378:
428:
150:
353:
243:
45:
2692:
2681:
2714:
2409:
2703:
302:
One common process in wastewater treatment is phase separation, such as sedimentation. Biological and chemical processes such as oxidation are another example. Polishing is also an example. The main by-product from wastewater treatment plants is a type of sludge that is usually treated in the same or
1653:
Armbruster, Dominic; MĂĽller, Uwe; Happel, Oliver (2019). "Characterization of phosphonate-based antiscalants used in drinking water treatment plants by anion-exchange chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry".
839:
Energy
Consumption: Water treatment plants can be significant consumers of energy. In California, more than 4% of the state's electricity consumption goes towards transporting moderate quality water over long distances, treating that water to a high standard. In areas with high quality water sources
673:
can improve the efficiency of activated carbon. Activated carbon was utilized by a number of studies to remove heavy metals and other types of contaminants from wastewater. The cost of activated carbon is rising due to a shortage of commercial activated carbon (AC). Because of its high surface area,
654:
Adsorption is a mass transfer process in which a substance is transported from the liquid phase to the surface of a solid/liquid (adsorbent) and becomes physically and chemically bonded (adsorbate). Adsorption can be classified into two forms based on the type of attraction between the adsorbate and
165:
enough for human consumption without any short term or long term risk of any adverse health effect. In general terms, the greatest microbial risks are associated with ingestion of water that is contaminated with human or animal (including bird) faeces. Faeces can be a source of pathogenic bacteria,
213:
Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of the water, but to its conveyance and distribution after treatment. It is therefore common practice to keep residual disinfectants in the treated water to kill bacteriological contamination during distribution and to keep the
347:
In many cases, effluent water from one process can be suitable for reuse in another process if given suitable treatment. This can reduce costs by lowering charges for water consumption, reduce the costs of effluent disposal because of reduced volume, and lower energy costs due to the recovery of
763:
Where drinking water quality standards do exist, most are expressed as guidelines or targets rather than requirements, and very few water standards have any legal basis or, are subject to enforcement. Two exceptions are the
European Drinking Water Directive and the Safe Drinking Water Act in the
840:
which flow by gravity to the point of consumption, costs will be much lower. Much of the energy requirements are in pumping. Processes that avoid the need for pumping tend to have overall low energy demands. Those water treatment technologies that have very low energy requirements including
344:
can be the fatal consequence. Water treatment is also used to improve the quality of water contacting the manufactured product (e.g., semiconductors) and/or can be part of the product (e.g., beverages, pharmaceuticals). In these instances, poor water treatment can cause defective products.
331:
Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial processes, such as heating, cooling, processing, cleaning, and rinsing so that operating costs and risks are reduced. Poor water treatment lets water interact with the surfaces of pipes and vessels which contain it. Steam
666:(ACs) or biological-activated carbon (BAC) are effective adsorbents for a wide variety of contaminants. The adsorptive removal of color, aroma, taste, and other harmful organics and inorganics from drinking water and wastewater is one of their industrial applications.
311:. The main purpose of wastewater treatment is for the treated wastewater to be able to be disposed or reused safely. However, before it is treated, the options for disposal or reuse must be considered so the correct treatment process is used on the wastewater.
279:. The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at the appropriate type of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater the treatment plant is called a
835:
must be sustainable by the citizens of those countries. This can ensure the efficiency of such programs after the departure of the research team, as monitoring is difficult because of the remoteness of many locations.
863:
Stainless steels, such as Type 304L and 316L, are used extensively in the fabrication of water treatment plants due to their corrosion resistance to water and to the corrosivity of chlorination used for disinfection.
75:
and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and
493:
removal from waste water permits water to be reused for a variety of purposes. The types of filters used in the procedure differ depending on the contaminants present in the water. Particle filtration and
757:
419:
A combination selected from the following processes (depending on the season and contaminants and chemicals present in the raw water) is used for municipal drinking water treatment worldwide.
1562:
Chadha, Utkarsh; Selvaraj, Senthil
Kumaran; Vishak Thanu, S.; Cholapadath, Vishnu; Abraham, Ashesh Mathew; Zaiyan, Mohammed; Manikandan, M; Paramasivam, Velmurugan (6 January 2022).
2294:
547:. The addition of coagulants destabilizes colloidal suspensions by neutralizing their charges, resulting in the aggregation of smaller particles during the coagulation process.
561:, usually consist of either a positive or negative charge. The nature of the polyelectrolyte used is purely based on the source water characteristics of the treatment plant.
1079:"Assessing the potential of a membrane bioreactor and granular activated carbon process for wastewater reuse – A full-scale WWTP operated over one year in Scania, Sweden"
114:
from various enterprises, which contains varying levels of contaminants, is dumped into rivers or other water resources. The wastewater may have a high proportion of
630:) takes ions from an electrolytic solution and releases additional ions of the same charge in a chemically comparable amount without changing the resin's structure.
166:
viruses, protozoa and helminths. The removal or destruction of microbial pathogens is essential, and commonly involves the use of reactive chemical agents such as
2095:
594:
Membrane filtration can remove suspended solids and organic components, and inorganic pollutants such heavy metals. For heavy metal removal, several forms of
1077:
Takman, Maria; Svahn, Ola; Paul, Catherine; Cimbritz, Michael; Blomqvist, Stefan; Struckmann
Poulsen, Jan; Lund Nielsen, Jeppe; Davidsson, Ă…sa (2023-10-15).
