741:'s news desk. During the call, Oan took the receiver and spoke directly to the BBC journalist. He identified the group to which the gunmen belonged and stated that the non-Iranian hostages would not be harmed, but refused to allow the journalist to speak to any other hostages. At some point during the day, the police disabled the embassy's telephone lines, leaving the hostage-takers just the field telephone for outside communication. As the hostages woke up, Chris Cramer, a sound organiser for the BBC, appeared to become seriously ill. He and three other non-Arab hostages had decided one of them must get out, and to do this, he had convincingly exaggerated the symptoms of an existing illness. His colleague, Sim Harris, was taken to the field telephone to negotiate for a doctor. The police negotiator refused the request, instead telling Harris to persuade Oan to release Cramer. The ensuing negotiations between Harris, Oan, and the police took up most of the morning, and Cramer was eventually released at 11:15. He was rushed to hospital in an ambulance, accompanied by police officers sent to gather information from him.
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by the
Foreign Office. Recognising the delaying tactic, Oan told the negotiator that the British hostages would be the last to be released because of the British authorities' deceit. He added that a hostage would be killed unless Tony Crabb was brought back to the embassy. Crabb did not arrive at the embassy until 15:30, nearly ten hours after Oan demanded his presence, to the frustration of both Oan and Sim Harris. Oan then relayed another statement to Crabb via Mustapha Karkouti, a journalist also being held hostage in the embassy. The police guaranteed that the statement would be broadcast on the BBC's next news bulletin, in exchange for the release of two hostages. The hostages decided amongst themselves that the two to be released would be Hiyech Kanji and Ali-Guil Ghanzafar; the former as she was pregnant and the latter for no other reason than his loud snoring, which kept the other hostages awake at night and irritated the terrorists.
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by the removal of bricks to allow an assault team to break through the wall and to implant listening devices, resulting in a weakening of the wall. Although Lock assured him that he did not believe the police were about to storm the building, Oan remained convinced that they were "up to something" and moved the male hostages from the room in which they had spent the last four days to another down the hall. Tensions rose throughout the morning and, at 13:00, Oan told the police that he would kill a hostage unless he was able to speak to an Arab ambassador within 45 minutes. At 13:40, Lock informed the negotiator that the gunmen had taken Abbas
Lavasani, the embassy's chief press officer, downstairs and were preparing to execute him. Lavasani, a strong supporter of the 1979
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senior
Iranian official present, briefly escaped by jumping out of a first-floor window, but was injured in the process and quickly captured. Afrouz and the 25 other hostages were all taken to a room on the second floor. The majority of the hostages were embassy staff, predominantly Iranian nationals, but several British employees were also captured. The other hostages were all visitors, with the exception of Lock, the British police officer guarding the embassy. Afrouz had been appointed to the position less than a year before, his predecessor having been dismissed after the revolution. Abbas Fallahi, who had been a butler before the revolution, was appointed the doorman by Afrouz. One of the British members of staff was Ron Morris, from
808:, ended in stalemate. The diplomats insisted they must be able to offer safe passage out of the UK for the gunmen, believing this to be the only way to guarantee a peaceful outcome, but the British government was adamant that safe passage would not be considered under any circumstances. Karkouti, through whom Oan had issued his revised demands the previous day, became increasingly ill throughout the day and by the evening was feverish, which led to suggestions that the police had spiked the food that had been sent into the embassy. John Dellow, the commander of the police operation, had apparently considered the idea and even consulted a doctor about its viability, but eventually dismissed it as "impracticable".
614:.38-calibre revolver, but was unable to draw it before he was overpowered, although he did manage to press the "panic button" on his radio. Lock was later frisked, but the gunman conducting the search did not find the constable's weapon. He remained in possession of the revolver, and to keep it concealed he refused to remove his coat, which he told the gunmen was to "preserve his image" as a police officer. The officer also refused offers of food throughout the siege for fear that the weapon would be seen if he had to use the toilet and a gunman decided to escort him.
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the raid, the gunmen holding the male hostages opened fire on their captives, killing Ali Akbar
Samadzadeh and wounding two others. The SAS began evacuating hostages, taking them down the stairs towards the back door of the embassy. Two of the terrorists were hiding amongst the hostages; one of them produced a hand grenade when he was identified. An SAS soldier, who was unable to shoot for concern of hitting a hostage or another soldier, pushed the grenade-wielding terrorist to the bottom of the stairs, where two other soldiers shot him dead.
839:, roughly 20 miles (30 km) away, arriving 19 minutes after the shots had been reported. He was briefed on the SAS plan by de la Billière, who told him to expect that up to 40 percent of the hostages would be killed in an assault. After deliberations, Whitelaw instructed the SAS to prepare to assault the building at short notice, an order that was received by Lieutenant-Colonel Rose at 15:50. By 17:00, the SAS were in a position to assault the embassy at ten minutes' notice. The police negotiators recruited the imam from
401:, took 26 people hostage, including embassy staff, several visitors, and a police officer who had been guarding the embassy. They demanded the release of prisoners in Khuzestan and their own safe passage out of the United Kingdom. The British government quickly decided that safe passage would not be granted and a siege ensued. Subsequently, police negotiators secured the release of five hostages in exchange for minor concessions, such as the broadcasting of the hostage-takers' demands on British television.
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application process. The SAS also experienced an increased demand for their expertise in training the forces of friendly countries and those whose collapse was considered not to be in
Britain's interest. The government developed a protocol for lending the SAS to foreign governments to assist with hijackings or sieges, and it became fashionable for politicians to be seen associating with the regiment. Despite its new fame, the SAS did not have a high profile during the 1982
634:, both employees of the BBC, were at the embassy attempting to obtain visas to visit Iran, hoping to cover the aftermath of the 1979 revolution, after several unsuccessful attempts. They found themselves sitting next to Moutaba Mehrnavard, who was there to consult Ahmad Dadgar, the embassy's medical adviser, and Ali Asghar Tabatabai, who was collecting a map for use in a presentation he had been asked to give at the end of a course he had been attending.
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knew Sim Harris. The police, relieved to have a demand to which they could easily agree, produced Tony Crabb, managing director of BBC Television News and Harris's boss. Oan shouted his demands—for safe passage out of the UK, to be negotiated by three ambassadors from Arab countries—to Crabb from the first-floor window, and instructed that they should be broadcast along with a statement of the hostage-takers' aims by the BBC. The
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few minutes later, Lavasani's body was dumped out of the front door. Upon a preliminary examination, conducted at the scene, a forensic pathologist estimated that
Lavasani had been dead for at least an hour, meaning he could not have been killed by the three most recent shots, and leading the police to believe that two hostages had been killed. In fact, only Lavasani had been shot.
