West Berlin to avoid the military draft that was in
542:
erupted across the country and led the mayor of Berlin and the police chief to resign. In the fall of 1967 students established "Critical
Universities"; students occupied classrooms and gave critiques of university structure as well as educating other students in New Left thought. It was revealed in
518:
with
Marcuse as the headline speaker. SDS president Walmot Falkenburg privately requested that Marcuse emphasize solidarity with the Vietnamese on the basis of traditional Marxist concerns with labor and material interests, which would have been a rebuke of Dutschke and his associates in the West
366:
of 1962, in which journalists were arrested and detained for reporting on the strength of the West German military, worried some in West
Germany that there was a return of authoritarian government. In the fallout of the affair, the suddenly-unpopular Christian Democratic Union formed a political
774:
issued a leaflet celebrating the fire and calling for more such occurrences to bring parity between
Western countries and Vietnam. The leaflet was widely condemened and caused a split between Kommune 1 and the SDS. On 2 April 1968, members of the AuĂźerparlamentarische Opposition,
670:
to demand that the laws not be used. The government agreed with protesting labor unions to only use limited concessions, passing the laws on May 30. This agreement dealt a blow to the growing student movement and signaled its demise. The SDS formally dissolved on March 21, 1970.
834:
Those who were involved in the protests of 1968 in West
Germany would come to be known as the "1968 generation". Some would develop unique political paths, with some finding roles in government, while others embraced terrorist activities of the AuĂźerparlamentarische Opposition.
601:. It was organized by Rudi Dutschke and Karl Dietrich Wolff, with an estimated 3,000–4,000 people attending the conference and a total of 12,000–15,000 people involved in the following demonstration. At the congress, Dutschke and his Chilean friend
471:. His plan for accomplishing this was to provoke violent confrontations with government authorities. He wrote in 1965, "Authorized demonstrations must be guided into illegality. Confrontation with state power is essential and must be sought out."
519:
Berlin SDS chapter. Unsurprisingly, Marcuse did the opposite in a speech emphasizing "solidarity of sentiment". The event was followed by street demonstrations which led to the arrests of
Dutschke, his wife, and 84 others.
636:. Dutschke was injured but survived the shooting. The attempted assassination of Dutschke would be later regarded as the formal beginning of the West German student movement. Dutschke had previously been labeled an "
547:
informant. Prosecutors revisiting the evidence concluded
Ohnesorg had been murdered as a premeditated act, but not enough evidence survived to evaluate whether Kurras was acting under official orders.
496:
Echoing
Marcuse, Rudi Dutschke considered the politically complacent working classes to be a lost cause when it came to revolutionary agitation. Instead, he hoped to build a coalition between Western
823:
Despite the failure of the student movement a change in political consciousness lasted throughout the country. Criticisms of West German officials' ties to the old Nazi Party brought the concept of
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at a department store in
Frankfurt to protest the Vietnam war. Although convicted, they were released while pursuing an appeal and went underground when it was denied. They were joined by
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was elected to the political council of the West Berlin SDS. With Michael Vester, SDS vice-president and international secretary, Dutschke imported ideas from the American SDS (
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795:, which continued to engage in arson and other terrorist acts for more than a decade. Dutschke, Enzenberger, and Nirumand wrote an apologia for terrorism based on
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These social movements were also becoming popular among the youth of West Germany. The movements included the opposition to the United States' involvement in the
112:
515:
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827:(coming to terms with the past) to the forefront of political discussion. Other various left-wing causes also gained popularity and helped solidify a
312:. The movement was characterized by the protesting students' rejection of traditionalism and of German political authority which included many
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that should not have been welcome in West Germany. The protest was repressed by police and Iranian agents who beat protesters and resulted in
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420:. All these various social movements and the non-parliamentary organizations that hoped to spearhead them, grouped together as the
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staged a sit-in to demand involvement in the reform process of universities, included democratic management of colleges.
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In May the West German government considered using the Emergency Acts in response, allowing the Cabinet to suspend
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432:(Socialist German Students Union - SDS) split from the party line and joined the AuĂźerparlamentarische Opposition.