797:
to inactivate harmful waterborne microorganisms directly, mainly by the UV-A component of the solar spectrum, or indirectly through the presence of an oxide
461:
Physical techniques of water/waste water treatment rely on physical phenomena to complete the removal process, rather than biological or chemical changes.
855:
A 2021 study found that a large-scale water chlorination program in urban areas of Mexico massively reduced childhood diarrheal disease mortality rates.
516:
states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportionate to the partial pressure of the gas. Degasification is a low-cost method of removing
2060:
1866:
Sirotkin, A.; Koshkina, L. Yu.; Ippolitov, K. G. (2001). "The BAC-process for treatment of waste water
Containing non-ionogenic synthetic surfactants".
1362:
Ahmad, Arslan; Rutten, Sam; de Waal, Luuk; Vollaard, Peter; van
Genuchten, Case; Bruning, Harry; Cornelissen, Emile; van der Wal, Albert (2020-06-15).
275:. Once back in the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment. It is also possible to reuse it. This process is called
2261:
210:. These substances continue to cause great harm to several less developed countries who do not have access to effective water purification systems.
2327:
2279:
479:
throughout the water treatment process, following which the particles settle by gravitational force. For solids separation that is the removal of
435:
Different chemical procedures for the conversion into final products or the removal of pollutants are used for the safe disposal of contaminants.
475:
is a method of separating particles from a fluid. The particle in suspension remains stable in quiescent conditions due to the decrease in water
161:
production involves the removal of contaminants and/or inactivation of any potentially harmful microbes from raw water to produce water that is
2605:
579:
agent such as lime. In industrial applications stronger alkalis may be used to effect complete precipitation. In drinking water treatment, the
756:
publishes guidelines on the standards that should be achieved. China adopted its own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) enacted by
1215:"Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable development"
745:
291:, or in a sewage treatment plant. In the latter case it usually follows pre-treatment. Further types of wastewater treatment plants include
71:, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes
702:, microorganisms can degrade organic materials in wastewater. Microorganisms involved in wastewater treatment produce end products such as
2901:
825:
2136:
340:
can also scale up and corrode, but left untreated, the warm, dirty water they can contain will encourage bacteria to grow, and
1364:"Mechanisms of arsenate removal and membrane fouling in ferric based coprecipitation–low pressure membrane filtration systems"
575:
concentrations in wastewater. The dissolved metal ions are transformed to an insoluble phase by a chemical interaction with a
427:
377:
2017:
1702:
1541:
1499:
1213:
Saravanan, A.; Senthil Kumar, P.; Jeevanantham, S.; Karishma, S.; Tajsabreen, B.; Yaashikaa, P. R.; Reshma, B. (2021-10-01).
1153:
17:
1999:
3275:
2881:
2750:
786:
773:
714:
during the biological oxidation process. The minerals (products) remained in the wastewater and were discharged with the
221:
or other uses, may be further treated before use, often using an in-line treatment process. Such treatments can include
2092:
1564:"A review of the function of using carbon nanomaterials in membrane filtration for contaminant removal from wastewater"
1520:
Wang, Lawrence K.; Fahey, Edward M.; Wu, Zucheng (2005), Wang, Lawrence K.; Hung, Yung-Tse; Shammas, Nazih K. (eds.),
122:
at the initial discharge. Industries generate wastewater as a result of fabrication processes, processes dealing with
2111:
1061:
292:
1317:"Effect of shape and size of filler particle on the aggregation and sedimentation behavior of the polymer composite"
564:
These will usually be used in conjunction with a primary coagulant such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, or alum.
2154:
Lindsten, Don C. (September 1984). "Technology transfer: Water purification, U.S. Army to the civilian community".
735:
449:
along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron when present with relatively small amounts of manganese.
2360:
831:
For waterborne disease reduction to last, water treatment programs that research and development groups start in
288:
2213:
Bhalotra, Sonia R.; Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto; Miller, Grant; Miranda, Alfonso; Venkataramani, Atheendar S. (2021).
324:
2911:
2580:
2064:
722:
use organic materials in wastewater to generate new microbial cells with dense biomass that is eliminated by
452:
Disinfection for killing bacteria, viruses and other pathogens, using chlorine, ozone and ultra-violet light.
149:
1953:"A review on cleaner strategies for chromium industrial wastewater: Present research and future perspective"
740:
Many developed countries specify standards to be applied in their own country. In Europe, this includes the
336:
can scale up or corrode, and these deposits will mean more fuel is needed to heat the same amount of water.
889:
1906:"Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: A short review on the versatile role of activated carbon"
2515:
2033:
1006:
782:
1421:
Nyström, Fredrik; Nordqvist, Kerstin; Herrmann, Inga; Hedström, Annelie; Viklander, Maria (2020-09-01).
828:(ROWPU) are portable, self-contained water treatment plants are becoming more available for public use.
