3419:
3272:
3318:
3231:
3219:
3330:
3381:
3306:
3207:
20:
3354:
3407:
3395:
2423:
experiments, a saturated surface dry condition is a premise that must be realize before the experiment. In saturated surface dry condition, the aggregate's water content is in a relatively stable and static situation where it would not be affected by its environment. Therefore, in experiments and tests where aggregates are in saturated surface dry condition, there would be fewer disrupting factors than in other three conditions.
3431:
3342:
3455:
3371:
3294:
3195:
2285:(AD) is defined as the condition of an aggregate in which there are some water or moisture in the pores of the aggregate, while the outer surfaces of it is dry. This is a natural condition of aggregates in summer or in dry regions. In this condition, an aggregate will absorb water from other materials added to the surface of it, which would possibly have some impact on some characters of the aggregate.
1971:. Many recent scientific research efforts have aimed toward a predictive-understanding of water content over space and time. Observations have revealed generally that spatial variance in water content tends to increase as overall wetness increases in semiarid regions, to decrease as overall wetness increases in humid regions, and to peak under intermediate wetness conditions in temperate regions .
3443:
3243:
3034:
New practical guide to soil measurements explains the principles of operation of different moisture sensor types (independent of manufacturer), their accuracy, fields of application and how such sensors are installed, as well as subtleties of the data so obtained. Also deals with other crop-related
1931:
In biological applications there can also be a distinction between physisorbed water and "free" water — the physisorbed water being that closely associated with and relatively difficult to remove from a biological material. The method used to determine water content may affect whether water present
1275:
requires drying a sample (of soil, wood, etc.) in a special oven or kiln and checking the sample weight at regular time intervals. When the drying process is complete, the sample’s weight is compared to its weight before drying, and the difference is used to calculate the sample’s original moisture
2422:
Among these four moisture condition of aggregates, saturated surface dry is the condition that has the most applications in laboratory experiments, researches and studies, especially these related to water absorption, composition ratio or shrinkage test in materials like concrete. For many related
1927:
Moisture may be present as adsorbed moisture at internal surfaces and as capillary condensed water in small pores. At low relative humidities, moisture consists mainly of adsorbed water. At higher relative humidities, liquid water becomes more and more important, depending or not depending on the
1914:
Pin meters require driving two pins into the surface of the wood while making sure that the pins are aligned with the grain and not perpendicular to it. Pin meters provide moisture content readings by measuring the resistance in the electrical current between the two pins. The drier the wood, the
1890:
Satellite microwave remote sensing is used to estimate soil moisture based on the large contrast between the dielectric properties of wet and dry soil. The microwave radiation is not sensitive to atmospheric variables, and can penetrate through clouds. Also, microwave signal can penetrate, to a
2239:
One of the main complications which arises in studying the vadose zone, is the fact that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is a function of the water content of the material. As a material dries out, the connected wet pathways through the media become smaller, the hydraulic conductivity
1918:
Pinless meters emit an electromagnetic signal into the wood to provide readings of the wood’s moisture content and are generally preferred when damage to the wood's surface is unacceptable or when a high volume of readings or greater ease of use is required.
1891:
certain extent, the vegetation canopy and retrieve information from ground surface. The data from microwave remote sensing satellites such as WindSat, AMSR-E, RADARSAT, ERS-1-2, Metop/ASCAT, and SMAP are used to estimate surface soil moisture.
2413:(or wet) is defined as the condition of an aggregate in which water is fully permeated the aggregate through the pores in it, and there is free water in excess of the SSD condition on its surfaces which will become part of the mixing water.
881:
2279:(OD) is defined as the condition of an aggregate where there is no moisture within any part of the aggregate. This condition can be achieved in a laboratory by heating the aggregate to 220 °F (105 °C) for a period of time.
1121:
584:
2888:
Zaccardi, Y. A. Villagrán; Zega, C. J.; Carrizo, L. E.; Sosa, M. E. (2018-10-01). "Water absorption of fine recycled aggregates: effective determination by a method based on electrical conductivity".
1939:
Water molecules may also be present in materials closely associated with individual molecules, as "water of crystallization", or as water molecules which are static components of protein structure.
1915:
more resistance to the electrical current, when measuring below the fiber saturation point of wood. Pin meters are generally preferred when there is no flat surface of the wood available to measure
514:
158:
2404:
1364:
1582:
254:
2144:
plants are no longer able to extract water. At this point they wilt and cease transpiring altogether. Conditions where soil is too dry to maintain reliable plant growth is referred to as
391:
2267:
and damp (or wet). Oven-dry and
Saturated surface dry can be achieved by experiments in laboratories, while Air-dry and damp (or wet) are aggregates' common conditions in nature.
1660:, the convention is to report moisture content on oven-dry basis (i.e. generally drying sample in an oven set at 105 deg Celsius for 24 hours or until it stops losing weight). In
1743:
734:
95:. Water content is used in a wide range of scientific and technical areas, and is expressed as a ratio, which can range from 0 (completely dry) to the value of the materials'
1647:
1483:
1456:
1421:
1394:
925:
641:
1232:
1205:
1171:
1612:
1144:
1017:
616:
3222:
1525:
1308:
1252:
1048:
956:
786:
448:
421:
335:
308:
281:
188:
3333:
2596:
794:
2941:
Kawamura, Masashi; Kasai, Yoshio (2009-05-29). "Determination of saturated surface-dry condition of clay–sand mixed soils for soil–cement concrete construction".