328:. The movement is considered to have formally started after the attempted assassination of student activist leader
1875:
1946:
1603:
1362:
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1833:
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Peter Dohms, Johann Paul. Die Studentenbewegung von 1968 in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Siegburg: Rheinlandia, 2008
650:. Student activists believed the shooting was inspired by critics of the student movement such as Springer's
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in Europe. Finding that Germany had no population group with revolutionary potential comparable to America's
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communist revolutionaries. To that end, Dutschke organized the event "Vietnam – Analysis of an Example" (
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movement, Dutschke sought to mold Germany's student movements into seeing themselves as an oppressed
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1051:(in German). Lebendiges Museum Online, Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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rule and enact laws in times of crisis. On May 11 protesters gathered in the West German capital
1317:. Böhlau, Wien/Köln/Weimar 2013, ISBN 978-3-412-21016-8, S. 153–170, hier S. 166 (retrieved via
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Antiamerikanismus und Antiimperialismus um 1968:Proteste gegen die US-AuĂźenpolitik
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1968 und die 68er. Ereignisse, Wirkungen und Kontroversen in der Bundesrepublik
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called for the creation of "action centers" at universities to organize "urban
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489:, as well as to reform universities. On 22 June 1966, 3,000 students from the
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The West German parliament had proposed to expand government powers in the
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1968. Ein Handbuch zur Kultur- und Mediengeschichte der Studentenbewegung.
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Merritt, Richard (1969). "The Student Protest Movement in West Berlin".
526:, the SDS organized a protest of his visit, criticizing him as a brutal
1838:
613:, which called for bloody guerrilla warfare against the United States.
578:
379:
1613:
1029:
332:, which sparked various protests across West Germany and gave rise to
1823:
1290:"From 'Left-Fascism' to Campus Anti-Semitism: Radicalism as Reaction"
844:
771:
460:
1843:
1446:
1021:
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Steigerwald, David; Albarran, Elena; Davidson, John (4 May 2018).
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538:, was acquitted on the grounds of self-defense. Protests against
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1363:"Explained: What sparked the protest culture of modern Germany?"
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in 1968. Participants in the movement later came to be known as
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Critics were disappointed with the parliament's appointment of
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coalition with the Social Democratic Party (SPD), known as the
167:
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as chancellor of West Germany, as he had participated in the
1205:. Spiegel Online International. spiegel.de. 23 January 2012
1158:
Foreign Front: Third World Politics in Sixties West Germany
1119:
Foreign Front: Third World Politics in Sixties West Germany
1072:"The SDS, a Transatlantic Alliance, Red and Black Panthers"
931:
667:
624:
1579:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
1203:"Police Covered Up Truth Behind Infamous Student Shooting"
910:"1968: The year of cultural revolution in postwar Germany"
416:
moral values. Some were embracing communal lifestyles and
336:. The movement created lasting changes in German culture.
16:
1968 anti-government mass protests by West German students
1336:"Hans-Jürgen Krahl: New Emancipative Desires (1943–1970)"
1340:
Anti-authoritarian Movements in Late Capitalist Society
522:
In June 1967, during a state visit by the Shah of Iran
516:
University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research
320:
by a policeman during a protest against the visit of
1432:
1968 in Europe – Online Teaching and Research Guide.
1313:. In: Gerrit Dworok und Christoph WeiĂźmann (Hrsg.):
195:
1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity
1333:
316:. Student unrest had started in 1967 when student
967:"German students campaign for democracy, 1966–68"
1903:
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629:On 11 April 1968, Rudi Dutschke was shot by the
573:At a conference in September 1967, Dutschke and
300:), was a social movement that consisted of mass
1392:Martin Klimke, Joachim Scharloth (eds.). 2007.
1462:
1070:Hilwig, Stuart (2011). Klimke, Martin (ed.).
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1778:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968
1629:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
260:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968
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764:a fire at the L'Innovation department store
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1233:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 104–106.
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617:presented an instructional film on making
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1653:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
1559:Human rights movement in the Soviet Union
1354:
1229:De Groot, Gerard J. (25 September 2014).
1160:. Duke University Press. pp. 96–99.
1155:
1121:. Duke University Press. pp. 58–59.
1116:
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597:on 17 and 18 February 1968 to oppose the
481:Rudi Dutschke § Vietnam mobilisation
158:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
1738:Occupation of the Student Union Building
1437:Dossier: 1968 – A Critical Turning-Point
1408:Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945.
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392:Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund
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72:New political alliances in West Germany
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1891:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1574:Northern Ireland civil rights movement
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1231:Student Protest: the Sixties and After
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183:1968–1969 Japanese university protests
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965:Medeiros, Susana (16 November 2012).
695:Conference to protest the Vietnam War
566:of 1977, Habermas said the charge of
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94:
1693:Columbia University protests of 1968
1683:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968
1492:1968–69 Japanese university protests
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1334:Massimiliano Tomba (14 April 2018).
1259:Gerhardt, Christina (12 July 2018).
934:"Time It Was: 1968 Around the World"
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562:("Left fascism"). Later, during the
532:the fatal shooting of Benno Ohnesorg
397:effect in the rest of West Germany.
210:Columbia University protests of 1968
120:
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75:Various leftist political movements
13:
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1156:Slobodian, Quinn (21 March 2012).
1117:Slobodian, Quinn (21 March 2012).