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SAS, which had been at risk of disbandment and whose use of resources had been considered wasteful. The regiment was quickly overwhelmed by new applicants. Membership of 22 SAS is open only to those currently serving in the Armed Forces (allowing applications from any individual in any service), but the unit also has two regiments from the volunteer
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taken part in counter-insurgency operations abroad since 1945, and had trained the bodyguards of influential people whose deaths would be contrary to
British interests. Thus, it was believed to be better prepared for the role than any unit in the police or elsewhere in the armed forces. The CRW Wing's first operational experience was the storming of
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the other soldiers accidentally smashed a window with his foot. The noise of the breaking window alerted Oan, who was on the first floor communicating with the police negotiators, and he went to investigate. The soldiers were unable to use explosives in case they injured their stranded comrade, but managed to smash their way in using sledgehammers.
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detonated explosives on a first-floor window, forcing Sim Harris—who had just run into the room—to take cover. Much of the operation at the front of the embassy took place in full view of the assembled journalists and was broadcast on live television, and Harris's escape across the parapet of a first-floor balcony was famously captured on video.
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by the police at the regiment's base in
Hereford. There was controversy over the deaths of two terrorists in the telex room, where the male hostages were held. Hostages later said in interviews that they had persuaded their captors to surrender and television footage appeared to show them throwing weapons out of the window and holding a
1519:, the end of the Second World War in Europe. The operation was declared "an almost unqualified success". Margaret Thatcher recalled that she was congratulated wherever she went over the following days, and received messages of support and congratulation from other world leaders. However, the incident strained already-tense
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deadline to pass, to no immediate response from the gunmen. During the afternoon, Oan altered his demands, requesting that the
British media broadcast a statement of the group's grievances and for ambassadors of three Arab countries to negotiate the group's safe passage out of the UK once the statement had been broadcast.
855:. Whitelaw relayed the request to Thatcher, and the prime minister agreed immediately. Thus John Dellow, the ranking police officer at the embassy, signed over control of the operation to Lieutenant-Colonel Rose at 19:07, authorising Rose to order an assault at his discretion. The signed note is now on display at
425:'s government. The SAS was quickly overwhelmed by the number of applications it received from people inspired by the operation and experienced greater demand for its expertise from foreign governments. The embassy building, damaged by a fire which started during the assault, was not reopened until 1993.
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The
British government's response to the crisis, and the successful use of force to end it, strengthened the Conservative government of the day and boosted Thatcher's personal credibility. McNee believed that the conclusion of the siege exemplified the British government's policy of refusing to give
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and a sub-machine gun would be handed to them over the counter, so that they could go off and conduct embassy-style sieges of their own". Meanwhile, the SAS became a sought-after assignment for career army officers. All three units were forced to introduce additional fitness tests at the start of the
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Meanwhile, the police located the embassy caretaker and took him to their forward headquarters to brief the SAS and senior police officers. He informed them that the embassy's front door was reinforced by a steel security door, and that the windows on the ground floor and first floor were fitted with
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released a statement, saying "We do not give refugee status to convicted terrorists. Our aim is to deport people as quickly as possible but the law requires us to first obtain assurances that the person being returned will not face certain death". After 27 years in prison, Nejad was deemed no longer
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Fowzi Nejad was the only gunman to survive the SAS assault. After being identified, he was dragged away by an SAS trooper, who allegedly intended to take him back into the building and shoot him. The soldier reportedly changed his mind when it was pointed out to him that the raid was being broadcast
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After the assault concluded, the police conducted an investigation into the siege and the deaths of the two hostages and five terrorists, including the actions of the SAS. The soldiers' weapons were taken away for examination and, the following day, the soldiers themselves were interviewed at length
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Oan woke Lock at dawn, convinced that an intruder was in the embassy. Lock was sent to investigate, but no intruder was found. Later in the morning, Oan called Lock to examine a bulge in the wall separating the Iranian embassy from the Ethiopian embassy next door. The bulge had, in fact, been caused
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The raid lasted seventeen minutes and involved 30 to 35 soldiers. The terrorists killed one hostage and seriously wounded two others during the raid while the SAS killed all but one of the terrorists. The rescued hostages and the remaining terrorist, who was still concealed amongst them, were taken
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As the soldiers emerged onto the first-floor landing, Lock tackled Oan to prevent him attacking the SAS operatives. Oan, still armed, was subsequently shot dead by one of the soldiers. Meanwhile, further teams entered the embassy through the back door and cleared the ground floor and cellar. During
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at 18:20, fearing that a "crisis point" had been reached, and asked him to talk to the gunmen. Three further shots were fired during the course of the imam's conversation with Oan. Oan announced that a hostage had been killed, and the rest would die in 30 minutes unless his demands were met. A
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Oan, angered by the BBC's incorrect reporting of his demands the previous evening, contacted the police negotiators shortly after 06:00 and accused the authorities of deceiving him. He demanded to speak with an Arab ambassador, but the negotiator on duty claimed that talks were still being arranged
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of the US Embassy in Tehran. Given the lack of co-operation from Iran, Thatcher, kept apprised of the situation by Whitelaw, determined that British law would be applied to the embassy. At 16:30, the gunmen released their first hostage, Frieda Mozaffarian. She had been unwell since the siege began,
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Police arrived at the embassy almost immediately after the first reports of gunfire, and, within ten minutes, seven DPG officers were on the scene. The officers moved to surround the embassy, but retreated when a gunman appeared at a window and threatened to open fire. Deputy Assistant Commissioner
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through the skylight. The detonation of the stun grenade was supposed to coincide with the abseiling teams detonating explosives to gain entry to the building through the second-floor windows. During the descent, one of the abseilers became entangled in his rope. While trying to assist him, one of
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system, which the police had disabled along with the telephone lines, and threatened to kill Abdul Fazi Ezzati, the cultural attaché. The police refused and Oan pushed Ezzati, who he had been holding at gunpoint at the window, across the room, before demanding to speak to somebody from the BBC who
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As the deadline of noon approached, set the previous day for the release of the Arab prisoners, the police became convinced that the gunmen did not have the capability to carry out their threat of blowing up the embassy, and persuaded Oan to agree to a new deadline of 14:00. The police allowed the
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Large numbers of journalists were on the scene quickly and were moved into a holding area to the west of the front of the embassy, while dozens of Iranian protesters also arrived near the embassy and remained there throughout the siege. A separate police command post was established to contain the
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was a journalist covering the crisis at the US Embassy in Tehran and was at the embassy for an interview with Abdul Fazi Ezzati, the cultural attaché. Muhammad Hashir Faruqi was another journalist, at the embassy to interview Afrouz for an article on the Iranian Revolution. Simeon "Sim" Harris and
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Operation Nimrod brought the SAS, a regiment that had fallen into obscurity after its fame during the Second World War (partly owing to the covert nature of its operations), back into the public eye. The regiment was not pleased with its new high profile. Nonetheless, the operation vindicated the
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members without military involvement. Nonetheless, the siege led to calls for increasing the firepower of the police to enable them to prevent and deal with similar incidents in the future, and an official report recommended that specialist police firearms units, such as the Metropolitan Police's
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At approximately 20:00, Oan became agitated by noises coming from the Ethiopian Embassy next door. The noise came from technicians who were drilling holes in the wall to implant listening devices, but PC Trevor Lock, when asked to identify the sound, attributed it to mice. COBRA decided to create
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Although the majority of the people in the embassy were captured, three managed to escape—two by climbing out of a ground-floor window and the third by climbing across a first-floor parapet to the Ethiopian Embassy next door. A fourth person, Gholam-Ali Afrouz, the chargé d'affaires and thus most
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Following these examples, the British government, worried that the country was unprepared for a similar crisis in the United Kingdom, ordered the formation of the Counter Revolutionary Warfare (CRW) Wing of the SAS. This became the UK's primary anti-terrorist and anti-hijacking unit. The SAS had
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Later in the evening, at approximately 23:00, an SAS team reconnoitred the roof of the embassy. They discovered a skylight, and succeeded in unlocking it for potential use as an access point, should they later be required to storm the building. They also attached ropes to the chimneys to allow
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informally approached the embassies of Algeria, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria and Qatar to ask if their ambassadors would be willing to talk to the hostage-takers. The Jordanian ambassador immediately refused and the other five said they would consult their governments. The BBC broadcast the
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After the first soldiers entered, a fire started and travelled up the curtains and out of the second-floor window, severely burning the stranded soldier. A second wave of abseilers cut him free, and he fell to the balcony below before entering the embassy. Slightly behind Red Team, Blue Team
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passed through one of the embassy windows, and were assisted by a negotiator and a psychiatrist. At 15:15 Oan issued the DRFLA's first demand, the release of 91 Arabs held in prisons in Khūzestān, and threatened to blow up the embassy and the hostages if this were not done by noon on 1 May.
