Water issues in developing countries

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populated country in the world, following close behind the first most populated country, China. The country is classified as "water stressed" with a water availability of 1,000–1,700 m/person/year. 21% of countries' diseases are related to water. In 2008, 88% of the population had access and was using improved drinking water sources. However, "Improved drinking water source" is an ambiguous term, ranging in meaning from fully treated and 24-hour availability to merely being piped through the city and sporadically available. This is in part due to large inefficiencies in the water infrastructure in which up to 40% of water leaks out.

805:(SWA) was established as a platform for partnerships between governments, civil society, the private sector, UN agencies, research and learning institutions, and the philanthropic community. SWA encourages partners to prioritize water, sanitation and hygiene along with ensuring sufficient finance and building better governance structures. To ensure that these priorities remain so, the SWA holds “High Level Meetings” where partners communicate the recent developments made, measure progress, and continue the discussion on the importance of Sustainable Development Goal 6. 283: 306: 1781:. Part of this challenge includes addressing the pollution of the Ganges (Ganga) river, which is home to about 400 million people. The river receives about over 1.3 billion litres of domestic waste, along with 260 million litres of industrial waste, run off from 6 million tons of fertilizers and 9,000 tons of pesticides used in agriculture, thousands of animal carcasses and several hundred human corpses released into the river every day for spiritual rebirth. Two-thirds of this waste is released into the river untreated. 302:: between 1990 and 2015 to "reduce by half the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation." Even having access to an ‘improved water source’ does not guarantee the water's quality, as it could lack proper treatment and become contaminated during transport or home storage. A study by the World Health Organization (WHO) found that estimates of safe water could be overestimated if accounting for water quality, especially if the water sources were poorly maintained. 1766:'s 2008 report, only 31% of the population had access and used improved sanitation facilities. A little more than half of the 16 million residents of New Delhi, the capital city, have access to this service. Every day, 950 million gallons of sewage flows from New Delhi into the Yamuna River without any significant forms of treatment. This river bubbles with methane and was found to have a fecal coliform count 10,000 times the safe limit for bathing. 353: 1798:, a country of 50 million population, struggles with a staggering population growth rate of 2.28% per year. This high population growth rate pushes Kenya's natural resources to the brink of total depletion. 32% of the population don't have access to improved water sources whereas 48% cannot access basic sanitation systems. Much of the country has a severely arid climate, with a few areas enjoying rain and access to water resources. 2160: 615:, offers guidance to water utilities (or similar entities) as they develop WSPs. This manual provides information to help water utilities assess their water system, develop monitoring systems and procedures, manage their plan, carry out periodic review of the WSP, and to review the WSP following an incident. The WSP manual also includes three case studies drawn from WSP initiatives in three countries/regions. 4141: 837:. The Water Project has funded or completed over 2,500 projects and 1,500 water sources that have helped over 569,000 people improve their access to clean water and sanitation. These projects focus heavily on teaching proper sanitation and hygiene practices, as well as improving water facilities by drilling boreholes, updating well structures, and introducing rain water harvesting solutions. 735:, with the goal of providing both clean water supply and sewage connection in homes. Although these interventions have been evaluated by the United Nations, various challenges may reduce the effectiveness of home treatment solutions, such as low education, low-dedication to repair, replacement, and maintenance, or local repair services or parts are unavailable. 373:, Brazil, a lack of sanitation infrastructure results in the pollution of the majority of its water supply and forces the city to import over 50% of its water from outside watersheds. Polluted water increases a developing country's operating costs, as lower quality water is more expensive to treat. In Brazil, polluted water from the 1919:

population. Rapid population growth in recent decades led to an unprecedented increase in freshwater demand. Regional inequality exists in water resources and water governance. An estimated 7.5-31% of Panama's population lives in isolated rural areas with minimal access to potable water and few sewage treatment facilities.

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Private water companies have taken up the slack from Kenya's government, but the Kenyan government prevents them from moving into the poverty-stricken areas to avoid profiteering activities. Unfortunately, since Kenya's government also refuses to provide services, this leaves the disenfranchised with

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Reducing the amount of pollution emitted from both point and non-point sources represents a direct method to address the source of water quality challenges. Pollution reduction represents a more direct and low-cost method to improve water quality, compared to costly and extensive wastewater treatment

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Agriculture (including irrigation, livestock, and aquaculture) is by far the largest water consumer, accounting for 69% of annual water withdrawals globally. Agriculture's share of total water use is likely to fall in comparison with other sectors, but it will remain the largest user overall in terms