287:
are other names for domestic wastewater. For industrial wastewater, treatment takes place in a separate
1951:
GracePavithra, Kirubanandam; Jaikumar, V.; Kumar, P. Senthil; SundarRajan, PanneerSelvam (2019-08-10).
873:
682:
This is the method by which dissolved and suspended organic chemical components are eliminated through
307:
can be another by-product if the process uses anaerobic treatment. Treated wastewater can be reused as
1952:
1905:
1771:
1615:
1316:
1269:
1214:
1170:
940:
2931:
2552:
1904:
Mezohegyi, Gergo; van der Zee, Frank P.; Font, Josep; Fortuny, AgustĂ; Fabregat, Azael (2012-07-15).
1270:"Impact of recycling filter backwash water on organic removal in coagulation–sedimentation processes"
753:
655:
the adsorbent: physical and chemical adsorption, commonly known as physisorption and chemisorptions.
568:
1169:
Jothirani, R.; Kumar, P. Senthil; Saravanan, A.; Narayan, Abishek S.; Dutta, Abhishek (2016-07-25).
3280:
3270:
2981:
2537:
2466:
894:
741:
352:
341:
203:
3244:
2743:
749:
501:
386:
3234:
2976:
2706:
2648:
2590:
778:
246:
2615:
1681:
Vigneswaran, Saravanamuthu; Ngo, Huu Hao; Chaudhary, Durgananda Singh; Hung, Yung-Tse (2005),
586:
Flotation uses bubble attachment to separate solids or dispersed liquids from a liquid phase.
2956:
2557:
1028:
2630:
1614:
Kurniawan, Tonni
Agustiono; Chan, Gilbert Y. S.; Lo, Wai-Hung; Babel, Sandhya (2006-05-01).
674:
porosity, and flexibility, activated carbon has a lot of potential in wastewater treatment.
242:
3148:
2653:
2486:
2114:. Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology, Canada. March 2008. Archived from
1830:
1575:
1226:
1090:
832:
695:
509:
256:
250:
235:
38:
31:
2713:
2214:
2189:
752:. For countries without a legislative or administrative framework for such standards, the
8:
2836:
2811:
2658:
2398:
2353:
107:
1834:
1579:
1230:
1094:
3012:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2906:
2786:
2736:
2408:
2242:
2171:
1980:
1819:"A Research Study on Cr(VI) Removal from Contaminated Wastewater Using Natural Zeolite"
1799:
1593:
1460:
1423:"Removal of metals and hydrocarbons from stormwater using coagulation and flocculation"
1403:
1344:
1124:
968:
904:
691:
472:
440:
392:
The processes involved in removing the contaminants include physical processes such as
119:
94:
2085:
2050:
Guidelines for
Drinking-water Quality, Fourth Edition; World Health Organization; 2011
1879:
1740:
1238:
690:
is given to re-enact the same natural self-purification process. Through two distinct
3063:
3017:
3007:
2926:
2816:
2680:
2665:
2448:
2388:
2334:
Safe and
Sustainable Water for Haiti web site hosted by Grand Valley State University
2295:"Guidelines for the use of Stainless Steel in Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants"
2273:
2246:
2234:
2175:
2013:
1984:
1972:
1933:
1925:
1883:
1848:
1803:
1791:
1752:
1744:
1698:
1635:
1597:
1537:
1521:
1495:
1464:
1452:
1444:
1407:
1395:
1348:
1336:
1297:
1289:
1250:
1242:
1190:
1149:
1128:
1116:
1108:
1057:
972:
960:
849:
845:
841:
794:
580:
1103:
1078:
365:
37:
This article is about treatment of various waters. For treatment of wastewater, see
3113:
3103:
3027:
3022:
2966:
2921:
2861:
2585:
2383:
2226:
2163:
2005:
1964:
1917:
1875:
1843:
1838:
1818:
1783:
1736:
1724:
1690:
1663:
1627:
1583:
1529:
1487:
1434:
1385:
1375:
1328:
1281:
1234:
1182:
1098:
952:
802:
663:
626:
Ion exchange is a reversible ion exchange process in which an insoluble substance (
611:
480:
413:
401:
280:
167:
131:
115:
110:
is primarily caused by the discharge of untreated wastewater from enterprises. The
44:
1968:
1921:
1171:"Ultrasonic modified corn pith for the sequestration of dye from aqueous solution"
1029:"wastewater treatment | Process, History, Importance, Systems, & Technologies"
3203:
3198:
3183:
3123:
3118:
2791:
2547:
2542:
2481:
2471:
2420:
2099:
1667:
1439:
1422:
1380:
1363:
1332:
1285:
1143:
914:
878:
607:
599:
595:
551:
495:
308:
276:
222:
1694:
1533:
1491:
3133:
2781:
2695:
2346:
1682:
1588:
1563:
1479:
1186:
899:
798:
707:
683:
603:
517:
513:
505:
158:
98:
64:
1787:
1631:
1616:"Physico–chemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals"
956:
3264:
3239:
3178:
3108:
3043:
2916:
2891:
2876:
2620:
2600:
2259:
2238:
1976:
1929:
1852:
1795:
1748:
1639:
1448:
1399:
1340:
1293:
1246:
1194:
1112:
964:
909:
723:
719:
687:
468:
431:
Tanks with sand filters to remove precipitated iron (not working at the time)
337:
207:
139:
56:
781:
options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale
3249:
3093:
2936:
2871:
2684:
2564:
2530:
1937:
1887:
1756:
1456:
1390:
1301:
1254:
1120:
986:
919:
699:
572:
544:
409:
405:
260:
199:
127:
102:
2215:"Urban Water Disinfection and Mortality Decline in Lower-Income Countries"
2009:
1212:
2886:
2841:
2806:
2625:
2595:
2520:
2510:
2476:
2438:
2393:
2230:
2115:
1478:
Wang, Lawrence K.; Vaccari, David A.; Li, Yan; Shammas, Nazih K. (2005),
615:
576:
357:
313:
The term "wastewater treatment" is often used to mean "sewage treatment".
