1153:, stagnated at a high level of about 60%, while the private operator had aimed at reducing it to 30% within three years. Halfway through the contract period the private operator said it lost money and asked to increase its remuneration. When the municipality refused, ANTSU said it was obliged under Turkish law to liquidate itself. ASAT then assumed responsibility for operations in 2002 and the contract ended amidst compensation claims by both sides. In its completion report for the project that supported the lease, the World Bank concluded that the outcomes were unsatisfactory. However, there were also successes: For example, funds provided through the World Bank loan contributed to increase the share of sewerage connections from zero in 1996 to 35% of the urbanized area in 2003.
1149:) and the Turkish firm ENKA (the latter left the consortium shortly after the contract was signed). Ownership of assets remained with the public company, Antalya Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (ASAT). ANTSU received an agreed remuneration per cubic meter of water collected from ASAT customers. Investments were partially financed through loans from the World Bank and the European Investment Bank. There were some slight improvements during the contract period, such as an increase of the continuity of water supply from 19 to 23 hours per day. However, an important indicator,
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293: – water produced that was not billed – was 48% ((4.56-2.4)x100/4.56) and that the average tariff was 2 Turkish Lira per cubic meter (1.10 Euro/m3). According to the results of the 2008 Municipal Water Statistics Survey, water abstraction per capita was 215 liters per day in 2008. Actual billed consumption taking into account non-revenue water was 52% of that level, or 112 liters per day. In 2021
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for only about 3% of available water resources. However, water availability is highly seasonal and is not equally distributed throughout the country. Local and regional water shortages occur despite ample average water availability. For example, in 2007 a severe drought hit the entire
Mediterranean coast as well as Central Anatolia and threatened the water supply of Istanbul and Ankara.
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without an options study that would have compared different alternatives of private sector participation. The contract was awarded after international competitive bidding with three bids submitted. It was awarded to the lowest qualified bidder called ANTSU, a consortium between the French water company
Lyonnaise des Eaux (today
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to protect the environment of the Bay of
Antalya. The new design included an activated sludge treatment plant that involved higher capital and operating costs. The plant was completed in 2002 and is being operated by a private company, separate from the lease company, under a Design-Build-Operate (DBO) contract.
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involved a public-private partnership, was rated by the World Bank as unsatisfactory, because it was too big, had too many objectives, because of poor risk allocation between the public and the private partners and because there was a mismatch between revenues in local currency and debt in foreign currency.
1012:(SKIs). These utilities were created during the 1980s and 1990s, beginning with the establishment of ISKI in Istanbul in 1981. The boards of these companies are typically chaired by the mayor. Smaller cities provide services directly through municipal water and sewer departments. SKIs exist in the following
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governments through its
General Directorate of Local Authorities; the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement controls the state-owned Bank of the Provinces, a source of financing for water supply and sanitation; the Ministry of Environment and Forestry is in charge of developing water resources as well as
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in
Turkish cities are set by local governments. For residential users most cities charge increasing-block tariffs. Commercial users and public institutions are charged a linear tariff that is close to or higher than the highest block of the residential tariff. Tariff levels vary across cities. During
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In 2008, 4.56 billion m3 of water was abstracted by municipalities or bought by them in order to be distributed by the local government. Of this amount, 40% was abstracted from dams, 28% from wells, 23% from springs, 4% from rivers, and 5% from lakes. 111.4 billion m3 of drinking water was sold to 20
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biological treatment to 58% and advanced treatment to 13%. 53% of the wastewater, treated or not, was discharged into fresh surface water bodies, 39% to the sea, 1% to fields and 6% to another receiving environment. In
Istanbul the share of wastewater treated increased from 9% in 1993 to 95% in 2004.