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armoured glass, the result of recommendations made after the SAS had been asked to review security arrangements for the embassy several years earlier. Plans for entering the embassy by battering the front door and ground-floor windows were quickly scrapped and work began on other ideas.
502:, and bore scars which he said were from torture in SAVAK custody. The other members of his group were Shakir Abdullah Radhil, known as "Faisal", Oan's second-in-command who also claimed to have been tortured by SAVAK; Shakir Sultan Said, or "Hassan"; Themir Moammed Hussein, or Abbas;
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The Iranian government welcomed the end of the siege, and declared that the two hostages killed were martyrs for the Iranian Revolution. They also thanked the British government for "the persevering action of your police force during the unjust hostage-taking event at the Embassy".
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from the roof and forcing entry through the windows. During the 17-minute raid they rescued all but one of the remaining hostages and killed five of the six hostage-takers. An inquest cleared the SAS of any wrongdoing. The sole remaining gunman served 27 years in prison in Britain.
832:, had repeatedly provoked his captors during the siege. According to Lock, Lavasani stated that "if they were going to kill a hostage, wanted it to be him." At exactly 13:45, 45 minutes after Oan's demand to speak to an ambassador, three shots were heard from inside the embassy.
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The two SAS teams on-scene, Red Team and Blue Team, were ordered to begin their simultaneous assaults, under the codename Operation Nimrod, at 19:23. One group of four men from Red Team abseiled from the roof down the rear of the building, while another four-man team lowered a
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to be a threat to society, but Trevor Lock wrote to the Home Office to oppose his release. Because it is accepted by the British government that he would be executed or tortured, he cannot be deported to Iran; he now lives in south London, having assumed another identity.
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The SAS raid, televised live on a bank holiday evening, became a defining moment in British history and proved a career boost for several journalists; it became the subject of multiple documentaries and works of fiction, including several films and television series.
718:, commander of 22 SAS, had travelled ahead of the detachment and introduced himself to Dellow, the commander of the police operation. At approximately 03:30 on 1 May, one of the SAS teams moved into the building next door to the embassy, normally occupied by the
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The embassy building was severely damaged by fire. It was more than a decade before the British and Iranian governments came to an agreement whereby the United Kingdom would repair the damage to the embassy in London and Iran would pay for repairs to the
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and Oan had asked for a doctor to be sent into the embassy to treat her, but the police refused. The other hostages deceived Oan into believing that Mozaffarian was pregnant, and Oan eventually released Mozaffarian after her condition deteriorated.
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at the 1972 Olympic Games, during which a police operation to end a hostage crisis ended in chaos. In the resulting firefight, a police officer, most of the hostage-takers, and all of the hostages were killed. In response, West Germany created
1350:, suggested that Lock's restraint in the use of his revolver was "a defining example of the power of the Dixon image", and academic Maurice Punch noted the contrast between Lock's actions and the highly aggressive tactics of the SAS.
859:. Meanwhile, the police negotiators began stalling Oan. They offered concessions in order to distract him and prevent him killing further hostages, buying time for the SAS to make its final preparations for the now-inevitable assault.
1336:, the United Kingdom's second-highest civil honour, for his conduct during the siege and for tackling Oan during the SAS raid, the only time during the siege that he drew his concealed side arm. In addition, he was honoured with the
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technicians, who had posed as guests of a local resident in order to get past the police cordon, which had been in place since the beginning of the siege. Nejad was arrested, and was eventually tried, convicted, and sentenced to
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for his part in the assault, in which he shot dead a terrorist who was apparently about to throw a grenade amongst the hostages. After the operation concluded, the staff sergeant who was caught in his abseil rope was treated at
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following the Iranian Revolution. The Iranian government declared that the siege of the embassy was planned by the British and American governments, and that the hostages who had been killed were martyrs for the Revolution.
1609:– a 2015 tactical shooter video game focusing on counter-terrorism – uses the Iranian Embassy Siege as inspiration, with a playable character having canonically participated in the siege. The SAS also feature in the book
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As well as factual television documentaries, the dramatic conclusion of the siege inspired a wave of fictional works about the SAS in the form of novels, television programmes, and films. Among them were the 1982 film
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to prohibit deportation in cases where the person concerned would be likely to be tortured or executed in his home country. Nejad was eventually paroled in 2008 and granted leave to remain in the UK, but was not given
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540:(which broke out later in 1980), the attackers were "recruited and trained" by the Iraqi government as part of a campaign of subversion against Iran, which included sponsorship of several separatist movements.
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By the sixth day of the siege the gunmen were increasingly frustrated at the lack of progress in meeting their demands. That evening, they killed a hostage and threw his body out of the embassy. The British
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on live television. It later emerged that the footage from the back of the embassy was coming from a wireless camera placed in the window of a flat overlooking the embassy. The camera had been installed by
1503:, the BBC's duty reporter at the embassy when the SAS assault began, went on to cover Nejad's trial and then to report from war zones across the world and eventually to become chief news correspondent for
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During the day, the Foreign Office held further talks with diplomats from Arabian countries in the hope of persuading them to go to the embassy and talk to the hostage-takers. The talks, hosted by
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560:, originally formed in the Second World War to conduct irregular warfare. Western European governments were prompted to form specialist police and military counter-terrorist units following the
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started five months after the end of the siege and continued for eight years. The campaign for autonomy of Khūzestān was largely forgotten in the wake of the hostilities, as was the DRFLA.