272:
72:
1268:
Gottfried, A.; Shepard, A. D.; Hardiman, K.; Walsh, M. E. (2008-11-01).
824:
are still frequently used in developing countries. Newer military style
530:
is used to reduce oxygen and nitrogen in boiler feed water applications.
162:
3218:
3188:
3173:
3088:
2946:
2896:
2167:
883:
764:
United States, which require legal compliance with specific standards.
486:
397:
368:
is absorbed through the basins into the
Virttaankangas ridge formation.
264:
77:
68:
2717:
1725:"Removal of chromium from water and wastewater by ion exchange resins"
1142:
Tchobanoglous, George; Burton, Franklin L.; Stensel, H. David (2003).
489:
is the technique of removing pollutants based on their particle size.
3193:
3163:
3158:
3083:
3078:
3058:
3048:
2866:
2851:
2831:
2767:
2525:
2491:
2087:
What is the purpose of drinking water quality guidelines/regulations?
1950:
1561:
987:"Linda Lawton – 11th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria"
610:, can be used depending on the particle size that can be maintained.
527:
490:
361:
218:
195:
135:
2796:
1770:
Singh, N. B.; Nagpal, Garima; Agrawal, Sonal; Rachna (2018-08-01).
939:
Singh, N. B.; Nagpal, Garima; Agrawal, Sonal; Rachna (2018-08-01).
821:
715:
670:
476:
471:
is one of the most important main wastewater treatment procedures.
446:
393:
296:
268:
171:
111:
2333:
63:
to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be
3208:
3143:
3138:
3073:
3068:
2826:
2212:
809:
711:
703:
558:
187:
2137:"Sand as a low-cost support for titanium dioxide photocatalysts"
1723:
Rengaraj, S; Yeon, Kyeong-Ho; Moon, Seung-Hyeon (October 2001).
1420:
1046:
385:
For the elimination of hazardous chemicals from the water, many
3098:
3053:
2941:
2856:
2821:
2801:
1903:
813:
333:
304:
284:
143:
1168:
1145:
Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse
1054:
Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse
2502:
2443:
2428:
2369:
1267:
817:
790:
627:
183:
179:
175:
123:
60:
2728:
820:
technology, military surplus water treatment units like the
554:– to improve coagulation and for more robust floc formation.
3168:
3153:
3128:
2991:
2986:
2846:
1680:
191:
1361:
1141:
2433:
1865:
2338:
1769:
938:
2315:
1135:
1076:
633:
521:
1652:
2321:
2262:"Stainless Steels for Potable Water Treatment Plants"
1683:"Physicochemical Treatment Processes for Water Reuse"
2292:
1899:
1897:
1613:
1477:
508:) is the process of removing dissolved gases from a
2260:R.E. Avery, S. Lamb, C.A. Powell and A.H. Tuthill.
2061:"Environmental quality standards for surface water"
1817:BABEL, Sandhya; KURNIAWAN, Tonni Agustiono (2003).
1772:"Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review"
941:"Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review"
443:for algae control and arresting biological growth.
217:Water supplied to domestic properties such as for
48:Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C.
1894:
498:are the two main forms of waste water filtration.
3262:
2153:
1722:
2324:– Independent non-profit standards organization
1175:Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
748:(EPA) establishes standards as required by the
557:Polyelectrolytes or also known in the field as
1816:
1689:, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 635–676,
1528:, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 431–500,
1486:, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 141–197,
206:, Aberdeen is working to improve detection of
2744:
2354:
1056:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2003.
746:United States Environmental Protection Agency
583:is often used to help reduce water hardness.
539:Also referred to as "Conventional" Treatment
317:
2278:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2040:. Brussels: European Commission. 2019-12-31.
1519:
88:
2751:
2737:
2361:
2347:
2219:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
381:Empty aeration tank for iron precipitation
259:is a process which removes and eliminates
249:(a type of wastewater treatment plant) in
153:Typical drinking water treatment processes
27:Process that improves the quality of water
2090:. Canada: Safe Drinking Water Foundation.
1842:
1776:Environmental Technology & Innovation
1587:
1438:
1389:
1379:
1102:
945:Environmental Technology & Innovation
2104:
826:Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units
426:
376:
351:
241:
148:
43:
2902:Right to an adequate standard of living
767:
228:
14:
3263:
1609:
1607:
1368:Separation and Purification Technology
589:
2732:
2342:
2190:"Energy Costs of Water in California"
2034:"Legislation: The Directive overview"
1314:
726:throughout the biosynthesis process.