3309:
696:
1806:
1786:
1766:
976:
1701:(American Society for Testing and Materials) Standards, the total evaporable moisture content in Aggregate (C 566) can be calculated with the formula:
3357:
3143:
3410:
1056:
256:
is equal to the total volume of the wet material, i.e. of the sum of the volume of solid host material (e.g., soil particles, vegetation tissue)
3297:
4108:
3060:
1928:
pore size can also be an influence of volume. In wood-based materials, however, almost all water is adsorbed at humidities below 98% RH.
2208:
Most soils have a water content less than porosity, which is the definition of unsaturated conditions, and they make up the subject of
2876:
2299:, they will neither absorb any of the mixing water added; nor will they contribute any of their contained water to the mix), but the
4153:
3136:
2619:
2535:
2502:
116:
2702:
1861:
2329:
1974:
There are four standard water contents that are routinely measured and used, which are described in the following table:
1316:
537:
2832:
1876:. Geophysical sensors are often used to monitor soil moisture continuously in agricultural and scientific applications.
467:
2228:
surface. The flow of water through and unsaturated zone in soils often involves a process of fingering, resulting from
1905:
In addition to the primary methods above, another method exists to measure the moisture content of wood: an electronic
2661:
Lakhankar, Tarendra; Ghedira, Hosni; Temimi, Marouane; Sengupta, Manajit; Khanbilvardi, Reza; Blake, Reginald (2009).
2551:
van
Genuchten, M.Th. (1980). "A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils".
1533:
193:
3563:
3161:
3129:
2637:"Relationships Between Electrical Properties (in Situ) and Water Content (in the Laboratory) of Some Soils in Turkey"
1865:
672:
To convert gravimetric water content to volumetric water content, multiply the gravimetric water content by the bulk
1649:, is the total volume of the wet material, which is fixed by simply filling up a container of known volume (e.g., a
2856:
3053:
2166:
Some agriculture professionals are beginning to use environmental measurements such as soil moisture to schedule
2229:
349:
4274:
3811:
3692:
3234:
3100:
2990:"Field Estimation of Soil Water Content: A Practical Guide to Methods, Instrumentation and Sensor Technology"
4284:
4124:
1707:
704:
3724:
3169:
3046:
2263:
Generally, an aggregate has four different moisture conditions. They are Oven-dry (OD), Air-dry (AD),
4027:
3422:
1845:
1625:
1461:
1434:
1399:
1372:
4103:
4093:
3965:
3955:
3785:
3523:
3321:
3152:
3038:
2303:
are saturated with water. In this condition aggregates will not affect the free water content of a
2094:
1869:
889:
461:, is expressed in terms of the mass of water per unit mass of the moist specimen (before drying):
531:
require the gravimetric moisture content to be expressed with respect to the sample's dry weight:
4289:
3943:
3918:
3858:
3538:
3479:
2046:
1853:
1210:
1176:
1149:
4206:
4017:
3831:
3667:
3642:
3493:
3472:
3364:
3090:
2989:
2636:
2224:
conditions. Water content in the capillary fringe decreases with increasing distance above the
1683:
1590:
2770:"IoT Enabled Smart Irrigation and Cultivation Recommendation System for Precision Agriculture"
2221:
4294:
3893:
3702:
3210:
2463:
2453:
2292:
2264:
2244:
1831:
1822:
In addition to the direct and laboratory methods above, the following options are available.
1129:
1002:
876:{\displaystyle S_{w}={\frac {V_{w}}{V_{v}}}={\frac {V_{w}}{V\phi }}={\frac {\theta }{\phi }}}
750:
2769:
2572:
4304:
4246:
4098:
4055:
3948:
3873:
3256:
3004:
2781:
2740:
2674:
2560:
2494:
2485:
1960:
1956:
1691:
1503:
1286:
1237:
1026:
934:
764:
426:
399:
313:
286:
259:
166:
2140:
drops because the water is increasingly bound to the soil particles by suction. Below the
8:
4022:
4012:
3553:
3513:
3486:
3261:
3251:
2236:
processes and produces and unstable interface between saturated and unsaturated regions.
1686:), determining mass loss on heating (perhaps in the presence of an inert gas), or after
621:
3008:
2785:
2744:
2678:
2564:
2251:
of the porous medium. It is characteristic for different types of porous medium. Due to
1932:
in this form is accounted for. For a better indication of "free" and "bound" water, the
678:
596:
4279:
3973:
3682:
3465:
3384:
2966:
2923:
2805:
2663:"Non-parametric Methods for Soil Moisture Retrieval from Satellite Remote Sensing Data"
2304:
2017:
1791:
1771:
1751:
961:
4070:
3816:
3707:
3677:
3528:
3020:
2970:
2958:
2927:
2915:
2809:
2797:
2615:
2531:
2498:
2448:
2443:
1857:
1673:
2614:(Second ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 646.
2610:
Dingman, S.L. (2002). "Chapter 6, Water in soils: infiltration and redistribution".
4120:
4007:
3898:
3863:
3838:
3697:
3518:
3095:
3012:
2950:
2905:
2897:
2789:
2748:
2682:
2576:
2568:
2523:
2213:
2202:
1873:
1615:
1173:
is the residual water content, defined as the water content for which the gradient
673:
3345:
4236:
4060:
3978:
3913:
3908:
3806:
3672:
3543:
3398:
2248:
23:
2706:
4299:
4183:
4075:
3992:
3796:
3558:
3548:
3434:
3085:
2458:
2024:
1968:
1933:
1907:
1900:
1885:
1427:
of the sample before and after drying in the oven. This gives the numerator of
746:
80:
4113:
2954:
2901:
2581:
1116:{\displaystyle \Theta ={\frac {\theta -\theta _{r}}{\theta _{s}-\theta _{r}}}}
4268:
4211:
4050:
3928:
3923:
3878:
3032:
Wessel-Bothe, Weihermüller (2020): Field
Measurement Methods in Soil Science.