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The
European Union provides 134.3 million Euro of grants in 2007-09 for water supply and sanitation as part of its Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA). The first project to be approved under IPA for water and sanitation in Turkey was for a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ordu. A priority for
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Annual investments in the
Turkish water and sanitation sector at the beginning of the 2000s stood at about US$ 1 billion per year, or about US$ 13 per capita and year. The cost for Turkey to comply with the Environmental Acquis Communautaire in water supply and sanitation has been estimated to be in
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During the contract period the local government and the environmental authorities decided to substantially change the design of a planned wastewater treatment plant. The original plan had foreseen only a mechanical wastewater treatment plant and a sea outfall, considered sufficient by the World Bank
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and the State
Planning Organization under the Prime Minister's Office. Service provision is the responsibility of about 2,400 municipalities and 16 utilities in the largest cities. External cooperation has played and continues to play a major role for water and sanitation in Turkey. Germany, France,
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As of the beginning of 2005, DSİ supplied annually a total of around 2.5 km domestic water complying with drinking water standards. This figure will reach 5.3 km with completion of the projects which are under construction, or at the final design and planning stages. Water supply projects
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or DSİ) is an agency under the
Ministry of Environment and Forestry responsible for the utilization of country's water resources. Besides water resources assessment and monitoring, hydropower production and bulk water supply for agriculture, DSİ is also responsible by law for the supply of domestic
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Municipal water use accounts for about 16% of total water use in Turkey, compared to 76% used by agriculture and 12% by industry. Total water withdrawals for all uses accounted for only 17% of total available water resources in an average year (average 1977–2001). Municipal water use thus accounted
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from 1996 to 2002, where a private company directly provided water and sewer services to customers. In 1996 the city signed a lease contract with a private company to provide water and sanitation services for 10 years. The decision to opt for a lease was taken on the advice of a UK consulting firm
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There is no single water and sanitation law in Turkey, and there is no single institution charged with developing policies for water supply and sanitation or for regulating the sector. A number of laws on the environment, health and local government together form the legal framework of the sector.
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Local governments play a central role in the sector as service provider, partially mobilizing resources for investment financing from their own revenues and being responsible for the elaboration of location-specific Master Plans, feasibility studies and for the procurement of the necessary works.
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In 2015, in Turkey, access to water was universal. Regarding sanitation, 95% of the population have access to "improved" sanitation, 98% of the urban population and 86% of the rural population. Subsequently, there are still, approximately, 4 million people without access to "improved" sanitation.
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of Turkey and cost recovery has been increased, thus providing the basis for the sustainability of service provision. Intermittent supply, which was common in many cities, has become less frequent. In 2004, 61% of the wastewater collected through sewers was being treated. In 2020 77% of water was
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In the past the World Bank financed, among others, water and sanitation projects in Istanbul from the 1970s to the 1990s, in Izmir and Ankara in the late 1980s and 1990s, as well as in Antalya and Bursa in the late 1990s as well as in the early 2000s. The outcome of the project in Antalya, which
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At the national level, a number of government entities form the institutional framework of the sector. The State Planning Organization under the Prime Minister's Office is in charge of general investment planning through Five-Year Plans; the Ministry of Interior is in charge of supervising local
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Between the late 1980s and 2006 the German government and the state-owned development Bank KfW provided 780 million Euros in grants and soft loans for water supply and sanitation in Turkey with a particular focus on cities in the poorer parts of Turkey. German development cooperation is being
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There were 138 municipal wastewater treatment plants in Turkey as of 2004. According to the Ministry of Environment, 41% of waste water discharged from a sewage system was treated in 2004 (1,68 billion m3 of 2,77 billion m3). Mechanical treatment was applied to 28% of the wastewater treated,
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hovering around 50% and to expand access to adequate sanitation in rural areas. The investment required to comply with EU standards in the sector, especially in wastewater treatment, is estimated to be in the order of Euro 2 billion per year, more than double the current level of investment.
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and enforcement; the Ministry of Agriculture through the drinking water unit in the General Directorate for Rural Services (KHGM) is in charge of planning, financing and building rural drinking water supply; and the Ministry of Health is, in charge of monitoring drinking water quality.