669:Both a high surface area and a large
520:gas from waste water that raises the
464:Most common physical techniques are:
356:At Turun Seudun Vesi Oy's artificial
325:Industrial water treatment § Overview
2702:
2318:Professional / research organization
1997:
1646:
1208:
1206:
1204:
758:Ministry of Environmental Protection
634:Electrochemical treatment techniques
303:another wastewater treatment plant.
2882:Human right to water and sanitation
2766:the philosophy of and activism for
1910:Journal of Environmental Management
1687:Physicochemical Treatment Processes
1604:
1526:Physicochemical Treatment Processes
1484:Physicochemical Treatment Processes
774:Self-supply of water and sanitation
658:
618:properties to maintain filtration.
571:is a common process used to reduce
534:
412:, and biological processes such as
138:, and from various streams such as
24:
2407:
2156:The Journal of Technology Transfer
645:Electrochemical precipitation (EP)
25:
3292:
2309:
2112:"Household Water Treatment Guide"
2004:(3 ed.). London: CRC Press.
1239:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595
1201:
932:
789:designs. Such designs may employ
742:European Drinking Water Directive
524:of the water by removing the gas.
293:Agricultural wastewater treatment
55:is any process that improves the
30:For medical water treatment, see
2712:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2679:
1083:Science of the Total Environment
736:Drinking water quality standards
686:, in which an optimal amount of
323:This section is an excerpt from
234:This section is an excerpt from
2316:International Water Association
2286:
2253:
2206:
2182:
2147:
2129:
2078:
2053:
2044:
2026:
1991:
1944:
1859:
1810:
1763:
1716:
1674:
1555:
1513:
1471:
1414:
1355:
1308:
1261:
1104:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165185
621:
289:Industrial wastewater treatment
198:. Research including Professor
2912:Right to a healthy environment
1844:10.5182/jaie.14.supplement_289
1729:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1162:
1070:
1021:
999:
979:
550:Coagulant aids, also known as
389:procedures have been applied.
267:. It thus converts it into an
13:
1:
2758:
2581:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1969:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.117
1957:Journal of Cleaner Production
1922:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.02.021
1880:10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00029-x
1741:10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00291-6
1148:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
1009:. Drinking water inspectorate
925:
744:and in the United States the
677:
649:
1668:10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.014
1620:Chemical Engineering Journal
1440:10.1016/j.watres.2020.115919
1381:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116644
1333:10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.054
1286:10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.011
890:Pulsed-power water treatment
858:
816:phases. Despite progress in
729:
372:
348:heat in recycled wastewater.
271:that can be returned to the
7:
1656:Journal of Chromatography A
1315:Samal, Sneha (2020-04-15).
886:(water supply & demand)
867:
456:
422:
67:, industrial water supply,
10:
3297:
3276:Waste treatment technology
2293:A.H. Tuthill and S. Lamb.
1568:Materials Research Express
1187:10.1016/j.jiec.2016.05.024
874:Control of water pollution
771:
733:
642:Membrane electrolysis (ME)
322:
318:Industrial water treatment
283:. Municipal wastewater or
233:
92:
36:
29:
3227:
3036:
3000:
2932:Right to rest and leisure
2774:
2764:
2674:
2641:
2573:
2500:
2459:
2419:
2405:
2376:
2368:
1998:Gray, Nick (2017-01-31).
1788:10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006
1695:10.1385/1-59259-820-x:635
1632:10.1016/j.cej.2006.01.015
1534:10.1385/1-59259-820-x:431
1522:"Dissolved Air Flotation"
1492:10.1385/1-59259-820-x:141
957:10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006
754:World Health Organization
2982:Universal basic services
1589:10.1088/2053-1591/ac48b8
1480:"Chemical Precipitation"
895:Solar water disinfection
791:solar water disinfection
204:Robert Gordon University
89:Drinking water treatment
83:
3245:Minnie Cumnock Blodgett
1829:(Supplement): 289–292.
1823:Journal of Ion Exchange
1033:Encyclopedia Britannica
750:Safe Drinking Water Act
502:Dissolved air flotation
146:, and production lines.
3235:Ellen Swallow Richards
2977:Universal basic income
2591:Planetary oceanography
2413:
801:, typically supported
779:Appropriate technology
569:Chemical precipitation
432:
382:
369:
360:plant, the pretreated
253:
247:Sewage treatment plant
154:
120:inorganic contaminants
49:
2957:Social responsibility
2411:
2010:10.1201/9781315276106
772:Further information:
430:
380:
355:
342:Legionnaires' disease
245:
152:
47:
18:Water treatment plant
3149:Industrial relations
2654:Ocean stratification
2487:Doubly labeled water
2231:10.1257/pol.20180764
833:developing countries
768:Developing countries
696:biological oxidation
639:Electrodialysis (ED)
483:trapped in the floc.