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1532:(TA): 21 SAS and 23 SAS. Both the TA regiments received hundreds more applications than in previous years, prompting de la Billière to remark that the applicants seemed "convinced that a
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which is home to an Arabic-speaking minority. The oil-rich area had become the source of much of Iran's wealth, having been developed by multi-national companies during the reign of the
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According to Oan Ali Mohammed, suppression of the Arab sovereignty movement was the spark that led to his desire to attack the Iranian Embassy in London. The plan was inspired by the
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protests, which descended into violent confrontations with the police on several occasions. Shortly after the beginning of the crisis, the British government's emergency committee
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into the terrorists' deaths that they believed the men had been reaching for weapons before they were shot. The inquest jury reached the verdict that the soldiers' actions were
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for a week and then returning to Iraq, stated that they would no longer require the flat, and arranged for their belongings to be sent to Iraq. They left the building at 09:30 (
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851:, Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, contacted the Home Secretary to request approval to hand control of the operation over to the British Army, under the provisions of
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was assembled. COBRA is made up of ministers, civil servants and expert advisers, including representatives from the police and the armed forces. The meeting was chaired by
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further down Princes Gate and then to 24 Princes Gate, a nursery school. From his various command posts, Dellow coordinated the police response, including the deployment of
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Prior to 1980, London had been the scene of several terrorist incidents related to Middle East politics, including the assassination of the former prime minister of the
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Most team members were issued with standard model MP5s, but there were not enough available at such short notice, so several members were issued with the shorter
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into the embassy's back garden and restrained on the ground while they were identified. The last terrorist was identified by Sim Harris and led away by the SAS.
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believed the resolution of the siege "effectively marked the end of London's three years as a world theatre for the resolution of Middle Eastern troubles".
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for their coverage. The success of the operation, combined with the high profile it was given by the media, invoked a sense of national pride compared to
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arrived nearly 30 minutes later and took command of the operation. Dellow established a temporary headquarters in his car before moving it to the
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Whitelaw, who had been chairing the COBRA crisis meeting during the siege, was rushed back to Whitehall from a function he had been attending in
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to commence drilling in an adjacent road, supposedly to repair a gas main. The drilling was aborted after it agitated the gunmen, and instead
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The committee is named after the room in which it meets, the Cabinet Office Briefing Room, but is almost invariably abbreviated to "COBRA".
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in 1977, when a small detachment of soldiers were sent to assist GSG 9, the elite West German police unit set up after the events of 1972.
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At approximately 11:30 on Wednesday 30 April the six heavily armed members of DRFLA stormed the Iranian Embassy building on Princes Gate,
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Connelly, Mark; Willcox, David R. (2005). "Are You Tough Enough? The Image of the Special Forces in British Popular Culture, 1939–2004".
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452:(DRFLA), Iranian Arabs protesting for the establishment of an autonomous Arab state in the southern region of the Iranian province of
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The COBRA meetings continued through the night and into Thursday. Meanwhile, two teams were dispatched from the headquarters of the
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Monday evening and was viewed by millions of people, mostly in the UK, making it a defining moment in British history. Both the
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Another academic, Steven Moysey, commented on the difference in outcomes between the Iranian Embassy siege and the 1975
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Using Iraqi passports, Oan and three other members of the DRFLA arrived in London on 31 March 1980 and rented a flat in
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Two hostages killed (one prior to assault, one during); two hostages wounded during the assault; one SAS soldier wounded
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This article is about the siege of the Iranian embassy in London. For the siege of the American embassy in Tehran, see
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as the leader of a fictional SAS unit. As well as fictional representations in media, the siege inspired a version of
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in to terrorist demands, "nowhere was the effectiveness of this response to terrorism more effectively demonstrated".
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The Iranian government accused the British and American governments of sponsoring the attack as revenge for the
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Grob-Fitzgibbon, Benjamin (2015). "Those Who Dared: A Reappraisal of Britain's Special Air Service, 1950–80".
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statement that evening, but in a form unsatisfactory to Oan, who considered it to be truncated and incorrect.
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During the course of the siege, police and journalists established the identities of several other hostages.
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final, to show the end of the siege, which proved to be a major career boost for several journalists.
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figure, clad in black and equipped with a gas mask, mimicking the soldiers who stormed the embassy.
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Sim Harris making his escape across the first-floor balcony, as ordered by the masked SAS trooper (
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The operation brought the SAS to the public eye for the first time and bolstered the reputation of
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At 09:30 on 2 May, Oan appeared at the first-floor window of the embassy to demand access to the
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after it emerged that Iraq had sponsored the training and equipping of the hostage-takers. The
1414:
As a foreign national, he would normally have been immediately deported to his home country but
812:
525:
belonging to Iraq. Shortly before 11:30, and almost two hours after vacating the nearby flat in
467:
in which supporters of the revolution held the staff of the American Embassy in Tehran hostage.
171:
1944:
1681:
1465:
3028:
506:, or "Ali"; and Makki Hanoun Ali, the youngest of the group, who went by the name of "Makki".
1668:
1583:
1516:
1419:
1354:
708:
1332:
After the end of the siege, PC Trevor Lock was widely considered a hero. He was awarded the
3654:
1511:
and his team, responsible for the hidden camera at the back of the embassy, were awarded a
1395:
578:
491:
8:
3614:
3277:
1611:
1346:
692:
679:
603:
549:
514:
464:
406:
220:
216:
20:
3060:
2013:
1913:
1834:
1589:
1558:
1297:
829:
796:
soldiers to abseil down the building and gain access through the windows if necessary.
737:
Early in the morning of 1 May, the gunmen ordered one of the hostages to telephone the
503:
398:
2147:
2125:
2106:
2087:
2068:
2049:
2030:
2017:
2005:
1974:
1952:
1930:
1917:
1905:
1874:
1851:
1838:
1803:
1781:
1569:
1541:, partly due to a lack of operations, and next came to the fore during the 1990–1991
1461:
1408:
1059:
761:, was told to instruct approaching aircraft to fly over the embassy at low altitude.
704:
626:
611:
537:
422:
355:
2025:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'".
1997:
1897:
1826:
1619:
was based. The embassy siege was referenced multiple times in the television drama
1565:
1533:
1495:
interrupted their scheduled programming, the BBC interrupting the broadcast of the
1492:
1428:
599:
595:
530:
391:
386:
took place from 30 April to 5 May 1980, after a group of six armed men stormed the
199:
72:
2820:
1901:
1867:
1483:
The SAS raid, codenamed "Operation Nimrod", was broadcast live at peak time on a
750:
655:
561:
476:
2870:"Devices from London attacks in Met's museum of terrorism used to train police"
2816:"The private trauma of Constable Lock, quiet hero of the Iranian embassy siege"
1621:
1561:. Iranian diplomats began working from 16 Princes Gate again in December 1993.
1453:
672:
557:
526:
522:
518:
136:
1830:
244:
3603:
2009:
1988:
Moysey, Stephen P. (2004). "The Balcombe Street and Iranian Embassy Sieges".