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currently finances a municipal services project implemented by Iller Bank. The project, initially approved in 2005, received a first loan of US$ 275 million and additional financing of US$ 240 million in 2010. The project finances investments in the cities of
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in Turkey is characterized by achievements and challenges. Over the past decades access to drinking water has become almost universal and access to adequate sanitation has also increased substantially. Autonomous utilities have been created in the 16
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wastewater project signed in 2005 supported with a Euro 30 million loan. In addition, an Environmental Framework Loan for Iller Bank estimated to reach Euro 150 million for water, sanitation and solid waste management was under preparation in 2010.
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the 1990s, a period of high inflation in Turkey, some cities have indexed tariffs to inflation to prevent an erosion of tariffs. Under the indexation system tariffs are automatically increased every three months in line with the increase of the
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Private sector participation in the provision of water supply and sanitation in Turkey is mostly limited to the operation of water and wastewater treatment plants without direct contact with customers. An exception is the lease contract in
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France provides subsidized loans for municipal infrastructure in Turkish cities through the Agence Française de Développement (AFD). In 2009 AFD provided loans to the cities of Istanbul (120 million Euro), Kayseri (22 million Euro ) and
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GIZ has supported capacity development of staff working in municipal utilities in commercial and technical aspects through a project implemented from 2002 to 2006 in cooperation with the training institute TODAIE.
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1270:(50 million Euro) for urban development, including water supply and sanitation. France also provides a 16 million Euro loan for the treatment of sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in
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and industrial water to cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. As of the 2000 census, there were 55 such cities in Turkey. DSİ supplied water to 26 million people in 45 cities.
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the order of €34 billion for 2007-23 or annual investments of about €2 billion. Additional investments in industrial pollution control would be in the order or €15 billion.
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The Istanbul Municipal Services Project, supported through a US$ 336 million loan and approved in 2007, had 43% of its proceeds earmarked for water supply and sanitation.
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also provides loans for water supply and sanitation in Turkey. As of 2010 it had several projects under implementation, of which the most recent one is the
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1186:(physical and commercial water losses) in Turkish cities is much higher than in other OECD countries except for Mexico. For example, in 2006 it was 45% in
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Implementation completion report on a loan in the amount of US$ 100.0 million to the Republic of Turkey for Antalya water supply and sanitation project
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1198:. The level of non-revenue water in Istanbul decreased from more than 50% prior to 1994 to 34% in 2000 due to large investments in pipe replacement.
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Institutionally the sector is fragmented. Policy, regulatory and planning functions are dispersed between five Ministries, the
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used by agriculture, 10% by households and the rest by industry.Charging for water used by agriculture has been suggested.
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in 2007. In rural areas, where less than a third of the population lives, 96% had access. In urban areas 97% had access to
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1818:"Water Efficiency Strategy Document and Action Plan in the Framework of Adaptation to the Changing Climate (2023 – 2033)"
1500:"Water Efficiency Strategy Document and Action Plan in the Framework of Adaptation to the Changing Climate (2023 – 2033)"
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The major external partners of Turkey in water supply and sanitation are the European Union, France and Germany.
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million subscribers, and 4.8 billion Turkish Lira revenue was obtained. This implies that the average level of
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Access to water supply and sanitation in Turkey is high. Based on household surveys and census results, the
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both water supply and sanitation projects have been supported. Projects are also under implementation in
1781:"Water Issues and the Role of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) in Water Resources Development in Turkey"
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developed by DSİ meet one third of the requirements for domestic and industrial water consumption.
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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World Bank: Additional Financing for the Municipal Services Project, Annex 3
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Turkey: Drought Raises Concern about a Possible Environmental Catastrophe
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1476:"Turkey's action plan to fight drought focuses on saving water sources"
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the European Union and the World Bank are the major external partners.