414:slow sand filtration
257:Wastewater treatment
251:La Crosse, Wisconsin
236:Wastewater treatment
229:Wastewater treatment
39:Wastewater treatment
32:Water cure (therapy)
2812:Consumer protection
2659:Lake stratification
2642:Physical parameters
1835:2003JIEx...14S.289B
1580:2022MRE.....9a2003C
1231:2021Chmsp.280m0595S
1095:2023ScTEn.89565185T
900:Raw water#Treatment
596:membrane filtration
590:Membrane filtration
496:Membrane filtration
108:Water contamination
3013:Consumer education
2972:Supportive housing
2962:Subsidized housing
2952:Security of person
2907:Right to education
2606:List of Candidates
2467:Deuterium-depleted
2414:
2194:large.stanford.edu
2168:10.1007/BF02189057
2098:2011-10-06 at the
1035:. October 29, 2020
905:Water purification
692:biological process
433:
402:chemical processes
383:
370:
299:treatment plants.
254:
225:or ion exchange.
155:
95:Water purification
50:
3258:
3257:
3064:Child development
3018:Consumer movement
3008:Consumer activism
2927:Right to property
2817:Critical thinking
2726:
2725:
2666:Ocean temperature
2322:NSF International
2019:978-1-315-27610-6
1874:(13): 3265–3271.
1704:978-1-58829-165-3
1543:978-1-58829-165-3
1501:978-1-58829-165-3
1321:Powder Technology
1280:(18): 4683–4691.
1155:978-0-07-112250-4
846:slow sand filters
842:trickling filters
795:solar irradiation
664:Activated carbons
614:can be added for
612:Aminophosphonates
581:common-ion effect
277:water reclamation
16:(Redirected from
3288:
3114:Health promotion
3104:Health education
3028:Social movements
3023:Environmentalism
2967:Supported living
2922:Right to housing
2862:Homeless shelter
2753:
2746:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2716:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2586:Asteroidal water
2574:Extraterrestrial
2363:
2356:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2330:, WHO Guidelines
2303:
2302:
2299:Nickel Institute
2290:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2269:
2266:Nickel Institute
2257:
2251:
2250:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2108:
2102:
2091:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2063:. Archived from
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2001:Water Technology
1995:
1989:
1988:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1735:(1–3): 273–287.
1720:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1442:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1393:
1383:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1210:
1199:
1198:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1106:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
983:
977:
976:
936:
659:Activated carbon
552:polyelectrolytes
543:Coagulation for
535:Physico-chemical
481:suspended solids
473:Gravity settling
281:Sewage Treatment
168:suspended solids
21:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3281:Water pollution
3271:Water treatment
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3223:
3214:Water treatment
3204:Social sciences
3199:Social programs
3184:Quality of life
3124:Health sciences
3119:Health research
3037:Fields of study
3032:
2996:
2792:Assisted living
2770:
2760:
2757:
2727:
2722:
2670:
2637:
2569:
2496:
2455:
2415:
2403:
2372:
2367:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2271:
2270:
2258:
2254:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2152:
2148:
2141:Materials Views
2135:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2100:Wayback Machine
2084:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2020:
1996:
1992:
1949:
1945:
1902:
1895:
1864:
1860:
1815:
1811:
1768:
1764:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1679:
1675:
1651:
1647:
1612:
1605:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1476:
1472:
1419:
1415:
1391:1854/LU-8699161
1360:
1356:
1313:
1309:
1266:
1262:
1211:
1202:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1140:
1136:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
985:
984:
980:
937:
933:
928:
915:Water softening
879:Clean Water Act
870:
861:
806:
793:methods, using
776:
770:
738:
732:
680:
661:
652:
636:
624:
608:reverse osmosis
600:ultrafiltration
592:
537:
459:
425:
375:
350:
349:
328:
320:
315:
314:
309:reclaimed water
239:
231:
223:water softening
105:
93:Main articles:
91:
86:
53:Water treatment
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:Home economics
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Accountability
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2709:
2698:
2687:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2649:Stratification
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2311:
2310:External links
2308:
2305:
2304:
2285:
2252:
2225:(4): 490–520.
2205:
2181:
2146:
2128:
2103:
2077:
2052:
2043:
2025:
2018:
1990:
1943:
1893:
1868:Water Research
1858:
1809:
1762:
1715:
1703:
1673:
1645:
1603:
1554:
1542:
1512:
1500:
1470:
1427:Water Research
1413:
1354:
1307:
1274:Water Research
1260:
1200:
1161:
1154:
1134:
1069:
1062:
1045:
1020:
998:
978:
930:
929:
927:
924:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
881:
876:
869:
866:
860:
857:
804:
769:
766:
734:Main article:
731:
728:
720:Microorganisms
708:carbon dioxide
684:biodegradation
679:
676:
660:
657:
651:
648:
647:
646:
643:
640:
635:
632:
623:
620:
604:nanofiltration
591:
588:
566:
565:
562:
555:
548:
536:
533:
532:
531:
525:
518:carbon dioxide
506:Degasification
499:
484:
458:
455:
454:
453:
450:
444:
424:
421:
374:
371:
366:Kokemäki River
338:Cooling towers
329:
321:
319:
316:
240:
232:
230:
227:
159:drinking water
157:Treatment for
140:cooling towers
99:Drinking water
90:
87:
85:
82:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3293:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:Julia Lathrop
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Public health
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Health policy
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Right to food
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2892:Personal life
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Housing First
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Hycean planet
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:Water droplet
2410:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2118:on 2018-08-09
2117:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2067:on 2018-08-03
2066:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:(1): 012003.