1909:
1538:
881:
499:
94:
81:
3215:
50:
The Iranian Embassy, severely damaged by fire following the end of the siege
3533:
3247:
3172:
1484:
1333:
1325:
1305:
Detained by SAS and sentenced to life imprisonment. Granted parole in 2008
941:
869:
856:
805:
749:
ambient noise to cover the sound created by the technicians and instructed
725:
631:
553:
2001:
1344:. Police historian Michael J. Waldren, referring to the television series
3557:"How Rainbow Six: Siege takes inspiration from real life hostage rescues"
3483:
1966:
1654:
1432:
1316:
848:
639:
3529:"6 Days review – Jamie Bell storms it in Iranian embassy siege thriller"
1750:
1634:
1444:
1387:
1321:
3272:"Iranian Embassy terrorist pictured in London days after jail release"
2470:
3033:
1943:
1773:
1626:
1500:
619:
414:
509:
On 30 April the men informed their landlord that they were going to
3487:
3340:
3219:
3029:"Iranian embassy siege terrorist Fowzi Badavi Nejad is to be freed"
2966:
2931:
2660:
2474:
2238:
2205:
1542:
1504:
1378:. He suffered serious burns to his legs, but made a full recovery.
696:
1411:
for his role in the siege. He became eligible for parole in 2005.
622:, who had worked for the embassy in various positions since 1947.
482:
3305:"Iranian embassy siege terrorist 'living on benefits in Peckham'"
1630:
1594:
510:
811:
The SAS officers involved in the operation, including Brigadier
494:, where he became politically active. He had been imprisoned by
2084:
Shoot to Kill: Police Accountability, Firearms, and Fatal Force
1375:
836:
675:, as Margaret Thatcher, the Prime Minister, was unavailable.
450:
Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan
149:
Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan
1746:
1469:
1390:. The two SAS soldiers who killed the men both stated at the
876:
770:
566:
495:
45:
2496:
2494:
2492:
3650:
20th century in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
1742:
570:
457:
1869:
Who Dares Wins: The SAS and the Iranian Embassy Siege 1980
3382:
2489:
1488:
1403:
738:
397:
The gunmen, Iranian Arabs campaigning for sovereignty of
3243:"Dilemma for Clarke over Iranian embassy siege survivor"
1365:
Warrant Officer Class 1 Tommy Goodyear was awarded the
1357:, in which the police negotiated the surrender of four
16:
1980 hostage situation in the Iranian Embassy in London
2144:
London in the Twentieth Century: A City and its People
1949:
Siege! Princes Gate, London – The Great Embassy Rescue
3596:: Interactive walk-through of the raid from BBC News.
2103:
Shooting to Kill?: Police Firearms and Armed Response
490:
Oan was 27 and from Khūzestān; he had studied at the
3675:
Attacks on diplomatic missions in the United Kingdom
3484:"SAS 'for hire' after Iranian embassy siege in 1980"
1644:
1416:
Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights
1056:
2122:
Armed Police: The Police Use of Firearms Since 1945
2027:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
3270:
1866:
1710:Also spelt "Awn", codenamed "Salim" by the police.
1476:from inside the Libyan embassy in 1984, historian
3740:Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom in 1980
3601:
1819:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
2100:
1887:
1816:
1564:The DRFLA was undermined by its links with the
274:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
1925:Gould, Robert W.; Waldren, Michael J. (1986).
1864:
1794:
1692:Attack on the Iranian Embassy in London (2018)
3082:
3080:
1850:(paperback ed.). London: Phoenix Books.
1845:
260:
1924:
1597:. The siege features in the 2006 video game
536:According to a 2014 academic study into the
3670:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1980
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
2922:
2920:
2503:
2024:
569:, which was quickly followed by the French
533:, the six men arrived outside the embassy.
3735:Terrorist incidents in London in the 1980s
3077:
3064:(Supplement). 13 April 1981. p. 5531.
2616:
2614:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2065:European Counter-Terrorist Units 1972–2017
1468:containing staff from the Israeli airline
1448:Members of B Squadron S.A.S pictured with
847:After Lavasani's body had been recovered,
267:
253:
2813:
2029:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1557:, which had been damaged during the 1979
3645:20th-century history of the British Army
3554:
3433:
3150:
3054:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2917:
2101:Squires, Peter; Kennison, Peter (2010).
1800:Looking for Trouble: SAS to Gulf Command
1443:
1315:
875:
724:
486:The front of the Iranian embassy in 2008
481:
3660:April 1980 events in the United Kingdom
3360:
3358:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3240:
2611:
2303:
2301:
2235:"In Depth: Iran and the hostage-takers"
2220:
2119:
2062:
2043:
1418:, incorporated into British law by the
1362:D11, be better resourced and equipped.
1183:killed during assault by hostage taker
448:The hostage-takers were members of the
3685:Battles and military actions in London
3680:Attacks on diplomatic missions of Iran
3602:
3526:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3165:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
2995:
2993:
2788:
2786:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
1987:
720:Royal College of General Practitioners
543:
114:Embassy recaptured after six-day siege
3715:May 1980 events in the United Kingdom
3011:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2138:
2081:
1990:Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations
1965:
1846:Firmin, Rusty; Pearson, Will (2011).
1780:. London: Headline Publishing Group.
1677:List of terrorist incidents in London
1328:, which was awarded to PC Trevor Lock
610:(DPG). Lock was carrying a concealed
248:
3700:Hostage taking in the United Kingdom
3610:1980 disasters in the United Kingdom
3355:
3324:
3285:from the original on 12 January 2022
3268:
3241:Addison, Adrian (20 February 2005).
3026:
2298:
1772:
1745:variant and two were armed with the
589:
470:
413:" to rescue the remaining hostages,
3555:Campbell, Colin (24 October 2014).
3406:
3125:
2990:
2783:
2635:
2183:
1439:
1398:(later known as "lawful killing").
764:
699:, and arrived at a holding area in
13:
3635:1980 murders in the United Kingdom
3446:Connelly & Willcox, pp. 11–12.
2169:
1973:. Glasgow: William Collins, Sons.
1687:History of the Special Air Service
1575:
1456:during a training exercise in 1983
1252:"Faisal" – Shakir Abdullah Radhil
799:
786:
14:
3761:
3690:Diplomatic crises of the Cold War
3620:1980s fires in the United Kingdom
3587:
3216:"Embassy gunman could get asylum"
2572:Gould & Waldren, pp. 179–180.
2471:"Q&A: Armed police in the UK"
1929:. London: Arms and Armour Press.
1521:relations between the UK and Iran
1359:Provisional Irish Republican Army
1274:"Abbas" – Themir Mohammed Husein
822:
686:
598:. The gunmen quickly overpowered
556:and part of the United Kingdom's
3640:1980s in the City of Westminster
3574:
3548:
3527:Clarke, Cath (3 November 2017).
3520:
3027:Ford, Richard (9 October 2008).
2814:Halfpenny, Martin (2 May 2010).
2460:Firmin & Pearson, pp. 31–32.
1951:. London: Times Newspapers Ltd.
1890:The International History Review
1865:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2009).