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0.9 - 2.05 (2009) or 1.32 - 3.04 Turkish Lira in the 16 largest cities
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Construction d'une station de traitement des boues d'épuration à Bursa
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WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
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estimates that 100% of the Turkish urban population had access to an
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Water Budget Components of Large River Basins of Turkey (1981–2010)
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Turkish Statistical Institute:MUNICIPAL WATER STATISTICS, 2008
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Please help by removing excessive detail that may be against
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Water, sewerage and solid waste projects in Turkey 2002-2010
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Regulation Concerning Water Intended for Human Consumption
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Altinbilek, Dogan (2006). "Water Management in Istanbul".
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Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
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Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
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Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
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Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
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Remaining challenges include the need to further increase
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Drought and negligence threaten Turkey's lakes, rivers
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International Journal of Water Resources Development
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US$ 1 billion per year (US$ 13 per capita and year)
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Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean
1379:(water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment),
1371:(water supply, sewerage and storm water drainage),
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1603:EU Integrated Environmental Approximation Strategy
1520:EU Integrated Environmental Approximation Strategy
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132:Annual investment in water supply and sanitation
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1838:IPA Environment Operational Programme in Turkey
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1717:Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1692:. Springer International Publishing: 241–256.
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1391:(water, sewerage and storm water drainage).
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108:Average urban water use (liter/capita/day)
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1127:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1920:ISKI - Istanbul water and sewer utility
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1979:Water supply and sanitation by country
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1245:IPA is the reduction of water losses.
161:National water and sanitation company
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1686:"Water Resources Potential of Turkey"
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1684:Selek, Bülent; Aksu, Hakan (2020).
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177:Responsibility for policy setting
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1852:. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
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124:Share of household metering
58:Turkey: Water and sanitation
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1674:, September 16, 2007