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1063:0-07-112250-8
1059:
1055:
1049:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1008:
1002:
988:
982:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
931:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
910:Water quality
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
865:
856:
853:
851:
847:
843:
837:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
799:photocatalyst
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
765:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
737:
727:
725:
724:sedimentation
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:microorganism
685:
675:
672:
667:
665:
656:
644:
641:
638:
637:
631:
629:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
587:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
563:
560:
556:
553:
549:
546:
542:
541:
540:
529:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:
497:
492:
488:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:Sedimentation
467:
466:
465:
462:
451:
448:
445:
442:
438:
437:
436:
429:
420:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
379:
367:
363:
359:
354:
346:
343:
339:
335:
326:
312:
310:
306:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
252:
248:
244:
237:
226:
224:
220:
215:
214:pipes clean.
211:
209:
208:cyanobacteria
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
160:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
100:
96:
81:
79:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
40:
33:
19:
3250:Melvil Dewey
3213:
3094:Food science
2937:Right to sit
2872:Housekeeping
2531:Hydrobiology
2516:Distribution
2298:
2288:
2265:
2255:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:
2184:
2162:(1): 57–59.
2159:
2155:
2149:
2143:. Wiley VCH.
2140:
2131:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:the original
2106:
2086:
2080:
2069:. Retrieved
2065:the original
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2000:
1993:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1913:
1909:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1708:, retrieved
1686:
1676:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1626:(1): 83–98.
1623:
1619:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1547:, retrieved
1525:
1515:
1505:, retrieved
1483:
1473:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1222:
1218:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1144:
1137:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1053:
1048:
1037:. Retrieved
1032:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1001:
990:. Retrieved
981:
948:
944:
934:
920:Water supply
862:
854:
838:
830:
783:point-of-use
777:
762:
739:
700:biosynthesis
681:
668:
662:
653:
625:
622:Ion exchange
593:
585:
573:heavy metals
567:
545:flocculation
538:
463:
460:
441:chlorination
434:
418:
406:disinfection
391:
384:
330:
301:
261:contaminants
255:
216:
212:
202:'s group at
200:Linda Lawton
170:, to remove
156:
106:
103:water supply
73:contaminants
52:
51:
3228:Key players
3044:Air quality
2887:Life skills
2842:Food safety
2837:Environment
2807:Consumerism
2596:Ocean world
2521:Hydrosphere
2449:superheated
2038:Environment
1963:: 580–593.
1916:: 148–164.
1782:: 187–240.
1662:: 189–204.
1219:Chemosphere
1181:: 162–175.
951:: 187–240.
787:self-supply
616:antiscalant
577:precipitant
514:Henry's law
410:coagulation
358:groundwater
273:water cycle
3265:Categories
3219:Well-being
3189:Sanitation
3174:Psychology
3169:Prevention
3089:Employment
2947:Sanitation
2897:Preference
2718:Wiktionary
2553:management
2399:Properties
2199:2017-05-07
2122:2011-03-09
2071:2019-11-19
1710:2021-11-12
1549:2021-11-12
1507:2021-11-12
1433:: 115919.
1374:: 116644.
1225:: 130595.
1089:: 165185.
1039:2020-11-04
1007:"Chlorine"
992:2021-06-25
926:References
884:Peak water
848:, gravity
694:, such as
678:Biological
650:Adsorption
598:, such as
487:Filtration
398:filtration
265:wastewater
190:including
78:irrigation
69:irrigation
3194:Self care
3164:Organisms
3159:Nutrition
3084:Education
3079:Economics
3059:Chemistry
3049:Bioethics
2867:Household
2852:Happiness
2832:Education
2768:Euthenics
2759:Euthenics
2631:Enceladus
2612:Specific
2548:Resources
2543:Pollution
2526:Hydrology
2492:Hydronium
2482:Tritiated
2472:Semiheavy
2377:Overviews
2247:236955246
2239:1945-7731
2176:154344107
1985:159345994
1977:0959-6526
1930:0301-4797
1853:1884-3360
1804:103693107
1796:2352-1864
1749:0304-3894
1640:1385-8947
1598:245810763
1465:219414366
1449:0043-1354
1408:214445348
1400:1383-5866
1349:213499533
1341:0032-5910
1327:: 43–51.
1294:0043-1354
1247:0045-6535
1195:1226-086X
1129:259296091
1113:0048-9697
973:103693107
965:2352-1864
859:Materials
850:aqueducts
785:(POU) or
760:in 2002.