1661:
1647:
857:New Scotland Yard's Crime Museum
192:
177:
165:
142:
129:
44:
3625:1980 in international relations
3511:
3502:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3424:
3397:
3367:
3315:
3297:
3269:Khan, Urmee (3 November 2008).
3262:
3234:
3208:
3199:
3187:
3141:
3122:Squires & Kennison, p. 196.
3116:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3068:
3048:
3002:
2981:
2955:
2946:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2807:
2795:
2771:
2762:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2649:
2623:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2522:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2388:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2105:. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
1765:
1735:
1726:
1721:do not routinely carry firearms
1713:
1222:
1100:Metropolitan Police Constable,
853:Military Aid to the Civil Power
776:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
3745:Metropolitan Police operations
3730:Special Air Service operations
3580:Grob-Fitzgibbon, pp. 540, 558.
3464:Squires & Kennison, p. 73.
3166:Taylor, Peter (24 July 2002).
2289:
2277:
2265:
2253:
1704:
1606:Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege
1424:European Court of Human Rights
1285:"Hassan" – Shakir Sultan Said
1180:Temporary employee at embassy
1147:Embassy manager and chauffeur
1122:Aboutaleb Jishverdi-Moghaddam
862:
654:, made contact with Oan via a
1:
3705:Iran–United Kingdom relations
3403:Firmin & Pearson, p. 199.
3168:"Six days that shook Britain"
3008:Firmin & Pearson, p. 211.
2124:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing.
2086:. Bristol: The Policy Press.
2067:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2048:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1873:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1760:
1338:Freedom of the City of London
432:
3725:Sieges in the United Kingdom
2905:Gould & Waldren, p. 180.
2599:Firmin & Pearson, p. 21.
2590:Firmin & Pearson, p. 22.
2394:Firmin & Pearson, p. 76.
2295:Firm & Pearson, p. VIII.
2162:
2120:Waldren, Michael J. (2007).
1902:10.1080/07075332.2014.918558
1311:
990:British-Pakistani editor of
38:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
7:
2451:Firmin & Pearson p. 27.
2373:Firmin & Pearson, p. 3.
1945:Sunday Times "Insight" Team
1640:
1241:"Salim" – Oan Ali Mohammed
1102:Diplomatic Protection Group
900:
608:Diplomatic Protection Group
552:(SAS) is a regiment of the
219:soldiers, large numbers of
10:
3766:
2952:Fremont-Banres, pp. 40–42.
2914:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 37–40.
2896:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 32–33.
2841:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 29–30.
2747:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 26–27.
2729:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 25–26.
2608:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 22–23.
2554:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 19–20.
2500:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 21–22.
2328:Murray & Woods, p. 46.
1497:World Snooker Championship
1161:released prior to assault
1070:released prior to assault
1051:released prior to assault
1007:released prior to assault
949:released prior to assault
922:Embassy Chargé d'affaires
755:British Airports Authority
644:Royal School of Needlework
441:
437:
371:Uprising of Dignity (2018)
18:
3508:Neville (2016), pp. 9–10.
2346:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 8–10.
2146:. London: Penguin Books.
1831:10.1080/01439680500064918
1802:. London: HarperCollins.
1796:de la Billière, Sir Peter
1778:The Kindness of Strangers
1625:(2002–2008), which stars
1555:British embassy in Tehran
1474:murder of Yvonne Fletcher
1209:
1198:
1187:
1176:
1165:
1154:
1143:
1132:
1121:
1110:
1096:
1085:
1074:
1055:
1044:
1033:
1022:
1011:
1000:
986:
975:
968:Iranian cultural attaché
964:
953:
940:
929:
918:
913:
910:
907:
444:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
286:
239:Five killed, one captured
230:
209:
155:
122:
54:
43:
35:
30:
3665:Arab nationalism in Iran
2364:Neville (2016), pp. 7–9.
2355:Neville (2017), pp. 4–6.
2337:Fremont-Barnes, pp. 6–7.
1719:British police officers
1697:
1593:, which was released on
1199:Kaujouri Muhammad Taghi
1092:killed prior to assault
584:
3473:de la Billière, p. 337.
2928:"Iranian Embassy Siege"
2875:London Evening Standard
2620:de la Billière, p. 325.
2082:Punch, Maurice (2011).
2063:Neville, Leigh (2017).
2044:Neville, Leigh (2016).
1450:Diana Princess of Wales
1422:, has been held by the
1367:Queen's Gallantry Medal
1340:and in a motion in the
1263:"Makki" – Makki Hanoun
987:Muhammad Hashir Faruqi
960:wounded during assault
925:wounded during assault
759:London Heathrow Airport
3430:Fremont-Barnes, p. 50.
3421:Fremont-Barnes, p. 59.
3147:Fremont-Barnes, p. 54.
3138:Fremont-Barnes, p. 57.
2999:Fremont-Barnes, p. 48.
2987:Fremont-Barnes, p. 43.
2850:Fremont-Barnes, p. 31.
2792:Fremont-Barnes, p. 28.
2768:Fremont-Barnes, p. 27.
2738:Fremont-Barnes, p. 26.
2646:Fremont-Barnes, p. 25.
2319:Fremont-Barnes, p. 18.
2180:Fremont-Barnes, p. 15.
1682:List of hostage crises
1457:
1329:
885:
734:
709:Heckler & Koch MP5
701:Regent's Park Barracks
487:
361:2005–06 Ahvaz bombings
198:Oan Ali Mohammed
156:Commanders and leaders
95:51.501528°N 0.172361°W
3594:SAS Storm the Embassy
3337:"The cult of the SAS"
2530:"Max Vernon obituary"
2002:10.1300/J173v04n01_06
1927:London's Armed Police
1669:United Kingdom portal
1517:Victory in Europe Day
1447:
1420:Human Rights Act 1998
1372:St Stephen's Hospital
1355:Balcombe Street siege
1319:
1188:Ali Asghar Tabatabai
1177:Ali Akbar Samadzadeh
879:
728:
485:
384:Iranian Embassy siege
231:Casualties and losses
62:30 April – 5 May 1980
31:Iranian Embassy siege
1466:an attack on a coach
1396:justifiable homicide
1089:Chief Press Officer
1037:Secretary to Afrouz
1023:Nooshin Hashemenian
1015:BBC sound recordist
992:Impact International
946:BBC sound organiser
930:Shirazeh Bouroumand
841:Regent's Park Mosque
813:Peter de la Billière
579:Lufthansa Flight 181
492:University of Tehran
390:on Prince's Gate in
343:Embassy siege (1980)
333:Insurgency (1956–70)
295:Sheikh Khazal (1924)
172:Peter de la Billière
100:51.501528; -0.172361
3750:20th-century sieges
3278:The Daily Telegraph
2963:"Lucky to be alive"
2657:"Lucky to be alive"
2581:Waldren, pp. 77–78.
1347:Dixon of Dock Green
1136:Embassy accountant
1111:Moutaba Mehrnavard
1045:Hiyech Sanei Kanji
1001:Ali Guil Ghanzafar
693:Special Air Service
604:Metropolitan Police
602:Trevor Lock of the
550:Special Air Service
544:Special Air Service
465:Iran hostage crisis
407:Special Air Service
221:Metropolitan Police
91: /
21:Iran hostage crisis
3710:Khuzestan conflict
3490:. 30 December 2010
3455:Punch, pp. 155–56.