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Low income has worsened the situation. It is estimated that 66% of the total population lives to earn less than $ 3.20 per day. Despite its poor quality and unreliableness, costs for water in local areas are 9 times higher than that of safe water in urban areas. This regional inequality makes people

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from one process to be used in another process where lower-quality water is acceptable is one way to reduce the amount of wastewater pollution and simultaneously increase water supplies. Recycling and reuse techniques can include the reuse and treatment of wastewater from industrial plant wastewater

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is one of the decentralized rainwater harvesting infrastructures to deal with this unbalanced water distribution. This low-cost infrastructure has a simple and understandable structure, conserving surplus water for later use, increasing efficiency and rural regions' water access by saving people's

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Central Asia Water and Energy Program (CAWEP) is a World Bank, European Union, Swiss & UK funded program to organize Central Asian governments on common water resources management through regional organizations, like the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS). The program focuses on

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Despite the clear benefits of improving water sources (a WHO study showed a potential economic benefit of $ 3–34 USD for every US$ 1 invested), aid for water improvements have declined from 1998 to 2008 and generally is less than is needed to meet the MDG targets. In addition to increasing funding

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and water quality deterioration. In the majority of the developing world, most of the collected wastewater is returned to surface waters directly without treatment, reducing the water's quality. In China, only 38% of China's urban wastewater is treated, and although 91% of China's industrial waste

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is characterized by relatively high levels of access compared to other Latin American countries. However, challenges remain, especially in rural areas. Panama has a tropical climate and receives abundant rainfall (up to 3000mm per year), yet the country still suffers from limited water access and

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have polluted surface water, and the government does not have the capacity to develop water treatment or distribution systems, leaving the vast majority of the country without access to water. This has exacerbated gender politics, as 74% of women must spend an average of 8 hours per day securing

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The inequality between urban and rural areas is significant. In rural areas, 84% can access safe water while only 21% for sanitation. In contrast, 96% of people in urban areas have access to water sources and sanitation which meet satisfying quality. Additionally, there are not enough wastewater

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India's growing population is putting a strain on the country's preciously scarce water resources. According to The World Bank, the population of India as of 2019 was roughly 1,366,417,750 people. Although this number has increased since then, India's population count has made it the second-most

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Water treatment technologies can convert non-freshwater to freshwater by removing pollutants. Much of water's physical pollution includes organisms, metals, acids, sediment, chemicals, waste, and nutrients. Water can be treated and purified into freshwater with limited or no constituents through

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The amount of possible wastewater treatment can also be compromised by the networks required to bring the wastewater to the treatment plants. It is estimated that 15% of China's wastewater treatment facilities are not being used to capacity due to a limited pipe network to collect and transport

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periods, periodic droughts, reduce water availability. Multiple factors like urbanization, impacts of climate change, and economic development have decreased water resources. The high frequency of floods in recent years and the lack of corresponding measures resulted in tension among the local

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In 2003, the United Nations High Level Committee on Programmes created UN-Water, an inter-agency mechanism, "to add value to UN initiatives by fostering greater co-operation and information-sharing among existing UN agencies and outside partners." UN-Water publishes communication materials for

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and desertification in the Aral Sea Region, which used to be home to one of the largest lakes in the world and has since been reduced near to nothing. There were several winning projects that centered around agriculture and land management, sustainable forestry, socio-economic development and

576:) water. People who live with a high level of water security always have access to "an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production". For example, access to water, sanitation and hygiene services is one part of water security. Some organizations use the term 290:

After accounting for availability or access, water quality can reduce the amount of water for consumption, sanitation, agriculture, and industrial purposes. Acceptable water quality depends on its intended purpose: water that is unfit for human consumption could still be used in industrial or

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Water use has been increasing worldwide by about 1% per year since the 1980s. Global water demand is expected to continue increasing at a similar rate until 2050, accounting for an increase of 20–30% above 2019 usage levels. The steady rise in use has principally been led by surging demand in

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Surface water contamination, due to lack of sewage treatment and industrial discharge, makes groundwater increasingly exploited in many regions of India. This is aggravated by heavily subsidized energy costs for agriculture practices that make up roughly 80% of India's water resource demand.

