46:
920:
The attacks resulted in tens of thousands of civilian casualties on both sides, and became known as the first "war of the cities". It was estimated that 4,700 Iranian civilians were killed and 22,000 were wounded during the raids in
February alone. There were five such major exchanges throughout the
916:
On 7 February 1984, during the first war of the cities, Saddam ordered his air force to attack eleven
Iranian cities. Bombardments ceased on 22 February 1984. Though Saddam had aimed for the attacks to demoralize Iran and force them to negotiate, they had little effect. Iraq's air force took heavy
850:
In late 1981, in the context of the
Iranian ground counter-offensives, the USSR lifted their arms embargo and massively rearmed Iraq, including with 40 MiG-25s, which enabled the Iraqi air force to challenge Iran's F-14s in their air space. Iraq used
846:
against border cities from the beginning of the war and sporadic raids on Iran's main cities, this was the first systematic strategic bombing that Iraq carried out during the war. This became known as the "war of the cities".
968:
The fifth campaign was the most intensive, and was conducted by Iraq once the
Iranian front lines showed elements of weakening. It was conducted in January-February 1988, and involved missile attacks on some Iranian cities.
921:
course of the war, and multiple minor ones. While interior cities such as Tehran, Tabriz, Qom, Isfahan and Shiraz did receive numerous raids, it was the cities of western Iran that suffered the most death and destruction.
889:
network to take the load of the fighting off of the air force. Later in the war, Iraqi raids primarily consisted of missile attacks while air attacks were used on fewer, more important targets. Starting in 1987,
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1221:
Goharipour, Hamed (2016). "A Review of Urban Images of Tehran in the
Iranian Post-revolution Cinema". In Arefian, Fatemeh Farnaz; Moeini, Seyed Hossein Iradj (eds.).
1285:
932:
The first campaign, initiated by the Iraqi Army, lasted from
February 7 to 22, 1984, and was conducted in response to the Iranian refusal to observe a ceasefire.
874:
the strategic bombers. Civilian and industrial targets were hit by the raids, and each successful raid inflicted economic damage from regular strategic bombing.
183:
1280:
995:
1290:
1226:
1134:
1010:
as a quiet city that turned to a location of a missile war and sometimes this calmness and quietness breaks with the sound of ambulances and
176:
245:
993:
The war era has become the theme of many films, with some of them representing the situation of cities in the wartime. For example,
450:
1325:
1060:
169:
1234:
1211:
905:
Iran launched several retaliatory air raids on Iraq, while primarily shelling border cities such as Basra. Iran bought some
796:. The first phase of air strikes were undertaken by the Iraqi Air Force, which normally was followed by retaliation by the
748:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1166:
127:
1260:
20:
1335:
1000:
878:
780:
was five series of air raids, missile attacks and artillery shellings on major cities and urban areas initiated by
1075:
647:
219:
50:
A map indicating the attacks on civilian areas of Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait targeted during the War of the cities
822:, in addition to attacks to Iranian towns and cities close to the front. Iran's retaliations targeted mostly
364:
264:
633:
614:
602:
337:
862:
to carry out long-range high-speed raids on
Iranian cities, including Tehran. Fighter-bombers such as the
1330:
358:
1320:
978:
899:
399:
385:
224:
1315:
733:
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719:
666:
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351:
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496:
269:
236:
209:
936:
659:
482:
469:
406:
229:
797:
582:
8:
935:
The second campaign was conducted from March 22 to April 8, 1985, in response to
Iranian
882:
762:
575:
568:
561:
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538:
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442:
377:
250:
193:
144:
37:
1223:
Urban Change in Iran: Stories of Rooted
Histories and Ever-accelerating Developments
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959:
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673:
628:
531:
509:
502:
490:
462:
455:
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122:
16:
Series of air raids, missile attacks and artillery shellings in the Iran–Iraq War
891:
871:
781:
609:
546:
310:
139:
958:
The third campaign lasted from
January 17 to 25, 1987, in response to Iranian
929:
Five campaigns of systematic Iraqi air raids were conducted over eight years.
1274:
1195:
939:. This campaign attacked many Iranian urban areas in western Iran, including
317:
1244:
1162:
1011:
913:
and launched them against Baghdad. These too inflicted damage upon Iraq.
886:
45:
682:
917:
losses, and Iran struck back, hitting Baghdad and other Iraqi cities.
843:
952:
823:
815:
161:
1007:
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940:
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were used against smaller or shorter range targets, as well as
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807:
97:
1043:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 169.