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2019:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
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1997:Latin America
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1662:, 11 May 2007
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1182:The level of
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1101:This section
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744:
741:
738:
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732:
729:
726:
725:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
707:Konya Closed
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
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689:
686:
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468:
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453:
450:
449:
445:
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439:
436:
433:
431:North Aegean
430:
427:
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422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
403:
399:
396:
393:
390:
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373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
357:
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351:
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343:
341:
338:
336:
335:Precipitation
333:
332:
329:
324:
319:
313:
302:
298:
296:
292:
281:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
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232:
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212:
200:
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191:
184:
183:
176:
175:
168:
167:
160:
159:
152:
151:
148:Institutions
146:
139:
138:
131:
130:
123:
122:
115:
114:
107:
106:
99:
98:
92:
88:
87:
81:
78:Access to an
77:
76:
71:
67:
62:
55:
46:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
2603:
2347:Saudi Arabia
2164:South Africa
2159:Sierra Leone
2054:Burkina Faso
1941:(in Turkish)
1933:(in Turkish)
1925:(in Turkish)
1917:(in Turkish)
1895:
1883:
1871:
1857:
1844:
1829:
1812:
1803:
1792:
1774:
1744:
1732:
1721:. Retrieved
1715:
1706:
1689:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1630:
1626:
1597:
1582:
1567:
1558:
1547:. Retrieved
1543:
1534:
1494:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:
1396:
1393:
1357:
1348:
1293:
1281:
1264:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1226:
1210:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1138:
1123:
1114:
1102:
1009:
1007:
993:
989:
973:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
353:Infiltration
352:
344:
339:
334:
327:
322:
317:
305:Water budget
299:
287:
278:
269:septic tanks
250:
246:
233:
221:
210:
209:
43:October 2012
40:
32:
15:
2672:El Salvador
2599:Switzerland
2534:Netherlands
2418:New Zealand
2401:Australasia
2357:South Korea
2337:Philippines
2215:Afghanistan
2169:South Sudan
2094:Ivory Coast
1862:(in French)
1765:World Bank:
1480:Daily Sabah
1194:and 69% in
914:Van Closed
684:Kizilirmak
661:Yesilirmak
185:Sector law
2657:Costa Rica
2413:East Timor
2302:Kyrgyzstan
2292:Kazakhstan
2225:Bangladesh
2220:Azerbaijan
2134:Mozambique
1944:Adana ASKI
1936:IZSU Izmir
1723:2021-01-03
1549:2017-03-22
1485:2021-01-03
1419:References
1360:World Bank
1354:World Bank
1316:Diyarbakir
1223:Investment
1192:Diyarbakir
1178:Efficiency
1038:Diyarbakir
1036:, DISKI –
318:Basin Name
89:Access to
2783:Venezuela
2728:Argentina
2702:Nicaragua
2677:Guatemala
2529:Lithuania
2408:Australia
2362:Sri Lanka
2352:Singapore
2332:Palestine
2262:Indonesia
2240:Hong Kong
1985:By region
1748:Turkish:
1647:153480716
1377:Beypazari
1190:, 51% in
1078:Sanliurfa
1054:Gaziantep
1050:Eskişehir
1032:, ISKI –
1020:, ASKI –
825:176657.0
408:Susurluk
328:Million m
2798:Category
2763:Paraguay
2748:Colombia
2687:Honduras
2629:Scotland
2584:Slovenia
2579:Slovakia
2559:Portugal
2464:Bulgaria
2377:Thailand
2327:Pakistan
2317:Malaysia
2230:Cambodia
2199:Zimbabwe
2179:Tanzania
2084:Ethiopia
2079:Eswatini
2064:Cameroon
2044:Botswana