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There is enough freshwater available globally and averaged over the year to meet demand. As such, water scarcity is caused by a mismatch between when and where people need water, and when and where it is available. One of the main causes of the increase in global water demand is the

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The growing population and stagnant economy have exacerbated urban, suburban, and rural poverty. It also has aggravated the country's lack of access to clean drinking water which leaves most of the non-elite population suffering from disease. Around 240 million people suffer from

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The contamination of water remains a significant issue because of unsanitary social practices that pollute water sources. Almost 80% of disease in developing countries is caused by poor water quality and other water-related issues that cause deadly health conditions such as

780:, energy security and energy-water linkages. It aims to foster balanced communications between Central Asian countries to achieve a regional goal, water and energy security. To ensure their goal, the program works closely with governments, civil and national organizations. 1925:

has been implemented as a solution to increase water access. Still, the rainwater is subject to pick up any substances on the rooftops that it runs over before entering a collection tank. Water quality tests revealed that the collected water often contains

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in rural areas difficult to obtain water on a daily basis. Furthermore, even in urban areas, which are equipped with piped water systems, it's hard to produce a reliable constant flow of water. Practical solutions are needed in the entire country.

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is to make the most of water's benefits for humans and ecosystems. The second aim is to limit the risks of destructive impacts of water to an acceptable level. These risks include for example too much water (flood), too little water (drought and

2724: 2923: 95:. According to UN-Water, by 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in areas across the globe with complete water scarcity. Populations in developing countries attempt to access potable water from a variety of sources, such as 783:

Most recently, the program helped organize The Global Disruptive Tech Challenge: Restoring Landscapes in the Aral Sea Region. This competition was created to encourage bright minds to come up with revolutionary solutions for

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for survival, personal care, agriculture, industry, and commerce. The 2019 UN World Water Development report noted that about four billion people, representing nearly two-thirds of the world population, experience severe

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or treated service water (from mining) for use in lower quality uses. Similarly, wastewater can be re-used in commercial buildings (e.g. in toilets) or for industrial applications (e.g. for industrial cooling).

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Black, Robert; Fontaine, Olivier; Lamberti, Laura; Bhan, Maharaj; Huicho, Luis; El Arifeen, Shams; Masanja, Honorati; Walker, Christa Fischer; Mengestu, Tigest Ketsela; Pearson, Luwei; Young, Mark (2019).

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The Barilla Group, The Coca-Cola Company, The International Finance Corporation, McKinsey & Company, Nestlé S.A., New Holland Agriculture, SABMiller plc, Standard Chartered Bank, and Syngenta AG.

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agriculture applications. Parts of the world are experiencing extensive deterioration of water quality, rendering the water unfit for agricultural or industrial use. For example, in China, 54% of the

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resources towards water quality, many development plans stress the importance of improving policy, market and governance structures to implement, monitor and enforce water quality improvements.

3470: 263:. Half a billion people live in areas with severe water scarcity throughout the year, and around four billion people face severe water scarcity at least one month per year. Half of the world's 2110: 1770:

treatment facilities to dispose of wastewater discharged from the growing population. By 2050 half of India's population will account for urban areas and will face serious water problems.

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Liu, Junguo; Yang, Hong; Gosling, Simon N.; Kummu, Matti; Flörke, Martina; Pfister, Stephan; Hanasaki, Naota; Wada, Yoshihide; Zhang, Xinxin; Zheng, Chunmiao; Alcamo, Joseph (2017).

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developing countries and emerging economies. Per capita water use in the majority of these countries remains far below water use in developed countries—they are merely catching up.

611:, or Water Safety Plans, which determine the quality of water supply's to ensure they are safe for consumption. The Water Safety Plan Manual, published in 2009 by the WHO and the 360:

However, gaps in wastewater treatment (the amount of wastewater to be treated is greater than the amount that is actually treated) represent the most significant contribution to

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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Progress has been made over recent decades to improve water access, but billions still live in conditions with very limited access to consistent and clean drinking water.

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Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022:

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for human consumption. Studies have shown treatment to point of use sources reduces child mortality by diarrhea by 29%. Home water treatments are also a part of the

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Policies to reduce agricultural run-off or subsidies to improve the quality and reduce the quantity needed of water polluting agricultural inputs (e.g. fertilizers)

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experience water scarcity. There are 2.3 billion people who reside in nations with water scarcities (meaning less than 1700 m of water per person per year).

3293: 498:. Pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over time. Pollution may take many forms. One would is toxic substances such as oil, metals, plastics, 4017: 593:

To address water scarcity, organizations have focused on increasing the supply of fresh water, mitigating its demand, and enabling reuse and recycling.

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which occurs because of parasitic worms that may be contracted through drinking infested waters. This leads to the crippling of Kenya's human capital.

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decision-makers that work directly with water issues and provides a platform for discussions regarding global water management. They also sponsor

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are examples of arid areas. Economic water scarcity results from a lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers,

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Improved management, enforcement and regulation for pre-treatment of industrial and agricultural waste, including charges for pollution

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Reservoir costs $ 0.43 per m to treat to usable quality, compared to only $ 0.10 per m for water coming from the Cantareira Mountains.