3031:
3024:
3016:
2962:
2919:
2877:
ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/cst/TMS/400-A_series/pdfs/cnn403.pdf
2801:
2768:
Jesi, V. Elizabeth; Kumar, Anil; Hosen, Bappa; D, Stalin David (2022-04-24).
2141:
2137:
1849:
1817:
1687:
75:
3418:
3271:
2527:
99:
at saturation. It can be given on a volumetric or mass (gravimetric) basis.
4231:
4226:
4216:
4196:
3883:
3826:
3657:
3374:
3317:
3230:
3121:
3074:
2793:
2597:"Gravimetric & Volumetric Soil Water Content | Edaphic Scientific"
1948:
590:
528:
3283:
3218:
4241:
3938:
3821:
3760:
3329:
2753:
2728:
2217:
2209:
2187:
2145:
1964:
1661:
524:
520:
3380:
3305:
3206:
1678:
Other methods that determine water content of a sample include chemical
4065:
4045:
3933:
3745:
3740:
3662:
3652:
3533:
3278:
3198:
2910:
2252:
2167:
2152:
1837:
2687:
2662:
2635:
F. Ozcep; M. Asci; O. Tezel; T. Yas; N. Alpaslan; D. Gundogdu (2005).
4221:
4201:
4087:
3903:
3888:
3504:
3446:
3246:
2160:
1952:
1679:
654:
19:
3068:
2518:
R. Paul Singh; Dennis R. Heldman (2014). "Chapter 1: Introduction".
1911:. Pin and pinless meters are the two main types of moisture meters.
992:
never reaches 0 or 1 - these are idealizations for engineering use.
4251:
4138:
3868:
3843:
3770:
3687:
3353:
3105:
2438:
2432:
2300:
2233:
2225:
2198:
2194:
928:
96:
3406:
3394:
2240:
decreasing with lower water content in a very non-linear fashion.
4191:
4163:
3848:
3775:
3765:
3755:
3750:
3458:
3430:
3070:
2482:
2190:
2148:
1650:
1234:
is the saturated water content, which is equivalent to porosity,
84:
3341:
1768:
is the fraction of total evaporable moisture content of sample,
453:
For materials that change in volume with water content, such as
4173:
4168:
4158:
4148:
4080:
3853:
3801:
3611:
3454:
3370:
3293:
3003:(4), Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency: 131,
2726:
2121:
3194:
2660:
2517:
3626:
2634:
2315:) is defined in terms of the mass of saturated-surface-dry (M
2247:
is the relationship between volumetric water content and the
88:
66:
3442:
3242:
2255:, different wetting and drying curves may be distinguished.
3621:
3616:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3581:
2156:
2125:
1698:
1657:
1424:
1268:
454:
92:
70:
2833:"Water-to-Cement Ratio and Aggregate Moisture Corrections"
2197:
spaces are filled with water (volumetric water content =
1050:) is a dimensionless value defined by van Genuchten as:
2887:
153:{\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {V_{w}}{V_{\text{wet}}}}}
2493:(First ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p.
2486:"Chapter 3: Description of an Assemblage of Particles"
1267:
Water content can be directly measured using a drying
2332:
1794:
1774:
1754:
1710:
1628:
1593:
1536:
1506:
1464:
1437:
1402:
1375:
1319:
1289:
1240:
1213:
1179:
1152:
1132:
1059:
1029:
1005:
985:
can range from 0 (dry) to 1 (saturated). In reality,
964:
937:
892:
797:
767:
707:
681:
624:
599:
540:
470:
429:
402:
352:
316:
289:
262:
196:
169:
119:
2399:{\displaystyle A={\frac {M_{ssd}-M_{dry}}{M_{dry}}}}
1359:{\displaystyle m_{w}=m_{\text{wet}}-m_{\text{dry}}}
579:{\displaystyle u''={\frac {m_{w}}{m_{\text{dry}}}}}
2484:
2398:
2319:) sample and the mass of oven dried test sample (M
2295:in which the surfaces of the particles are "dry" (
2041:Soil moisture 2–3 days after a rain or irrigation
1942:
1879:
1800:
1780:
1760:
1737:
1641:
1606:
1576:
1519:
1477:
1450:
1415:
1388:
1358:
1302:
1246:
1226:
1199:
1165:
1138:
1115:
1042:
1011:
970:
950:
919:
875:
780:
728:
690:
635:
610:
578:
509:{\displaystyle u'={\frac {m_{w}}{m_{\text{wet}}}}}
508:
442:
415:
385:
329:
302:
275:
248:
182:
152:
2483:T. William Lambe & Robert V. Whitman (1969).
665:Values are often expressed as a percentage, i.e.
4266:
2729:"Soil moisture variability across climate zones"
1577:{\displaystyle V_{w}={\frac {m_{w}}{\rho _{w}}}}
249:{\displaystyle V_{\text{wet}}=V_{s}+V_{w}+V_{a}}
2767:
2727:Lawrence, J. E. & G. M. Hornberger (2007).
931:, in terms of the volume of void or pore space
1493:, respectively), depending on the discipline.