1606:Archived
1523:Archived
1441:Archived
1402:See also
1389:Kirsehir
1381:Istanbul
1034:Istanbul
957:218558.0
952:181115.7
947:448070.8
942:781479.4
917:17977.0
897:13593.2
894:28114.6
874:14286.0
871:20248.7
854:16476.3
851:22844.8
848:22844.6
834:43168.5
831:55577.3
828:99900.5
805:14025.6
802:21598.5
759:12935.4
756:22241.6
736:12709.8
733:21807.0
719:11294.3
713:19524.8
710:50037.8
699:11046.6
696:19956.7
690:37126.8
687:82197.3
673:11173.6
667:20170.9
664:39628.0
650:11534.0
644:22017.6
641:28929.8
627:17254.4
621:29352.3
618:63357.8
615:Sakarya
592:Akarcay
555:13076.2
552:15670.5
549:20330.8
546:Antalya
529:15705.5
526:21223.9
512:10279.4
506:15889.0
503:26133.2
457:17034.0
414:15645.1
411:24332.0
391:16186.8
388:23107.1
385:Marmara
365:14444.1
2778:Uruguay
2753:Ecuador
2733:Bolivia
2692:Jamaica
2609:Ukraine
2569:Romania
2514:Iceland
2509:Hungary
2499:Germany
2489:Finland
2484:Estonia
2479:Denmark
2469:Croatia
2454:Belgium
2449:Austria
2444:Armenia
2439:Albania
2387:Vietnam
2312:Lebanon
2252:Georgia
2184:Tunisia
2154:Senegal
2144:Nigeria
2139:Namibia
2129:Morocco
2109:Liberia
2104:Lesotho
2059:Burundi
2034:Algeria
1385:Kayseri
1369:Denizli
1365:Antalya
1336:Kayseri
1324:Malatya
1320:Fethiye
1296:Isparta
1278:Germany
1188:Kayseri
1142:Antalya
1066:Malatya
1046:Denizli
1042:Kayseri
1026:Antalya
962:48397.0
926:6823.7
923:2263.2
920:9164.3
906:1040.8
903:8370.2
900:4182.2
883:1380.6
880:5858.3
877:7047.1
860:2050.1
857:4318.3
837:1154.6
811:6338.1
808:7349.4
799:Ceyhan
788:3743.5
785:1825.9
782:6556.9
779:7912.4
768:2196.5
765:3960.8
762:6778.1
753:Seyhan
745:1319.9
742:3139.4
739:8250.4
722:5580.7
716:2649.7
693:6123.6
676:2412.7
670:6584.6
647:9905.1
630:6807.6
624:5290.3
607:1190.0
604:2290.1
598:3805.7
595:7982.6
584:1125.9
581:1630.0
575:3020.3
572:6306.2
569:Burdur
558:2255.4
538:1281.7
535:7458.6
532:6965.1
515:2616.4
509:2993.3
489:3260.3
483:4323.4
480:7059.7
466:6916.7
463:1536.3
460:9002.9
443:3969.0
440:1500.5
437:6051.4
434:9973.6
423:2641.4
420:8776.5
417:4227.2
397:8405.5
394:7537.9
374:6382.7
371:1858.9
368:8561.4
33:updated
2758:Guyana
2738:Brazil
2707:Panama
2697:Mexico
2652:Canada
2647:Belize
2604:Turkey
2594:Sweden
2574:Russia
2554:Poland
2549:Serbia
2544:Norway
2524:Latvia
2504:Greece
2494:France
2432:Europe
2372:Taiwan
2342:Russia
2297:Kuwait
2287:Jordan
2267:Israel
2194:Zambia
2189:Uganda
2149:Rwanda
2119:Malawi
2039:Angola
2027:Africa
1645:
1373:Mersin
1332:Ankara
1308:Batman
1300:Tarsus
1261:France
1254:Samsun
1076:, and
1074:Samsun
1070:Mersin
1022:Ankara
868:Coruh
814:338.0
791:987.6
653:578.6
601:325.6
578:264.4
561:338.9
492:536.1
486:527.1
469:549.9
454:Gediz
446:581.8
400:243.4
377:319.8
265:sewers
243:Access
2743:Chile
2682:Haiti
2589:Spain
2519:Italy
2392:Yemen
2367:Syria
2282:Japan
2257:India
2245:Macau
2235:China
2174:Sudan
2114:Libya
2099:Kenya
2089:Ghana
2074:Egypt
2049:Benin
1875:KfW:
1821:(PDF)
1784:(PDF)
1643:S2CID
1503:(PDF)
1344:Siirt
1340:Sivas
1330:. In
1328:Adana
1304:Siirt
1272:Bursa
1268:Konya
1196:Adana
1062:Konya
1058:Izmir
1030:Bursa
1018:Adana
937:Total
929:77.4
891:Aras
196:2379
127:High
73:Data
2768:Peru
2662:Cuba
2322:Oman
2307:Laos
2277:Iraq
2272:Iran
2208:Asia
2124:Mali
1438:Data
1358:The
1334:and
1322:and
1314:and
1248:The
776:Asi
340:Flow
156:Yes
111:112
95:90%
84:99%
1694:doi
1635:doi
1312:Van
1289:KfW
1285:GIZ
911:25
888:24
865:23
842:22
819:21
796:20
773:19
750:18
727:17
704:16
681:15
658:14
635:13
612:12
589:11
566:10
188:No
172:No
164:No
2800::
1836::
1756:^
1714:.
1688:.
1641:.
1631:22
1629:.
1617:^
1542:.
1511:^
1478:.
1466:^
1452:^
1426:^
1342:,
1318:,
1310:,
1306:,
1302:,
1298:,
1274:.
1080:.
1072:,
1068:,
1064:,
1060:,
1056:,
1052:,
1048:,
1044:,
1040:,
1028:,
1024:,
1016::
543:9
520:8
497:7
474:6
451:5
428:4
405:3
382:2
359:1
345:ET
271:.
1972:e
1965:t
1958:v
1823:.
1786:.
1726:.
1700:.
1696::
1649:.
1637::
1589::
1574::
1552:.
1505:.
1488:.
1436::
1130:)
1124:(
1119:)
1115:(
1111:.
1105:.
347:a
45:)
41:(
35:.
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