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and wasteful use of water can also mean there is not enough water. These variations in scarcity may also be a function of prevailing

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Access to freshwater is unevenly distributed across the globe, with more than two billion people live in countries with significant

1392: 1307: 1252: 1232: 1107: 1082: 927: 922: 1412: 1347: 1342: 1277: 1262: 1247: 1187: 1097: 1047: 1002: 982: 88:. It is estimated that diarrhea takes the lives of 1.5 million children every year, majority of which are under the age of five. 4083:"When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events" 1397: 1387: 1357: 1297: 1237: 1212: 1202: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1137: 1077: 1062: 1032: 1022: 962: 942: 912: 3356: 3200: 3180: 3022: 2983: 2505: 1895: 1444: 1407: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1337: 1287: 1282: 1257: 1197: 1157: 1147: 1127: 1087: 1072: 1052: 987: 972: 957: 947: 917: 890: 813:

The Water Project, Inc is a non-profit international organization that develops and implements sustainable water projects in

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have inadequate access to clean water. The main barriers to addressing water problems in developing nations include

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Child standing next to a well pump in a Bangladeshi Village. Many such wells have naturally high levels of arsenic.

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of both withdrawal and consumption. Industry (including power generation) accounts for 19% and households for 12%.

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Bain, Rob E. S.; Gundry, Stephen W.; Wright, Jim A.; Yang, Hong; Pedley, Steve; Bartram, Jamie K. (1 March 2012).

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According to the WHO, consistent access to a safe drinking-water supply is attainable by establishing a system of

1940: 1880:, traditionally dug wells, treatment of surface water, desalination of groundwater with high salinity levels and 612: 177:. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands. This includes water needed for 3301: 1631: 1536: 1461: 798: 260: 2205:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006. 1721: 1586: 1481: 103:, or surface waters, which can be easily contaminated. Freshwater access is also constrained by insufficient 139:

during at least one month of the year. With rising demand, the quality and supply of water have diminished.

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certain processes. The processes involved in removing the contaminants include physical processes such as

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Smart disinfection solutions : examples of small-scale disinfection products for safe drinking water

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Advances in water purification techniques : Meeting the needs of developed and developing countries

3646: 201:, or other water sources. It also results from weak human capacity to meet water demand. Many people in 1731: 1716: 1606: 1601: 1541: 1521: 1516: 1486: 1471: 1466: 856:

on 22 March to focus attention on the importance of freshwater and sustainable freshwater management.

487: 213:. Others are the rise in living conditions, changing diets (to more animal products), and expansion of 21: 3269: 3248: 3471:"Innovative Restoration Plans for Aral Sea Region Announced at Global Disruptive Tech Challenge 2021" 1706: 1701: 1691: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1616: 1596: 1496: 1491: 1437: 883: 445: 2905: 2881: 670:

Limiting water abstraction during critical low flow periods to limit the concentration of pollutants

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conditions. Worldwide, contaminated water leads to 4,000 diarrhea deaths a day in children under 5.

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Runoff from development along the river in Pune, India could contribute to reduced water quality.

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Safe water is defined as potable water that will not harm the consumer. It is one of the eight

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Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture

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Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

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mix with these water bodies. Contaminants can come from one of four main sources. These are

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as two of the world's major water quality concerns. Approximately 71% of all illnesses in

8: 4293: 4263: 2599:"International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity" 1778: 868: 453: 4098: 3954: 3546: 3268:

Woltersdorf, L.; Zimmermann, M.; Deffnera, J.; Gerlachb, M.; Liehra, S. (January 2018).

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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Water scarcity assessments look at many types of information. They include green water (

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Various policy measures and infrastructure systems could help limit water pollution in

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discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including

202: 4258: 4018:"Ensuring resilience through community sand dams in Kenya – GRIPP | IWMI Project Site" 3452: 2863: 2164: 305: 4209: 4195: 4130: 4112: 3978: 3966: 3756: 3434: 3416: 3352: 3324:"Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking water suppliers" 3230: 3176: 3142: 3093: 3073: 3018: 2979: 2936: 2830: 2812: 2757: 2706: 2688: 2479: 2422: 2375: 2321: 2303: 2036: 2018: 608: 535: 461: 210: 3888: 3279: 3089: 2434: 506:, and industrial waste products. Another is stressful conditions such as changes of 333:

and others. UNICEF cites fecal contamination and high levels of naturally occurring

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time to gathering water on a long road. There are already about 1,800 sand dams in

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Neufeld, Doug Graber; Muli, Joseph; Muendo, Bernard; Kanyari, James (1 May 2021).