3222:. 21 February 2005
3113:Moysey, pp. 94–95.
3061:The London Gazette
2536:. 19 February 2021
2202:"Six days of fear"
1587:and the 2017 film
1559:Iranian Revolution
1458:
1330:
1298:Fowzi Badavi Nejad
1210:Zahra Zomorrodian
1155:Frieda Mozafarian
1067:Syrian journalist
1048:Embassy secretary
1026:Embassy secretary
1004:Pakistani tourist
965:Abdul Fazi Ezzati
933:Embassy secretary
919:Gholam-Ali Afrouz
886:
830:Iranian Revolution
735:
713:Lieutenant-Colonel
612:Smith & Wesson
504:Fowzi Badavi Nejad
488:
399:Khuzestan Province
366:Day of Rage (2011)
71:16 Prince's Gate,
2878:. 4 December 2013
2046:The SAS 1983–2014
1615:, upon which the
1462:Republic of Yemen
1409:life imprisonment
1309:
1308:
1220:
1219:
1060:Mustapha Karkouti
711:submachine guns.
705:Browning Hi-Power
627:Mustapha Karkouti
590:Day one: 30 April
471:Arrival in London
423:Margaret Thatcher
409:(SAS) initiated "
379:
378:
338:Insurgency (1979)
243:
242:
118:
117:
75:, London, England
3757:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3431:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3385:. 3 January 2003
3371:
3365:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3333:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3309:Evening Standard
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3274:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3163:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3024:
3009:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2924:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2501:
2498:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2198:
2181:
2178:
2157:
2135:
2116:
2097:
2078:
2059:
2040:
2021:
1984:
1967:McNee, Sir David
1962:
1940:
1921:
1884:
1872:
1861:
1842:
1813:
1791:
1754:
1749:, with built-in
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1566:Iraqi government
1534:balaclava helmet
1530:Territorial Army
1440:Long-term impact
1429:political asylum
1342:House of Commons
1227:
1226:
1169:First Secretary
1166:Issa Naghizadeh
1125:Iranian attaché
1078:Iranian student
1064:
1063:
1062:
979:Embassy doorman
957:Medical adviser
905:
904:
882:John T. McAleese
765:Day three: 2 May
731:14 Prince's Gate
669:William Whitelaw
600:Police Constable
596:South Kensington
531:South Kensington
411:Operation Nimrod
392:South Kensington
281:
269:
262:
255:
246:
245:
204:
197:
196:
195:
182:
181:
180:
170:
169:
168:
147:
146:
145:
135:
133:
132:
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
73:South Kensington
56:
55:
48:
28:
27:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3695:Fires in London
3600:
3599:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3343:. 26 April 2000
3335:
3334:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3205:Waldren, p. 85.
3204:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3164:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:Waldren, p. 76.
3094:
3090:
3086:Waldren, p. 84.
3085:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3025:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2969:. 26 April 2000
2961:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2821:The Independent
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2663:. 26 April 2000
2655:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2504:
2499:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2241:. 26 April 2000
2233:
2232:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2208:. 26 April 2000
2200:
2199:
2184:
2179:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2132:
2113:
2094:
2075:
2056:
2037:
1981:
1959:
1937:
1881:
1858:
1810:
1788:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1578:
1576:Cultural impact
1509:David Goldsmith
1442:
1314:
1255:2nd in command
1225:
1133:Muhammad Moheb
1097:PC Trevor Lock
1086:Abbas Lavasani
1058:
1057:
903:
865:
849:Sir David McNee
825:
802:
800:Day five: 4 May
789:
787:Day four: 3 May
767:
689:
656:field telephone
592:
587:
562:Munich massacre
546:
519:submachine guns
473:
446:
440:
435:
388:Iranian embassy
380:
375:
351:
349:2005–2022 phase
328:
291:
282:
278:
277:Arab separatism
275:
273:
226:6 DRFLA members
200:
193:
191:
188:
178:
176:
166:
164:
143:
141:
130:
128:
99:
97:
93:
90:
85:
82:
80:
78:
77:
76:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3763:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3720:Military raids
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3630:1980 in London
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3588:External links
3586:
3583:
3582:
3573:
3547:
3519:
3517:McNee, p. 146.
3510:
3501:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3432:
3423:
3405:
3396:
3366:
3354:
3323:
3314:
3296:
3261:
3233:
3207:
3198:
3186:
3149:
3140:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3104:Punch, p. 156.
3097:
3088:
3076:
3074:McNee, p. 167.
3067:
3047:
3010:
3001:
2989:
2980:
2954:
2945:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2861:
2859:McNee, p. 161.
2852:
2843:
2834:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2761:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2648:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2563:McNee, p. 152.
2556:
2547:
2521:
2502:
2488:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2387:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2297:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2219:
2182:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2136:
2130:
2117:
2111:
2098:
2092:
2079:
2073:
2060:
2054:
2041:
2035:
2022:
1985:
1979:
1963:
1957:
1941:
1935:
1922:
1896:(3): 540–564.
1885:
1879:
1862:
1856:
1843:
1814:
1808:
1792:
1786:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1734:
1725:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1658:
1642:
1639:
1622:Ultimate Force
1584:Who Dares Wins
1577:
1574:
1454:Prince Charles
1441:
1438:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1291:Killed by SAS
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:Killed by SAS
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:Killed by SAS
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:Killed by SAS
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1247:Killed by SAS
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:Embassy clerk
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:Press officer
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:Ronald Morris
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:Carpet dealer
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:Roya Kaghachi
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:Simeon Harris
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
988:
984:
983:
980:
977:
976:Abbas Fallahi
973:
972:
969:
966:
962:
961:
958:
955:
951:
950:
947:
944:
938:
937:
934:
931:
927:
926:
923:
920:
916:
915:
912:
909:
902:
899:
864:
861:
824:
823:Day six: 5 May
821:
801:
798:
788:
785:
766:
763:
688:
687:Day two: 1 May
685:
673:Home Secretary
591:
588:
586:
583:
558:special forces
545:
542:
527:Lexham Gardens
523:diplomatic bag
472:
469:
442:Main article:
439:
436:
434:
431:
377:
376:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
346:
345:
340:
335:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
287:
284:
283:
272:
271:
264:
257:
249:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
228:
227:
224:
212:
211:
207:
206:
189:
187:
186:
174:
161:
158:
157:
153:
152:
139:
137:United Kingdom
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
70:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
41:
40:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3762:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3577:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3427:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3400:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3364:Adie, p. 125.
3361:
3359:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3318:
3311:. 2 May 2017.
3310:
3306:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3265:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3202:
3196:, pp. 114–16.