3137:
3054:
2940:
2609:
2550:
2067:Minimum soil moisture at which a plant wilts
1496:On the other hand, volumetric water content,
3151:
1894:
1872:(GPR), and others that are sensitive to the
1811:
1844:soil water content. These methods include:
3144:
3130:
3061:
3047:
2155:management. Such conditions are common in
1959:, water content has an important role for
1922:
343:is expressed by mass (weight) as follows:
2909:
2752:
2686:
2580:
16:Quantity of water contained in a material
2987:
2291:(SSD) is defined as the condition of an
1788:is the mass of the original sample, and
1500:, is calculated via the volume of water
386:{\displaystyle u={\frac {m_{w}}{m_{s}}}}
18:
2997:Soil Science Society of America Journal
2573:10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x
2553:Soil Science Society of America Journal
1840:methods available that can approximate
4267:
1825:
1283:, is calculated via the mass of water
958:and the total volume of the substance
46:oid (pores filled with water or air),
3125:
3042:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
1667:
740:
2205:, pore spaces have air in them too.
2016:Fully saturated soil, equivalent to
1936:of a material should be considered.
2136:When a soil becomes too dry, plant
110:, θ, is defined mathematically as:
13:
2981:
2816:
2270:
1738:{\displaystyle p={\frac {W-D}{W}}}
1060:
1006:
729:{\displaystyle \theta =u\times SG}
14:
4316:
3162:Offshore geotechnical engineering
2703:"Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture"
1866:electrical resistivity tomography
1262:
1146:is the volumetric water content;
643:are used and called respectively
457:, the gravimetric water content,
69:contained in a material, such as
3568:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3379:
3369:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3270:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3193:
2857:"Aggregate Moisture in Concrete"
2520:Introduction to Food Engineering
2258:
2170:. This method is referred to as
2087:Remaining water at high tension
1664:, this is an important concept.
2934:
2881:
2870:
2849:
2761:
2311:The water adsorption by mass (A
2151:, and is a particular focus of
2120:which can range between 0.1 in
1943:Earth and agricultural sciences
1880:Satellite remote sensing method
2720:
2695:
2654:
2644:Geophysical Research Abstracts
2628:
2603:
2589:
2544:
2511:
2476:
2417:
2232:. This results mostly through
2181:
2131:
1862:amplitude domain reflectometry
1642:{\displaystyle V_{\text{wet}}}
1618:. This gives the numerator of
1478:{\displaystyle m_{\text{dry}}}
1451:{\displaystyle m_{\text{wet}}}
1416:{\displaystyle m_{\text{dry}}}
1389:{\displaystyle m_{\text{wet}}}
1257:
102:
1:
3812:Mechanically stabilized earth
2469:
2220:is the dividing line between
920:{\displaystyle \phi =V_{v}/V}
3564:Hydraulic conductivity tests
2522:(Fifth ed.). Elsevier.
2083:
2074:
2063:
2050:
2037:
2028:
2012:
2003:
1874:physical properties of water
1431:; the denominator is either
7:
4125:Stress distribution in soil
2988:Robinson, David A. (2008),
2426:
2265:Saturated surface dry (SSD)
2080:
2060:
2034:
2009:
1690:. In the food industry the
1279:Gravimetric water content,
1227:{\displaystyle \theta _{s}}
1200:{\displaystyle d\theta /dh}
1166:{\displaystyle \theta _{r}}
450:is the mass of the solids.
190:is the volume of water and
10:
4321:
3275:Pore pressure measurement
2230:Saffman–Taylor instability
2101:, which is equivalent to:
1898:
1883:
1829:
1815:
1671:
645:moisture content wet basis
4182:
4137:
4036:
4028:Preconsolidation pressure
4000:
3991:
3964:
3784:
3733:
3720:
3635:
3589:
3580:
3503:
3423:Standard penetration test
3181:
3168:
3159:
3081:
2955:10.1617/s11527-009-9512-0
2902:10.1617/s11527-018-1248-2
2222:saturated and unsaturated
1895:Wood moisture measurement
1846:time-domain reflectometry
1812:Soil moisture measurement
1808:is mass of dried sample.
1607:{\displaystyle \rho _{w}}
423:is the mass of water and
341:Gravimetric water content
3524:California bearing ratio
3322:Rotary-pressure sounding
3153:Geotechnical engineering
3017:10.2136/sssaj2008.0016br
2943:Materials and Structures
2890:Materials and Structures
2435:, "water content" in air
2001:Saturated water content
1870:ground penetrating radar
1697:From the Annual Book of
1653:) when taking a sample.
997:normalized water content
108:Volumetric water content
3944:Geosynthetic clay liner
3919:Expanded clay aggregate
3539:Proctor compaction test
3480:Crosshole sonic logging
3466:Nuclear densometer test
3223:Geo-electrical sounding
2859:. Concrete Construction
2528:10.1016/c2011-0-06101-x
2095:available water content
2072:Residual water content
2047:Permanent wilting point
1923:Classification and uses
1854:frequency domain sensor
1694:is also commonly used.