910:
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attacked major cities in the western half of Iran, including
982:
906:
842:
While Iraq had launched numerous attacks with aircraft and
803:
789:
93:
89:
1145:
1143:
1093:
1091:
1089:
19:
For the war between Bavaria and the Swabian League, see
1140:
331:
Iranian offensives to free Iranian territory (1981–82)
1135:"1944–2001: The threat of theatre ballistic missiles"
1086:
1022:(2016) portrays Tehran during the war of the cities.
965:
The fourth campaign was from February to April 1987.
881:to combat the Iraqis, and eventually they deployed
156:
Tens of thousands of civilians killed on both sides
1115:
1103:
1054:
1052:
1050:
898:on civilian targets in Iran, such as the town of
1311:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988
1306:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1987
1301:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1985
1296:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1984
1272:
1067:
1047:
177:
1286:Iranian airstrikes during the Iran–Iraq War
788:, with the aim of disrupting the morale of
1220:
1149:
184:
170:
44:
1281:Iraqi airstrikes during the Iran–Iraq War
977:The conflict triggered the initiation of
1291:Strategic bombing operations and battles
1076:"1987 Chemical Strike Still Haunts Iran"
1194:
1171:Review: Netflix's Iranian Horror Movie"
1097:
1273:
1038:
1243:
1161:
1121:
1109:
1006:(1992) portrays the general image of
988:
885:as well. By 1986, Iran expanded its
165:
1073:
749:1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
476:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1985–87)
372:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1982–84)
877:In response, the Iranians deployed
13:
1058:
14:
1362:
191:
1155:
1127:
1032:
220:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
1:
1025:
21:War of the Cities (1387–1389)
1249:The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988
972:
924:
7:
1061:"Bombed By Blinders Part 2"
10:
1367:
1351:Military history of Kuwait
1326:Basra in the Iran–Iraq War
1187:
18:
1346:Building bombings in Iraq
1341:Building bombings in Iran
225:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
201:
155:
150:
133:
116:
68:March 22 to April 8, 1985
54:
43:
35:
30:
837:
451:Kurdish rebellion (1983)
77:January to February 1988
1336:1980s building bombings
1133:Perrimond, Guy (2002).
1039:Razoux, Pierre (2015).
742:International incidents
1227:Springer International
1200:Iran at War: 1500–1988
979:Iran's missile program
237:Iraqi invasion of Iran
210:1975 Algiers Agreement
134:Commanders and leaders
74:February to April 1987
71:January 17 to 25, 1987
65:February 7 to 22, 1984
1225:. Cham, Switzerland:
570:Karbala 8 (7th Basra)
230:Iranian Embassy siege
151:Casualties and losses
1012:fire-fighting alarms
798:Iranian Armed Forces
692:June 5 1984 Skirmish
1165:(23 January 2016).
763:Iran Air Flight 655
649:Tawakalna ala Allah
596:Final stages (1988)
1331:Baghdad airstrikes
1229:. pp. 47–57.
1074:Daraghai, Borzou.
989:In popular culture
635:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 4
616:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 3
604:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
394:Muharram ol-Harram
215:Iranian Revolution
1253:Osprey Publishing
1236:978-3-319-26113-3
1213:978-1-84603-491-6
1204:Osprey Publishing
1041:The Iran-Iraq War
996:Union of the Good
860:strategic bombers
778:war of the cities
771:
770:
204:Pre-war incidents
160:
159:
145:Ruhollah Khomeini
128:Iranian Air Force
112:
111:
31:War of the cities
1358:
1321:1980s in Baghdad
1266:
1240:
1217:
1181:
1180:
1169:Under the Shadow
1159:
1153:
1147:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1019:Under the Shadow
1004:
960:Operation Dawn 8
896:chemical attacks
894:ordered several
629:Halabja massacre
365:2nd Khorramshahr
360:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
304:Stalemate (1981)
265:1st Khorramshahr
196:
186:
179:
172:
163:
162:
56:
55:
48:
28:
27:
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1365:
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1357:
1356:
1355:
1316:1980s in Kuwait
1271:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1237:
1214:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1160:
1156:
1150:Goharipour 2016
1148:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1120:
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1108:
1104:
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1087:
1072:
1068:
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1037:
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998:
991:
975:
927:
840:
786:Iraqi Air Force
774:
773:
772:
767:
744:
686:
598:
478:
401:Before the Dawn
387:Moslem Ibn Aqil
339:Samen-ol-A'emeh
333:
306:
246:Iraqi airstrike
241:
206:
197:
192:
190:
123:Iraqi Air Force
100:
80:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1196:Farrokh, Kaveh
1191:
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1183:
1182:
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1139:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1100:, p. 376.