3195:
3190:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3005:
2996:
2994:
2984:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2949:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2477:. 8 June 2010
2476:
2472:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2155:
2153:9780670891399
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2131:9780750946377
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2112:9780470779279
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2093:9781847424723
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2074:9781427825278
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2055:9781472814036
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2036:9781107062290
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1980:9780002170079
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1958:9780600203377
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1936:9780853688808
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1880:9781846033957
1876:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1857:9780753828540
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1809:9780006379836
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:9780755310739
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1659:
1656:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1571:
1570:Iran–Iraq War
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:Falklands War
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1075:Vahid Khabaz
1073:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:
974:
970:
967:
963:
959:
956:
954:Ahmad Dadgar
952:
948:
945:
943:
939:
935:
932:
928:
924:
921:
917:
906:
898:
894:
890:
884:) (far right)
883:
878:
874:
871:
860:
858:
854:
850:
845:
842:
838:
833:
831:
820:
818:
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680:ongoing siege
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500:secret police
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3564:. Retrieved
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3538:. Retrieved
3534:The Guardian
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3492:. Retrieved
3478:
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3387:. Retrieved
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3287:. Retrieved
3276:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3248:The Guardian
3246:
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3224:. Retrieved
3210:
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3189:
3177:. Retrieved
3173:The Guardian
3171:
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3109:
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3070:
3059:
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
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2936:. Retrieved
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2880:. Retrieved
2873:
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2825:. Retrieved
2819:
2809:
2804:, pp. 76–78.
2801:
2797:
2780:, pp. 72–74.
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2759:, pp. 56–57.
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2665:. Retrieved
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2559:
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2538:. Retrieved
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2479:. Retrieved
2465:
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2447:
2442:, pp. 12–14.
2439:
2435:
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2406:, pp. 14–18.
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2310:, pp. 10–13.
2307:
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2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2210:. Retrieved
2143:
2140:White, Jerry
2121:
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2083:
2064:
2045:
2026:
1996:(1): 67–96.
1993:
1989:
1970:
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1777:
1766:Bibliography
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1620:
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1600:The Regiment
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1485:bank holiday
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1345:
1334:George Medal
1331:
1326:George Medal
1230:Perpetrator
1223:Perpetrators
991:
942:Chris Cramer
895:
891:
887:
870:stun grenade
866:
846:
834:
826:
817:Director SAS
810:
806:Douglas Hurd
803:
794:
790:
781:
768:
747:
743:
736:
716:Michael Rose
707:pistols and
690:
677:
661:
636:
632:Chris Cramer
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554:British Army
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477:Earl's Court
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326:Second phase
325:
324:
288:
279:in Khuzestan
201:
184:Michael Rose
123:Belligerents
25:
3655:1980 crimes
3379:On This Day
3375:"Kate Adie"
3321:White, 281.
3056:"No. 48584"
1971:McNee's Law
1848:Go! Go! Go!
1825:(1): 1–25.
1655:Iran portal
1617:game series
1612:Rainbow Six
1478:Jerry White
1433:Home Office
1202:Accountant
911:Occupation
863:SAS assault
757:, owner of
751:British Gas
695:(SAS) near
640:John Dellow
394:, London.
320:1945 revolt
315:1943 revolt
289:Early phase
98: /
86:0°10′20.5″W
83:51°30′5.5″N
3615:1980 fires
3604:Categories
3566:24 January
2882:2 December
2418:, pp. 5–7.
2286:, pp. 7–8.
2274:, pp. 1–4.
1774:Adie, Kate
1761:References
1751:suppressor
1635:Action Man
1388:white flag
1216:liberated
1205:liberated
1194:liberated
1172:liberated
1150:liberated
1139:liberated
1128:liberated
1117:liberated
1106:liberated
1081:liberated
1040:liberated
1029:liberated
1018:liberated
996:liberated
982:liberated
971:liberated
936:liberated
652:Max Vernon
433:Background
3389:15 August
3034:The Times
2540:14 August
2534:The Times
2163:Citations
2018:146452759
2010:1533-2594
1918:154593004
1910:1949-6540
1839:161078227
1627:Ross Kemp
1501:Kate Adie
1312:Aftermath
620:Battersea
454:Khūzestān
415:abseiling
3540:29 April
3494:30 April
3488:BBC News
3341:BBC News
3283:Archived
3220:BBC News
2967:BBC News
2932:BBC News
2827:4 August
2720:, p. 47.
2708:, p. 54.
2696:, p. 45.
2684:, p. 40.
2667:23 April
2661:BBC News
2632:, p. 35.
2519:, p. 32.
2475:BBC News
2430:, p. 10.
2385:, p. 68.
2239:BBC News
2206:BBC News
2142:(2001).
1969:(1983).
1947:(1980).
1798:(1995).
1776:(2002).
1641:See also
1543:Gulf War
1507:, while
1505:BBC News
1296:"Ali" –
908:Hostage
901:Hostages
697:Hereford
223:officers
210:Strength
67:Location
36:Part of
3561:Polygon
2481:18 July
2262:, p. 1.
2245:23 June
1631:Palitoy
1595:Netflix
1392:inquest
1324:of the
1302:Gunman
1288:Gunman
1277:Gunman
1266:Gunman
1244:Leader
1191:Banker
511:Bristol
438:Motives
202:†
151:(DRFLA)
3347:9 July
3289:9 July
3254:9 July
3226:9 July
3194:Siege!
3179:6 July
3040:9 July
2973:6 July
2938:6 July
2934:. 2005
2802:Siege!
2778:Siege!
2757:Siege!
2718:Siege!
2706:Siege!
2694:Siege!
2682:Siege!
2630:Siege!
2517:Siege!
2440:Siege!
2428:Siege!
2416:Siege!
2404:Siege!
2383:Siege!
2284:Siege!
2272:Siege!
2260:Siege!
2212:9 July
2150:
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2109:
2090:
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2016:
2008:
1977:
1955:
1933:
1916:
1908:
1877:
1854:
1837:
1806:
1784:
1603:, and
1590:6 Days
1464:, and
1431:. The
1376:Fulham
1322:ribbon
837:Slough
671:, the
215:30–35
134:
111:Result
2308:Siege
2014:S2CID
1914:S2CID
1835:S2CID
1747:MP5SD
1698:Notes
1513:BAFTA
1470:El Al
1236:Fate
1233:Role
914:Fate
771:telex
665:COBRA
585:Siege
567:GSG 9
496:SAVAK
3568:2018
3542:2020
3496:2020
3391:2011
3349:2011
3291:2011
3256:2011
3228:2011
3181:2011
3042:2011
2975:2011
2940:2011
2884:2020
2829:2011
2669:2020
2542:2021
2483:2011
2247:2011
2214:2011
2148:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2107:ISBN
2088:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2006:ISSN
1975:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1906:ISSN
1875:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1743:MP5K
1491:and
1452:and
1320:The
571:GIGN
548:The
458:Shah
382:The
59:Date
3383:BBC
1998:doi
1898:doi
1827:doi
1633:'s
1493:ITV
1489:BBC
1404:ITN
1374:in
739:BBC
648:D11
606:'s
573:.
529:in
515:BST
217:SAS
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1900::
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