1139:{\displaystyle \theta }
1012:{\displaystyle \Theta }
4207:Earthquake engineering
4018:Lateral earth pressure
3643:Hydraulic conductivity
3494:Wave equation analysis
3473:Exploration geophysics
3365:Deformation monitoring
3334:Rotary weight sounding
3091:hydraulic conductivity
2794:10.1149/10701.5953ecst
2400:
1802:
1782:
1762:
1739:
1684:Karl Fischer titration
1643:
1608:
1578:
1521:
1479:
1452:
1417:
1390:
1360:
1304:
1248:
1228:
1201:
1167:
1140:
1117:
1044:
1013:
972:
952:
921:
877:
782:
730:
692:
637:
612:
580:
510:
444:
417:
387:
331:
304:
277:
250:
184:
154:
55:
3385:Settlement recordings
3310:Rock control drilling
3211:Cone penetration test
2464:Water retention curve
2454:Soil moisture sensors
2401:
2289:Saturated surface dry
2245:water retention curve
1991:Typical water content
1957:agricultural sciences
1899:Further information:
1884:Further information:
1832:Soil moisture sensors
1830:Further information:
1816:Further information:
1803:
1783:
1763:
1740:
1644:
1609:
1579:
1522:
1520:{\displaystyle V_{w}}
1480:
1453:
1418:
1391:
1361:
1305:
1303:{\displaystyle m_{w}}
1249:
1247:{\displaystyle \phi }
1229:
1202:
1168:
1141:
1118:
1045:
1043:{\displaystyle S_{e}}
1014:
973:
953:
951:{\displaystyle V_{v}}
922:
878:
783:
781:{\displaystyle S_{w}}
751:petroleum engineering
731:
693:
638:
613:
581:
511:
445:
443:{\displaystyle m_{s}}
418:
416:{\displaystyle m_{w}}
388:
332:
330:{\displaystyle V_{a}}
305:
303:{\displaystyle V_{w}}
278:
276:{\displaystyle V_{s}}
251:
185:
183:{\displaystyle V_{w}}
155:
22:
4275:Analytical chemistry
4247:Agricultural science
3949:Cellular confinement
2754:10.1029/2007GL031382
2330:
2301:inter-particle voids
1961:groundwater recharge
1792:
1772:
1752:
1708:
1626:
1591:
1534:
1504:
1462:
1435:
1400:
1373:
1317:
1287:
1238:
1211:
1177:
1150:
1130:
1057:
1027:
1021:effective saturation
1003:
962:
935:
890:
795:
765:
759:degree of saturation
705:
679:
622:
597:
538:
468:
427:
400:
350:
314:
287:
260:
194:
167:
117:
4139:Numerical analysis
4023:Overburden pressure
4013:Pore water pressure
3793:Shoring structures
3668:Reynolds' dilatancy
3569:Water content tests
3554:Triaxial shear test
3514:Soil classification
3487:Pile integrity test
3073:properties used in
3009:2009SSASJ..73.1437R
2786:2022ECSTr.107.5953J
2745:2007GeoRL..3420402L
2679:2009RemS....1....3L
2565:1980SSASJ..44..892V
2212:hydrogeology. The
1826:Geophysical methods
1622:; the denominator,
1207:becomes zero; and,
636:{\displaystyle u''}
65:is the quantity of
4285:Physical chemistry
4114:Slab stabilisation
4094:Stability analysis
2739:(L20402): L20402.
2733:Geophys. Res. Lett
2612:Physical Hydrology
2582:10338.dmlcz/141699
2396:
2323:) by the formula:
2305:composite material
2018:effective porosity
1836:There are several
1798:
1778:
1758:
1735:
1668:Laboratory methods
1639:
1604:
1574:
1517:
1475:
1448:
1413:
1386:
1356:
1300:
1244:
1224:
1197:
1163:
1136:
1113:
1040:
1009:
968:
948:
917:
873:
778:
741:Derived quantities
726:
691:{\displaystyle SG}
688:
633:
611:{\displaystyle u'}
608:
576:
506:
440:
413:
383:
327:
300:
273:
246:
180:
150:
56:
4262:
4261:
4133:
4132:
4109:Sliding criterion
4071:Response spectrum
3987:
3986:
3817:Pressure grouting
3716:
3715:
3576:
3575:
3529:Direct shear test
3235:Permeability test
3119:
3118:
2688:10.3390/rs1010003
2621:978-0-13-099695-4
2537:978-0-12-398530-9
2504:978-0-471-51192-2
2449:Moisture analysis
2444:Viscous fingering
2394:
2091:
2090:
1858:capacitance probe
1801:{\displaystyle D}
1781:{\displaystyle W}
1761:{\displaystyle p}
1733:
1692:Dean-Stark method
1682:(for example the
1674:Moisture analysis
1636:
1572:
1472:
1445:
1410:
1383:
1353:
1340:
1111:
971:{\displaystyle V}
871:
858:
833:
698:of the material:
653:moisture content
574:
571:
504:
501:
381:
204:
148:
145:
4312:
4121:Bearing capacity
4008:Effective stress
3998:
3997:
3899:Land reclamation
3839:Land development
3734:Natural features
3731:
3730:
3698:Specific storage
3587:
3586:
3519:Atterberg limits
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3383:
3373:
3358:Screw plate test
3356:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3274:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3179:
3178:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3035:soil parameters.
3028:
2994:
2975:
2974:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2913:
2885:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2829:
2814:
2813:
2780:(1): 5953–5967.