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Bouman, Dick, Novalia, Wikke, Willemsen, Peter Hiemstra, Jannie Willemsen (2010).

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United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

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to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is

4298: 4107: 4042: 3560: 2875: 2873: 1971: 777: 728: 569: 564: 557: 495: 465: 218: 182: 159: 152: 136: 53: 41: 37: 3806: 3585: 3374:"Challenges for Sustainable Water Quality Improvement in Developing Countries" 4272: 4116: 4074: 3970: 3760: 3420: 3234: 3097: 2816: 2692: 2307: 2022: 1849: 1799: 1422: 748: 437: 393: 252: 248: 244: 230: 2870: 2683: 2667:"Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China" 2624:"THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S LAND AND WATER RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE" 789:

globally expanding people knowledge and access to information on the issue.

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water is treated, it still releases extensive toxins into the water supply.

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GLAAS 2010: UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drink-Water

3146: 3128: 2926:"Charting Our Water Future | Economic frameworks to inform decision-making" 2834: 2710: 2483: 2426: 2379: 2325: 2299: 2259:. London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute. 2055:"WHO | Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries" 2040: 2014: 1902: 1817: 826: 724: 713: 709: 581: 543: 475: 374: 259:

is one parameter to measure water scarcity. It is useful in the context of

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Sadoff, Claudia; Grey, David; Borgomeo, Edoardo (2020). "Water Security".

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Schaffner, Monika; Bader, Hans-Peter; Scheidegger, Ruth (15 August 2009).

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or fecal coliforms, likely from running through animal droppings on roofs.

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Water issues and problems in developing countries are diverse and serious

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Current point of use and small scale treatment technologies include:

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basin surface water is so polluted that it is considered un-usable.

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

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A variety of innovations exist to effectively treat water at the

539: 409: 334: 322: 198: 162:(closely related to water stress or water crisis) is the lack of 100: 81: 77: 61: 4022:

Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP)

3749:"In Teeming India, Water Crisis Means Dry Pipes and Foul Sludge" 3445: 2159: 3835: 3329:. World Health Organization and International Water Association 2747: 2745: 1910: 1763: 834: 822: 676:

Land planning (e.g. locating industrial sites outside the city)

444:. This form of pollution can lead to many problems. One is the 429: 226: 1876:. Available options for providing safe drinking water include 4144:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

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Polluted drinking water can lead to debilitating or deadly

45: 3911: 3909: 3847:"World Bank Approves $ 1 Billion For Ganges River Cleanup" 3592: 3153: 898: 3393: 3241: 3201:"Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development" 3071: 2912: 1995: 3936: 3316: 3189: 3104: 2537: 770: 4224:"Water Section in Panama: Challenges and opportunities" 3906: 2450:"Water footprint scenarios for 2050: A global analysis" 507: 482:. Point sources have one identifiable cause, such as a 4146:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

3365: 2849:"The Lack of clean water: Root cause of many problems" 4180:"Water Supply and Water Quality Challenges in Panama" 3165:

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science

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Sustainable Water Resources in the Built Environment

2958:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal" 2790: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2193: 2191: 3782:"India's rampant urban water issues and challenges" 3199:Grey, David; Sadoff, Claudia W. (1 December 2007). 2665:Ding, Yuekui; Shan, Baoqing; Zhao, Yu (2015–2019). 2520: 2343: 673:

Strong and consistent political leadership on water

3162: 2566: 2386: 2332: 2276:"Four billion people facing severe water scarcity" 3274:. Vol. 128. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 382–393. 2841: 2664: 2490: 2262: 2247: 2188: 2165:Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) 4270: 3883: 3881: 2274:Mekonnen, Mesfin M.; Hoekstra, Arjen Y. (2016). 2273: 2208: 3002:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 792: 456:when people use polluted water for drinking or 392:(or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of 3889:"Kenya's Water Crisis – Kenya's Water In 2020" 2998: 2882:"WATER QUALITY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES" 1452: 799:United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 6 3878: 3807:"Key Water Indicator Portal-Water Statistics" 3372:Islam, Mohammmed Nasimul (8 September 2010). 3351:. World Health Organization, UN-Water. 2010. 2447: 1777:In India, 80% of the health issues come from 1438: 884: 514:or anoxia, increased temperatures, excessive 4081:Khan, Nameerah; Charles, Katrina J. (2023). 3853: 3829:"Special Essay: The Ganga – Eternally pure?" 3647:"Population by Country (2021) – Worldometer" 2955: 2941:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2776:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2448:Ercin, A. Ertug; Hoekstra, Arjen Y. (2014). 70:effects of climate change on the water cycle 4080: 637: 4259:UN | Water for Life Decade | Water Quality 4060: 3381:International Water Week, Stockholm Sweden 3198: 2392: 2214: 1445: 1431: 891: 877: 4184:Advances in Water Purification Techniques 4124: 4106: 3710: 3708: 3453:"Central Asia Water & Energy Program" 3428: 3341: 3224: 3136: 3047:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health 2973: 2879: 2824: 2797:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2700: 2682: 2473: 2369: 2315: 2030: 1843:Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh 205:are living with economic water scarcity. 4264:akvo.org | Water and sanitation projects 3799: 3746: 1921:Given the large quantities of rainfall, 588: 351: 304: 281: 25:Woman washing dishes at water's edge in 20: 3861:"Kenya Population (2020) – Worldometer" 3015:10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01 2550:. World Economic Forum. 23 March 2017. 2179: 2109:Canada, Global Affairs (12 June 2017). 251:, environmental flow requirements, and 4271: 4177: 4164:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 41–66. 3747:Sengupta, Somini (29 September 2006). 3705: 3263: 3261: 3173:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.609 3053:from the original on 18 September 2021 3043:Environmental Health Education Program 2108: 1832:no options for obtaining clean water. 899:Water supply and sanitation by country 618: 474:Sources of water pollution are either 286:Women fetching polluted water in Ghana 4239: 4159: 3844: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3547:"GREAT NONPROFITS: The Water Project" 3371: 3271:Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2554:from the original on 30 December 2017 2175: 2173: 1896:Water supply and sanitation in Panama 1426: 872: 771:Central Asia Water and Energy Program 526:is another. Contaminants may include 3251:, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ( 3110: 2508:from the original on 21 October 2013 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 1862:arsenic contamination of groundwater 1791:Water supply and sanitation in Kenya 1754:Water supply and sanitation in India 808: 596: 436:. Water pollution may affect either 185:often face physical water scarcity. 34:Water issues in developing countries 3258: 2964:. Biological Wastewater Treatment. 2182:Principles of Water Quality Control 1952:Human right to water and sanitation 859: 716:, and biological processes such as 691:Self-supply of water and sanitation 460:. Water pollution also reduces the 13: 4192:10.1016/B978-0-12-814790-0.00003-X 3729: 3691: 3500:Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) 2861: 2393:Vorosmarty, C. J. (14 July 2000). 2217:"Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?" 2170: 1848:Bangladesh is faced with multiple 765: 680: 271: 14: 4315: 4252: 4244:. IWA Publishing. pp. 44–75. 2128: 550: 115: 4139: 4047:WHO | Regional Office for Africa 3826: 3113:"Water pollution by agriculture" 3078:Science of the Total Environment 2158: 2085:"Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF" 1894:This section is an excerpt from 1841:This section is an excerpt from 1018:Democratic Republic of the Congo 556:This section is an excerpt from 381:This section is an excerpt from 211:increase in the number of people 151:This section is an excerpt from 105:wastewater and sewage treatment. 4216: 4178:Larsen, M.C. (1 January 2019). 4035: 4010: 3985: 3930: 3820: 3774: 3685: 3639: 3614: 3578: 3553: 3539: 3514: 3488: 3463: 3387: 3286: 3280:10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.019 3249:REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 3090:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.007 3065: 3031: 2864:"Water, Sanitation and Hygiene" 2717: 2658: 2633: 2616: 2591: 2441: 2111:"Water in developing countries" 1948:– Water, sanitation and hygiene 1941:List of water-related charities 1852:and quantity problems (such as 613:International Water Association 72:can make these problems worse. 64:, costs of infrastructure, and 3963:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2021.104472 2880:MARKANDYA, ANIL (March 2004). 2102: 2077: 2047: 1989: 1964: 534:substances. A common cause of 261:Sustainable Development Goal 6 1: 3294:"WHO | Water safety planning" 2956:Von Sperling, Marcos (2007). 