593:) was an event that took place in
43:Protest march in 1968 West Germany
14:
1963:
1718:March of the One Hundred Thousand
1421:
441:Students for a Democratic Society
235:March of the One Hundred Thousand
1942:AuĂźerparlamentarische Opposition
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1088:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.01002.x
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511:Vietnam – Analyse eines Exempels
422:AuĂźerparlamentarische Opposition
298:1968 Bewegung in Westdeutschland
1876:Segregation in Northern Ireland
1443:(Archive.org's WayBack Machine)
1428:Sources on 1968 in West Germany
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1195:
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1149:
1045:"LeMO Biografie: Rudi Dutschke"
683:Protest against the Vietnam War
605:presented their translation of
591:Internationaler Vietnamkongress
534:. The police officer involved,
1261:Screening the Red Army Faction
1135:
1110:
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583:International Vietnam Congress
550:On the occasion of Ohnesorg's
410:liberation for the third world
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1663:1968 Red Square demonstration
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339:
290:1968 movement in West Germany
286:Westdeutsche Studentebewegung
200:1968 Red Square demonstration
1937:Far-left politics in Germany
1643:1968 Polish political crisis
1599:West German student movement
1524:Black Consciousness Movement
1361:Dilley, Ana (16 July 2019).
757:
752:
719:Demonstrators in West Berlin
707:Protest march in West Berlin
543:2009 that Kurras had been a
278:West German student movement
163:West German student movement
148:1968 Polish political crisis
24:West German student movement
7:
1932:Student protests in Germany
1912:Counterculture of the 1960s
1849:Racism in the United States
1814:Counterculture of the 1960s
1635:The whole world is watching
1604:Women's liberation movement
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770:killed hundreds of people.
455:. Drawing inspiration from
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1968:
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908:Mund, Heike (4 May 2018).
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570:had been an overreaction.
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1728:Memphis sanitation strike
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1509:1968 movement in Pakistan
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971:nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu
825:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
819:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
644:-owned tabloid newspaper
611:Tricontinental Conference
491:Free University of Berlin
351:Grand coalition (Germany)
240:Memphis sanitation strike
143:1968 movement in Pakistan
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1708:King assassination riots
1668:1968 uprising in Senegal
1564:Mexican Movement of 1968
1410:New York: Penguin Group
880:Peter Schneider (writer)
382:during the Nazi regime.
288:), sometimes called the
230:King assassination riots
173:Mexican Movement of 1968
1180:Ulrich Chaussy (2018),
870:Marxist Group (Germany)
813:Political consciousness
658:Emergency Acts protests
428:wing of the SDP in the
386:New political movements
318:Benno Ohnesorg was shot
1834:Antisemitism in Poland
1743:Poor People's Campaign
1678:Battle of Valle Giulia
1648:1968 protests in Egypt
1534:Black Power Revolution
1504:1968 movement in Italy
803:and Herbert Marcuse's
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153:1968 protests in Egypt
138:1968 movement in Italy
1947:Rebellions in Germany
1864:Years of Lead (Italy)
1519:Anti-nuclear movement
1514:Civil Rights Movement
1299:. Summer 2008: 14–30.
1265:Bloomsbury Publishing
747:Protesters with signs
524:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
322:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
314:former Nazi officials
1859:Second-wave feminism
1799:1968 Summer Olympics
1733:Miss America protest
1569:Movement of 22 March
1529:Black power movement
1396:Stuttgart: Metzler.
1342:. Viewpoint Magazine
1010:Comparative Politics
831:culture in Germany.
806:Repressive Tolerance
801:Critique of Violence
412:, and criticisms of
376:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
345:Political atmosphere
85:Quelling of protests
1922:Protests in Germany
1783:Tlatelolco massacre
1698:Delano grape strike
1688:Central Park be-ins
1544:Cultural Revolution
1288:Berman, Russell A.
1184:, Munich, Droemer,
638:enemy of the people
215:Delano grape strike
1917:Left-wing politics
1723:May 1968 in France
1703:East L.A. walkouts
1584:Red Power movement
1267:. pp. 91–97.
1076:Diplomatic History
1043:ZĂĽndorf, Irmgard.
850:Daniel Cohn-Bendit
475:Protests 1966–1968
453:civil disobedience
225:Glenville shootout
220:East L.A. walkouts
1899:
1898:
1854:School discipline
1773:Takeover of Vanha
1589:Sexual revolution
1406:Tony Judt. 2005.
1388:978-3-938535-53-0
1309:Philipp Gassert:
1190:978-3-426-27752-2
1143:"GHDI – Document"
988:"Germany in 1968"
875:Peter-Ernst Eiffe
619:Molotov cocktails
609:'s letter to the
575:Hans-JĂĽrgen Krahl
536:Karl-Heinz Kurras
418:sexual liberation
334:public opposition
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