2774:ECS Transactions
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2705:. Archived from
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2488:
2480:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2357:
2356:
2340:
2214:capillary fringe
2203:capillary fringe
2193:, all available
2176:soil cultivation
2172:smart irrigation
1986:Suction pressure
1977:
1976:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1718:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1616:density of water
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1067:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
977:
975:
974:
969:
957:
955:
954:
949:
947:
946:
926:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
907:
882:
880:
879:
874:
872:
864:
859:
857:
849:
848:
839:
834:
832:
831:
822:
821:
812:
807:
806:
788:, is defined as
787:
785:
784:
779:
777:
776:
755:water saturation
735:
733:
732:
727:
697:
695:
694:
689:
674:specific gravity
642:
640:
639:
634:
632:
617:
615:
614:
609:
607:
585:
583:
582:
577:
575:
573:
572:
569:
563:
562:
553:
548:
515:
513:
512:
507:
505:
503:
502:
499:
493:
492:
483:
478:
449:
447:
446:
441:
439:
438:
422:
420:
419:
414:
412:
411:
392:
390:
389:
384:
382:
380:
379:
370:
369:
360:
336:
334:
333:
328:
326:
325:
309:
307:
306:
301:
299:
298:
282:
280:
279:
274:
272:
271:
255:
253:
252:
247:
245:
244:
232:
231:
219:
218:
206:
205:
202:
189:
187:
186:
181:
179:
178:
159:
157:
156:
151:
149:
147:
146:
143:
137:
136:
127:
63:moisture content
24:Soil composition
4320:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4237:Earth materials
4178:
4140:
4129:
4038:
4032:
3983:
3960:
3914:Earth structure
3909:Erosion control
3807:Ground freezing
3797:Retaining walls
3780:
3722:
3712:
3673:Angle of repose
3631:
3572:
3506:
3499:
3498:
3459:Visible bedrock
3411:Simple sounding
3399:Shear vane test
3175:instrumentation
3174:
3172:
3164:
3155:
3150:
3120:
3115:
3077:
3067:
2992:
2984:
2982:Further reading
2979:
2978:
2939:
2935:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2817:
2766:
2762:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2659:
2655:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2608:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2429:
2420:
2382:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2273:
2271:Four Conditions
2261:
2249:water potential
2184:
2134:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2093:And lastly the
2078:
2058:
2054:
2032:
2007:
1992:
1987:
1945:
1925:
1903:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1834:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1676:
1670:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1273:oven-dry method
1265:
1260:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:, (also called
1004:
1001:
1000:
990:
983:
963:
960:
959:
942:
938:
936:
933:
932:
909:
903:
899:
891:
888:
887:
863:
850:
844:
840:
838:
827:
823:
817:
813:
811:
802:
798:
796:
793:
792:
772:
768:
766:
763:
762:
743:
706:
703:
702:
680:
677:
676:
661:
650:
625:
623:
620:
619:
600:
598:
595:
594:
568:
564:
558:
554:
552:
541:
539:
536:
535:
498:
494:
488:
484:
482:
471:
469:
466:
465:
434:
430:
428:
425:
424:
407:
403:
401:
398:
397:
375:
371:
365:
361:
359:
351:
348:
347:
321:
317:
315:
312:
311:
294:
290:
288:
285:
284:
267:
263:
261:
258:
257:
240:
236:
227:
223:
214:
210:
201:
197:
195:
192:
191:
174:
170:
168:
165:
164:
142:
138:
132:
128:
126:
118:
115:
114:
105:
34:ass, by phase:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4318:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4290:Soil mechanics
4287:
4282:
4277:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4184:Related fields
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4104:Classification
4101:
4096:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4076:Seismic hazard
4073:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3703:Shear strength
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3678:Friction angle
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3559:Oedometer test
3556:
3551:
3549:Sieve analysis
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3450:
3449:
3438:
3437:
3435:Total sounding
3426:
3425:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3401:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3361:
3360:
3349:
3348:
3337:
3336:
3325:
3324:
3313:
3312:
3301:
3300:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3238:
3237:
3226:
3225:
3214:
3213:
3202:
3201:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:hydraulic head
3082:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3029:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2949:(4): 571–582.
2933:
2880:
2869:
2848:
2815:
2760:
2719:
2694:
2667:Remote Sensing
2653:
2627:
2620:
2602:
2588:
2559:(5): 892–898.
2543:
2536:
2510:
2503:
2491:Soil Mechanics
2474:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2459:Water activity
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2406:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2286:
2280:
2272:
2269:
2260:
2257:
2183:
2180:
2163:environments.
2133:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:Field capacity
2021:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1988:(J/kg or kPa)
1984:
1981:
1969:soil chemistry
1944:
1941:
1934:water activity
1924:
1921:
1908:moisture meter
1901:Moisture meter
1896:
1893:
1886:Remote sensing
1881:
1878:
1827:
1824:
1813:
1810:
1797:
1777:
1757:
1746:
1745:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1672:Main article:
1669:
1666:
1632:
1601:
1597:
1585:
1584:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1514:
1510:
1485:(resulting in
1468:
1441:
1406:
1379:
1367:
1366:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1297:
1293:
1264:
1263:Direct methods
1261:
1259:
1256:
1243:
1221:
1217:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1160:
1156:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1037:
1033:
1008:
988:
981:
967:
945:
941:
916:
912:
906:
902:
898:
895:
884:
883:
870:
867:
862:
856:
853:
847:
843:
837:
830:
826:
820:
816:
810:
805:
801:
775:
771:
747:soil mechanics
742:
739:
738:
737:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
687:
684:
659:
648:
631:
628:
606:
603:
587:
586:
567:
561:
557:
551:
547:
544:
517:
516:
497:
491:
487:
481:
477:
474:
437:
433:
410:
406:
394:
393:
378:
374:
368:
364:
358:
355:
324:
320:
297:
293:
270:
266:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
217:
213:
209:
200:
177:
173:
161:
160:
141:
135:
131:
125:
122:
104:
101:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4317:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Geomorphology
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4056:Consolidation
4054:
4052:
4051:Frost heaving
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3929:Geosynthetics
3927:
3925:
3924:Crushed stone
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Cut-and-cover
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3719:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Water content
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:Sample series
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3170:Investigation
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3112:
3111:water content
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3027:, IAEA-TCS-30
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2873:
2858:
2852:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2709:on 2007-09-29
2708:
2704:
2698:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2599:. 9 May 2016.