2756:. Amsterdam: KIT Publishers. 2280:Science Water Stress Advances 2221:Agricultural Water Management 2215:Rijsberman, Frank R. (2006). 1957: 1835: 745:, sodium dichloroisocyanurate 708:, chemical processes such as 546:and industrial manufacturers. 504:persistent organic pollutants 345:are caused by poor water and 56:. Over one billion people in 3943:Journal of Arid Environments 2725:"Can you define safe water?" 2475:10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.019 2419:10.1126/science.289.5477.284 803:Sanitation and Water for All 793:Sanitation and Water for All 733:Millennium Development Goals 300:Millennium Development Goals 181:to function. Regions with a 7: 4279:Global environmental issues 3702:Retrieved 22 November 2020. 2241:10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001 1934: 864: 840: 687:Portable water purification 110: 46:water and sanitation access 10: 4320: 4108:10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 3622:"Population, total | Data" 2999:Eckenfelder Jr WW (2000). 1893: 1840: 1807:water for their families. 1788: 1751: 1453:Water pollution by country 844: 684: 641: 622: 600: 555: 488:wastewater treatment plant 380: 275: 241:and planning approaches. 150: 119: 44:, poor infrastructure for 3694:"WATER IN CRISIS – INDIA" 2962:Water Intelligence Online 2498:"Water Scarcity. Threats" 2454:Environment International 1888: 1458: 904: 538:is the use of water as a 4160:Ahuja, Satinder (2019). 3561:"The Water Project, Inc" 3401:Journal of Global Health 3111:Moss B (February 2008). 2578:European Investment Bank 2003:Journal of Global Health 1784: 1747: 638:Reducing water pollution 122:Water scarcity in Africa 4240:Waite, Marilyn (2013). 2684:10.3390/ijerph120911699 797:Aimed at achieving the 522:). The introduction of 452:. Another is spreading 175:economic water scarcity 126:Water scarcity in India 3413:10.7189/jogh.09.020801 3129:10.1098/rstb.2007.2176 2900:Cite journal requires 2300:10.1126/sciadv.1500323 2015:10.7189/jogh.09.020801 968:Bosnia and Herzegovina 357: 310: 287: 30: 3865:www.worldometers.info 3831:. Global Water Forum. 3651:www.worldometers.info 3522:"High Level Meetings" 3007:John Wiley & Sons 2975:10.2166/9781780402086 2809:10.2471/BLT.11.094284 1864:) along with regular 1858:groundwater depletion 642:Further information: 601:Further information: 589:Managing water safety 355: 308: 285: 276:Further information: 215:irrigated agriculture 120:Further information: 24: 3993:"How Sand Dams Work" 2362:10.1002/2016EF000518 2180:Tebbutt, T. (1998). 1923:rainwater harvesting 1882:rainwater harvesting 718:slow sand filtration 658:developing countries 524:pathogenic organisms 454:water-borne diseases 343:developing countries 315:water-borne diseases 58:developing countries 52:, and low levels of 4099:2023ExpHe..15..519K 4087:Exposure and Health 4068:"Poverty Reduction" 3955:2021JArEn.188j4472N 3672:"Vital Water Index" 3600:"Discover UN-Water" 3586:"UN Word Water Day" 3217:10.2166/wp.2007.021 2466:2014EnInt..64...71E 2411:2000Sci...289..284V 2292:2016SciA....2E0323M 2233:2006AgWM...80....5R 2089:World Wildlife Fund 1914:pollution. Intense 1779:waterborne diseases 1353:Trinidad and Tobago 619:Alternative sources 572:) or poor quality ( 496:agricultural runoff 253:virtual water trade 4284:Water and politics 3753:The New York Times 3626:data.worldbank.org 2968:. IWA Publishing. 2677:(9): 11699–11717. 1527:Dominican Republic 1028:Dominican Republic 815:Sub-Saharan Africa 754:Solar disinfection 580:more narrowly for 462:ecosystem services 450:aquatic ecosystems 358: 311: 288: 203:Sub-Saharan Africa 31: 3997:The Water Project 3698:The Water Project 3692:Snyder, Shannyn. 3565:www.guidestar.org 3526:End Water Poverty 3502:. 30 January 2020 3358:978-92-4-159935-1 3304:on 31 August 2016 3182:978-0-19-938941-4 3123:(1491): 659–666. 3084:(17): 4902–4915. 3045:. Cambridge, MA: 3039:"Water Pollution" 3024:978-0-471-48494-3 2985:978-1-78040-208-6 2405:(5477): 284–288. 1976:The Water Project 1866:natural disasters 1744: 1743: 1420: 1419: 809:The Water Project 660:. These include: 597:Clean water plans 536:thermal pollution 480:non-point sources 4311: 4246: 4245: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4157: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4128: 4110: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4070:. 28 March 2012. 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3845:McDermott, Mat. 3842: 3833: 3832: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3744: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3712: 3703: 3701: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3602:. United Nations 3596: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3432: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3378: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3328: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3300:. Archived from 3290: 3284: 3283: 3265: 3256: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3140: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3049:. 23 July 2013. 3035: 3029: 3028: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2977: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2932: 2930: 2921: 2910: 2909: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2851:. 18 March 2012. 