1085:
1066:
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990:
987:
974:
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937:Operation Badr
926:
923:
909:missiles from
892:Saddam Hussein
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782:Saddam Hussein
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768:
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765:
760:
751:
739:
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735:Praying Mantis
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702:
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610:Anfal campaign
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1262:1-84176-371-3
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1245:Karsh, Efraim
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1163:Chang, Justin
1158:
1152:, p. 50.
1151:
1146:
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1136:
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1124:, p. 57.
1123:
1118:
1112:, p. 41.
1111:
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1059:Cooper, Tom.
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864:MiG-25 Foxbat
861:
858:
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853:Tu-22 Blinder
848:
845:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
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799:
795:
794:Iran–Iraq War
791:
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750:
747:
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743:
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728:Nimble Archer
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721:Eager Glacier
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668:Eternal Light
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353:Fath-ol-Mobin
350:
348:
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346:Tariq-ol-Qods
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194:Iran–Iraq War
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108:Iraqi victory
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42:
39:
38:Iran–Iraq War
34:
29:
22:
1248:
1222:
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1174:
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1157:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1098:Farrokh 2011
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1016:
994:
992:
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934:
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928:
919:
915:
904:
879:F-4 Phantoms
876:
868:Su-22 Fitter
857:Tu-16 Badger
849:
841:
802:
777:
775:
755:
741:
740:
734:
727:
720:
714:Prime Chance
713:
705:
699:Earnest Will
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681:
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271:Scorch Sword
270:
258:
251:
235:
234:
203:
117:Belligerents
36:Part of the
1137:TTU Online.
999: [
887:air defense
792:during the
661:Forty Stars
550:(6th Basra)
542:(5th Basra)
486:(4th Basra)
446:(3rd Basra)
438:(2nd Basra)
381:(1st Basra)
1275:Categories
1251:. Oxford:
1202:. Oxford:
1122:Karsh 2002
1110:Karsh 2002
1026:References
683:Tanker War
654:2nd al-Faw
584:Karbala 10
497:1st al-Faw
973:Aftermath
925:Campaigns
872:escorting
706:Bridgeton
577:Karbala 9
563:Karbala 7
556:Karbala 6
548:Karbala 5
540:Karbala 4
526:Karbala 3
519:Karbala 2
511:Karbala 1
285:Sultan 10
1247:(2002).
1198:(2011).
1080:LA Times
900:Sardasht
844:missiles
758:incident
708:incident
513:(Mehran)
297:Morvarid
259:Kaman 99
85:Location
1188:Sources
1176:Variety
981:by the
953:Isfahan
824:Baghdad
816:Isfahan
642:Zafar 7
623:Dawn 10
470:Marshes
444:Kheibar
379:Ramadan
252:Revenge
1259:
1233:
1210:
1008:Tehran
951:, and
949:Shiraz
945:Tabriz
941:Tehran
828:Kirkuk
820:Shiraz
812:Tabriz
808:Tehran
675:Mersad
590:Nasr 4
533:Fath 1
504:Dawn 9
492:Dawn 8
464:Dawn 7
457:Dawn 6
436:Dawn 5
429:Dawn 4
422:Dawn 3
415:Dawn 2
408:Dawn 1
291:Abadan
278:Dezful
239:(1980)
105:Result
98:Kuwait
1003:]
911:Libya
883:F-14s
838:Raids
832:Basra
756:Stark
324:Opera
1257:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1208:ISBN
983:IRGC
907:Scud
866:and
855:and
830:and
818:and
804:Iraq
790:Iran
776:The
754:USS
484:Badr
312:Nasr
94:Iraq
90:Iran
59:Date
1014:.
784:'s
318:H-3
1277::
1255:.
1206:.
1173:.
1142:^
1088:^
1078:.
1049:^
1001:fa
985:.
962:.
955:.
947:,
943:,
902:.
834:.
826:,
814:,
810:,
800:.
96:,
92:,
1265:.
1239:.
1216:.
1179:.
1167:"
1082:.
1063:.
656:)
652:(
499:)
495:(
367:)
363:(
185:e
178:t
171:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