2598:
2592:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2259:In aggregates
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:In saturated
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:wilting point
2139:
2138:transpiration
2129:
2127:
2123:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:neutron probe
1847:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1823:
1819:
1818:Soil moisture
1809:
1795:
1775:
1755:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1688:freeze drying
1685:
1681:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1599:
1595:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1466:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1404:
1377:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1255:
1241:
1219:
1215:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1158:
1154:
1133:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1035:
1031:
1022:
998:
993:
991:
984:
965:
943:
939:
930:
914:
910:
904:
900:
896:
893:
868:
865:
860:
854:
851:
845:
841:
835:
828:
824:
818:
814:
808:
803:
799:
791:
790:
789:
773:
769:
760:
756:
752:
748:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
701:
700:
699:
685:
682:
675:
670:
668:
663:
657:
656:
646:
629:
626:
604:
601:
592:
565:
559:
555:
549:
545:
542:
534:
533:
532:
530:
526:
522:
495:
489:
485:
479:
475:
472:
464:
463:
462:
460:
456:
451:
435:
431:
408:
404:
376:
372:
366:
362:
356:
353:
346:
345:
344:
342:
338:
322:
318:
310:, and of air
295:
291:
268:
264:
241:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
215:
211:
207:
198:
175:
171:
139:
133:
129:
123:
120:
113:
112:
111:
109:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:
76:soil moisture
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:Water content
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
4295:Soil physics
4232:Biogeography
4227:Hydrogeology
4217:Soil science
4197:Geochemistry
3956:Infiltration
3884:Cut and fill
3827:Soil nailing
3693:Permeability
3658:Bulk density
3647:
3375:Inclinometer
3298:Ram sounding
3183:
3110:
3101:permeability
3075:hydrogeology
3000:
2996:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2872:
2861:. Retrieved
2851:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2711:. Retrieved
2707:the original
2697:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2630:
2611:
2605:
2591:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2519:
2513:
2490:
2478:
2421:
2410:
2310:
2296:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2262:
2242:
2238:
2207:
2185:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2146:agricultural
2135:
2119:
2092:
1973:
1949:soil science
1946:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1841:
1835:
1821:
1747:
1696:
1677:
1655:
1619:
1586:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1428:
1368:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1125:
1020:
996:
994:
986:
979:
978:. Values of
885:
758:
754:
744:
671:
666:
664:
652:
644:
591:food science
588:
529:soil science
518:
458:
452:
395:
340:
339:
162:
107:
106:
74:
62:
58:
57:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
4305:Woodworking
4242:Archaeology
3966:Foundations
3939:Geomembrane
3822:Slurry wall
3761:Water table
3725:Interaction
3721:Structures
3708:Sensitivity
3505:Laboratory
3096:storativity
2911:11336/83159
2837:precast.org
2673:(1): 3–21.
2418:Application
2218:water table
2210:vadose zone
2201:). Above a
2188:groundwater
2182:Groundwater
2132:Agriculture
2124:and 0.3 in
1996:Conditions
1965:agriculture
1838:geophysical
1662:wood drying
1258:Measurement
525:geotechnics
521:woodworking
283:, of water
103:Definitions
4269:Categories
4099:Mitigation
4081:Shear wave
4066:Earthquake
4061:Compaction
4046:Permafrost
4037:Phenomena/
3934:Geotextile
3859:Embankment
3849:Excavation
3786:Earthworks
3746:Vegetation
3741:Topography
3663:Thixotropy
3653:Void ratio
3636:Properties
3534:Hydrometer
3279:Piezometer
3199:Core drill
2896:(5): 127.
2863:2018-11-08
2842:2018-11-18
2713:2007-08-22
2470:References
2253:hysteresis
2168:irrigation
2153:irrigation
2084:0.001–0.1
2064:0.01–0.25
1993:(vol/vol)
1680:titrations
30:olume and
4280:Hydrology
4222:Hydrology
4202:Petrology
4090:analysis
4088:Landslide
3993:Mechanics
3904:Track bed
3889:Fill dirt
3874:Terracing
3447:Trial pit
3262:Statnamic
3247:Load test
3069:Physical
3025:1018-5518
2971:137282443
2963:1359-5997
2928:139201161
2920:1871-6873
2810:248458443
2802:1938-5862
2359:−
2293:aggregate
2161:semi-arid
2038:0.1–0.35
1983:Notation
1953:hydrology
1724:−
1596:ρ
1564:ρ
1344:−
1276:content.
1242:ϕ
1216:θ
1184:θ
1155:θ
1134:θ
1102:θ
1098:−
1089:θ
1077:θ
1073:−
1070:θ
1061:Θ
1007:Θ
894:ϕ
869:ϕ
866:θ
855:ϕ
718:×
709:θ
655:dry basis
519:However,
121:θ
50:oil, and
4252:Agrology
4141:software
4039:problems
3869:Causeway
3844:Landfill
3771:Subgrade
3688:Porosity
3683:Cohesion
3106:porosity
2439:Moisture
2433:Humidity
2427:See also
2277:Oven-dry
2234:drainage
2226:phreatic
2199:porosity
2191:aquifers
2013:0.2–0.5
1423:are the
929:porosity
630:″
605:′
546:″
476:′
97:porosity
85:ceramics
73:(called
4192:Geology
4164:SVSlope
3974:Shallow
3894:Grading
3832:Tieback
3776:Subsoil
3766:Bedrock
3756:Topsoil
3751:Terrain
3544:R-value
3507:testing
3257:Dynamic
3184:in situ
3182:Field (
3071:aquifer
3005:Bibcode
2782:Bibcode
2741:Bibcode
2675:Bibcode
2561:Bibcode
2283:Air-dry
2216:of the
2149:drought
1848:(TDR),
1842:in situ
1651:tin can
1614:is the
927:is the
669:×100%.