2845: 2839: 2838: 2828: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2775: 2767: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2704: 2686: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2544: 2535: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2477: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2373: 2341: 2330: 2329: 2319: 2271: 2260: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2212: 2206: 2199:Chapter 4: Water 2195: 2186: 2185: 2177: 2168: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2139: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2061:. Archived from 2051: 2045: 2044: 2034: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1968: 1804:soil degradation 1447: 1440: 1433: 1424: 1423: 893: 886: 879: 870: 869: 860:Country examples 786:land degradation 518:, or changes of 468:provided by the 4319: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4304:Right to health 4269: 4268: 4255: 4250: 4249: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4202: 4176: 4169: 4158: 4151: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3887: 3886: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3843: 3836: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3745: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3392: 3388: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3266: 3259: 3246: 3242: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3161: 3154: 3109: 3105: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3025: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2954: 2950: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2913: 2901: 2899: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2860: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2803:(3): 228–235A. 2789: 2785: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2750: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2446: 2442: 2391: 2387: 2342: 2333: 2286:(2): e1500323. 2272: 2263: 2252: 2248: 2213: 2209: 2196: 2189: 2184:. Elsevier Ltd. 2178: 2171: 2151: 2149: 2141: 2140: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2065:on 29 June 2010 2053: 2052: 2048: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1899: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1846: 1838: 1826:schistosomiasis 1793: 1787: 1756: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1454: 1451: 1421: 1416: 900: 897: 867: 862: 854:World Water Day 849: 843: 811: 795: 773: 768: 766:Global programs 697: 695:Water treatment 685:Main articles: 683: 681:Water treatment 646: 644:Water pollution 640: 627: 625:Reclaimed water 621: 605: 599: 591: 586: 585: 561: 553: 548: 547: 390:Water pollution 386: 383:Water pollution 369:wastewater. In 362:water pollution 280: 278:Water pollution 274: 272:Water pollution 269: 268: 239:economic policy 235:water pollution 156: 128: 118: 113: 66:poor governance 50:water pollution 17: 12: 11: 5: 4317: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4253:External links 4251: 4248: 4247: 4232: 4215: 4200: 4167: 4149: 4093:(3): 519–537. 4073: 4059: 4034: 4009: 3984: 3929: 3905: 3877: 3852: 3834: 3819: 3798: 3786:www.teriin.org 3773: 3728: 3704: 3684: 3663: 3638: 3613: 3591: 3577: 3552: 3538: 3513: 3487: 3462: 3444: 3386: 3364: 3357: 3340: 3315: 3285: 3257: 3240: 3211:(6): 545–571. 3188: 3181: 3152: 3103: 3064: 3030: 3023: 2991: 2984: 2948: 2911: 2902:|journal= 2869: 2854: 2840: 2783: 2763:978-9460221019 2762: 2741: 2716: 2657: 2632: 2615: 2590: 2565: 2536: 2519: 2489: 2440: 2385: 2356:(6): 545–559. 2350:Earth's Future 2331: 2261: 2246: 2207: 2187: 2169: 2127: 2101: 2076: 2046: 1988: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1943: 1936: 1933: 1900: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1789:Main article: 1786: 1783: 1752:Main article: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1435: 1427: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1378:United Kingdom 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 902: 901: 896: 895: 888: 881: 873: 866: 863: 861: 858: 845:Main article: 842: 839: 810: 807: 794: 791: 778:water security 776:three issues: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 762: 757: 751: 746: 729:United Nations 682: 679: 678: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 653:improvements. 639: 636: 623:Main article: 620: 617: 598: 595: 590: 587: 578:water security 570:water scarcity 565:water security 562: 558:Water security 554: 552: 551:Water security 549: 470:water resource 466:drinking water 387: 379: 273: 270: 265:largest cities 219:Climate change 183:desert climate 160:Water scarcity 157: 153:Water scarcity 149: 137:water scarcity 117: 116:Water scarcity 114: 112: 109: 54:water security 42:drinking water 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4316: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4243: 4236: 4225: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4201:9780128147900 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4156: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4023: 4019: 4013: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3882: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3849:. Treehugger. 3848: 3841: 3839: 3830: 3827:Wohl, Ellen. 3823: 3808: 3802: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3673: 3667: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3601: 3595: 3587: 3581: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3548: 3542: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3407:(2): 020801. 3406: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3325: 3319: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3253:REACH program 3250: 3247:REACH (2020) 3244: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2987: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2938: 2927: 2920: 2918: 2916: 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