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like waves, becoming less effective and then dissipating at maximum time and distance from the center. Languages are to be regarded as impermanent sets of speech habits that result from and prevail in the intersections of the circles. The most conservative language is represented by the area not covered by the circles.
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used a second metaphor to explain the formation of a language from a continuum. The continuum is at first like a smooth, sloping line. Speakers in close proximity tend to unify their speech, creating a stepped line out of the sloped line. These steps are the dialects. Over the course of time, some
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in which a new language feature (innovation) or a new combination of language features spreads from its region of origin, being adopted by a gradually expanding cluster of dialects. Each innovation starts at a certain place, and spreads from speaker to speaker, from dialect to dialect, in the same
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of no language boundaries. The circles are stable dialects, characters or bundles of characters that have been innovated and have become more stable over an originally small portion of the continuum for socio-political reasons. These circles spread from their small centers of maximum effectiveness
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The tree model requires languages to evolve exclusively through social splitting and linguistic divergence. In the “tree” scenario, the adoption of certain innovations by a group of dialects should result immediately in their loss of contact with other related dialects: this is the only way to
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Such a requirement is absent from the Wave Model, which can easily accommodate a distribution of innovations in intersected patterns. Such a configuration is typical of
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The Wave model provided the key inspiration to several approaches in linguistics, notably:
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and Åshild Næss (2007). "An
Oceanic origin for Ă„iwoo, the language of the Reef Islands?".
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This article is about the concept of wave in historical linguistics. For other uses, see
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to refer to a group of communalects which have arisen by dialect differentiation"
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can be best understood as developing through the wave model.
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Heggarty, Paul; Maguire, Warren; McMahon, April (2010).
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and dialect boundaries (including fuzzy boundaries, cf.
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