593:, both
589:And in
4174:Plaxis
4169:UTEXAS
4159:SVFlux
4149:SEEP2D
4001:Forces
3854:Trench
3802:Gabion
3612:Gravel
3252:Static
3023:
2969:
2961:
2926:
2918:
2808:
2800:
2618:
2534:
2501:
2122:gravel
2061:−1500
1967:, and
1748:where
1587:where
1425:masses
1369:where
1271:. The
1126:where
886:where
651:) and
396:where
163:where
42:ater,
4300:Water
4154:STABL
3627:Loess
3590:Types
2993:(PDF)
2967:S2CID
2924:S2CID
2806:S2CID
2640:(PDF)
1980:Name
91:, or
89:crops
67:water
54:otal.
3979:Deep
3622:Loam
3617:Peat
3607:Sand
3602:Silt
3597:Clay
3582:Soil
3284:Well
3021:ISSN
2959:ISSN
2916:ISSN
2798:ISSN
2616:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2411:Damp
2297:i.e.
2195:pore
2159:and
2157:arid
2126:peat
2055:or θ
2035:−33
1955:and
1699:ASTM
1658:wood
1656:For
1396:and
1269:oven
995:The
753:the
749:and
618:and
527:and
455:coal
93:wood
81:rock
71:soil
38:ir,
3864:Cut
3173:and
3013:doi
2951:doi
2906:hdl
2898:doi
2790:doi
2778:107
2749:doi
2683:doi
2577:hdl
2569:doi
2524:doi
2495:553
2321:dry
2317:ssd
2174:or
2115:pwp
2113:− θ
2109:≡ θ
2097:, θ
2081:−∞
2053:pwp
1947:In
1635:wet
1489:or
1471:dry
1458:or
1444:wet
1409:dry
1382:wet
1352:dry
1339:wet
1023:or
757:or
745:In
662:).
658:(MC
647:(MC
570:dry
500:wet
203:wet
144:wet
79:),
61:or
26:by
4271::
4123:*
3019:,
3011:,
3001:73
2999:,
2995:,
2965:.
2957:.
2947:43
2945:.
2922:.
2914:.
2904:.
2894:51
2892:.
2835:.
2818:^
2804:.
2796:.
2788:.
2776:.
2772:.
2747:.
2737:34
2735:.
2731:.
2681:.
2669:.
2665:.
2646:.
2642:.
2575:.
2567:.
2557:44
2555:.
2530:.
2497:.
2489:.
2243:A
2178:.
2128:.
2111:fc
2057:wp
2031:fc
2010:0
1963:,
1951:,
1868:,
1864:,
1860:,
1856:,
1852:,
1527::
1491:u"
1487:u'
1310::
1254:.
999:,
761:,
660:db
649:wb
523:,
337:.
87:,
83:,
3727:)
3723:(
3186:)
3145:e
3138:t
3131:v
3062:e
3055:t
3048:v
3015::
3007::
2973:.
2953::
2930:.
2908::
2900::
2866:.
2845:.
2812:.
2792::
2784::
2757:.
2751::
2743::
2716:.
2691:.
2685::
2677::
2671:1
2650:.
2648:7
2624:.
2585:.
2579::
2571::
2563::
2540:.
2526::
2507:.
2390:y
2387:r
2384:d
2380:M
2373:y
2370:r
2367:d
2363:M
2354:d
2351:s
2348:s
2344:M
2337:=
2334:A
2313:m
2307:.
2107:a
2105:θ
2099:a
2077:r
2075:θ
2051:θ
2029:θ
2006:s
2004:θ
1796:D
1776:W
1756:p
1731:W
1727:D
1721:W
1715:=
1712:p
1631:V
1620:θ
1600:w
1568:w
1558:w
1554:m
1548:=
1543:w
1539:V
1513:w
1509:V
1498:θ
1467:m
1440:m
1429:u
1405:m
1378:m
1348:m
1335:m
1331:=
1326:w
1322:m
1296:w
1292:m
1281:u
1220:s
1195:h
1192:d
1188:/
1181:d
1159:r
1106:r
1093:s
1081:r
1064:=
1036:e
1032:S
989:w
987:S
982:w
980:S
966:V
944:v
940:V
915:V
911:/
905:v
901:V
897:=
861:=
852:V
846:w
842:V
836:=
829:v
825:V
819:w
815:V
809:=
804:w
800:S
774:w
770:S
736:.
724:G
721:S
715:u
712:=
686:G
683:S
667:u
627:u
602:u
566:m
560:w
556:m
550:=
543:u
496:m
490:w
486:m
480:=
473:u
459:u
436:s
432:m
409:w
405:m
377:s
373:m
367:w
363:m
357:=
354:u
323:a
319:V
296:w
292:V
269:s
265:V
242:a
238:V
234:+
229:w
225:V
221:+
216:s
212:V
208:=
199:V
176:w
172:V
140:V
134:w
130:V
124:=
52:t
48:s
44:v
40:w
36:a
32:M
28:V
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