730:Standards
671:pore size
528:Deaerator
491:Pollutant
387:treatment
373:Processes
364:from the
362:raw water
219:tap water
196:manganese
136:chemicals
3069:Cleaning
3001:Activism
2797:Autonomy
2775:Concepts
2696:Category
2274:cite web
2096:Archived
1938:22459012
1888:11487125
1757:11566415
1457:32622122
1302:18789473
1255:33940449
1121:37385512
868:See also
822:ERDLator
716:effluent
704:minerals
559:polymers
510:solution
477:velocity
457:Physical
447:Aeration
423:Chemical
404:such as
394:settling
297:leachate
269:effluent
188:minerals
172:bacteria
132:textiles
112:effluent
65:drinking
3209:Society
3144:Hygiene
3139:Housing
3074:Ecology
2827:Ecology
2707:Commons
2384:Outline
2328:WHO.int
1831:Bibcode
1576:Bibcode
1227:Bibcode
1091:Bibcode
1013:2 March
810:anatase
808:in its
712:ammonia
334:boilers
180:viruses
144:boilers
116:organic
57:quality
3099:Health
3054:Botany
2942:Safety
2857:Health
2822:Desire
2802:Choice
2787:Agency
2711:
2700:
2689:
2685:Portal
2678:
2616:Europa
2565:Supply
2558:policy
2538:Origin
2429:Liquid
2421:States
2245:
2237:
2174:
2016:
1983:
1975:
1936:
1928:
1886:
1851:
1802:
1794:
1755:
1747:
1701:
1638:
1596:
1540:
1498:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1406:
1398:
1347:
1339:
1300:
1292:
1253:
1245:
1193:
1152:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1060:
971:
963:
814:rutile
710:, and
606:, and
305:Biogas
285:sewage
186:, and
101:, and
2511:Cycle
2503:Earth
2477:Heavy
2460:Forms
2444:Steam
2439:Vapor
2394:Model
2370:Water
2243:S2CID
2172:S2CID
1981:S2CID
1800:S2CID
1594:S2CID
1461:S2CID
1404:S2CID
1345:S2CID
1125:S2CID
969:S2CID
818:SODIS
628:resin
263:from
184:fungi
176:algae
124:paper
84:Types
80:use.
61:water
3154:Life
3129:Home
2992:Wish
2987:Want
2847:Goal
2626:Moon
2621:Mars
2389:Data
2280:link
2235:ISSN
2093:Pdf.
2014:ISBN
1973:ISSN
1934:PMID
1926:ISSN
1884:PMID
1849:ISSN
1792:ISSN
1753:PMID
1745:ISSN
1699:ISBN
1660:1601
1636:ISSN
1538:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1453:PMID
1445:ISSN
1396:ISSN
1337:ISSN
1298:PMID
1290:ISSN
1251:PMID
1243:ISSN
1191:ISSN
1150:ISBN
1117:PMID
1109:ISSN
1058:ISBN
1015:2023
961:ISSN
698:and
439:Pre-
408:and
396:and
295:and
194:and
192:iron
163:pure
128:pulp
126:and
118:and
2501:On
2434:Ice
2227:doi
2164:doi
2006:doi
1965:doi
1961:228
1918:doi
1914:102
1876:doi
1839:doi
1784:doi
1737:doi
1691:doi
1664:doi
1628:doi
1624:118
1584:doi
1530:doi
1488:doi
1435:doi
1431:182
1386:hdl
1376:doi
1372:241
1329:doi
1325:366
1282:doi
1235:doi
1223:280
1183:doi
1099:doi
1087:895
953:doi
812:or
803:TiO
400:,
59:of
3267::
2297:.
2276:}}
2272:{{
2264:.
2241:.
2233:.
2223:13
2221:.
2217:.
2192:.
2170:.
2158:.
2139:.
2036:.
2012:.
1979:.
1971:.
1959:.
1955:.
1932:.
1924:.
1912:.
1908:.
1896:^
1882:.
1872:35
1870:.
1847:.
1837:.
1827:14
1825:.
1821:.
1798:.
1790:.
1780:11
1778:.
1774:.
1751:.
1743:.
1733:87
1731:.
1727:.
1697:,
1685:,
1658:.
1634:.
1622:.
1618:.
1606:^
1592:.
1582:.
1570:.
1566:.
1536:,
1524:,
1494:,
1482:,
1459:.
1451:.
1443:.
1429:.
1425:.
1402:.
1394:.
1384:.
1370:.
1366:.
1343:.
1335:.
1323:.
1319:.
1296:.
1288:.
1278:42
1276:.
1272:.
1249:.
1241:.
1233:.
1221:.
1217:.
1203:^
1189:.
1179:39
1177:.
1173:.
1123:.
1115:.
1107:.
1097:.
1085:.
1081:.
1031:.
967:.
959:.
949:11
947:.
943:.
852:.
844:,
718:.
706:,
602:,
522:pH
512:.
416:.
182:,
178:,
174:,
142:,
134:,
130:,
97:,
2752:e
2745:t
2738:v
2362:e
2355:t
2348:v
2301:.
2282:)
2268:.
2249:.
2229::
2202:.
2178:.
2166::
2160:9
2125:.
2074:.
2022:.
2008::
1987:.
1967::
1940:.
1920::
1890:.
1878::
1855:.
1841::
1833::
1806:.
1786::
1759:.
1739::
1693::
1670:.
1666::
1642:.
1630::
1600:.
1586::
1578::
1572:9
1532::
1490::
1467:.
1437::
1410:.
1388::
1378::
1351:.
1331::
1304:.
1284::
1257:.
1237::
1229::
1197:.
1185::
1158:.
1131:.
1101::
1093::
1066:.
1042:.
1017:.
995:.
975:.
955::
805:2
504:(
327:.
238:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
